Journal articles on the topic 'Retirement income – France'
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1
Oxman, Bernard H., and Stefan A. Riesenfeld. "France—immunity from taxation under ICJ Statute—effect of customary international law in French administrative courts." American Journal of International Law 92, no. 4 (October 1998): 764–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2998143.
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In Re Aquarone. 101 Revue Générale de Droit International Public 838 (1997).Conseil d'Etat (Assemblée), June 6, 1997.In this case, the French Council of State, sitting in its most authoritative formation, had to pass on a petition by Stanislav Aquarone for review of a judgment of the administrative court of appeal of Lyon, dismissing his request for annulment of die imposition by France of income taxes on his retirement pension for the years 1981-1986, paid by the United Nations. In a carefully crafted opinion, the highest administrative court of France rejected die petition and die claim of immunity from taxation of his retirement pay by Aquarone, a former Registrar of the International Court of Justice and an Australian national now living in Gordes, France.
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Schniedewind, Karen. "Life-Long Work or Well-Deserved Leisure in Old Age? Conceptions of Old Age Within the French and German Labour Movements in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." International Review of Social History 42, no. 3 (December 1997): 397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000114361.
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SummaryThe close connection between old age and retirement and to what extent society accepts work-free retirement in old age emerged as the topical themes we know in France and Germany as late as the 1950s and 1960s. By analysing the relevant discussions in the labour circles of both countries the author examines whether this modern concept of retirement originated in the early phase of the welfare state. The concepts and points of criticism which each of the labour movements developed for old age provision show, by virtue of the different national mental attitudes, that their considerations about old age as a life phase diverged from one another to a great degree. The German labour movement believed that old age pensions were primarily a compensation for the reduction in income on reaching an advanced age, and it thus gave preference to the invalidity pension. In contrast, French society supported the idea of welfare security for the old. Along with criticisms of state social policies, the purpose of providing for the old is at the centre of the essay's analysis, more specifically the contrary forms this discussion took in Germany and France: obliged to work in old age or well-earned retirement.
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DE MENIL, GEORGES, FABRICE MURTIN, and EYTAN SHESHINSKI. "Planning for the optimal mix of paygo tax and funded savings." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 5, no. 1 (February 8, 2006): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747205002283.
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We analyze the optimal balance between social security taxation and private saving in the provision of retirement income in dynamically efficient economies, a question at the center of policy debates in Europe and the United States. We consider the relative importance for this question of the return to capital, the internal return of the pay-as-you-go system, and the variabilities and correlation (or independence) of labor earnings and the capital return. We analyse these influences theoretically in the context of a two-period, overlapping generations model with uncertainty. We use a new method to calibrate the model using annual data on GDP per worker and the total real return on equities, from 1950 to 2002, from which we infer the stochastic characteristics of lifetime labor income and the return to lifetime savings in the US, UK, France and Japan. We obtain a range of optimal, steady-state values of the social security tax and the rate of lifetime savings. When the relative rate of risk aversion is assumed to be 2.5, the computed optimal tax varies from 5% in the United States to 22% in Japan. France is similar to Japan, and the UK is in between.
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HENIN, P. Y., and Th WEITZENBLUM. "Welfare effects of alternative pension reforms: Assessing the transition costs for French socio-occupational groups." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 4, no. 3 (October 6, 2005): 249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747205001927.
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In this paper, we assess the welfare costs and gains of different scenarios of pension reforms in France, using a life-cycle model including various sources of heterogeneity and distinguishing between socio-occupational groups. The pension reforms considered combine features regarding the generosity of the pension system as well as features regarding the financing schemes: PAYG, the build-up of a temporary fund and that of a permanent one. We focus on both macro and distributional issues. It appears that (i) a considerable increase in savings is to be expected, even in the case where pensions remain generous, (ii) a considerable crowding-out effect would occur in the case of the constitution of a fund trust, (iii) reducing the generosity of pension seems relatively more beneficial to low-income low-life expectancy agents, while (iv) postponing the legal retirement age benefits relatively more high-income high-life expectancy agents.
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BÖRSCH-SUPAN, AXEL H., F. JENS KÖKE, and JOACHIM K. WINTER. "Pension reform, savings behavior, and capital market performance." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 4, no. 1 (March 2005): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747205001915.
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This paper shows that the capital market effects of population aging and pension reform are particularly strong in continental European economies such as France, Germany, and Italy. Reasons are threefold: these countries have large and ailing pay-as-you-go public pension systems, relatively thin capital markets and less than benchmark capital performance. The aging process will force the younger generations in these countries to provide more retirement income through own private saving. Capital markets will therefore grow in size and active institutional investors will become more important as intermediaries. The aim of this paper is to show that these changes are likely to generate beneficial side effects in terms of improved productivity and aggregate growth.
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Hill, Rosalind. "Fourpenny Retirement: the Yorkshire Templars in the Fourteenth Century." Studies in Church History 24 (1987): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400008275.
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It is now generally accepted that the Order of Templars was destroyed not because of its heresy but because of its wealth. Having outlived its usefulness in the Holy Land, it fell a victim to the forces of financial, jealousy, not entirely unprovoked. Although in England the Order did not hold such an influential position as it did in France, it was nevertheless wealthy and very highly privileged. Edward I, himself a crusader, had in 1290 renewed and amplified a charter of Henry III which exempted the Templars from almost every kind of secular taxation, in addition to guaranteeing such valuable rights and immunities as they already held by authority of the Pope. On their English lands they enjoyed the rights of sac and soc, with all the appurtenances of a private court, and in addition they were quit of scot and geld, feudal aids, tallage and lastage and carucage, and of all tolls, charges, and payments connected with fairs throughout the land. They paid no tax on the export of wool, which their northern estates produced in abundance; in 1390 it was claimed that this privilege, in the counties of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire alone, accounted for more than half the income of the London Temple. They were free of demands for watch and ward, castle-guard, and requisitions for building the King’s works. They were exempt too from forest law, and could create assarts at pleasure; nor need they cut the claws of their dogs. Moreover, they could claim the forfeits, fines, and chattels of all felons taken upon their lands, even when these had been judged in the King’s court.
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Hemmings, F. W. T. "After the Last Bow: The Fate of Superannuated Actors in Nineteenth-Century France." Theatre Research International 18, no. 2 (1993): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300017259.
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One of the incidental attractions of joining the Comédie-Française had always been that the Society could be relied on to look after the well-being of its veteran members even after they had left the stage, provided that they had given it a full twenty years' service counting from the date of their promotion to the rank of societaire. The policy of paying retirement pensions to superannuated actors at the royal theatre antedates even the coming into being of the Comédie-Française. In his Théâtre françois of 1674, Chappuzeau mentions the custom which had already grown up at that time for a new entrant to pay the older one whom he was replacing ‘une pension honnête’ out of his own earnings, so as to provide the retired actor with an income permitting him to live out his remaining days without falling into destitution. On 17 May 1728 the system was regularized by a proclamation to the effect that ‘les acteurs et actrices qui se retireraient jouiraient à l'avenir d'une pension viagère de mille livies, soit qu'ils eussent eu part entière, demi-part ou même un quart de part’; and although these arrangements fell into abeyance during the Revolution, causing acute distress to several former sociétaires who had only their personal savings to fall back on, they were reinstated by the Act of Association which all members of the Society were required to sign in 1804: clause 12 laid it down that ‘le sociétaire qui se retirera après vingt ans de service aura droit à une pension viagère de 2000 francs de la part du Gouvernement et à une pension égale de la part de la Société’. Even if they had no other resources, 4000 francs a year would relieve an ex-actor of serious financial anxieties; and since they might still be in their early forties when they took retirement, there was nothing to prevent them starting a business if they wished or cultivating a small farm in the country.
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Guner, Umit, and Neslihan Guner. "The relationship between long working hours and weight gain in older workers in Europe." Work 67, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-203324.
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BACKGROUND: Several studies have been performed on the relationship between working conditions and health. Numerous parameters still require further study, including working hours and obesity among different groups, specifically older workers in national, regional, and international levels. OBJECTIVE: Working hours have considerable effects on the socio-cultural, psychological, and economic aspects of people’s lives and health. While long working hours increases income level and raises living standards, it increases the risk of certain health problems. This study investigated whether working hours are associated with obesity in upper-middle-aged workers. METHODS: The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) dataset was used for the analyses. Analyses were carried out by means of a Cox regression of the panel dataset created with the data in question, surveyed by European Commission to 12,000 participants. RESULTS: The survey was performed in Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Ireland. We found that in most countries, especially Sweden and the Netherlands, upper-middle-aged employees working > 59 hours per week are more likely to gain weight than their counterparts working < 59 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings raise awareness of obesity in older workers, and highlight the need to regulate working conditions and hours in the European Union and other countries.
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Kumar, Meera Rajeev, and Aksa Sam. "Gender Equality in Employment Perquisites with Reference to Sweden, GCC and India." International Journal of Governance & Development 02, no. 02 (2022): 08–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55478/ijgd.2022.2202.
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The scope of social policy today is extensive. With the changing global scenario there is a rediscovery of “social” in it. Indubitably, there is a gender perspective on social policy globally. The world Economic Forum states that there are only six countries in the world (Belgium, Denmark, France, Latvia, Luxembourg and Sweden) where women have equal work rights to men. It is noted that the situation in different countries vary when it comes to the working benefits of different genders whether for native or expatriate workers in those places. Though there are rooms to enjoy attractive income and favorable working conditions such as job security, generous retirement plan, and other welfare benefits, there are still various factors that might lead to gender-based differences or gender discrimination in the unique labor market context of the GCC countries. The scenario is distinct in many Scandinavian nations like Sweden. Those countries are often considered as the role model for gender equal work allowances. When it comes to India there is still disparity and difference in many areas despite of the social security system the country offers in its policies. This paper aims at a descriptive and qualitative study on the causes, consequences and conclusion of the gender disparity in employee allowances of these nations. The study would imply simple random method of interrogations to examine gender differences empirically within the labor market of the mentioned nations. The economic benefits of a gender equal nation in the framing of social policy will be emphasized and focused.
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Andrade, F. Bof de, J. L. F. Antunes, F. C. D. Andrade, M. F. F. Lima-Costa, and J. Macinko. "Education-Related Inequalities in Dental Services Use among Older Adults in 23 Countries." Journal of Dental Research 99, no. 12 (July 6, 2020): 1341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034520935854.
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This study aimed to measure the magnitude of education-related inequalities in the use of dental services among older adults (aged 50 y or older) from a sizable multicountry sample of 23 upper-middle- and high-income countries. This study used cross-sectional data from nationally representative surveys of people aged 50 y and over. Countries included in the Health and Retirement Study surveys were the following: Brazil, China, South Korea, Mexico, United States, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Israel, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. The dependent variable was the use of dental services, based on the self-report of having had a dental visit within the previous year, except for the United States and South Korea, which used 2-y recall periods. Educational level was used as the measure of socioeconomic position and was standardized across countries. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to evaluate the factors associated with the use of dental services, and the magnitude of education inequalities in the use of dental services was assessed using the slope index of inequality (SII) to measure absolute inequalities and the relative index of inequality for relative inequalities. The pooled prevalence of the use of dental services was 31.7% and ranged from 18.7% in China to 81.2% in Sweden. In the overall sample, the absolute difference in the prevalence of use between the lowest and highest educational groups was 20 percentage points. SII was significant for all countries except Portugal. Relative educational inequalities were significant for all countries and ranged from 3.2 in Poland to 1.2 in Sweden. There were significant education-related inequalities in the use of dental care by older adults in all countries. Monitoring these inequalities is critical to the planning and delivery of dental services.
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SHERMAN, ARIE, and TAL SHAVIT. "How the lifecycle hypothesis explains volunteering during retirement." Ageing and Society 32, no. 8 (November 14, 2011): 1360–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x11000997.
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ABSTRACTWe suggest two supplements to Franco Modigliani's lifecycle model in order to explain why people who have retired from paid work choose either to start volunteering or increase the amount of time they devote to volunteer work. First, total consumption consists of both the material and immaterial products of work. While people can save their income in order to maintain an even level of material consumption, they unable to save a portion of the immaterial product. Second, at the statutory retirement age people retire only from paid work. We argue that older people substitute paid work for volunteering due to their inherent need to maintain immaterial consumption during retirement.
12
Benartzi, Shlomo, Alessandro Previtero, and Richard H. Thaler. "Annuitization Puzzles." Journal of Economic Perspectives 25, no. 4 (November 1, 2011): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.4.143.
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In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech given in 1985, Franco Modigliani drew attention to the “annuitization puzzle”: that annuity contracts, other than pensions through group insurance, are extremely rare. Rational choice theory predicts that households will find annuities attractive at the onset of retirement because they address the risk of outliving one's income, but in fact, relatively few of those facing retirement choose to annuitize a substantial portion of their wealth. There is now a substantial literature on the behavioral economics of retirement saving, which has stressed that both behavioral and institutional factors play an important role in determining a household's saving accumulations. Self-control problems, inertia, and a lack of financial sophistication inhibit some households from providing an adequate retirement nest egg. However, interventions such as automatic enrollment and automatic escalation of saving over time as wages rise (the “save more tomorrow” plan) have shown success in overcoming these obstacles. We will show that the same behavioral and institutional factors that help explain savings behavior are also important in understanding 1) how families handle the process of decumulation once retirement commences and 2) why there seems to be so little demand to annuitize wealth at retirement.
13
Apouey, Bénédicte. "Conditions of existence and subjective perceptions of retirement: quantitative evidence from France." Ageing and Society, August 13, 2020, 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x20001002.
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Abstract This article explores subjective perceptions of retirement in France, using original quantitative data on the customers of a not-for-profit insurance company. The sample contains individuals aged 40–84, who are either in the labour force (N = 923) or retired (N = 705). Perceptions of retirement are measured using closed questions on views of the retirement transition (these views can be positive, negative or neutral) and definitions of retirement (retirement can be interpreted as a period of freedom, boredom, greater risk of precariousness, etc.). Using a number of different social indicators, we examine whether differences in social conditions translate into heterogeneous perceptions. We also investigate whether social differences in perceptions fade away with increasing age. Both working-age individuals and retirees generally have a positive view of the retirement transition and often define retirement as a period of freedom. Perceptions of retirement are shaped by social conditions: a higher level of education and income, greater wealth, better health and stronger social involvement go hand in hand with rosier perceptions. Moreover, we uncover a strengthening of this social gradient with increasing age. Finally, perceptions are positively correlated with satisfaction in various domains, for retirees.
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Gonzales, Sara, and Juan J. Fernández. "Socio-Economic Gaps in Workers’ Participation in Private Pension Programmes in Ten European Countries." Journal of Social Policy, December 23, 2022, 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279422000897.
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Abstract In recent decades, many European governments have passed pension reforms to incentivise participation in private pension plans. However, we still have minimal understanding of whether participation in such plans is concentrated in certain groups or spread uniformly across society, or what their stability over time is. To illuminate the social selectivity of these plans and potential changes in that selectivity over time, we analyse six waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) in ten European countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Specifically, we focus on participation gaps in individual and occupational plans of workers across six dimensions: gender, education, age, social class, income, and risk preference. The results indicate large and persistent social divides in participation rates. As expected, rates are significantly higher among workers who are not close to retirement, those with an upper service occupation and those with high income. Importantly, these divides did not shrink significantly over the period considered – 2006 to 2021. Social selectivity is not consistently smaller in contexts of more mature private pension provision, whereas it is consistently smaller in countries with more generous public pensions.
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Aveline-Dubach, Natacha. "Financializing nursing homes? The uneven development of Health Care REITs in France, the United Kingdom and Japan." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, January 31, 2022, 0308518X2110728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x211072865.
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Population aging has led to the establishment of Healthcare Real Estate Investment Trusts (HC-REITs) to boost the supply of nursing homes, but these initiatives have met with contrasting success in different countries. This paper bridges two strands of research on financialization, social welfare and the built environment, to explain the uneven geography of HC-REIT development in France, the UK and Japan. It argues that nation-specific processes of nursing home securitization are shaped by the interrelationships between three crucial factors: (i) the regime of retirement income, (ii) public policies dedicated to long-term institutional care and (iii) the power relations between the REITs and care providers themselves. Drawing on discussions with experts in these sectors, the paper demonstrates that liberal welfare states such as the UK have an especially attractive profile for Healthcare REIT investors due to the advanced state of financialized pension reforms, significant state disengagement in the provision of long-term care and REIT-friendly regulations that facilitate investment operations and leases. On the one hand, these tendencies are driving financial investors to satisfy a growing demand for retirement savings in niche markets such as Healthcare REITs. On the other hand, value extraction is being increasingly sought through the capture of care-dependent residents’ home equity. By linking social benefit provisioning to later life housing accommodation, this article casts important light on current debates on the political economy of real estate financialization, while also emphasizing the need for continued state support for long-term institutional care.
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"Book Reviews." Journal of Economic Literature 48, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 1038–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.48.4.1028.r6.
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James J. Choi of Yale University reviews “Automatic: Changing the Way America Saves” by William G. Gale, J. Mark Iwry, David C. John, Lina Walker,. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins “Nine papers explore methods of making the U.S. system of 401(k)-type plans and Individual Retirement Accounts more effective. Papers discuss retirement saving for middle- and lower-income households--the Pension Protection Act of 2006 and the unfinished agenda (William G. Gale, J. Mark Iwry, and Spencer Walters); the automatic 401(k)--revenue and distributional estimates (Christopher Geissler and Benjamin H. Harris); pursuing universal retirement security through automatic IRAs (Iwry and David C. John); national retirement savings systems in Australia, Chile, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom--lessons for the United States (John and Ruth Levine); increasing annuitization in 401(k) plans with automatic trial income (Gale, Iwry, John, and Lina Walker); automatic annuitization--new behavioral strategies for expanding lifetime income in 401(k)s (Iwry and John A. Turner); retirement security for Latinos--bolstering coverage, savings, and adequacy (Peter R. Orszag and Eric Rodriguez); retirement security for women--progress to date and policies for tomorrow (Leslie E. Papke, Walker, and Michael Dworsky); and strategies to increase the retirement savings of African American households (Ngina Chiteji and Walker). Gale is Arjay and Frances Miller Chair in Federal Economic Policy at the Brookings Institution and Director of the Retirement Security Project. Iwry is Senior Adviser to the Secretary and Deputy Assistant Secretary for… Index.”
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Valentim, Flávio Cesar Vieira, Marisa de Cássia Registro Fonseca, Manuela Oliveira Santos, and Branca Maria De Oliveira Santos. "AVALIAÇÃO DO EQUILÍBRIO POSTURAL E DOS FATORES AMBIENTAIS RELACIONADOS ÀS QUEDAS EM IDOSOS DE INSTITUIÇÕES DE LONGA PERMANÊNCIA." Estudos Interdisciplinares sobre o Envelhecimento 14, no. 2 (August 19, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2316-2171.5975.
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Resumo: O presente artigo busca caracterizar o perfil sócio-econômico de 21 idosos acima de 60 anos de duas instituições de longa permanência da cidade de Franca-SP, avaliar o equilíbrio postural através da escala de equilíbrio de Berg e detectar os possíveis fatores associados às quedas no ambiente físico das instituições. Os resultados apontaram para 61,9% de idosos do sexo feminino, com idades entre 60 e 85 anos ou mais, e maior percentual na faixa etária entre 60 e 70 anos, solteiros, escolaridade funda mental, tempo de instituição entre 10 e 26 anos, com doenças de base relacionadas aos sistemas cardiorrespiratório, músculo-esquelético, somato-sensório e tegumentar, que recebiam proventos da aposentadoria e destinavam cerca de 70% da renda para a instituição. As pontuações obtidas da aplicação da escala possibilitaram a identificação de que quanto mais a tarefa exigia do idoso, menor era a pontuação obtida pelo mesmo. Em três idosos, o número máximo de pontos atingidos predizia um equilíbrio debilitado, com 100% de risco de quedas. As duas instituições possuíam características físicas, ambientais e de pessoal similares e apresentavam alguns atores associados à possibilidade de quedas, como a inexistência de barras de apoio em sanitários e a presença de uma escada de livre acesso aos idosos, além de uma preocupação em relação ao uso adequado de roupas e sapatos pelos idosos. Embora o estudo tenha gerado resultados de caráter mais descritivo do que conclusivo, o con junto de dados possibilitou algumas reflexões acerca da situação dos idosos das instituições, direcionando para a impor tância de realização de pesquisas multidisciplinares que contribuam para um (re)pensar a situação de vida dos mesmos nas instituições de longa permanência. Palavras-chave: Idosos; Instituição de Longa Permanência; Postura; Equilíbrio musculoesquelético. Abstract: The purpose of this descriptive study was to characterize the socioeconomic profile of 21 elderly individuals aged over 60 years living in homes of the aged in the city of Franca, in the state of São Paulo, assess their postural balance through the Berg's Scale of Balance, and find the possible factors associated to falls at the institutions. The results presented that 61.9% of the elderly subjects were women, with ages from 60 to 85 years or more, with most in the age group between 60 and 70 years, single, with primary education level, living in the institution for a period of 10 to 26 years, with underlying diseases related to the cardiopulmonary, muscle-skeletal, somatosensorial and tegumentary systems, and who received retirement pension and spent about 70% of their income with the institution. The scores obtained on the scal allowed for identifying that the more the task demanded from the elderly, the lower the score they obtained. In three individuals, the highest score they achieved predicted impaired balance, with 100% of risk for falls. The institutions had similar physical, environmental, and personal characteristics and presented some factors associated to the possibility of falls, such as the lack of support grab bars in the bathrooms and stairs with easy access for the aged individuals, besides a concern about the using clothes and shoes appropriately. Although the study yielded more descriptive than conclusive results, the data allowed for reflecting on the situation of the elderly individuals from the studied institutions, showing there is a need for performing multidisciplinary research that contribute to (re)thinking about their situation at these homes. Keywords: Aged People; Home for the Aged; Posture; Musculoskeletal Equilibrium.