Relevant bibliographies by topics / Retirement income – Europe, Western

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Retirement income – Europe, Western'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Retirement income – Europe, Western"

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HEISIG, JAN PAUL, BRAM LANCEE, and JONAS RADL. "Ethnic inequality in retirement income: a comparative analysis of immigrant–native gaps in Western Europe." Ageing and Society 38, no. 10 (2017): 1963–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17000332.

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ABSTRACTPrevious research unequivocally shows that immigrants are less successful in the labour market than the native-born population. However, little is known about whether ethnic inequality persists after retirement. We use data on 16 Western European countries from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC, 2004–2013) to provide the first comparative study of ethnic inequalities among the population aged 65 and older. We focus on the retirement income gap (RIG) between immigrants from non-European Union countries and relate its magnitude to country differences in welfare state arrangements. Ethnic inequality after retirement is substantial: after adjusting for key characteristics including age, education and occupational status, the average immigrant penalty across the 16 countries is 28 per cent for men and 29 per cent for women. Country-level regressions show that income gaps are smaller in countries where the pension system is more redistributive. We also find that easy access to long-term residence is associated with larger RIGs, at least for men. There is no clear evidence that immigrants’ access to social security programmes, welfare state transfers to working-age households or the strictness of employment protection legislation affect the size of the RIG.
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Kourouklis, Dimitrios, Georgia Verropoulou, and Cleon Tsimbos. "The impact of wealth and income on the depression of older adults across European welfare regimes." Ageing and Society 40, no. 11 (2019): 2448–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x19000679.

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AbstractThis paper examines the impact of wealth and income on the likelihood of depression among persons aged 50 or higher in four European regions characterised by differences in the standards of living and welfare systems. To address possible effects, data from Wave 6 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) have been used. Based on a sample of 60,864 persons resident in 16 European countries and a binary indicator of depression, probit and instrumental variable probit models were employed, the latter of which deal with issues of endogeneity and omitted variable bias. The findings show differences in the prevalence of depression across Europe, favouring the more affluent North/Western countries. Further, there is a difference in the role and the magnitude of the effect of income and wealth across different regions. First, though both measures exhibit a measurable effect, their impact is greater in the poorer Central/Eastern and Southern regions; this divide is more pronounced for wealth. Second, income seems to have a stronger effect compared to wealth in all instances: hence, it would seem that liquidity is more important among Europeans aged 50 or higher than assets. Nevertheless, neither income nor wealth are important among persons aged 65 or higher in Nordic countries which may be partly attributable to a more equitable welfare system.
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Gough, Orla, and Roberta Adami. "Welfare Systems and Adequacy of Pension Benefits in Europe." Social Policy and Society 11, no. 1 (2011): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474641100039x.

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During the post-war years many European countries have implemented far-reaching but diverse pension systems with the objective of providing those in retirement with adequate incomes. In this study, we explore the link between pension systems and the adequacy of retirement income. We analyse the mix of public and private pensions and consider the impact of different policies on poverty rates amongst pensioners. We suggest that only a few European countries have been successful in providing combinations of private and public pensions that improve the adequacy of retirement income.
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Hershey, Douglas A., Kène Henkens, and Hendrik P. van Dalen. "What drives retirement income worries in Europe? A multilevel analysis." European Journal of Ageing 7, no. 4 (2010): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10433-010-0167-z.

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OLIVERA, JAVIER, and VALENTINA PONOMARENKO. "Pension Insecurity and Wellbeing in Europe." Journal of Social Policy 46, no. 3 (2016): 517–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279416000787.

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AbstractThis paper studies pension insecurity in a sample of non-retired individuals aged 50 years or older from 18 European countries. We capture pension insecurity with the subjective expectations on the probability that the government will reduce the pensions of the individual before retirement or will increase the statutory retirement age. We argue that changes in economic conditions and policy affect the formation of such probabilities, and through this, subjective wellbeing. In particular, we study the effects of pension insecurity on subjective wellbeing with pooled linear models, regressions per quintiles and instrumental variables. We find a statistically significant, stable and negative association between pension insecurity and subjective wellbeing. Our findings reveal that the individuals who are more affected by pension insecurity are those who are further away from their retirement, have lower income, assess their life survival as low, have higher cognitive abilities and do not expect private pension payments.
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MÖHRING, KATJA. "Is there a motherhood penalty in retirement income in Europe? The role of lifecourse and institutional characteristics." Ageing and Society 38, no. 12 (2017): 2560–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17000812.

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ABSTRACTThis study examines the retirement income of women in Europe, focusing on the effect of motherhood. Due to their more interrupted working careers compared to non-mothers and fathers, mothers are likely to accumulate fewer pension entitlements, and consequently, to receive lower incomes in later life. However, pension systems in Europe vary widely in the degree to which they compensate for care-related career interruptions by means of redistributive elements or pension care entitlements. Therefore, care interruptions may matter for the retirement income of women in some countries, but may be rather irrelevant in others. On the basis of life history data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARELIFE) for women aged between 60 and 75 years in 13 European countries, the interplay of individual lifecourse characteristics with institutional and structural factors is examined. The results show that the lower retirement income of mothers is mainly a result of fewer years in employment and lower-status jobs throughout the lifecourse. The analysis of institutional factors reveals that pension care entitlements are not able to provide a compensation for care-related cutbacks in working life. A generally redistributive design of the pension system including basic or targeted pension schemes, in contrast, appears as an effective measure to balance differences in employment participation over the lifecourse.
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Dingemans, Ellen, and Kène Henkens. "Working After Retirement and Life Satisfaction: Cross-National Comparative Research in Europe." Research on Aging 41, no. 7 (2019): 648–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027519830610.

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This study examines differences in life satisfaction between full retirees and working retirees in Europe. We hypothesize that these differences depend on the financial resources of retirees and the resources available in the household and country context. We selected retirees from the “Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe” project and estimated country fixed effects models to explain their life satisfaction. The results indicate a positive relationship between working after retirement and life satisfaction for retirees with low pension income without a partner. Additionally, working after retirement seems to be most important for life satisfaction in relatively poor countries.
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Hofäcker, Dirk, and Marge Unt. "Exploring the ‘new worlds’ of (late?) retirement in Europe." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 29, no. 2 (2013): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2013.836979.

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After a long period of promoting early retirement, European societies have recently started to implement various reforms aimed at fostering a longer working life. Yet cross-national variations in older workers' employment remain, as institutional path dependency, socio-economic climate and persistent retirement culture have not allowed all countries to implement reforms to the same degree. In our paper, we provide an up-to-date international overview of country-specific contexts that support or hinder the employment of older workers in European countries. To this end, we use information on labour market, pension, and welfare policies that affect older workers' employment opportunities and retirement decisions. Adding to previous research, we contrast these “structural” indicators with selected “cultural” evidence from the European Survey data (Eurobarometer, European Social Survey) reflecting recent trends in retirement-related attitudes, perceptions and preferences. The available data allow for an unusually broad geographical scope, encompassing both Western European and Eastern European societies. Using these data, we perform a hierarchical cluster analysis to identify the specific types of “retirement regimes”. Finally, we relate these “new worlds of retirement” to the differentiation of “early” versus “late” exit regimes suggested by earlier literature to identify the forerunners and laggards in the gradual transition towards later retirement in Europe.
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Garcia, Maria Teresa Medeiros. "Individual Retirement Accounts in Portugal." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2020-0010.

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In Portugal, Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) were created with significant tax incentives in 1989. To inform the debate with research findings, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the determinants of IRAs’ participation, both for retired and no-retired persons. The paper uses ASF (Portuguese Insurance and Pension Funds Supervisory Authority) Statistics and European Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (Share) database, Wave 4, and a probit model. The results show that the variables that have a positive and significant impact on the ownership of IRAs are age, years of education, income, and house ownership.
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Tselios, Vassilis, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose, Andy Pike, John Tomaney, and Gianpiero Torrisi. "Income Inequality, Decentralisation, and Regional Development in Western Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 44, no. 6 (2012): 1278–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a44334.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Retirement income – Europe, Western"

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Riedl, Aleksandra, and Silvia Rocha-Akis. "Testing the tax competition theory. How elastic are national tax bases in Western Europe?" SFB International Tax Coordination, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2007. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1640/1/document.pdf.

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In this paper, we test one of the fundamental assumptions in the tax competition literature, namely, that a country's taxable income depends on the tax policies pursued in the domestic and in neighbouring countries. Based on a panel of annual data of 14 western European countries spanning the period 1982 to 2004, we show that the common trend in falling corporate income tax (CIT) rates can in part be explained by the existence of fiscal externalities in the form of international resource flows. Our results confirm the presumption put forward in recent empirical tax reaction function studies, that interdependent tax setting behaviour is evidence of tax competition. However, taxable corporate income is shown to react inelastically to domestic and to foreign tax rates. Thus, the observed rise in CIT revenues in Europe between 1982 and 2004 cannot be explained by the trend in falling CIT rates. Moreover, we find that large countries' tax bases are more responsive to neighbouring countries' tax policies, which is in contrast to the classic asymmetric tax competition literature. (author´s abstract)<br>Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination
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RADL, Jonas. "Retirement timing and social stratification : a comparative study of labor market exit and age norms in Western Europe." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14714.

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Awarded the 2011 'Research Prize of the German Pension Insurance Agency' (Berlin, 8 December 2011).<br>Defence date: 11 September 2010<br>Examining Board: Martin Kohli (EUI) (Supervisor), Fabrizio Bernardi (EUI) (Co-Supervisor), Hans-Peter Blossfeld (Otto Friedrich University, Bamberg), Bernhard Ebbinghaus (University of Mannheim)<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses<br>The goal of this dissertation is to enhance our understanding of the micro and macro level determinants of retirement timing in contemporary Western Europe. This objective is pursued by means of a statistical analysis of large-scale comparable survey data. In short, three points of emphasis characterize this study in comparison with previous research on the topic: 1) the focus on social stratification in terms of gender and class differentials; 2) the central attention paid to social norms of aging; and 3) the joint consideration of individual and country level mechanisms in explaining retirement timing. The review of the previous literature in the second chapter demonstrates that the currently available theoretical approaches by themselves are inappropriate for explaining social variability in retirement timing. Building on the life course paradigm and social class theory, I consequently outline a novel analytical framework for the study of differential retirement behavior. It can be characterized as a choice-within-constraints approach (chapter 3), which essentially focuses on differences between older workers in age norms and late-career opportunity structures, paying special attention on class and gender disparities. In the fourth chapter, I gather empirical evidence on international and individual differences in retirement age norms in Western Europe on the basis of data from the European Social Survey (ESS). Subsequently, I turn to examining actual retirement behavior in the fifth chapter. Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) a series of event-history models is used to scrutinize the determining factors of retirement timing at the country and individual level variation. In chapters 6 and 7, two case studies on Germany and Spain examine the impact of pension legislation on social stratification in retirement in a detailed manner. The two country studies are based on ad-hoc module on the transition from work into retirement, which has been implemented in the respective national labor force surveys (Encuesta de la Población Activa (EPA) and Mikrozensus) of 2006.
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Books on the topic "Retirement income – Europe, Western"

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Ott, Notburga, and Gert G. Wagner, eds. Income Inequality and Poverty in Eastern and Western Europe. Physica-Verlag HD, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50003-9.

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1954-, Ott Notburga, and Wagner Gert, eds. Income inequality and poverty in Eastern and Western Europa: Notburga Ott, Gert G. Wagner (eds.). Physica, 1997.

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Personal provision of retirement income: Meeting the needs of older people? Edward Elgar, 2009.

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1972-, Guven Ufuk, ed. Adequacy of retirement income after pension reforms in Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe: Nine country studies. World Bank, 2009.

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Collette, Jean-Michel. Empirical inquiries and the assessment of social progress in Western Europe: A historical perspective. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 2000.

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Francesca, Bettio, and Georgiadis Thomas, eds. Unequal ageing in Europe: Women's independence and pensions. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

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Pensions in Europe, European pensions: The evolution of pension policy at national and supranational level. P.I.E. Peter Lang, 2009.

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The social economics of old age: Strategies to maintain income in later life in the Netherlands, 1880-1940. Thesis Publishers, 1993.

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Wagner, Gert G., and Notburga Ott. Income Inequality and Poverty in Eastern and Western Europe. Physica-Verlag, 2013.

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Reforming pensions in Europe: Evolution of pension financing and sources of retirement income. E. Elgar Pub., 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Retirement income – Europe, Western"

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Ott, Notburga, and Gert G. Wagner. "Income Inequality and Poverty in Eastern and Western Europe: An Introduction." In Contributions to Economics. Physica-Verlag HD, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50003-9_1.

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Bishop, Graham. "Retirement savings of Western Europe: the motor for deepening integration in a wider Europe of the regions?" In The New Europe: Evolving Economic and Financial Systems in East and West. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1741-8_26.

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Kraus, Blahoslav. "Socioeconomic Situation and Satisfaction in the Family Life." In Contemporary Family Lifestyles in Central and Western Europe. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48299-2_3.

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AbstractIn this chapter, the attention is paid to two fields which are linked with family lifestyle. The first one concerns socioeconomic situations in a family and shows that the economic side of family functioning is actually very essential these days. The importance of family economic situation is affirmed also in the results of our international survey. We asked what was the main family income, experience with unemployment and whether our respondents had possibility to save some money. Furthermore, we were interested in expenditure items and in evaluation of an overall standard of living by respondents. The Germans and then Czechs evaluated it as the best, the worst was found in families in Latvia. The second part monitors life satisfaction as a subjective feeling of well-being and is understood as a part of quality of life. To the question “How do you imagine a satisfied family?”, the most frequent response was—harmonic coexistence without conflicts, well-being, good health of all family members and material security. For the question “What do you lack to your satisfaction?” respondents stated—financial security and lack of free time for the family. However, there were specific differences among individual surveyed countries.
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Salvia, Agustín. "Changes in Economic Inequality in Europe and Latin America in the First Decades of the Twenty-First Century." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_9.

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AbstractThis chapter contains a comparative analysis of the changes in the inequality of family income distribution in the last two decades in Latin America and Europe. The study examines the degree to which the economic-productive factors—associated with the primary income distribution—or, on the contrary, the social policies—linked to the secondary distribution—reveal structural differences in economic inequality between regions in the 2000–2017 period. Based on a wide sample of countries, the evolution of inequality is compared within and between regions. The dissimilarity of these behaviours is examined as well as how valid certain economic-institutional factors are to give an account of the changes that occurred within each region.The chapter shows that, in the last two decades of the twenty-first century, Western Europe and Latin America have reduced their economic inequality gap, although following different paths: while inequality decreased in the majority of Latin American countries, an inverse process, although moderate, has been taking place in the majority of Europe. While both trends had national exceptions, the evidence presented helps us to deduce that it was simultaneously due to productive changes and to changes in the growth style, and to transformations in the redistributive efficiency of expenditure on social policies.
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Pellissery, Sony, Saloni Jain, and Geo Varghese. "Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in India." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_8.

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AbstractIndia has a segmented social protection system. About 92% of workers in India are in unorganised sector, deprived of formal social security provisions. Those who are in formal sector receive very generous social protection arrangements close to that of welfare states in Europe, primarily influenced by the colonial legacy. Those in the informal sector primarily meet their social security needs from their disposable income. With expansive private welfare providers, the rich segment in the informal segment is able to afford this. Indian unskilled migrants, mainly in the Gulf region, have a range of benefits that are primarily to meet the civil rights, rather than social rights. Compared to this, Indian migrants in Western Europe and the Americas mainly benefit from the social security system in those countries. On the other hand, foreigners coming to India have limited social security arrangements. Since 2000, India has entered into bilateral agreements with several countries, which also recognise a new category of workers called ‘international workers’. These workers have their social security benefits primarily protected as in source country.
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Zoutewelle-Terovan, Mioara, and Joanne S. Muller. "Adding Well-Being to Ageing: Family Transitions as Determinants of Later-Life Socio-Emotional and Economic Well-Being." In Social Background and the Demographic Life Course: Cross-National Comparisons. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67345-1_5.

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AbstractThis chapter focuses on adult family-related experiences and the manner in which they affect later-life socio-emotional and economic well-being (loneliness, employment, earnings). Particularly innovative is the investigation of these relationships in a cross-national perspective. Results from two studies conducted by the authors of this chapter within the CONOPP project show that deviations from family-related social customs differently impact socio-emotional and economic well-being outcomes as there is: (a) a non-normative family penalty for loneliness (individuals who never experience cohabitation/marriage or parenthood or postpone such events are the loneliest); and (b) a non-normative family bonus for women’s economic outcomes (single and/or childless women have the highest earnings). Moreover, analyses revealed that European countries differ considerably in the manner in which similar family-related experiences affect later-life well-being. For example, childlessness had a stronger negative impact on loneliness in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe and the observed heterogeneity could be explained by culturally-embedded family-related values and norms (childless individuals in countries placing stronger accent on ‘traditional’ family values are lonelier compared to childless individuals in less ‘traditionalistic’ nations). In terms of economic outcomes, results show that the lower the female labor force participation during child-rearing years, the more substantial the differences in later-life employment and income between women with different family life trajectories.
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Rogoz, Mădălina, and Martina Sekulova. "Labour Mobility from Eastern European Welfare States: Zooming in on Romania and Slovakia." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67615-5_7.

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AbstractIn the last two decades, care deficits in Western Europe have been fuelled by demographic and social transformations, such as population ageing, changes in household structures, welfare programme reforms and an altogether lesser involvement of the state in care provision. These care deficits, particularly in high-income countries, have been addressed through migrant labour which, in turn, contributes to increasing care needs in the migrants’ sending countries. Through the example of Romanian and Slovak caregivers working in 2- and 4-week shifts in Austria, this chapter explores the linkages between care workers’ strategies to address the care deficits in their families, the features of relevant welfare provisions in their respective countries of origin and the workers’ mobility patterns. The chapter argues that existing (limited) care needs in their respective families allow carers to engage in transnational work, while extensive care needs at home are a hindrance for working abroad. In other words, there seems to be a tipping point in the care needs of workers’ families, which results in care workers no longer wanting to work abroad but needing to remain in their countries of origin and care for family members instead. Furthermore, the chapter argues that labour mobility patterns are also influenced by the ‘familialistic’ orientation of relevant welfare provisions in sending countries. As limited formal services put pressure on families to continue providing care informally, institutional frameworks for childcare and care for the elderly also influence care workers’ mobility strategies.
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Whiteside, Noel. "Occupational Pensions and the Search for Security." In Britain's Pensions Crisis. British Academy, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263853.003.0008.

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Occupational pensions, linking previous earnings to pensioner income, have long been understood as an essential supplement to a state pension in retirement, particularly in Britain where state provision as of right is the lowest in the western world. Since World War II, policy initiatives in Britain have made sporadic efforts to increase the coverage of occupational or personal pension supplements. The Turner Commission's proposals represent the most recent in a long line of reports and recommendations designed to achieve this end. In 1942, William Beveridge noted that insecure employment or reduced earnings damages the commitment of the poorest to long-term savings and raises the cost of collecting voluntary contributions. Britain has made little progress for over half a century. This chapter makes a short evaluation of the role occupational (or earnings-related) pension provision has made to policy during this period, contrasting the British experience with those of other countries in continental Europe and Scandinavia. It also addresses the issue of pension security and whether past and present policy strategies in Britain have paid it sufficient regard.
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Schwarz, Anita M., Omar S. Arias, Asta Zviniene, et al. "The Role of Savings in the Provision of Retirement Income." In The Inverting Pyramid: Pension Systems Facing Demographic Challenges in Europe and Central Asia. The World Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9908-8_ch4.

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Becher, Michael, and Jonas Pontusson. "Whose Interests do Unions Represent? Unionization by Income in Western Europe." In Comparing European Workers Part B: Policies and Institutions. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s0277-2833(2011)000022b009.

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Conference papers on the topic "Retirement income – Europe, Western"

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Carveth, Rod, and Susan B. Kretchmer. "The Digital Divide in Western Europe: Problems and Prospects." In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2456.

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This paper reviews the digital divide in Western Europe, as well as policy options for combating that divide. While age, income and gender are significant predictors of the digital divide in Western Europe, geography plays a crucial role. The countries in Southern Europe have less computer and Internet penetration than their Northern European counterparts. The paper then discusses four policy options for combating the divide, suggesting that the most effective solution would be private/public partnerships.
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Kazazi̇, Sema, and Osman Küçükahmetoğlu. "Relationship between Income Inequality, Poverty and Economic Growth, Comparative Analysis in Eastern and Western Europe with Panel Data." In Hradec Economic Days 2022, edited by Jan Maci, Petra Maresova, Krzysztof Firlej, and Ivan Soukal. University of Hradec Kralove, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36689/uhk/hed/2022-01-031.

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Ozhogova, Lyubov M., and Vasily Yu Nemov. "Research of relationship between economic growth and ecological factors." In Недропользование. Горное дело. Направления и технологии поиска, разведки и разработки месторождений полезных ископаемых. Экономика. Геоэкология. Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт нефтегазовой геологии и геофизики им. А.А. Трофимука Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18303/b978-5-4262-0102-6-2020-096.

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This work is devoted to the study of the way how renewable energy effects economic growth and identify same patterns of environmental convergence between developed and developing countries. Therefore, there were analyzed models describing the dependence between total income, the consumption of solar and wind energy on panel data of Asia–Pacific countries, Western and Eastern Europe. The study has found evidence of renewables` positive impact on economic growth.
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Zdražil, Pavel. "Testování hypotézy konvergence v regionu střední Evropy pomocí kointegrace." In XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-10.

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The issue of regional disparities development is usually examined only in terms of beta- and sigma-convergence. To extend the discussion, therefore, it is needed to use approaches based on completely different principles, which are not burden with always the same methodological limits. In this context, the aim of this contribution is to apply the cointegration approach to assess the development of regional disparities in economic performance and income in Central Europe. On the sample of 62 regions in 2004-2018, this contribution applies the disparity evaluation method based on the Pesaran's probabilistic approach. In particular, we test the convergence hypothesis by KPSS test (null of stationary), and the divergence hypothesis by ADF test (null of unit root). The analysis found the regional convergence in economic performance, but not in income. After extending the analysis to the level of individual countries, internal regional convergence within most of countries was found in both economic performance and income. As part of the disparity evaluation in economic performance, "western" (regions of the Austria, Czechia and Germany) and the "eastern" convergence club (Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) were identified. Similarly, in the case of income analysis some signs of convergence club (Czechia, Hungary and Slovakia) were found.
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Reports on the topic "Retirement income – Europe, Western"

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Becker, Sascha O., Stephen Broadberry, Nicholas Crafts, Sayatan Ghosal, Sharun W. Mukand, and Vera E. Troeger. Reversals of Fortune? A Long-term Perspective on Global Economic Prospects. Edited by Sascha O. Becker. CAGE Research Centre, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-0-9576027-00.

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It is conventional wisdom that: Continued fast growth in the BRICS will result in a rapid catch-up to match and even surpass Western income levels in the next few decades The crisis in Europe will soon be over and normal growth will then resume as if nothing had happened The tax competition resulting from globalization means a race to the bottom in which corporate tax rates fall dramatically everywhere The best way to escape the poverty trap is to give the poor more money Losers from globalization can be ignored by politicians in western democracies because they do not matter for electoral outcomes The adjustment problems for developing countries arising from the crisis are quite minor and easy to deal with Actually, as Reversals of Fortune shows, all of these beliefs are highly questionable. The research findings reported here provide economic analysis and evidence that challenge these claims. In the report, Nicholas Crafts asks: "What Difference does the Crisis make to Long-term West European Growth?" Vera Troeger considers "The Impact of Globalisation and Global Economic Crises on Social Cohesion and Attitudes towards Welfare State Policies in Developed Western Democracies." Stephen Broadberry looks at "The BRICs: What does Economic History say about their Growth Prospects?" Sharun Mukand takes "The View from the Developing World: Institutions, Global Shocks and Economic Adjustment." Finally, Sayantan Ghosal has a new perspective on "The Design of Pro-poor Policies."
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