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HEISIG, JAN PAUL, BRAM LANCEE, and JONAS RADL. "Ethnic inequality in retirement income: a comparative analysis of immigrant–native gaps in Western Europe." Ageing and Society 38, no. 10 (May 4, 2017): 1963–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17000332.
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ABSTRACTPrevious research unequivocally shows that immigrants are less successful in the labour market than the native-born population. However, little is known about whether ethnic inequality persists after retirement. We use data on 16 Western European countries from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC, 2004–2013) to provide the first comparative study of ethnic inequalities among the population aged 65 and older. We focus on the retirement income gap (RIG) between immigrants from non-European Union countries and relate its magnitude to country differences in welfare state arrangements. Ethnic inequality after retirement is substantial: after adjusting for key characteristics including age, education and occupational status, the average immigrant penalty across the 16 countries is 28 per cent for men and 29 per cent for women. Country-level regressions show that income gaps are smaller in countries where the pension system is more redistributive. We also find that easy access to long-term residence is associated with larger RIGs, at least for men. There is no clear evidence that immigrants’ access to social security programmes, welfare state transfers to working-age households or the strictness of employment protection legislation affect the size of the RIG.
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Fouquereau, Evelyne, Anne Fernandez, Antonio Manuel Fonseca, Maria Constança Paul, and Virpi Uotinen. "Perceptions of and satisfaction with retirement: A comparison of six European Union countries." Psychology and Aging 20, no. 3 (2005): 524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.524.
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Gzik, Monika. "Poles’ knowledge about the coordination of retirement pensions in the European Union: an empirical study." Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny 84, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2022.84.2.15.
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The purpose of the article is to indicate the need to popularize knowledge in Poland about the coordination of retirement pensions in the EU and to present good practices for disseminating knowledge about coordination in selected countries covered by the coordination regulation. The following research hypothesis has been presented: the level of Poles’ knowledge about the coordination of retirement pensions in the European Union is low. The author’s own research was carried out based on the quantitative CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing) method. The research included a survey sample with a total of 1,000 respondents. The nationwide survey was carried out among the Polish working population. The author's own research focuses precisely on the international aspect of pensions coordination. The research confirmed the low level of Poles' knowledge about coordination. Poles do not know whether Polish workers migrating within the European labour market can benefit from EU regulations that make it easier to receive a pension and retirement benefits, or whether the social insurance contribution periods for work performed abroad count when determining the right to receive Polish retirement benefits. The article presents good practices for disseminating knowledge about coordination in selected EU countries – Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Spain, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, as a basis for creating recommendations for Poland.
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Bosch, Gerhard, and Sebastian Schief. "Older employees in Europe between ‘work line’ and early retirement." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 13, no. 4 (November 2007): 575–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890701300405.
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The European Union has set ambitious aims concernin the employment of older persons. In March 2001 the Stockholm European Council agreed on the aim of increasing the employment rate of the EU population aged 55–64 to 50%. This article uses data from the European Labour Force Survey 2006 to analyse the employment rates of this age group in the EU-15. In most EU countries only highly qualified men aged 55–64 have an employment rate over 50%. The low skilled and women in particular are rarely employed over 55 years of age. The authors conclude that ending early retirement policies is not sufficient to increase their employment rates. Drawing lessons from the EU countries with the highest employment rates for older employees (Sweden and Denmark) they identify five major additional areas of action.
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Repetti, Marion, Christopher Phillipson, and Toni Calasanti. "Retirement Migration in Europe: A Choice for a Better Life?" Sociological Research Online 23, no. 4 (June 20, 2018): 780–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1360780418782243.
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This article examines the impact of economic inequalities on the individual choices that North European retirees make when they migrate to Mediterranean countries. It considers a group of retired and early-retired migrants who live permanently in Spain and have limited economic resources. Through a qualitative methodology based on semi-structured interviews with retirement migrants as well as ethnographic observations and spontaneous conversations in the study site, we provide new sociological knowledge about the relations between retirement migration and the unequal risks of social exclusion that retirees must manage in Northern Europe. We find that for many of these migrants, moving represents a way of managing economic risks in retirement, improving their financial situation and status. At the same time, however, it introduces new vulnerabilities. The latter are all the more visible when unexpected political changes occur, such as the recent decision that the UK would leave the European Union (Brexit).
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Berezina, T. N., N. N. Rybtsova, S. A. Rybtsov, and G. V. Fatianov. "Individually-personal factors of pension stress in representatives of the intellectual type of professions." Современная зарубежная психология 9, no. 1 (2020): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2020090101.
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The article introduces data from the study of the severity of social anxiety caused by the expectation of retirement and subsequent retirement; highlights signs of retirement stress: acceleration of biological aging, the discrepancy of psychological and biological age. It also regards individual-personal factors of biopsychological aging. The article presents the results of an empirical study of the biopsychological age of people – Russians by origin – pursuing intel-lectual professions and living in the European Union and in Russia. All the participants were continuing their research activity and were aged from 32 to 70 years, both living in Russia (n=101, women, 62), and having migrated to the European Union countries (n=101, women 56). Methods of assessing biological age with regard on health indicators, subjective psychological age, as well as the questionnaire of life path were applied. The results showed that in Russian sample the signs of retirement stress are more pronounced: the subjects have an acceleration of biological aging at the age of 51–65 years. The personal strategies for preventing retirement stress and maintaining relative juvenility, typical for the intellectual occupation professionals, were singled out: for men — democratic working conditions, positive attitude, collaborative non-ambitious non-aggressive behaviour; and for women — wellbeing, respectful partnership in the couple, friendly working conditions; multiple changes of place of residence. However, the difference in relative juvenility strategy for residents in Russian and EU was also observed.
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VAZ, Andréa Arruda, Marco Antônio Lima Berberi, and Tais Martins. "A Crise na União Europeia e os Impactos nos Princípios Fundamentais do Trabalho Diante da Flexibilização de Direitos pelos Estados-Membros em Contrariedade aos Preceitos do Direito Comunitário." REVISTA INTERNACIONAL CONSINTER DE DIREITO 12, no. 12 (June 30, 2021): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.19135/revista.consinter.00012.16.
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The research presents in a practical way the impacts of the crisis of 2008 and following years in Europe and the action of the economic block, to mitigate the crisis through austerity measures, which last to date. The search for a solution to the crisis that has plagued the European Union, the possible conflict with unavailable rights and the imposed need for flexibilization of rights, especially in labour law, deserves debate. The measures put forward by the member countries of the European Union to solve the economic crisis are also partly linked to the idea of the suppression of rights. For example, we mention the reduction of working hours, an increase in the retirement age, among other fundamental precepts inherent to the dignity of the human person, which have been made more flexible during the crisis. This article discuss the legality of these flexibilities in the face of the protection of fundamental human rights and European Community law, from the point of view of international law, of the Convention OIT, ONU, which have been ratified by the various countries of Europe. Over the years, the European Union has been going through a series of crises and consequent precarious labour law, one of the most recent and relevant, the UNITED KINGDOM’s withdrawal from the European Union through so-called Brexit.
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BRIDGEN, PAUL, and TRAUTE MEYER. "Divided citizenship: how retirement in the host country affects the financial status of intra-European Union migrants." Ageing and Society 39, no. 3 (October 16, 2017): 465–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17000927.
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AbstractSince European Union (EU) enlargement in 2003, labour migration from East to West and South to North has increased. It is to be expected that a share of these workers will want to retire in their host countries. According to the academic literature, EU legislation protects such mobility well by allowing the transfer of rights accrued in any EU country to another. However, such research has focused on legislation, not outcomes. We know little about how migration will affect the financial status of retired migrants in their host country and their ability to sustain a life there, should they stay after retirement. Using migration, wage and pension policy data (Eurostat, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), this paper projects the post-retirement incomes of a range of hypothetical EU migrants, selected in relation to the most common migratory flows since 2003. After having worked in their home countries (Romania, Poland, Bulgaria, Italy) for at least ten years, these people move to richer countries (Italy, Spain, Germany, United Kingdom) and work there for at least 30 years. To determine whether they can remain settled after decades of labour force participation in the host country, the paper adds their pension entitlements from home and host countries and compares this income with the relative poverty line of the host countries. This shows that good portability of entitlements matters little when these are very low because of a large wage gap between home and host country. Thus, after at least 30 years of enjoying all citizenship rights as workers, most of these individuals are projected to receive incomes below the relative poverty line of their host countries and thus experience a sharp drop in this status. Their citizenship is diminished. The paper concludes by considering policies that could avoid such an outcome.
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Chatchenko, Tatiana V., Yurii O. Miriasov, Irina A. Davidova, and Vistoriia V. Mykytas. "The labour market in the context of the growth of globalization processes: evidence from Ukraine and countries of the European Union." SHS Web of Conferences 67 (2019): 06009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196706009.
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The labour market is a special market of means of production, which requires special attention, since the subject of exchange is the ability of people to work, skills and knowledge of a person. The welfare of the population, its purchasing power, level of income and, in the end, the standard of living depends on the efficiency of the exchange at the market. The issue of unemployment is one of the key issues in the state regulation of the labor market, which causes a decrease in household incomes and the general population, a decrease in the welfare of the nation and in general the gross domestic product. Scientists distinguish several types of unemployment on various grounds: reasons, structure and period, etc. But one of the topical problems of the present, with a tendency towards rising retirement age, observed in both developed and developing countries, is youth unemployment. That entails a set of problems: the inadequacy of education with the current requirements of the labour market, the lack of vacancies, and the increase of retirement age employees delays the term of retirement, thus not freeing jobs, etc.
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Berezina, Tatiana N., Natalia N. Rybtsova, and Stanislav A. Rybtsov. "Comparative Dynamics of Individual Ageing among the Investigative Type of Professionals Living in Russia and Russian Migrants to the EU Countries." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 10, no. 3 (July 26, 2020): 749–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10030055.
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The goal of this study was to uncover the influence of professional activity, migration, and gender on dynamics of subjective age and ageing biomarkers. We examined the representatives of investigative types of professions (ITP), 30–75 years old in Russia, (101/62 women), and Russian migrants to the European Union, (101/56 women). ITPs appeared to be ageing slower than statistical standards; men age faster than women; the pre-retirement group (51–65 years old) showed acceleration of relative biological ageing in the Russian sample (women +4.5 years, men +10.7 years) against the EU sample, suggesting a boost of pre-retirement stress in Russia; subjectively, Russian people (51–65 years old) feel close to their chronological age, while EU people perceive themselves far below their calendar age (men—lower by 20.4, women—lower by 10.9 years). The subjective ageing depends on the country of residence, while biological ageing depends on occupation, gender, and negative expectations of retirement.
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Cooke, Martin. "Policy Changes and the Labour Force Participation of Older Workers: Evidence from Six Countries." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 25, no. 4 (2006): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cja.2007.0015.
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ABSTRACTIn response to the anticipated pressures of population aging, national governments and supranational bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) have promoted policies to encourage the labour force participation of older workers. The recent elimination of mandatory retirement in Ontario is an example of such a policy, and others include changes to national pension systems and changes to disability and employment insurance programs, active labour-market policies, and the promotion of phased or gradual retirement. This paper reviews the different policy approaches taken in the six countries included in the Workforce Aging in the New Economy (WANE) project, placing Canadian policy approaches in relation to those taken in Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. From the life course perspective, the policy approaches discussed here do not consider the heterogeneity of older workers' life courses or the related domains of health and family. As well, the changes made thus far do not appear likely to lead to increased labour force participation by older workers, and some may leave older workers at greater risk of low income and low-wage work.
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Malá, Ivana. "Ageing of the European Population and Deprivation." Economics and Culture 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jec-2022-0004.
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Abstract Research purpose. To quantify such a subjective phenomenon as deprivation, we can use direct questions or more objective composite indicators, including more characteristics of the situation of individuals. Moreover, when ageing is of interest, the usually used indicators should be updated to reflect the needs of ageing citizens. The European Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe provides a vast database connected to the European population over 50. Two indicators for material and social deprivation from the survey are used to describe both types of deprivation in European welfare countries. The well-being of elderly inhabitants is a challenging problem for European economies; for this reason, information on the development of deprivation might be helpful to address future problems even before they become. Design / Methodology / Approach. Data from the survey are used to describe differences between both deprivations and to analyse the impact of age, education and gender on the deprivation level. Regression and correlation analysis are used for the analysis. Findings. The welfare countries relatively control material deprivation, but social deprivation is a more serious problem. The deprivation is slowly increasing with age with the positive impact of education. The gender is less significant. The situation is not similar in European countries, and the clustering of countries corresponds with the quality of life indicators and the country’s welfare. Originality / Value / Practical implications. Quantification of the subjective phenomenon is shown. Data-driven information on deprivation during the ageing process in the European Union is given.
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Aigner-Walder, Birgit, and Thomas Döring. "Reduced Consumption for Transport due to Population Ageing? An Analysis of Expenditures of Private Households in the European Union and Potential Implications for the Public Sector." Central European Public Administration Review 15, no. 3-4 (January 5, 2018): 167–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17573/ipar.2017.3-4.08.
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The paper focuses on potential effects of the ageing of the population on consumption expenditures of private households in the field of transport. Theoretical considerations as well as previous empirical results suggest that older households consume different goods and services than younger ones due to changing preferences and needs by increasing age. Possible consequences of these changes for goods and services in the transport sector are in focus. The expenditures of European households on transport based on the national household budget surveys of the 28 member countries of the European Union are analysed. The results suggest that expenditures in transport decrease at retirement age in all considered countries. Moreover, the structure of goods and services consumed in the transport sector changes over the life cycle of a private household, with implications for the public sector due to the ageing of the population to be expected.
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Žindžiuvienė, Ingrida, and Austė Sruogaitė- Kuliešienė. "LIFELONG LANGUAGE LEARNING IN EUROPE: POSSIBILITIES AND CHALLENGES." SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 2 (May 30, 2015): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2013vol2.606.
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Recent demographic changes in Europe (ageing, migration and others) demonstrate the importance of senior adult education – an urgent issue at both national and European Union policy levels. The problem of the research is grounded in the challenges that many European societies currently face: the retirement age being extended, employees need to adapt to the changed working conditions and satisfy urgent demands of the market. The aim of this research is to examine the current situation of senior adult language education in the EU. The research objectives question one of the basic needs faced by senior citizens - to acquire or maintain multilingual skills, without which their status in the competitive market would become complicated. In many European countries, senior adult education is viewed as an integral part of the whole education system that is directed towards engagement of senior citizens into active social life, job maintenance, development of cross-cultural communicative and language skills and more diverse opportunities for self-realization.
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González Rodríguez, Irene, Marta Pascual Sáez, and David Cantarero Prieto. "Have Health Inequalities Increased during the COVID-19 Pandemic? Evidence from Recent Years for Older European Union Citizens." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 7812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137812.
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Reducing inequality is one of the current challenges that most societies are facing. Our aim was to analyze the evolution of inequalities in self-assessed health among older Europeans in a time period spanning the 2008 economic crisis and the COVID-19 health crisis. We used data from Waves 2, 4 and 8 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. We used inequality indices that accept ordinal variables. Our empirical results suggest that average inequality declines over time. Gender significantly influences the results. Some of the countries with the highest level of inequality are Denmark and Sweden, and some with the lowest are Estonia and the Netherlands. Our results may be of interest for the development of public policies to reduce inequalities. Special attention should be paid to vulnerable groups, such as the elderly.
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А.С., Луценко. "Моделювання ефективного фіскального регулювання економіки України в умовах євроінтеграції." Economics and Management, no. 86(1) (February 28, 2020): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36919/2312-7812.1.2020.45.
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The experience of fiscal regulation in the countries of the Visegrad Group (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia), which are relatively new members of the European Union, have carried out quite large-scale consolidation of budgets under the influence of supranational fiscal regulation of the European Union. Specific features of fiscal regulation in the Visegrad Group countries and Ukraine have been identified, namely: low level of social security (compared to EU Member States with developed economies); lower level of budget expenditures to GDP of countries (compared to EU Member States with developed economies); more developed indirect taxation than developed countries. The toolkit of consolidation of budgets in the countries of the European Union is specified: measures of increase of budget revenues (increase of tax rates, expansion of the tax base, refusal of privileges and others); measures to reduce budget expenditures (reduction of public sector consumption through wage cuts and others); measures aimed at changing the pension regime (increasing the retirement age, reducing the payment of pensions); measures aimed at reforming social transfers (reduction of payments, abolition of benefits and bonuses). It is found that two approaches are usually used to determine the budgetary consolidation period of the Visegrad Group countries: a quantitative one that operates on a set of indicators that characterize the volume of fiscal impulse; narrative that relies on monitoring regulatory documents. It was determined that one of the main tools for increasing the budget revenues of the Visegrad Group countries was social payments, which are the most stable sources, which are almost independent of macroeconomic dynamics. This was the reason for the nationalization of the pension system in Hungary and Poland. The mechanism of effective fiscal regulation of the Ukrainian economy is proposed. It is argued that the objects of this mechanism of effective fiscal regulation of the economy of Ukraine are the budgetary and tax systems, and the subjects - the state, represented by bodies and services that apply the methods and instruments of fiscal regulation. The main tasks of this mechanism of effective fiscal regulation of the Ukrainian economy are outlined: balancing of budget indicators; assistance in reducing public debt; optimization of tax burden; control over the impact on GDP growth. The principles of effective fiscal regulation of the Ukrainian economy are highlighted: scientific validity; systematic; legislative regulation; continuity; efficiency; reconciliation of interests; adaptation; complexity.
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Arcanjo, Manuela. "Retirement Pension Reforms in Six European Social Insurance Schemes between 2000 and 2017: More Financial Sustainability and More Gender Inequality?" Social Policy and Society 18, no. 4 (September 28, 2018): 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746418000398.
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In 2000, the European Union established three principles that should guide Member State pension systems and their reforms: the financial sustainability of pension systems; adequacy of pensions; and the modernisation of systems. The latter included the achievement of greater gender equality and sought to respond to the significant gender gaps in public pension systems. This article demonstrates how the reforms carried out over the period 2000–2017 have focused on strengthening the financial sustainability of systems but may also have contributed to even greater gender inequality in old age protection. To this end, we examine the major legislative amendments concerning eligibility criteria and entitlement conditions in six countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Portugal and Spain), as representative of the social insurance scheme.
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Rychtaříková, Jitka. "Perception of population ageing and age discrimination across EU countries." Population and Economics 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.3.e49760.
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Population ageing is the most dominant demographic challenge that the European Union is experiencing in the 21st century. This may create negative attitudes and lead to discrimination against persons of advanced age. Age-related stereotypes and prejudice can result in age discrimination, termed ageism. This research concerns the question of perceived ageism towards older people in 25 EU countries, surveyed in 2015 using the Special Eurobarometer 437. The analytical section includes descriptive findings and the results of three multi-level regression models addressing three domains (explained variables) of perceived ageism: 1) discrimination in general, 2) discrimination during economic crisis, and 3) discrimination when electing an older person as a high official. The two-level regression allowed simultaneous modelling of individual-level (gender, age, partnership status, social class, and life satisfaction) and of country-level (life expectancy at 55, perceived start of old age, and HDI) effects. The personal characteristics impacted much stronger perceived ageism than country contexts. Ageist perception in general has mostly been noted at pre-retirement age, but the age profile has not been the same across three regression models. The East-West gradient, frequently reported, is questioned because the geographical picture of perceived ageism is rather puzzling.
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Pera, Jacek. "Evaluation Of The Macroeconomic Stability Of Central And Eastern European Countries With A View Toward Their Membership In The European Union. Multidimensional Risk Analysis." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2016-0021.
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The economies of European countries have been undergoing constant turbulence for several years. This is the consequence of a range of factors, in particular: the 2007 crisis; violations of the convergence criteria and fiscal discipline; problems with the liquidity of international financial markets; depreciation of the euro currency; increasing unemployment in European Union Member States; the slow increase in productivity in the majority of EU economies; growing indebtedness of public finance sectors; problems with retirement schemes – in particular with correlation between their effectiveness and unemployment and low rate of natural increase. Thus, the author posits that it is important to analyse the key aspects related to these economic parameters which may affect this process in a significant way and decide the risk of its occurrence. This is the assumed aim of this work. The work shows the results of the author’s own study, carried out with the use of different methods, such as the macroeconomic stabilisation pentagon, the Scoreboard, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The variety of test methods employed results on one hand from the problem's complexity, and on the other from a profound analysis of all dependencies and risks resulting from this complexity. The conducted study shows that there is a significant correlation between the Scoreboard parameter imbalances and the intensity of crisis phenomena in case of violations of the acceptable thresholds in terms of current account balance, net international investment position, export market shares, nominal unit labour costs, real house prices, private sector debt, government debt, and the unemployment rate. The imbalances of these eight indicators may form an adverse macroeconomic environment favouring the occurrence of intense crisis phenomena, which means that they should be subject to special monitoring. The shapes of the macroeconomic stabilisation pentagon for CEEC economies in 2014 shows that none of the analysed countries is characterised by total filling of the pentagon. This means that the economic situation in these countries is not stable and requires constant monitoring. The figures related to all analysed indicators, apart from GDP, are characterised by a flattened shape, which is characteristic for such a situation.
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REPETTI, MARION, and TONI CALASANTI. "‘Since I retired, I can take things as they come. For example, the laundry’: gender, class and freedom in retirement in Switzerland." Ageing and Society 38, no. 8 (February 27, 2017): 1556–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17000174.
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ABSTRACTPopulation ageing has led many countries to be concerned about the ‘economic burden’ of elders, and several have adopted the active ageing paradigm to reform policy. However, gender differences that moderate the effect of active ageing have been little considered. As in other nations in the European Union, Swiss federal authorities use the active ageing paradigm to reshape ageing policies, including the provision of incentives to seniors to remain in the labour market. At the same time, many recent and proposed changes draw on the assumption of gender equality, even though actual parity has not yet been demonstrated. We know little about how gender shapes retirement in Switzerland, other than in relation to financial inequality between women and men. Qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with Swiss retirees (N = 15) shows how men and women describe this time of life differently. All respondents characterised retirement as a time of freedom; but the meaning of such freedom diverged for men and women, reflecting the gender division of labour, which is further shaped by class. We discuss the implications of this difference for the gendered consequences of active ageing policies.
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Hohnerlein, Eva Maria. "Pension indexation for retirees revisited – Normative patterns and legal standards." Global Social Policy 19, no. 3 (April 17, 2019): 246–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018119842028.
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Maintaining adequate pension levels throughout the entire retirement phase is a persistent challenge in old-age protection. Most public pension schemes in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries provide for some form of indexation for pensions in payment. These mechanisms have been object of frequent revisions for different purposes, in particular across Europe. This article explores the social and financial policy objectives linked to standard indexation parameters in public pension schemes, and offers a rough taxonomy of additional factors used to modify traditional indexation arrangements, with a special focus on changing rules and practices adopted in the European Union (EU) area after the 2008 international economic and financial crisis. Analysis suggests that early responses were mainly driven by cost containment ideas, whereas more recently, a subtle shift towards adequacy-oriented interventions can be noticed. The article argues that restrictive pension indexation rules in combination with overall retrenchment of public pension provision fail to take into account the increasing duration of retirement and corresponding pension erosion. Such failure calls into question not only income security during retirement as a major objective of old-age pensions but also compliance with international standards of social security set by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the Council of Europe. More social policy research is needed in view of the increasing complexities of indexation rules, as shortfalls in indexation can cause significant impairment in the living conditions of older pensioners, predominantly women.
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BROOKE, LIBBY. "Prolonging the careers of older information technology workers: continuity, exit or retirement transitions?" Ageing and Society 29, no. 2 (January 8, 2009): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x0800768x.
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ABSTRACTThe article explores the ways in which older workers' career trajectories influenced their exit from or continuity of employment in the Australian information technology (IT) industry. The data were collected through qualitative interviews with 71 employees of 10 small and medium-sized IT firms as part of the cross-country Workforce Ageing in the New Economy project (WANE), which was conducted in Canada, the United States, Australia and several European Union countries (the United Kingdom, Germany and The Netherlands). The analysis revealed that older IT workers' capacity to envisage careers beyond their fifties was constrained by age-based ‘normative’ capability assumptions that resulted in truncated careers, dissuaded the ambition to continue in work, and induced early retirement. The workers' constricted, age-bound perspectives on their careers were reinforced by the rapid pace of technological and company transformations. A structural incompatibility was found between the exceptional dynamism and competitiveness of the IT industry and the conventional age-staged and extended career. The analysis showed that several drivers of occupational career trajectories besides the well-researched health and financial factors predisposed ‘default transitions’ to exit and retirement. The paper concludes with policy and practice recommendations for the prolongation of IT workers' careers and their improved alignment with the contemporary lifecourse.
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Penders, Yolanda WH, Judith Rietjens, Gwenda Albers, Simone Croezen, and Lieve Van den Block. "Differences in out-of-pocket costs of healthcare in the last year of life of older people in 13 European countries." Palliative Medicine 31, no. 1 (July 10, 2016): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216316647206.
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Background: Research on the costs of healthcare provision has so far focused on insurer costs rather than out-of-pocket costs. Out-of-pocket costs may be important to patients making medical decisions. Aim: To investigate the self-reported out-of-pocket costs associated with healthcare in the last year of life of older adults in Europe. Design: A post-death survey, part of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, completed by proxy respondents in four waves from 2005 to 2012. Setting/participants: Proxy respondents for 2501 deceased adults of 55 years or over. Data from 13 European countries and four waves from 2005 to 2012 were used. Results: The proportion of people with out-of-pocket costs ranged from 21% to 96% in different European Union countries. Out-of-pocket costs ranged from 2% to 25% of median household income. Secondary and institutional care was most often the largest contributor to out-of-pocket costs, with care received in a care home being the most expensive type of care in 11 of 13 countries. Multilevel analyses showed that limitations in more than two activities of daily living (coefficient = 6.47, 95% confidence interval = 1.81–11.14) and a total hospitalization time of 3–6 months (coefficient = 14.66; 95% confidence interval = 0.97–28.35) or more than 6 months (coefficient = 31.01; 95% confidence interval = 11.98–50.15) were associated with higher out-of-pocket costs. In total, 24% of the variance on a country level remained unexplained. Conclusion: Variation in out-of-pocket costs for healthcare in the last year of life between European countries indicates that countries face different challenges in making healthcare in the last year of life affordable for all.
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Guner, Umit, and Neslihan Guner. "The relationship between long working hours and weight gain in older workers in Europe." Work 67, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-203324.
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BACKGROUND: Several studies have been performed on the relationship between working conditions and health. Numerous parameters still require further study, including working hours and obesity among different groups, specifically older workers in national, regional, and international levels. OBJECTIVE: Working hours have considerable effects on the socio-cultural, psychological, and economic aspects of people’s lives and health. While long working hours increases income level and raises living standards, it increases the risk of certain health problems. This study investigated whether working hours are associated with obesity in upper-middle-aged workers. METHODS: The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) dataset was used for the analyses. Analyses were carried out by means of a Cox regression of the panel dataset created with the data in question, surveyed by European Commission to 12,000 participants. RESULTS: The survey was performed in Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Ireland. We found that in most countries, especially Sweden and the Netherlands, upper-middle-aged employees working > 59 hours per week are more likely to gain weight than their counterparts working < 59 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings raise awareness of obesity in older workers, and highlight the need to regulate working conditions and hours in the European Union and other countries.
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Skórska, Anna. "Part-time Work and the Workers’ Age and Sex." Olsztyn Economic Journal 14, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.4371.
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The goal of the paper is to present spatial diversity in the use of flexible forms of employment with special emphasis on part-time work among women and men aged 50+ in the European Union. Demographic changes, including the ageing of the EU population, show the necessity of rationally utilizing available labour resources. Because the level of occupational activity is declining with age, while the share of people aged 50+ in the population is growing, the possibility of doing parttime work that allows reconciliation between occupational life and non-occupational life seems important. This form of employment can also constitute an important transitional stage between occupational activity and retirement. The analyses presented in the paper are based on data from Eurostat and include the years between 2003 and 2017. The conducted studies show significantdifferences in the utilization of part-time work in EU countries especially when age and gender are taken into consideration.
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Gyulavári, Tamás, and Gábor Kártyás. "Effective international enforcement of employee rights? Challenging Hungarian ‘unorthodox’ laws." European Labour Law Journal 9, no. 2 (March 20, 2018): 116–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952518763826.
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International courts have become a crucial element of protecting employee rights in recent decades. The ‘unorthodox’ 1 measures of the Hungarian Orbán government have provided a unique opportunity to test the effectiveness of international courts, since these national measures have been defying various legal principles in general, but in particular in the field of employment, since acquiring a two-thirds parliamentary majority in 2010. The article analyses the most important of these employment laws, their objectives, problematic legal nature and the responses of the Hungarian Constitutional Court (hereinafter CC), the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter CJEU), and the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter ECtHR). 2 Are these national and international courts able to ensure effective protection against such policies when they adversely affect workers’ fundamental rights, and if so, on what legal basis? Conclusions regarding unorthodox employment laws, such as termination without cause, the compulsory retirement of judges, a retroactive 98% tax on severance pay, and/or the nationalisation of private pension funds, might be useful to other countries with similar legislative tendencies. The article focuses on the question of whether international courts are able to block and efficiently remedy such national measures and tendencies in employment law.
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Holzmann, Robert. "Starting Over in Pensions: The Challenges Facing Central and Eastern Europe1." Journal of Public Policy 17, no. 2 (May 1997): 195–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00003548.
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ABSTRACTAll countries in Central and Eastern Europe require rapid and drastic restructuring of their public pension schemes for macro- and microeconomic reasons. While initial considerations were geared towards streamlining the unfunded scheme, reducing many distortions and making it financially sound, some transition economies initiated reform plans for a move from unfunded to funded retirement income provision. The paper reviews the need for reform and surveys the discussion and current plans before addressing three central open questions: How to structure the first and unfunded tier? How to finance the transition toward the second and funded tier? What are the minimum financial sector requirements before funded provisions can be initiated? The success of the current pension reform efforts in Central Europe will have an important bearing on developments throughout Europe. A failure in one transition economy caused by bad design, unprojected deficits, or insufficient financial market preparation could discredit a funded pension system in the whole region; a successful move towards an unfunded-funded multi-tier pension scheme in Eastern Europe could positively stimulate the discussion of pension reform in the European Union.
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Zilincikova, Maria, and Katarina Repkova Stofkova. "Motivational Elements of Employees as a Competitive Advantage of Companies in the Conditions of Globalization." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 6, no. 5 (2020): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.65.1002.
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The article analyzes with the analysis of the influence of incentive elements on the motivation of workers to better performance and satisfaction, across the whole active population in the context of the new economy. For specific generations, motivational incentives are diverse. The main reasons of using the award, recognition of the performance and motivation are long-term sustainable good relationships in the workplace, as well as demonstrable work successes and, last but not least, an increase in the success of the whole company. Different incentive elements also used in the Slovak Republic and other European Union countries. A majority motivation characterizes Slovakia through financial evaluation. However, recent years indicate a change of mindset of employers and employees. The population of the Slovak Republic is ageing, the retirement age is increasing, which demographically affects the development of the labour market. The age structure of the society suggests that everyone has a better performance stimulant. Motivating incentives that can offset the employee’s financial remuneration become a competitive advantage for businesses. Recently, the state has been helping businesses to stimulate employees properly through holiday vouchers. In the future, it expected that it would be just incentive elements that will attract potential employees to companies and secondly it will be the financial evaluation of the employee. Slovak society can be inspired in many ways by other European Union countries. In contrast, the Slovak Republic still has many professionals in the areas of health, education, engineering, and many others. The paper points to changes related to the demographic development of the company, the change of motivation for permanent and new employees. The aim is to anticipate the possible development of incentives and the incorporation of new elements of motivation into human resource management in companies. Autoregres prepared in MATLAB. The article deals with the prediction of the selection of individual incentives for specific age groups of employees.
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Rodrigues, João, Ana C. Santos, and Nuno Teles. "Financialisation of pensions in semi-peripheral Portugal." Global Social Policy 18, no. 2 (November 23, 2017): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018117742826.
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This article aims at contributing to the literature on the financialisation of pensions in Europe by examining the transformations occurring in semi-peripheral Portugal. The Portuguese case accounts for the variegated nature of financialisation in general, and of pension provision in particular, throughout Europe. While the country followed similar processes to those of core European Union (EU) countries, leading to an increasingly integrated financial sector in the international arena, this integration was mainly led by the banking sector rather than by capital markets. This helps account for the relatively reduced role of private retirement income products in the country. Nonetheless, the Portuguese pension system has been equally subject to reform, aiming at reducing its weight in public expenditure. The result is a contraction in coverage and benefit without achieving an equivalent match in supplementary private forms of pension provision. Under a prolonged period of stagnation and crisis, the deterioration of State pensions for the majority continues while a residual private, outward-oriented and foreign-owned pension sector grows for the most affluent, further exposing the systemic and variegated nature of financialisation processes in the semi-periphery.
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Kobzeva, T. A., and G. Yu Mykhnovsky. "SOCIAL AND LEGAL PROTECTION OF ORPHAN CHILDREN AND CHILDREN DEPRIVED OF PARENTAL CARE." Legal horizons, no. 19 (2019): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i19.p36.
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This article is devoted to the study of the social and legal protection of orphans and children deprived of parental care in Ukraine and other countries of the world. The authors revealed the concept, nature, regulatory framework, types of bodies, state financial support, and directions of improving the protection of orphans and children deprived of parental care. It was emphasized that the social and legal support for the protection of the rights of orphans and children deprived of parental care in Ukraine needs to be further improved due to the issues of legislative consolidation and their practical implementation. According to our study, we conducted a statistical analysis of the number of orphans and children deprived of parental care, as well as of persons receiving retirement benefits. A number of scientific studies have been analyzed by scholars in the field of social assistance, labor law, and other jurisprudence related to retirement loss. Among the main areas of improvement, it was decided to amend the current legislation of Ukraine on the delimitation of the mediation activities regarding the adoption and professional activity of teachers and patron educators. Accordingly, recommendations were made regarding the possibility of establishing orphanages or foster homes, abandoning the system of general-type orphanages, and improving the conditions for the provision of foster care to a child. It was also proposed to create a legal framework that would regulate financial assistance for families with children and by improving the funding of regions, their programs, and strategies, and improving their financial situation. These regulatory issues have been analyzed with the addition of practical research from other scholars and jurisprudence. Ways of their solution and improvement of the current legislation have been adopted and developed on the basis of a thorough analysis of the legislation of the European Union countries. Keywords: legal regulation, social and legal protection, orphan, deprived of parental care, boarding school.
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Melcher, Martina. "Private International Law and Registered Relationships: An EU Perspective." European Review of Private Law 20, Issue 4 (August 1, 2012): 1075–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2012065.
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Abstract: Questions relating to same-sex marriages, registered partnerships, and statutory cohabitations are increasingly present in legislature and case law. Since 1989, when Denmark allowed the first same-sex registered partnership, eight European countries have adapted their marriage acts to include same-sex couples, and more than 16 European countries provide rules for same-sex and/or opposite-sex registered partnerships. The European Court of Human Rights had to (re-)interpret the right to marry (Article 12 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)), the prohibition of discrimination (Article 14 ECHR), and the right to respect for private and family life (Article 8 ECHR) in the light of the desire of an Austrian same-sex couple to wed. The Court of Justice of the European Union decided that it is direct discrimination to treat a German life partner differently from a married person with regard to a supplementary retirement pension. In this context, the present article focuses on the problem of international non-recognition of registered relationships that have already been validly established in another state. In addition to moral and political considerations, the recognition of foreign registered relationships might be legally required in view of recent case law on human rights and the fundamental freedoms of the EU. In this regard, the adoption and design of a future EU regulation on the law applicable to registered relationships as a well-suited instrument to ensure efficient recognition is discussed. Although non-recognition is not an issue, which is limited to the European Union, an EU perspective is employed throughout the article for reasons of practicability. Résumé:Questions relatives aux mariages homosexuels, aux partenariats enregistrés et aux cohabitations légales sont de plus en plus présentes dans la législation et la jurisprudence. Depuis 1989, lorsque le Danemark a permis le premier partenariat enregistré, huit pays européens ont adapté leur lois de mariage pour y inclure les couples de même sexe, et plus de 16 pays européens ont fourni des régles concernant un partenariat enregistré pour les personnes de même sexe et/ou de sexe opposé. La Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme devait (re-)interpréter le droit au mariage (article 12 Convention Européenne des Droits de l'Homme (CEDH)), l'interdiction de discrimination (article 14 CEDH) et le droit au respect de la vie privée et familiale (article 8 CEDH) en vertu d'un couple Autrichien de même sexe qui voulait se marier. La Cour de Justice de l'Union européenne décidait qu'un traitement différent d'un partenariat de vie et d'un mariage quant á une pension de retraite complémentaire peut constituer une discrimination.Dans ce contexte, le présent article élabore le probléme de la non-reconnaissance internationale des partenariats et des mariages homosexuels qui ont déjá été établis valablement dans un autre Etat. Outre les considérations morales et politiques, la reconnaissance de ces relations familiales est probablement meme légalement demandée compte tenu de la jurisprudence récente sur les droits de l'homme et les libertés fondamentales de l'UE. Un réglement de l'UE sur le droit applicable aux relations familiales enregistrées représente un instrument bien adapté pour assurer la reconnaissance et est donc ébauché en plus amples détails. Une perspective européenne est employée pour des raisons de praticabilité, bien que la non-reconnaissance soit un probléme mondial.
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Lamprianou, Iasonas. "Determinants of Early Retirement in the European Union." Journal of Transnational Management 17, no. 2 (April 2012): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15475778.2012.676966.
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Bilohur, Vlada, and Roman Oleksenko. "THE EUROPEAN SPORT MODELS MANAGEMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES EUROPEAN UNION." HUMANITIES STUDIES 90, no. 13 (2022): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/hst-2022-13-90-07.
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Stec, Małgorzata. "Innovation in European Union Countries." Gospodarka Narodowa 236, no. 11-12 (December 31, 2009): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/gn/101233.
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Rodríguez-Gulías, María Jesús, Vítor Manuel de Sousa Gabriel, and David Rodeiro-Pazos. "Effects of governance on entrepreneurship: European Union vs non-European Union." Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 28, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-06-2016-0035.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies between countries that are members of the European Union (EU) and those that are not. H1 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the immediate creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. H2 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the deferred creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses two types of analyses: firstly, univariate analysis, which is a descriptive statistics of the dependent, independent and control variables, and the results of a t-test; and secondly, multivariate analysis, which estimates using the fixed-effects estimator under the specifications previously raised for the subsample of 28 EU countries and for the subsample of 103 non-EU countries during the period 2004-2014. Findings The results show that the variables of governance are not significantly higher in the EU, although the density of the enterprises is. Within the governance indicators, government effectiveness is significant in the EU. The results obtained for the EU confirmed H1and H2, with a significant positive effect of government effectiveness on entrepreneurship, while the other governance variables were not significant in the EU subsample. The results obtained for non-EU countries suggest no significant immediate effects (H1) and a slightly significant delayed effect of rule of law on the entrepreneurship (H2) concerned. Research limitations/implications Future research in this area could consider introducing another regional division or other types of methodology as variables affect models. Practical implications Governance can be defined as the ability of a government and its public institutions to provide services and design, and implement rules, which is a factor that affects the creation of new companies. However, the effect of governance could differ depending on the country and its economic environment. This paper analyses the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies considering two different geographic regions as countries are presumably heterogeneous. Therefore, these results indicate that the effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship differs according to the region. Social implications The effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship according to the region is also known. Originality/value This study applied panel data analysis to two samples of countries during the period 2004-2014, one formed by 28 countries of the EU and the other by 103 non-EU countries. No other paper considers this number of countries for this period. To assess the impact of governance on the creation of new companies, this paper considered the existence of immediate and deferred effects of governance on entrepreneurship.
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Виниченко, М., M. Vinichenko, Петер Караксони, Peter Karaksoni, С. Макушкин, and S. Makushkin. "Negotiation of Discrimination of Talents As a Factor of Reducing the Competitiveness of Modern Organizations." Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 8, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5d7b8d1050d0e5.97415304.
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The article deals with the problem of discrimination of talents in an organization from the position of reducing the potential of an organization in the competitive struggle in the market of goods and services and the labor market. In the conditions of economic instability, the leadership of various states and organizations is looking for additional opportunities to increase competitiveness. The most important of these is human potential. However, its implementation, especially among talented employees, is hampered for a number of objective and subjective reasons. Identifying the causes and identifying ways to overcome discrimination of talent is a pressing issue for both Russia and the entire world community, which was the goal of this work. Discrimination of talents is investigated for various reasons: by gender, age, national and racial characteristics, religious motives, belonging to a political party or to a social movement and other reasons. The article presents a comparative analysis of discrimination of talents of the population of the Moscow region of Russia and a number of countries of the European Union, the South Asian region, the United States based on data obtained using such methods as a questionnaire using Google Form online service, a secondary analysis of data from sociological research, focus groups, interviewing, etc. In the course of the study, it was possible to establish that there is discrimination in organizations in the Moscow region on various grounds. So says 40% of respondents. The management of organizations is doing some work, but due to insufficient training, it has not managed to achieve the elimination of talent discrimination in organizations. 76% of the respondents consider gender discrimination of talents as a fact, while women with children are worse off. Age discrimination is most acute among employees of retirement age. Their potential in the future is really considered only in 6% of cases, while young people — in 52%. Discrimination on ethnic, racial or religious grounds reaches 34%. For belonging to political parties and (or) social movement, they are constantly subjected to persecution in no more than 4% of cases. In general, the statistics obtained is correlated with foreign experience and shows that discrimination of talents is limited. However, it should be remembered that the number of talented employees is usually not large, and each of them can significantly improve the efficiency of the organization. The article suggests ways to overcome discrimination of talents. The research results can be applied in the public sector and business structures in Russia and abroad.
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Axelrad, Hila. "Early Retirement and Late Retirement: Comparative Analysis of 20 European Countries." International Journal of Sociology 48, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2018.1483004.
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Joumard, Isabelle. "Tax systems in European Union countries." OECD Economic Studies 2002, no. 1 (May 7, 2003): 91–151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art4-en.
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Hsieh, Jin-chi, Ching-cheng Lu, Ying Li, Yung-ho Chiu, and Ya-sue Xu. "Environmental Assessment of European Union Countries." Energies 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020295.
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This study utilizes the dynamic data envelopment analysis (DEA) model by considering time to measure the energy environmental efficiency of 28 countries in the European Union (EU) during the period 2006–2013. There are three kinds of variables: input, output, and carry-over. The inputs are labor, capital, and energy consumption (EC). The undesirable outputs are greenhouse gas emissions (GHE) and sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions, and the desirable output variable is gross domestic product (GDP). The carry-over variable is gross capital formation (GCF). The empirical results show that first the dynamic DEA model can measure environment efficiency and provide optimum improvement for inefficient countries, as more than half of the EU countries should improve their environmental efficiency. Second, the average overall scores of the EU countries point out that the better period of performance is from 2009 to 2012. Third, the output variables of GHE, SOx, and GDP exhibit a significant impact on environmental efficiency. Finally, the average value of others is significantly better than high renewable energy utilization (HRE) with the Wilcoxon test. Thus, the EU’s strategy for environmental energy improvement should be to pay attention to the benefits of renewable energy (RE) utilization, reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHE), and enhancing the development of RE utilization to help achieve the goal of lower GHE.
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Gajos, Edyta, Sylwia Małażewska, and Konrad Prandecki. "EMISSION EFFICIENCY OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7732.
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The aim of the study was to compare the total greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union countries and their emission efficiency. Emission efficiency was calculated as the ratio of emission volume and value to gross value added generated by the economy of a given country (size of the economy). The necessary statistical data was obtained from Eurostat. It was found that in 2015 most of greenhouse gases were emitted by: Germany, United Kingdom, Poland, France and Italy. At the same time, France and the United Kingdom were characterized by one of the best emission efficiency in the European Union, Germany and Italy obtained average results, while Poland was in the group of countries with the lowest emission efficiency. Therefore, it can be concluded, that the volume of emissions is significantly affected by the size of the economy. Some large emitters have economies based on relatively “clean” technologies and thus their potential to further reduction is not very high. The reverse is true for some low-emission countries, such as Estonia and Bulgaria. This indicates the need for a more comprehensive look at the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
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Jajko-Siwek, Alicja. "Assessment of retirement benefits in the European countries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 62, no. 6 (June 28, 2017): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0924.
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The aim of the research presented in the article is to characterize retired persons who receive benefits ensuring the maintenance of existing living conditions. The research was conducted with the use of selected data mining methods, such as classification trees, multivariate correspondence and cluster analysis. The paper includes socio-demographic and economic factors, i.e. sex, household type, retirement age, health status and type of pension scheme. The research was conducted on the basis of data from the project ”Share 50+ in Europe”. The presented results allow to identify beneficiary who is not threatened by the so-called pension gap which means the inability to maintain an earlier standard of living due to insufficient retirement benefits.
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Dobryagina, Natalia. "Agricultural Entrepreneurship Motivation Policies: European Union Experience and Decision Theory Application." International Journal of Rural Management 15, no. 1 (April 2019): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973005219834739.
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The European Union (EU) policies devoted to entrepreneurship in agricultural motivation represent a wide spectrum of methods and approaches. However, lack of attention to the differences between different types of entrepreneurs might decrease the entrepreneurship motivation policies’ effectiveness. Applying Decision Theory (DT), one of the management sciences, the article determines that non-hereditary entrepreneurs, which include ex novo and early retirement groups, are expected to provide greater contribution to the rural areas development and have different decision-making process in contrast to hereditary entrepreneurs. The article clearly shows a lack of policies focused on non-hereditary entrepreneurs in the EU and a limited effect of policies on ex novo and early retirement groups due to their underestimation of the agricultural sphere’s opportunities and limited knowledge about existing policies. The article suggests further application of DT in agricultural entrepreneur’s motivation and debiasing.
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Kraciuk, Jakub. "FOOD SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 3 (August 22, 2017): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3238.
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The aim of the study was to show the state of food security in European Union countries and defines the basic factors determining the level of this security. There is a large disproportion in the state of food security between individual European Union countries, especially between old and new EU countries. It was determined that in the analyzed years average prices of products and their quality deteriorated in the countries of the European Union. The unfavorable changes that have taken place were not too great. On the other hand, the average indicator for the analyzed countries regarding access to food has clearly improved.
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Grabowska, Barbara. "Education of teachers in European Union countries." Osvitolohiya, no. 3 (2014): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2226-3012.2014.3.4045.
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Gajewski, Paweł. "Public Finance Sustainability in European Union Countries." Gospodarka Narodowa 251, no. 10 (October 31, 2011): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/gn/101072.
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Elbashir, Rania. "LIBYA'S FOREIGN TRADE WITH EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." MEST Journal 10, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/mest.10.10.02.07.
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The subject of this empirical and theoretical work is the exchange of foreign trade in Libya with the countries of the European Union. The scientific objective of the research is to make a scientific classification of the volume of foreign trade between Libya and the European Union countries and to discover the factors that hinder foreign trade and explain them scientifically. European countries also support this cooperation and contribute significantly to the formulation of future cooperation policies with Libya in various social, political, and economic fields. However, this cooperation takes place in light of objective difficulties arising from the conflicting interests of Western countries in North Africa and Libya. Since these relations are burdened with many problems of different nature, we started this paper from two assumptions: The first premise is that in the trade relations between Libya and the European Union, there are common interests for foreign trade that are more feasible. The second premise is that more encouragement and protection for investments by the countries of the European Union helps in new qualitative development and economic growth in Libya, which will significantly improve trade relations between Libya and the countries of the European Union.
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Kavelaars, Peter. "The foreign countries of the European Union." EC Tax Review 16, Issue 6 (December 1, 2007): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2007044.
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Szymańska, Agata. "Tax revenues in the European Union countries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 62, no. 5 (May 26, 2017): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0921.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse tax revenues and examine similarities of selected tax revenues (mainly VAT, CIT, PIT and excise duty) in the European Union countries. The analysis of the EU members concerns the period between 2003 (i.e. the year preceding the biggest enlargement of the EU) and 2012 (due to data completeness). Tax rates and the structure of tax revenues in the EU countries were compared and then the cluster analysis was applied to assess the similarity of tax revenues. The analysis suggests that the process of tax harmonization, which took place in the period considered, did not exert a significant impact on the similarity of the structure of tax revenues in the EU countries. The structure seems to be still determined by e.g. social, economic or historical factors, which influenced the tax systems creation in particular EU countries.
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Brozo, William G., E. Sutton Flynt, Gerry Shiel, Ulla-Britt Persson, Christine Garbe, and Lydia Dachkova. "Content Reading in Four European Union Countries." Reading Teacher 63, no. 2 (October 2009): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1598/rt.63.2.10.
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MUFTAKHOVA, A. N. "TERRITORIAL MOBILITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 14, no. 1 (2019): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2071-2367-2019-14-1-145-160.
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