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1
AVITAL, DANA. "Gender differences in leisure patterns at age 50 and above: micro and macro aspects." Ageing and Society 37, no. 1 (September 16, 2015): 139–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x15001038.
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ABSTRACTThe current paper seeks to explore whether there are differences in leisure patterns among men and women aged 50 and above, and whether the characteristics of one's country of residence influence these patterns. Data were obtained from the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE 2004/5), as well as from the database of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The research population comprised 7,769 men and 9,337 women aged 50 and above from 11 European countries. Three clustered-robust logistic regression models examined the likelihood of participating in one or more of three leisure activities: going to sport or social clubs, participating in a course or educational class, and volunteering. Three Blinder–Oaxaca decompositions were used to examine gender gaps in participation in each activity. At the micro level, the results showed that men were more active than women and that men were also less influenced by the observed characteristics. In addition, retirement only increased the likelihood of participating in sport club activities for men. At the macro level, the country's expenditure on culture and recreation was found to contribute significantly to women's participation in leisure activities, especially those in which most of the participants are men. In addition, macro variables as a whole were found to reduce the contribution of the observed micro characteristics. The main conclusion of the study is that the macro factors, especially the country's expenditure on culture and recreation as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product, contribute substantially to reducing the gender gap in participation in leisure activities in older age.
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Kairys, Antanas, Olga Zamalijeva, Albinas Bagdonas, Jonas Eimontas, Vilmantė Pakalniškienė, and Raimonda Sadauskaitė. "The well-being of older age Lithuanians: Policy implications." Psichologija 65 (December 30, 2021): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2021.47.
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Many countries of the world consider the well-being of citizens to be one of their most important goals. Nowadays there is a growing concern about the well-being of older people. Considering the aging population, there is a call for social policies aimed at strengthening the well-being of older people. Therefore, recommendations were prepared for policymakers on possible ways to strengthen the well-being of the older age Lithuanian population. The recommendations are based on data from the 7th wave of the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). There were 2014 persons aged 50 and older interviewed in Lithuania in the 7th wave of the SHARE survey. Data on various aspects of well-being, health, work and economic situation, childhood circumstances, experiences of discrimination were analyzed. Based on different aspects of well-being it was found, that respondents can be grouped into high, low, and medium well-being clusters, moreover the analysis showed that the Lithuanian population has relatively low well-being compared to other countries. Recommendations were formulated covering possible measures for chronic diseases, co-morbid mental health disorders, work, economic situation, childhood environment, and personal life history. The recommendations are addressed to health, social and employment, education, and science policymakers.
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Guner, Umit, and Neslihan Guner. "The relationship between long working hours and weight gain in older workers in Europe." Work 67, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-203324.
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BACKGROUND: Several studies have been performed on the relationship between working conditions and health. Numerous parameters still require further study, including working hours and obesity among different groups, specifically older workers in national, regional, and international levels. OBJECTIVE: Working hours have considerable effects on the socio-cultural, psychological, and economic aspects of people’s lives and health. While long working hours increases income level and raises living standards, it increases the risk of certain health problems. This study investigated whether working hours are associated with obesity in upper-middle-aged workers. METHODS: The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) dataset was used for the analyses. Analyses were carried out by means of a Cox regression of the panel dataset created with the data in question, surveyed by European Commission to 12,000 participants. RESULTS: The survey was performed in Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Ireland. We found that in most countries, especially Sweden and the Netherlands, upper-middle-aged employees working > 59 hours per week are more likely to gain weight than their counterparts working < 59 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings raise awareness of obesity in older workers, and highlight the need to regulate working conditions and hours in the European Union and other countries.
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Fekete, Márta, László Pattyán, Lajos Hüse, Éva Huszti, and Péter Takács. "Differences of Subjective Well-Being in European Long-term Care Regimes." European Journal of Mental Health 17, no. 1 (2022): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5708/ejmh/17.2022.1.1.
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Introduction: With the increase of life expectancy, the issue of quality of life (QoL) for the elderly is getting more focus. Beside the individual view, social and economic aspects are becoming more pronounced. Aims: In this study, we set out to establish a new classification of long-term care (LTC) regimes by examining the relationship between care systems and subjective quality of life. Methods: Our work was based on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe through a secondary analysis of CASP-12 results. It was assumed that higher quality of life values could be observed in countries providing a higher standard of social care. We studied the background variables in different LTC regimes. Results: The data shows that the development and availability of care systems have a significant indirect correlation with older people’s subjective well-being. Our results raise the possibility of a new subdivision of care regimes. Conclusions: Those countries featured earlier as family-based systems and Central-Eastern European countries were growing closer to each other in this classification. As our statistical method proved, family-based and Central-Eastern European regimes are not significantly different (Minimisers). Northern countries, where investment and quality of life are also high, remain highly positioned on the scale (Maximisers). Countries that have medium-level investments and subjective well-being parameters place in the middle of the scale (Optimisers). Global changes (climate, migration, political culture, technology) are expected to have an effect on social care regimes, especially on Minimisers, where the realization or failure of investments is a critical question.
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Reid, Frank. "Economic Aspects of Mandatory Retirement: The Canadian Experience." Articles 43, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050390ar.
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Economie impacts of eliminating mandatory retirement are a crucial aspect of the Charter of Rights arguments concerning the «reasonableness» of age discrimination. Evidence suggests that the number of employees who would workpast normal retirement age in any given year is only a fraction of one percent of the labour force. Eliminating mandatory retirement would consequently have minimal impact on job opportunities for youth and personnel practices concerning evaluation of employees. Actuarial adjustment of private pension plans to accommodate a flexible retirement age is only a minor administrative matter and has already been implemented in some Canadian jurisdictions
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Pincus, Karen V. "Reflections on Retirement." Issues in Accounting Education 33, no. 3 (February 1, 2018): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace-52049.
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ABSTRACT In this commentary, I offer personal experience as I approach retirement and share thoughts on how to successfully end an academic career. I consider both the economic aspects of retirement and the emotional aspects of retirement.
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Bloom, David, Alexander Khoury, and Jaypee Sevilla. "OP76 Economic Contributions Of Older Adults In Europe." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317001568.
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INTRODUCTION:Europe's population is aging rapidly. Europeans aged 60 years and over formed only 16 percent of Europe's total population in 1980, but they now constitute 24 percent and will grow to 34 percent by 2050 (1). These challenges may be expected in the form of tighter labor markets, lower savings rates, and slower economic growth, as well as fiscal stress from lower earnings and tax revenue and increased pension and healthcare spending.We may, however, overestimate the magnitude of these challenges and make poorer policy choices if we underestimate the productive contributions that older adults make to society. The literature measuring these productive contributions is regrettably underdeveloped, as is the literature on what policies can enhance such contributions.This study focuses on the market and non-market productive contributions of older adults in Europe and addresses three questions: (i)What is the nature and magnitude of the contributions made by older adults in Europe?(ii)How do those contributions vary by country, time, and age, and how are they likely to evolve as the relative size of older cohorts swells?(iii)How might changes in policy, institutions, behavior, and health likely influence the economic effects of population aging in Europe?METHODS:These research questions are explored using multivariate statistical tools to analyze rich data from multiple countries and waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA).RESULTS:Older adults in Europe make significant productive contributions in the form of labor force participation, caregiving for family and friends, and volunteering. These contributions vary widely by country and are correlated with age, health status, official retirement age, and population age structure.CONCLUSIONS:The economic effects of population aging in Europe can be significantly moderated by effective retirement and healthcare policy.
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Repetti, Marion, Christopher Phillipson, and Toni Calasanti. "Retirement Migration in Europe: A Choice for a Better Life?" Sociological Research Online 23, no. 4 (June 20, 2018): 780–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1360780418782243.
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This article examines the impact of economic inequalities on the individual choices that North European retirees make when they migrate to Mediterranean countries. It considers a group of retired and early-retired migrants who live permanently in Spain and have limited economic resources. Through a qualitative methodology based on semi-structured interviews with retirement migrants as well as ethnographic observations and spontaneous conversations in the study site, we provide new sociological knowledge about the relations between retirement migration and the unequal risks of social exclusion that retirees must manage in Northern Europe. We find that for many of these migrants, moving represents a way of managing economic risks in retirement, improving their financial situation and status. At the same time, however, it introduces new vulnerabilities. The latter are all the more visible when unexpected political changes occur, such as the recent decision that the UK would leave the European Union (Brexit).
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OLIVERA, JAVIER, and VALENTINA PONOMARENKO. "Pension Insecurity and Wellbeing in Europe." Journal of Social Policy 46, no. 3 (November 17, 2016): 517–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279416000787.
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AbstractThis paper studies pension insecurity in a sample of non-retired individuals aged 50 years or older from 18 European countries. We capture pension insecurity with the subjective expectations on the probability that the government will reduce the pensions of the individual before retirement or will increase the statutory retirement age. We argue that changes in economic conditions and policy affect the formation of such probabilities, and through this, subjective wellbeing. In particular, we study the effects of pension insecurity on subjective wellbeing with pooled linear models, regressions per quintiles and instrumental variables. We find a statistically significant, stable and negative association between pension insecurity and subjective wellbeing. Our findings reveal that the individuals who are more affected by pension insecurity are those who are further away from their retirement, have lower income, assess their life survival as low, have higher cognitive abilities and do not expect private pension payments.
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Hofäcker, Dirk, and Marge Unt. "Exploring the ‘new worlds’ of (late?) retirement in Europe." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 29, no. 2 (June 2013): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2013.836979.
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After a long period of promoting early retirement, European societies have recently started to implement various reforms aimed at fostering a longer working life. Yet cross-national variations in older workers' employment remain, as institutional path dependency, socio-economic climate and persistent retirement culture have not allowed all countries to implement reforms to the same degree. In our paper, we provide an up-to-date international overview of country-specific contexts that support or hinder the employment of older workers in European countries. To this end, we use information on labour market, pension, and welfare policies that affect older workers' employment opportunities and retirement decisions. Adding to previous research, we contrast these “structural” indicators with selected “cultural” evidence from the European Survey data (Eurobarometer, European Social Survey) reflecting recent trends in retirement-related attitudes, perceptions and preferences. The available data allow for an unusually broad geographical scope, encompassing both Western European and Eastern European societies. Using these data, we perform a hierarchical cluster analysis to identify the specific types of “retirement regimes”. Finally, we relate these “new worlds of retirement” to the differentiation of “early” versus “late” exit regimes suggested by earlier literature to identify the forerunners and laggards in the gradual transition towards later retirement in Europe.
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Lowin, A., M. Knapp, D. Grant, G. Gandhi, and E. T. Edgell. "Economic aspects of bipolar disorder in Europe." European Psychiatry 17 (May 2002): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(02)80656-3.
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King, Russell, Eralba Cela, and Tineke Fokkema. "New frontiers in international retirement migration." Ageing and Society 41, no. 6 (May 11, 2021): 1205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x21000179.
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AbstractIntroducing the special issue, this paper provides a state-of-the-art on established and new trends in the study of international retirement migration (IRM) and summarises the five papers that follow. Early studies on IRM were mainly within Europe and drew on the conceptual framework of lifestyle migration, with some reference to the transnational and mobilities paradigms. New frontiers in IRM are presented under three heads. Firstly, new geographical frontiers extend IRM to new destinations within and proximate to Europe, and to new locations in the global South such as Thailand and Ecuador. Secondly, new typological frontiers involve a broadening of the class and wealth backgrounds of the retirees, including the ‘return of retirement’ of labour migrants to their countries of origin, and attentiveness to IRM's gendered aspects. Thirdly, new conceptual and theoretical frontiers of IRM involve a more in-depth investigation of its transnational aspects, exploration of the various regimes of mobility and, most importantly, a political economy perspective which stresses global inequalities and histories of colonialism in shaping access to privileged lifestyles. In the final part of the paper, the original features of each paper in the special issue are highlighted, demonstrating how they are collectively integrated and contribute to the advancement of IRM research.
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Mikhailova, Elena V., and Natalia V. Ovchinnikova. "Social self-determination, life practices and economic aspects of preparing women aged 45-57 for retirement." Socialʹnye i gumanitarnye znania 8, no. 4 (December 14, 2022): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/2412-6519-2022-4-390-403.
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The article presents the results of a sociological study conducted on a target sample of working woman of older middle and pre-retirement age - 45-57 years. The study was aimed at identifying the peculiarities of the perception of the age of «45+» by women themselves in such aspects as shared values and life goals, practices of coping behavior in relation to age and aging, retirement life planning. The issues of preparing for retirement are considered in an extended age range in order to fix the threshold values for the perception of age - to determine at what age the pension begins to be perceived as the immediate life prospect and the reorientation to the tasks of an older age group takes place. According to the results of the study, a predominantly positive perception of the age 45+ age period by women themselves was revealed with a wide variability in self-determination of its content - from a period of rest and stability to professional achievements and personal growth. In general, a positive perception of the one’s age «here and now» is combined with avoidance of thoughts about the upcoming retirement as more or less distant future. A paradox has been that recorded that requires further research: the majority of respondents begin to think about retirement only after reaching the pre-retirement age, while they would like to implement for themselves those methods of preparing for retirement that obviously require a longer planning horizon and a period of accumulation of economic resources than a three-year pre-retirement period.
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Dingemans, Ellen, Kène Henkens, and Hanna van Solinge. "Working retirees in Europe: individual and societal determinants." Work, Employment and Society 31, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 972–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017016664677.
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One of the solutions that could be used to resource the needs of ageing populations is the encouragement of individuals to extend working lives beyond retirement, often referred to as ‘bridge employment’. Although previous studies provide important insights into individual determinants of bridge employment, there is scant research on the extent to which differences across countries and between genders exist and how these might be explained by economic and societal differences in the pension context. The determinants of participation in bridge employment are investigated among male and female retirees in 16 European countries. Multilevel models are estimated based on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe project. It was found that where there is high expenditure on pensions there is a lower likelihood of retirees participating in bridge jobs, while strong norms that support working past retirement are positively associated with bridge employment.
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Dingemans, Ellen, and Kène Henkens. "Job strain in working retirees in Europe: a latent class analysis." Ageing and Society 40, no. 9 (May 2, 2019): 2040–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x19000473.
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AbstractScientific research has made great progress towards a better understanding of the determinants and consequences of working after retirement. However, working conditions in post-retirement jobs remain largely unexplored. Therefore, using information on working conditions such as job demands, job control and work hours, we investigate whether working retirees can be categorised by the quality of their jobs. Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we perform latent class analysis on a sample of 2,926 working retirees in 11 European countries. The results point to the existence of two sub-groups of working retirees. The first is confronted with high-strain jobs, while the second sub-group participates in low-strain jobs. Subsequent (multi-level) logit analysis undertaken to describe the two classes further suggests that classification in either group is predicted by the socio-economic status of working retirees and by the context of poverty in old age in the countries in question. We conclude that working after retirement in a high-strain job may be conceptually different from working in a low-strain job.
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MORTIKOV, Vitalii. "ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF ELDERLY PEOPLE." Economy of Ukraine 2021, no. 4 (April 24, 2021): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2021.04.088.
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The economic activity of the elderly is becoming increasingly important with the aging of the population and the extension of the education of young people. Older people have experience, knowledge, which is an important component of human capital of modern organizations and countries in general. Meanwhile, in Ukraine, according to statistics, the economic activity of the elderly has decreased significantly during the 2008-2018 period. Most elderly workers are among the specialists and representatives of the simplest professions. Data on the registered statistics of economic activity of elderly in the regions of Ukraine are weakly correlated with the situation on regional labor markets. This is due, in particular, to the significant shadow component of employment in this age group. There are both positive and negative aspects of economic activity of older people. Despite the benefits of using the labor of older people, they compete for jobs with people of active working age, their involvement is more expensive for employers. With this in mind, regulating the use of human resources of older workers is necessary to maintain the labor balance in the country as a whole, as well as in regions and individual organizations. The article determines which decisions of the elderly the state can influence: retirement earlier than the normal retirement period; exit after reaching this age; continuation of economic activity outside the retirement age, i.e later retirement. The tools of influencing the economic activity of the elderly are the pension system, the creation of jobs taking into account the interests of older workers, improving the quality of their work, combating age discrimination. It is shown that changes in the pension system of Ukraine in 2017 contribute to the intensification of economic activity of persons of pre-retirement and retirement age.
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Ponsard, C., and P. Tranqui. "Fuzzy Economic Regions in Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 17, no. 7 (July 1985): 873–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a170873.
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Economic regions are fuzzy spaces. A taxonomic method of fuzzy regionalization is presented to describe regions which maintain their imprecise characteristics and frontiers. All fuzzy aspects of elementary spatial units, from which regionalization is carried out, can thus be integrated at every stage of the classification process. This method is then applied to the member States of the European Economic Community. The results are original because they lead to interesting conclusions about the regional structures of the European Community.
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Principi, Andrea, Jürgen Bauknecht, Mirko Di Rosa, and Marco Socci. "Employees’ Longer Working Lives in Europe: Drivers and Barriers in Companies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051658.
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This paper identifies, within companies’ sectors of activity, predictors of Human Resource (HR) policies to extend working life (EWL) in light of increasing policy efforts at the European level to extend working life. Three types of EWL practices are investigated: the prevention of early retirement (i.e., encouraging employees to continue working until the legal retirement age); delay of retirement (i.e., encouraging employees to continue working beyond the legal retirement age); and, recruitment of employees who are already retired (i.e., unretirement). A sample of 4624 European organizations that was stratified by size and sector is analyzed in six countries. The main drivers for companies’ EWL practices are the implementation of measures for older workers to improve their performance, their working conditions, and to reduce costs. In industry, the qualities and skills of older workers could be more valued than in other sectors, while the adoption of EWL practices might be less affected by external economic and labor market factors in the public sector. Dutch and Italian employers may be less prone than others to extend working lives. These results underline the importance of raising employers’ awareness and increase their actions to extend employees’ working lives by adopting age management initiatives, especially in SMEs, and in the services and public sectors.
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Iliev, Ilia. "Retirement Is a Foreign Country: Work beyond Retirement and Elder Care in Socialist Bulgaria." Genealogy 6, no. 3 (July 17, 2022): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6030065.
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In this article, I investigate state policies in socialist rule in Bulgaria, encouraging pensioners to work beyond retirement and their impact on eldercare. First, I argue that in the 1970s, Bulgarian pensioners began occupying economic niches similar to those of labor migrants in Western Europe. The policies actively promoting work after retirement were introduced in parallel with legislation encouraging older people to distribute their property among potential heirs as a donation instead of their last will. I argue that this combination of work beyond retirement and inheritance patterns had a negative impact on eldercare and should be taken into consideration when designing new policies addressed at working pensioners. The research is based on letters of complaint or denunciation from the 1970s, available in the Bulgarian State Archives.
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Beker, Emilija. "Economic aspects of globalization." Privredna izgradnja 48, no. 3-4 (2005): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/priz0504135b.
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Economic aspects of globalization are related to the increasing economic integration and interdependence on a global level through the processes of overall trade and financial liberalization and deregulation, minimization the role of the state, domination of market principles and mechanisms, and appearance of new actors on international economic scene. Ideological background of the new globalization wave is neoliberalism or market fundamentalism that is institutionalized in the form of trilateralism in international economic relations. Trilateralism includes concentrating the power of governing and regulation of international relations on three regional blocks in the world economy (SAD, Western Europe and Asia) and three international economic institutions (IMF, WTO and WB) that regulate specific area of international economic relations. Although globalization represents huge potential for creation of enormous economic prosperity these benefits aren't evenly distributed, so there exists an increasing gap between the wealthy and the poor that deepens the discontents of the globalization process. Considering that the only alternative is autarky and isolation of economy, globalization cannot be an option, but a reality that must be accepted, however, not at the cost of annulling national interests and sovereignty, degrading economic positions and initiating enormous social tensions.
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Bishop, Christine, and Karen Zurlo. "Economic Uncertainties in Retirement: Risk Factors, Strategies, and Resilience." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2392.
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Abstract Even with forethought and planning, a lot can threaten economic wellbeing in the years ahead for older adults retiring at typical retirement ages. Although results for any individual cannot be predicted with certainty, some risks are quantifiable: for example, mortality/ longevity and disability risks are reasonably well-defined. Risk of dementia is not so well understood, and may be changing. Financial risk might be seen as manageable, but older adults relying on retirement income sources can be especially vulnerable to unprecedented shocks to the general economy. We consider four aspects of this dilemma. First, older adults retiring with outstanding debts may have difficulty weathering financial shocks. Our first presentation provides up-to-date information about trends in indebtedness at older ages, especially focusing on newly salient types of indebtedness: medical and student loan debt, and debt incurred to smooth finances in the recent recession. Stewardship of finances during retirement can be a challenging personal management undertaking. Our second presentation will consider how dementia can complicate this process. Protection against outliving one’s resources is more complex and costlier in the era of defined contribution retirement accounts. Our third presentation will discuss strategies to combine retirement assets, including Social Security claiming, to hedge longevity risk. Finally, needs for long-term services and supports may be met with either paid or informal (family) care, or both, but cannot be predicted with certainty. Our fourth presentation examines the long-term impacts on families due to the difficulty in insuring against this risk. Economics of Aging Interest Group Sponsored Symposium.
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Zureck, Alexander, Viktoria Daus, and Philippe Krahnhof. "Critical Analysis of Pensions Taking into Account Selected Aspects of Financial Literacy." International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development 6, no. 3 (2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.63.2003.
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In this study we investigate the impact of government debt on the economic growth of General financial education, so-called financial literacy, which plays an essential role in private retirement provisions. A study by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2015 shows that financial literacy is not prevalent in Germany (OECD, 2015). The aim of this scientific paper is to underline the importance of financial literacy for private retirement provisions. Due to the falling level of pensions in Germany, investments in a private pension are essential. Therefore, a regression analysis is carried out. An academic goal is to analyze if gender, net income and academic degree have a positive impact on financial literacy. In summary, it can be said that there is a significant influence of gender. With regard to the significant imbalance in the gender distribution (three quarters are male), the data should be expanded in the future. While net income as well as academic degree both have positive effect, correlation was only shown for net income. An ideal level of private retirement provisions was not determined in the empirical study. Based on these empirical insights, it is recommended that the federal states should invest in the financial education of their citizens to counteract poverty in age.
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JANSEN, ANDREAS. "Work–retirement cultures: a further piece of the puzzle to explain differences in the labour market participation of older people in Europe?" Ageing and Society 38, no. 8 (February 27, 2017): 1527–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17000125.
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ABSTRACTThe article examines to what extent culture is a further piece of the puzzle to explain differences in the labour market participation of older people in Europe. This approach is in clear contrast to the existing literature on that topic which is largely economically oriented and more focused on socio-economic determinants. In the first part, different theoretical conceptions regarding the impact of culture on individual actions are discussed with the aim of developing the concept of work–retirement cultures. In the second part, the article gathers empirical evidence on differences in the work–retirement culture in 22 European societies and analyses the interplay between the work–retirement culture and the labour market participation of people aged between 55 and 64 years using logistic random intercept regression analysis. The analysis draws on the third round of the European Social Survey. The results give some clear indications that the work–retirement culture plays its part in explaining differences in the labour market participation of older people in Europe and thus clarifies that the timing of retirement is not fully determined by pension policies. Accordingly, the results of the study illustrate that it is not sufficient to solely change the legal rules for the transition to retirement. Rather, people need to be additionally convinced of the individual benefits of remaining in employment.
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Silinevica, Irena. "RESEARCH OF SOME ASPECTS ABOUT THE ELDERLY EMPLOYED IN THE LATVIAN LABOUR MARKET." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 10 (September 18, 2018): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2018vol1.10.3465.
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The seniors are among the resources to reduce tension in certain labour market areas and promote further economic development. Taking into account the aging population trends, the role of seniors will increase in Latvia’s labour market. The aim of this research study is to explore the self-assessment of the elderly employed about their abilities to work competitively at pre-retirement age and go on to work at pension age. The research has verified some theoretical findings about the elderly people in the labour market by using content analysis, comparative analysis, synthesis, and the abstract and logical construction methods. The self-assessment of the employed aged above 50 about their abilities to compete in labour market is analysed in the research. A survey of the pre-retirement and pension-aged employees is carried out in the research. The main findings of the research are as follows: the development of technologies and the raising standard of living in Latvia creates new social opportunities for pre-retirement and retirement-age people to go on to work. The stereotypes in society on the preretirement and retirement-age employees are out of date and need to be changed. There are recommendations for improvement of competitiveness of the elderly employed in the labour market developed in the paper.
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Komp, Kathrin, Theo van Tilburg, and Marjolein Broese van Groenou. "Paid work between age 60 and 70 years in Europe." International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 5, no. 1 (October 13, 2010): 45–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.105145.
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Over the past years, older persons’ workforce participation has increased and, after years of studying early retirement, the focus has gradually shifted to workforce participation between age 60 and 70 years. Those are the years directly below and above the mandatory retirement age in most of the European countries. We investigate the influence of socio-economic status (SES) on older persons’ workforce participation. Moreover, we study whether the importance of private pensions in a country modifies the effect of SES. Survey data from eleven European countries are analysed in multilevel analyses. Results show that paid work in old age is the domain of persons with high SES. Moreover, a high share of private pensions in a country diminishes the influence of occupational prestige on men’s workforce participation. This suggests that older persons with low SES deserve particular attention in labour market reforms. Additionally, it suggests that pension reforms be monitored concerning their effects on social inequalities.
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Calasanti, Toni M. "Participation in a Dual Economy and Adjustment to Retirement." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 26, no. 1 (January 1988): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/mmcy-devw-0llk-l7gn.
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Past studies of adjustment to retirement have generally accepted social structure as a given, and have instead focused upon individual level variables. Based upon criticisms of the white-collar/blue-collar depiction of the work world, an alternative model of the economic system is introduced in an attempt to interject variability in the area of social structure. Utilizing a national sample of men derived from the National Opinion Research Center (1972–1977 inclusive), this dual economic model is employed to assess the effects of sectoral placement of workers on subsequent retirement satisfaction. Findings from multiple regression analysis suggest that such placement renders two qualitatively different groups of retirees, one which is primarily concerned with health, and one for which financial adequacy is more important for retirement adjustment. Overall, it was concluded that structural components must be included in research on the retirement process. In addition, the variability among the different scales used to indicate adjustment to retirement suggests that these may have to be altered to adequately reflect the process of adjustment for each of the groups of retirees. These changes must be based on the structural aspects of the economic order which mandate very different work experiences.
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Alam Yusuf, Bahrul, and Meida Laely Ramadani. "Risk factor analysis stress in retirement." Proceedings Series on Health & Medical Sciences 1 (December 10, 2020): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/pshms.v1i.30.
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Stress is the reaction of the body to circumstances which cause pressure, shift, emotional distress, it can cause stress in the elderly who have retired. The aim of the research was find the factors that cause stress in retired elderly people. This research was used methods of qualitative research with a descriptive approach. Samples were collected in the Bangbayang Village Government Area through snowball sampling of as many as 7 (seven) elderly retirees. The results of this study indicate that of the elderly with ages of 60 years up to 2 people, 63 years up to 1 person, 66 years up to 1 person, 1 person 70 years old, 1 person 74 years old and 1 person 75 years old. There are five factors that cause stress in older retirees, such as: factors of social support, factors of economic status, current employment factors, factors of self-acceptance, and factors of life independence. Of the five stress-causing causes, 3 main factors faced by certain elderly pensioners are related to aspects of social care, economic stability, current employment.
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Ellenberger, David, Tina Parciak, Waldemar Brola, Jan Hillert, Rod Middleton, Alexander Stahmann, Christoph Thalheim, and Peter Flachenecker. "Comparison of employment among people with Multiple Sclerosis across Europe." Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical 8, no. 2 (April 2022): 205521732210906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552173221090653.
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Background People with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) suffer from an increased risk of unemployment during the course of the disease. In recent years progress has been made in increasing the time until patients have to leave the workforce permanently. Such a retirement is often associated with MS but the driving factors including disability progression, support measures at the workplace, and societal aspects are not yet fully understood. Methods We consolidated data from four European MS databases from Germany, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, which were able to provide data on working status, disability progression and quality of life in accordance with the data harmonization framework of the EUReMS (European Registry in Multiple Sclerosis) project. Results Factors strongly associated with unemployment are disability progression, low quality of life and being close to the statutory retirement age. Overall, highest employment rate (77%) and lowest effects of gender and disease duration were found in Sweden. Conclusions We found remarkable differences between the European registers and the countries studied, which may indicate inequalities at European level. Furthermore, our findings suggest that it is feasible and useful to combine data from different MS registers in Europe, albeit the data structures are heterogeneous.
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Lachmann, Richard. "Origins of Capitalism in Western Europe: Economic and Political Aspects." Annual Review of Sociology 15, no. 1 (August 1989): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.000403.
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Wiß, Tobias, Lisa Schmidthuber, and Valeria Bordone. "Quality of Working Conditions, Sector of Employment and Age at RetirementDate submitted: April 9, 2018Revised version accepted after double blind review: March 31, 2019." management revue 31, no. 2 (2020): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2020-2-145.
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Prolonging employment and postponing retirement are seen as promising solutions to make labour markets and pension systems sustainable in ageing Europe with low employment rates of older people and widespread early retirement. The aim of the paper is to identify to what extent quality of working conditions and sector of employment affect the actual age at retirement. Based on SHARELIFE data on 13 European countries, we investigate the association between age at retirement on the one hand and 12 quality of working conditions attributes and six economic sectors on the other using linear regression models. Our results show that freedom to decide how to do the work is significantly associated with a higher age at retirement and adequate salary with a lower age at retirement among both men and women, while working in a comfortable environment, without emotional demands, and where employees experienced fair treatment is positively related to age at retirement only for men. Furthermore, our analysis provides evidence that quality of working conditions attributes are more important for age at retirement in the service, manufacturing and industry sectors than in the finance, trade, and primary sectors. A stronger focus on improving quality of working conditions is likely to promote a higher age at retirement among both men and women.
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Kalbarczyk-Stęclik, Małgorzata, and Anna Nicińska. "The events of the past and the economic situation and the health of 50+ people in Europe." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 60, no. 5 (May 28, 2015): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0847.
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Data from the SHARE panel (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe), expanded in the third round SHARELIFE panel, show that the events of the past are important for the development of the current situation and the economic health of living in Europe people aged at least 50 years. Self-assessment of health status and handshake power differ significantly depending on the health and economic status in childhood, the experience gained during periods of ill and medical care in adulthood. For those with the lowest economic status in childhood, stratification has not changed later in life. Bad or just satisfactory health in childhood was associated with low household income in later life. This was not observed in periods of deterioration in health in adulthood.
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Jajko-Siwek, Alicja. "Assessment of retirement benefits in the European countries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 62, no. 6 (June 28, 2017): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0924.
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The aim of the research presented in the article is to characterize retired persons who receive benefits ensuring the maintenance of existing living conditions. The research was conducted with the use of selected data mining methods, such as classification trees, multivariate correspondence and cluster analysis. The paper includes socio-demographic and economic factors, i.e. sex, household type, retirement age, health status and type of pension scheme. The research was conducted on the basis of data from the project ”Share 50+ in Europe”. The presented results allow to identify beneficiary who is not threatened by the so-called pension gap which means the inability to maintain an earlier standard of living due to insufficient retirement benefits.
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Ophir, Ariane. "The Paid and Unpaid Working Life Expectancy at 50 in Europe." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 77, no. 4 (December 5, 2021): 769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab223.
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Abstract Objectives Amid growing concerns about the economic implications of population aging and the sustainability of older adults’ working life, unpaid family care work receives less attention despite its direct relevance to population aging. This article systematically compares the paid and unpaid working life expectancy at age 50 to understand the overlap and trade-off between paid and unpaid work among older European adults. Method Using data from the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe with the Sullivan method, the article presents gender differences across 17 countries in life expectancy at age 50 at various paid (employment) and unpaid (caregiving) role configurations. Results When work is defined to include unpaid family caregiving, women and men have similar working life expectancies at age 50, in contrast to prior research. However, its paid and unpaid components are gendered. The results also show that at age 50, women are expected to spend a similar number of years providing grandchild care and activities of daily living/instrumental activities of daily living care and that most of these years take place after retirement. Discussion The results highlight that the gendered tension between paid and unpaid work persists into older adulthood and needs to be accounted for in working life expectancy measures. The results also underscore the gendered implications of population aging and unpaid work in older adulthood for retirement age policies and strategies for promoting gender equality in later life.
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Komp, Kathrin. "Shifts in the realized retirement age: Europe in times of pension reform and economic crisis." Journal of European Social Policy 28, no. 2 (June 21, 2017): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717709174.
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Hohnerlein, Eva Maria. "Pension indexation for retirees revisited – Normative patterns and legal standards." Global Social Policy 19, no. 3 (April 17, 2019): 246–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018119842028.
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Maintaining adequate pension levels throughout the entire retirement phase is a persistent challenge in old-age protection. Most public pension schemes in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries provide for some form of indexation for pensions in payment. These mechanisms have been object of frequent revisions for different purposes, in particular across Europe. This article explores the social and financial policy objectives linked to standard indexation parameters in public pension schemes, and offers a rough taxonomy of additional factors used to modify traditional indexation arrangements, with a special focus on changing rules and practices adopted in the European Union (EU) area after the 2008 international economic and financial crisis. Analysis suggests that early responses were mainly driven by cost containment ideas, whereas more recently, a subtle shift towards adequacy-oriented interventions can be noticed. The article argues that restrictive pension indexation rules in combination with overall retrenchment of public pension provision fail to take into account the increasing duration of retirement and corresponding pension erosion. Such failure calls into question not only income security during retirement as a major objective of old-age pensions but also compliance with international standards of social security set by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the Council of Europe. More social policy research is needed in view of the increasing complexities of indexation rules, as shortfalls in indexation can cause significant impairment in the living conditions of older pensioners, predominantly women.
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Légaré, Jacques, and Marie-Pier Bergeron Boucher. "Qui seront les premiers nés du baby-boom à risque de vulnérabilité financière à la retraite? Une comparaison Québec-Ontario." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 31, no. 2 (April 24, 2012): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980811000730.
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ABSTRACTThe oncoming retirement of baby boomers has governments worried. Will individual baby boomers demonstrate the ability to prepare financially for their retirement? Well-being in retirement depends largely on financial preparedness during working life. Those baby boomers who are the most vulnerable at the end of their working lives are more likely to become vulnerable during retirement. This study looks at the income of the first baby boomers, those born between 1946 and 1956, aged 50 to 60, according to the 2006 Canadian census. First we establish the socio-economic categories for which members are most financially vulnerable. Then, we estimate how many baby boomers are vulnerable and to what extent. This study’s preferred approach is an interprovincial comparison between Quebec and Ontario, used to analyze individual aspects of baby boomers’ financial positions.
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McSweeney-Feld, Mary Helen. "Financial Stability And Ageing In Europe And The US: The Connection To Health And Retirement Systems." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 10, no. 3 (March 14, 2011): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v10i3.4101.
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An ageing population and expected future increases in the demand for long-term care services are important policy concerns in many European countries. According to the 2010 Eurobarometer survey 73, Europe faces major structural changes globalization, climate change and an ageing population (European Commission, 2010). Many Europeans also feel that families have to provide too much support for their older, dependent persons. Similar concerns have been expressed by individuals and policymakers in the US (Kinsella and He, 2009). These concerns are further exacerbated by the recent global economic downturn and the European and US financial bailout packages, which are only a short-term remedy to the complex issue of ageing in these geographic areas. This paper looks at the health and welfare systems of Europe and the United States, the scope of graying demographics in these areas, and the impact that these factors have on future financial stability in light of our attempts to recover from the current economic downturn. It also examines a number of potential solutions for economic recovery in an ageing society.
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Khaperskaya, Alena, Galina Barysheva, Olga Nedospasova, and Irina Pavlova. "Multiple factor model for the assessment of external factors impact on the quality of life of able-bodied people in retirement age." E3S Web of Conferences 291 (2021): 05019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129105019.
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This paper deals with the external factors that have an impact on the quality of life of able-bodied people in retirement age. Perspectives of the analysis of the factors and assessment of the effects of socio-economic institutions on labor activity of economically active people in retirement age are proven. As an example, a socio-demographic factor is used as well as physical factors of the environment. The multifactor evaluation model of the impact of socio-demographic factors on the quality of life of able-bodied people in retirement age was developed based on the summary data on subjective assessments of older people’s satisfaction with various aspects of their labor activity.
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Olsevich, Yu. "Psychological Aspects of the Current Economic Crisis." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 3 (March 20, 2009): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-3-39-53.
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In this article the formation of new «market psychology» in the conditions of pyramidal globalization and liberalization, as a general precondition of the current crisis, is considered. Basic elements of this psychology - shift of US households from saving up behavior to credit-dependent consumption, transition of large American corporations under the control of financial hawks, creation of the system of global capital inflow to the USA. On this basis a quasi-keynesian model of unstable equilibrium at the stage of growth generated by external credits is put forward. The conclusion is made that psychological disbalance of ruling elites of the USA, on the one hand, and Western Europe and Japan - on another interferes with maintaining global economy stability.
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Solinge, van, and Olga Grunwald. "STUDIES ON ADJUSTMENT TO RETIREMENT: HOW OLDER EUROPEANS NAVIGATE THE RETIREMENT TRANSITION." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.076.
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Abstract Retirement is a significant life transition in late adult life that often brings about great changes in individuals’ patterns of everyday activity, social networks as well as one’s economic resources, requiring adjustment for both the retiree and other members of the household. Retirement is a process that starts with a preparatory stage, followed by the actual act of retirement and a post-retirement stage where retirees have to get used to the changing aspects of life that result from the work-retirement transition, and seek to achieve psychological comfort with their retirement life. This symposium brings together empirical research on the various stages of the retirement process, from different national backgrounds. The guiding question is how work and the loss of work affect well-being. Hence, the symposium will give insights into the circumstances under which retirement risks well-being and psychological comfort of older adults. Anna Wanka discusses under which conditions retirement feels right for German retirees, and how this feeling shifts and changes throughout the retirement process. Sarah Dury follows with the post-retirement stage by demonstrating a qualitative perspective of recently retired Belgians about their adjustment, role and activities they exert during post-retirement. Isabelle Hansson examines the role of personality for retirement adjustment in a Swedish sample of older adults. Hanna van Solinge explores the impact of agency in the work-retirement transition on adjustment to a longer working life /retirement and life satisfaction in a Dutch panel study.
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KNESEBECK, OLAF VON DEM, MORTEN WAHRENDORF, MARTIN HYDE, and JOHANNES SIEGRIST. "Socio-economic position and quality of life among older people in 10 European countries: results of the SHARE study." Ageing and Society 27, no. 2 (February 15, 2007): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x06005484.
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This study examines associations between quality of life and multiple indicators of socio-economic position among people aged 50 or more years in 10 European countries, and analyses whether the relative importance of the socio-economic measures vary by age. The data are from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) in 2004. 15,080 cases were analysed. Quality of life was measured by a short version of the CASP-19 questionnaire, which represents quality of life as comprising four conceptual domains of individual needs that are particularly relevant in later life: control (C), autonomy (A), self-realisation (S) and pleasure (P). The short version has 12 items (three for each domain). Five indicators of socio-economic position were used: income, education, home ownership, net worth, and car ownership. A multiple logistic regression showed that quality of life was associated with socio-economic position, but that the associations varied by country. Relatively small socio-economic differences in quality of life were observed for Switzerland, but comparatively large differences in Germany. Education, income, net worth, and car ownership consistently related to quality of life, but the association of home ownership was less consistent. There was no indication that the socio-economic differences in quality of life diminished after retirement (i.e. from 65+ years). Conventional measures of socio-economic position (education and income), as well as alternative indicators (car ownership and household net worth), usefully identified the differential risks of poor quality of life among older people before and after the conventional retirement age.
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Zsiborács, Henrik, Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai, András Vincze, István Háber, and Gábor Pintér. "Economic and Technical Aspects of Flexible Storage Photovoltaic Systems in Europe." Energies 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2018): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11061445.
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Grané, Aurea, Irene Albarrán, and Roger Lumley. "Visualizing Inequality in Health and Socioeconomic Wellbeing in the EU: Findings from the SHARE Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 7747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217747.
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The main objective of this paper is to visualize profiles of older Europeans to better understand differing levels of dependency across Europe. Data comes from wave 6 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), carried out in 18 countries and representing over 124 million aged individuals in Europe. Using the information of around 30 mixed-type variables, we design four composite indices of wellbeing for each respondent: self-perception of health, physical health and nutrition, mental agility, and level of dependency. Next, by implementing the k-prototypes clustering algorithm, profiles are created by combining those indices with a collection of socio-economic and demographic variables about the respondents. Five profiles are established that segment the dataset into the least to the most individuals at risk of health and socio-economic wellbeing. The methodology we propose is wide enough to be extended to other surveys or disciplines.
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Papa, Roberta, Giorgio Cutuli, Andrea Principi, and Stefani Scherer. "Health and Volunteering in Europe: A Longitudinal Study." Research on Aging 41, no. 7 (March 7, 2019): 670–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027519834939.
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This article examines the relationship between health and volunteering in advanced age in a cross-national comparison. We used longitudinal data from five waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe covering 13 European countries from 2004 to 2015 and employed dynamic random-effects probit models to study the consequences of declining health on voluntary work. Our results confirm that worsening health conditions (i.e., mobility limitations and depression) reduce the likelihood of volunteering, whereas chronic diseases do not. Most interestingly, we found important differences across countries: Worsening health reduces voluntary work participation, especially in contexts characterized by high rates of volunteering. Our findings have implications for policy makers and voluntary organizations that aim to encourage participation: Individual characteristics and contextual aspects must be taken into account, and people with health problems might need specific support through policies, recruitment, and retention even in contexts of overall high levels of volunteering.
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Sirven, Nicolas, and Thomas Barnay. "Expectations, loss aversion and retirement decisions in the context of the 2009 crisis in Europe." International Journal of Manpower 38, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-02-2016-0041.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate a reduced form model of expectations-based reference-dependent preferences to explain job retention of older workers in Europe in the context of the 2009 economic crisis. Design/methodology/approach Using individual micro-economic longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe between 2006 and 2011, the authors derive a measure of “good, bad or no surprise” from workers’ anticipated evolution of their standard of living five years from 2006 (reference point) and from a comparison of their capacity to make ends meet between 2006 and 2011. Findings The authors find that the probability to remain on the labour market in 2011 is significantly higher for individuals who experienced a lower than expected standard of living. The effect of a “bad surprise” on job retention is larger than the effect of a “good surprise” once netted out from the effects of expectations at baseline, change in consumption utility, and the usual life-cycle determinants on job retention of older workers. Originality/value The authors interpret this result as an evidence of loss aversion in the case the reference point is based on individuals’ expectations. The authors also find that loss aversion is more common among men, risk-averse individuals and those with a higher perceived life expectancy.
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Idrizi, Olgerta, and Besa Shahini. "The Impact of Economic and Demographic Factors on Retirement Risks in Albania." European Journal of Marketing and Economics 1, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejme.v1i3.p115-122.
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C19, the pension system has an important role in developing countries’ economies. It is very important in the context of the social security. During the last two decades, pension plan in Albania, has passed important transformation in all aspects. So the first goal is maintaining the stability of this system. The aim of this paper is to analyze the efficiency and sustainability of the existing pension system in the Albania and the identification of key factors, which determine its further stability. We should point out that life insurance market and pension plan in Albania are noticeably underdeveloped compared to other European countries, but in the recent years it has been developing moderately under the influence of various factors. Many economic factors have an impact on it, and some of them are globalization, global economic crisis and expressed instability of financial markets. Other factors like demographic factors: mortality rate, life expectancy and net migration have also impact on retirement risk, but in this paper we will analyze and indicate the most significant economic and demographic factors.
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Motel-Klingebiel, Andreas, Jolanta Perek-Białas, Indre Genelyte, and Susanne Kelfve. "Exclusion and Inequality in Late Working Life–On the Gendered Risks for Old-Age Exclusion in Sweden and Poland." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.211.
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Abstract The labour market activity of older workers and their ability and disposition to maintain it depend on institutional conditions, age norms, labour demand and shifting overall economic conditions. The paper discusses exclusion and inequality in later working life from a European comparative perspective and emphasises shifts in late work and retirement patterns as well as later-life outcomes in Sweden and Poland. An emphasis is on changing institutional conditions on the national and branch level. Gendered risks for economic exclusion and later life precarity are stressed. Analyses for the two countries are contrasted with Germany and the UK. The analyses are part of the research program ‘Exclusion and Inequality in Late Working Life: Evidence for Policy Innovation Towards Inclusive Extended Work and Sustainable Working Conditions in Sweden and Europe – EIWO’ (2019-24). Analyses use data from SHARE and EU-SILC and address older workers of age 60 and older in Sweden, Poland, German and the UK. They find increasingly heterogeneous preretirement and transition patterns, new gender gaps and increasing risks of economic exclusion in retirement. Situations differ between countries with the prolongation of late working life in Sweden having a mostly positive effect on gender inequalities with low education and specific migrant groups as an exception. Poland is specific case due to unequally low retirement age for woman (60) and for men (65) with consequently large structural gender differences and increases in the process of increasing labour force participation of older workers and increasingly gendered risks for old-age economic exclusion.
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Maier-Rabler, Ursula. "Cultural Aspects and Digital Divide in Europe." MedienJournal 26, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 14–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/medienjournal.v26i3.419.
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This paper aims to make a contribution toward an improvement of European e-policy practice. lt is inspired by the conviction that successfuJ e-policy strategies can lead to balanced chances for all members in certain societies to aquire the absolutely indispensable capabilities for decision-making in the context of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Following the path of the development of e-policy papers it has to be stated that many goals have not yet been achieved. The techno-deterministic concepts 'access' and 'usage' seem not to reach far enough to get people really involved andinformed. Many more aspects have tobe considered in order to create a clirnate for innovation where different choices made by different individuals according to their different social, economic or cuJtural backgrounds do not lead automatically to the well known either or not, connected or not-connected, haves or have-nots, but to a variety of patterns of involvement. In this paper, we argue for different e-policy strategies according to cultural aspects in certain societies. And hereby we will focus on the cultural aspects of information itself, on the notion of information in different information cultures. lt also seems important to mention at this stage that we believe that getting all members of society involved in the ICT-innovation process in order to provide the basis for informed decisions by each individual member is the most important task of e-policy.
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Fernández-Carro, Celia. "Movers or Stayers? Heterogeneity of Older Adults' Residential Profiles Across Continental Europe." European Spatial Research and Policy 19, no. 1 (July 26, 2012): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10105-012-0003-x.
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Traditionally, the emotional attachment older adults have to their homes and the economic and health burden caused by residential moves have had a deterrent effect on mobility during old age. In spite of this static general trend, 20% of older Europeans change their residential location after the age of 65. Some studies point out that this percentage will increase in the coming decades along with the onset of baby-boom cohorts reaching older ages. The main objective of this article is to describe the residential mobility trends during old age in some European countries and identify the main features of those elderly that move after 65, using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE).
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Marumoagae, Clement. "What are the duties (if any) of retirement funds boards which are requested by employers to withhold members’ retirement benefits?" South African Law Journal 138, no. 4 (2021): 818–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/salj/v138/i4a7.
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This article evaluates an extraordinary remedy created by the legislature in s 37D(1)(b)(ii) of the Pension Funds Act 24 of 1956. This provision enables employers, who are able to satisfy retirement funds boards that they have suffered economic harm at the hands of their employees’ who are members of such retirement funds, to be compensated from liable members’ retirement benefits. It is demonstrated in this article that, by and large, the practical application of this section has been driven by the courts and the adjudicator, both of whom have interpreted this provision to include aspects that are not explicitly included in it, such as the retirement fund’s power to withhold benefits at the request of employers. It further demonstrates that there are several critical duties that are not explicitly described in any of the provisions of the Pension Funds Act which courts (and other tribunals) have held must be observed by boards when considering withholding members’ retirement benefits. In this article, these duties are critically evaluated with a view to recommending necessary amendments to s 37D(1)(b)(ii) of the Pension Funds Act.