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Journal articles on the topic 'Retinal prosthesis'

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Retinal prosthesis.

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Kirpichnikov, M. P., and М. А. Оstrovsky. "Optogenetics and vision." Вестник Российской академии наук 89, no. 2 (March 20, 2019): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-5873892125-130.

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In this article the authors discuss electronic and optogenetic approaches for degenerative (blind) retina prosthesis as the main strategies for the restoration of vision to blind people. Primary attention is devoted to the prospects of developing retinal prostheses for the blind using modern optogenetic methods, and rhodopsins, which are photosensitive retinal-binding proteins, are examined as potential tools for such prostheses. The authors consider the question of which particular cells of the degenerative retina for which rhodopsins can be prosthetic as well as ways of delivering the rhodopsin genes to these cells. In conclusion, the authors elucidate the main provisions and tasks related to optogenetic prosthetics for degenerative retina.

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2

Nazari, Hossein, Paulo Falabella, Lan Yue, James Weiland, and Mark S. Humayun. "Retinal Prostheses." Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases 1, no. 3 (April 20, 2017): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2474126417702067.

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Artificial vision is restoring sight by electrical stimulation of the visual system at the level of retina, optic nerve, lateral geniculate body, or occipital cortex. The development of artificial vision began with occipital cortex prosthesis; however, retinal prosthesis has advanced faster in recent years. Currently, multiple efforts are focused on finding the optimal approach for restoring vision through an implantable retinal microelectrode array system. Retinal prostheses function by stimulating the inner retinal neurons that survive retinal degeneration. In these devices, the visual information, gathered by a light detector, is transformed into controlled patterns of electrical pulses, which are in turn delivered to the surviving retinal neurons by an electrode array. Retinal prostheses are classified based on where the stimulating array is implanted (ie, epiretinal, subretinal, suprachoroidal, or episcleral). Recent regulatory approval of 2 retinal prostheses has greatly escalated interest in the potential of these devices to treat blindness secondary to outer retinal degeneration. This review will focus on the technical and operational features and functional outcomes of clinically tested retinal prostheses. We will discuss the major barriers and some of the more promising solutions to improve the outcomes of restoring vision with electrical retinal stimulation.

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3

Lyu, Qing, Zhuofan Lu, Heng Li, Shirong Qiu, Jiahui Guo, Xiaohong Sui, Pengcheng Sun, Liming Li, Xinyu Chai, and Nigel H. Lovell. "A Three-Dimensional Microelectrode Array to Generate Virtual Electrodes for Epiretinal Prosthesis Based on a Modeling Study." International Journal of Neural Systems 30, no. 03 (February 18, 2020): 2050006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065720500069.

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Despite many advances in the development of retinal prostheses, clinical reports show that current retinal prosthesis subjects can only perceive prosthetic vision with poor visual acuity. A possible approach for improving visual acuity is to produce virtual electrodes (VEs) through electric field modulation. Generating controllable and localized VEs is a crucial factor in effectively improving the perceptive resolution of the retinal prostheses. In this paper, we aimed to design a microelectrode array (MEA) that can produce converged and controllable VEs by current steering stimulation strategies. Through computational modeling, we designed a three-dimensional concentric ring–disc MEA and evaluated its performance with different stimulation strategies. Our simulation results showed that electrode–retina distance (ERD) and inter-electrode distance (IED) can dramatically affect the distribution of electric field. Also the converged VEs could be produced when the parameters of the three-dimensional MEA were appropriately set. VE sites can be controlled by manipulating the proportion of current on each adjacent electrode in a current steering group (CSG). In addition, spatial localization of electrical stimulation can be greatly improved under quasi-monopolar (QMP) stimulation. This study may provide support for future application of VEs in epiretinal prosthesis for potentially increasing the visual acuity of prosthetic vision.

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4

KIEN, TRAN TRUNG, TOMAS MAUL, and ANDRZEJ BARGIELA. "A REVIEW OF RETINAL PROSTHESIS APPROACHES." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 09 (January 2012): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512005272.

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Age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa are two of the most common diseases that cause degeneration in the outer retina, which can lead to several visual impairments up to blindness. Vision restoration is an important goal for which several different research approaches are currently being pursued. We are concerned with restoration via retinal prosthetic devices. Prostheses can be implemented intraocularly and extraocularly, which leads to different categories of devices. Cortical Prostheses and Optic Nerve Prostheses are examples of extraocular solutions while Epiretinal Prostheses and Subretinal Prostheses are examples of intraocular solutions. Some of the prostheses that are successfully implanted and tested in animals as well as humans can restore basic visual functions but still have limitations. This paper will give an overview of the current state of art of Retinal Prostheses and compare the advantages and limitations of each type. The purpose of this review is thus to summarize the current technologies and approaches used in developing Retinal Prostheses and therefore to lay a foundation for future designs and research directions.

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5

Rizzo, Joseph F., John Wyatt, Mark Humayun, Eugene de Juan, Wentai Liu, Alan Chow, Rolf Eckmiller, Eberhart Zrenner, Tohru Yagi, and Gary Abrams. "Retinal prosthesis." Ophthalmology 108, no. 1 (January 2001): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00430-9.

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6

Weiland, James D., and Mark S. Humayun. "Retinal Prosthesis." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 61, no. 5 (May 2014): 1412–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2014.2314733.

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7

Weiland, James D., Wentai Liu, and Mark S. Humayun. "Retinal Prosthesis." Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 7, no. 1 (August 15, 2005): 361–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.7.060804.100435.

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8

Weiland, J. D., and M. S. Humayun. "Intraocular retinal prosthesis." IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 25, no. 5 (September 2006): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memb.2006.1705748.

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9

Ehrenman, Gayle. "New Retinas for Old." Mechanical Engineering 125, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-oct-1.

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This article reviews retinal prosthesis that is a seeing-eye chip with as many as 1000 tiny electrodes to be implanted in the eye. It has the potential to help people who have lost their sight regain enough vision to function independently in the sighted world. The Artificial Retina Project is a collaboration of five US National laboratories, three universities, and the private sector. The interface module and the antenna for future versions of the retinal prosthesis will all be implanted in the eye, instead of outside the eye. The retinal prosthesis will help patients who still have neutral wiring from the eye to the brain. One of the challenges in developing the device is creating a microelectrode array that conforms to the curved shape of the retina, without damaging the delicate retinal tissue. Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, is the lead lab on the Artificial Retina Project. They're the folks responsible for fabricating and testing the electrodes, and making sure they're up to the challenge of being implanted long term in a human body.

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10

Rao, V. Bhujanga, P. Seetharamaiah, and Nukapeyi Sharmili. "Design of a Prototype for Vision Prosthesis." International Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Engineering 7, no. 2 (July 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbce.2018070101.

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This article describes how the field of vision prostheses is currently being developed around the world to restore useful vision for people suffering from retinal degenerative diseases. The vision prosthesis system (VPS) maps visual images to electrical pulses and stimulates the surviving healthy parts in the retina of the eye, i.e. ganglion cells, using electric pulses applied through an electrode array. The retinal neurons send visual information to the brain. This article presents the design of a prototype vision prosthesis system which converts images/video into biphasic electric stimulation pulses for the excitation of electrodes simulated by an LED array. The proposed prototype laboratory model has been developed for the design of flexible high-resolution 1024-electrode VPS, using an embedded computer-based efficient control algorithm for better visual prediction. The prototype design for the VPS is verified visually through a video display on an LCD/LED array. The experimental results of VPS are enumerated for the test objects, such as, palm, human face and large font characters. The results were found to be satisfactory.

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11

Lin, Chin-Yu, Wan-Shiun Lou, Jyh-Chern Chen, Kuo-Yao Weng, Ming-Cheng Shih, Ya-Wen Hung, Zhu-Yin Chen, and Mei-Chih Wang. "Bio-Compatibility and Bio-Insulation of Implantable Electrode Prosthesis Ameliorated by A-174 Silane Primed Parylene-C Deposited Embedment." Micromachines 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11121064.

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Microelectrodes for pain management, neural prosthesis or assistances have a huge medical demand, such as the application of pain management chip or retinal prosthesis addressed on age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and the retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Due to lifelong implanted in human body and direct adhesion of neural tissues, the electrodes and associated insulation materials should possess an ideal bio-compatibility, including non-cytotoxicity and no safety concern elicited by immune responses. Our goal intended to develop retinal prosthesis, an electrical circuit chip used for assisting neural electrons transmission on retina and ameliorating the retinal disability. Therefore, based on the ISO 10993 guidance for implantable medical devices, the electrode prosthesis with insulation material has to conduct bio-compatibility assessment including cytotoxicity, hemolysis, (skin) irritation and pathological implantation examinations. In this study, we manufactured inter-digitated electrode (IDE) chips mimic the electrode prosthesis through photolithography. The titanium and platinum composites were deposited onto a silicon wafer to prepare an electric circuit to mimic the electrode used in retinal prosthesis manufacture, which further be encapsulated to examine the bio-compatibility in compliance with ISO 10993 and ASTM guidance specifically for implantable medical devices. Parylene-C, polyimide and silicon carbide were selected as materials for electrode encapsulation in comparison. Our data revealed parylene-C coating showed a significant excellence on bio-insulation and bio-compatibility specifically addressed on implantable neuron stimulatory devices and provided an economic procedure to package the electrode prosthesis. Therefore, parylene C encapsulation should serve as a consideration for future application on retinal prosthesis manufacture and examination.

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12

Ohta, Jun, Takashi Tokuda, and Keiichiro Kagawa. "Implantable retinal prosthesis devices." Review of Laser Engineering 35, Supplement (2007): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.35.210.

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13

KANDA, Hiroyuki, and Takashi FUJIKADO. "Input BMI: Retinal Prosthesis." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 83, no. 11 (2017): 988–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.83.988.

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14

Hampton, Tracy. "Retinal Prosthesis for Blindness." JAMA 308, no. 13 (October 3, 2012): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.13155.

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15

Horejs, Christine. "A liquid retinal prosthesis." Nature Reviews Materials 5, no. 8 (July 15, 2020): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-0226-9.

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16

Lo, Pei-An, Kyana Huang, Qifa Zhou, Mark S. Humayun, and Lan Yue. "Ultrasonic Retinal Neuromodulation and Acoustic Retinal Prosthesis." Micromachines 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11100929.

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Ultrasound is an emerging method for non-invasive neuromodulation. Studies in the past have demonstrated that ultrasound can reversibly activate and inhibit neural activities in the brain. Recent research shows the possibility of using ultrasound ranging from 0.5 to 43 MHz in acoustic frequency to activate the retinal neurons without causing detectable damages to the cells. This review recapitulates pilot studies that explored retinal responses to the ultrasound exposure, discusses the advantages and limitations of the ultrasonic stimulation, and offers an overview of engineering perspectives in developing an acoustic retinal prosthesis. For comparison, this article also presents studies in the ultrasonic stimulation of the visual cortex. Despite that, the summarized research is still in an early stage; ultrasonic retinal stimulation appears to be a viable technology that exhibits enormous therapeutic potential for non-invasive vision restoration.

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17

Duan, Fei Long, and Zhi Jie Wang. "A Model of Human Cone Based on Physiological Distribution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 364 (August 2013): 838–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.364.838.

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A good computer retinal model is the key to realize retinal prosthesis. In some of the previous studies, the modeling of cone cell was not considered in retinal models; in other studies, although the model of cone cell was included in the retinal models, its distribution features was hardly taken into consideration at all. In this paper we present an improved cone cell model and realize the model based on cameras. First, based on the physiological data that cone cell is high in the fovea and falls quickly with eccentricity increased, distribution function model of the retina is successfully built in a realistic way. Second, considering non-homogeneity distribution feature of the cone cells, we build a corresponding function between the pixel and the cone cell for simulating retina with a camera. Third, the cone cell model based on its distribution features is constructed. In the end, simulation is carried out for the model, and it is verified that the model is useful for the design of retinal prosthesis.

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18

OHTA, Jun, Toshihiko NODA, Kenzo SHODO, Yasuo TERASAWA, Makito HARUTA, Kiyotaka SASAGAWA, and Takashi TOKUDA. "Stimulator Design of Retinal Prosthesis." IEICE Transactions on Electronics E100.C, no. 6 (2017): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transele.e100.c.523.

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19

Margalit, Eyal, Mauricio Maia, James D. Weiland, Robert J. Greenberg, Gildo Y. Fujii, Gustavo Torres, Duke V. Piyathaisere, et al. "Retinal Prosthesis for the Blind." Survey of Ophthalmology 47, no. 4 (July 2002): 335–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00311-9.

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20

BARRETT, JOHN MARTIN, ROLANDO BERLINGUER-PALMINI, and PATRICK DEGENAAR. "Optogenetic approaches to retinal prosthesis." Visual Neuroscience 31, no. 4-5 (August 6, 2014): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523814000212.

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AbstractThe concept of visual restoration via retinal prosthesis arguably started in 1992 with the discovery that some of the retinal cells were still intact in those with the retinitis pigmentosa disease. Two decades later, the first commercially available devices have the capability to allow users to identify basic shapes. Such devices are still very far from returning vision beyond the legal blindness. Thus, there is considerable continued development of electrode materials, and structures and electronic control mechanisms to increase both resolution and contrast. In parallel, the field of optogenetics—the genetic photosensitization of neural tissue holds particular promise for new approaches. Given that the eye is transparent, photosensitizing remaining neural layers of the eye and illuminating from the outside could prove to be less invasive, cheaper, and more effective than present approaches. As we move toward human trials in the coming years, this review explores the core technological and biological challenges related to the gene therapy and the high radiance optical stimulation requirement.

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21

Doorish, John F. "Artificial epi-Retinal Prosthesis (AeRP)." Journal of Modern Optics 53, no. 9 (June 15, 2006): 1245–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340600618629.

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22

Ameri, Hossein. "Retinal prosthesis, potential future approaches." Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 42, no. 7 (September 2014): 599–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ceo.12410.

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23

Olmos de Koo, Lisa C., and Ninel Z. Gregori. "The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis." International Ophthalmology Clinics 56, no. 4 (2016): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iio.0000000000000144.

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24

Bloch, Edward, Yvonne Luo, and Lyndon da Cruz. "Advances in retinal prosthesis systems." Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology 11 (January 2019): 251584141881750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515841418817501.

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25

Damle, Samir, Yu-Hwa Lo, and William R. Freeman. "High Visual Acuity Retinal Prosthesis." Retina 37, no. 8 (August 2017): 1423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000001660.

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26

Yang, Jia-Wei, Zih-Yu Yu, Sheng-Jen Cheng, Johnson H. Y. Chung, Xiao Liu, Chung-Yu Wu, Shien-Fong Lin, and Guan-Yu Chen. "Graphene Oxide–Based Nanomaterials: An Insight into Retinal Prosthesis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 2957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082957.

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Retinal prosthesis has recently emerged as a treatment strategy for retinopathies, providing excellent assistance in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa. The potential application of graphene oxide (GO), a highly biocompatible nanomaterial with superior physicochemical properties, in the fabrication of electrodes for retinal prosthesis, is reviewed in this article. This review integrates insights from biological medicine and nanotechnology, with electronic and electrical engineering technological breakthroughs, and aims to highlight innovative objectives in developing biomedical applications of retinal prosthesis.

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27

Shire, Douglas, Marcus Gingerich, Patricia Wong, Michael Skvarla, Stuart Cogan, Jinghua Chen, Wei Wang, and Joseph Rizzo. "Micro-Fabrication of Components for a High-Density Sub-Retinal Visual Prosthesis." Micromachines 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11100944.

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We present a retrospective of unique micro-fabrication problems and solutions that were encountered through over 10 years of retinal prosthesis product development, first for the Boston Retinal Implant Project initiated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at Harvard Medical School’s teaching hospital, the Massachusetts Eye and Ear—and later at the startup company Bionic Eye Technologies, by some of the same personnel. These efforts culminated in the fabrication and assembly of 256+ channel visual prosthesis devices having flexible multi-electrode arrays that were successfully implanted sub-retinally in mini-pig animal models as part of our pre-clinical testing program. We report on the processing of the flexible multi-layered, planar and penetrating high-density electrode arrays, surgical tools for sub-retinal implantation, and other parts such as coil supports that facilitated the implantation of the peri-ocular device components. We begin with an overview of the implantable portion of our visual prosthesis system design, and describe in detail the micro-fabrication methods for creating the parts of our system that were assembled outside of our hermetically-sealed electronics package. We also note the unique surgical challenges that sub-retinal implantation of our micro-fabricated components presented, and how some of those issues were addressed through design, materials selection, and fabrication approaches.

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28

Gautam, Vini, and KS Narayan. "Polymer optoelectronic structures for retinal prosthesis." Organogenesis 10, no. 1 (January 2014): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/org.28316.

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29

Troy, John, Corey Rountree, and Laxman Saggere. "Development of a chemical retinal prosthesis." Journal of Vision 19, no. 8 (July 2, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.8.16.

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30

Chow, Alan Y., and Neal S. Peachey. "The Subretinal Microphotodiode Array Retinal Prosthesis." Ophthalmic Research 30, no. 3 (1998): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000055474.

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31

Hallum, L. E., S. L. Cloherty, and N. H. Lovell. "Image Analysis for Microelectronic Retinal Prosthesis." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 55, no. 1 (January 2008): 344–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2007.903713.

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32

Ahuja, A. K., M. R. Behrend, M. Kuroda, M. S. Humayun, and J. D. Weiland. "AnIn VitroModel of a Retinal Prosthesis." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 55, no. 6 (June 2008): 1744–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2008.919126.

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33

Ameri, Hossein, Tanapat Ratanapakorn, Stefan Ufer, Helmut Eckhardt, Mark S. Humayun, and James D. Weiland. "Toward a wide-field retinal prosthesis." Journal of Neural Engineering 6, no. 3 (May 20, 2009): 035002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/6/3/035002.

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34

Horsager, Alan, Robert J. Greenberg, and Ione Fine. "Spatiotemporal Interactions in Retinal Prosthesis Subjects." Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science 51, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.09-3746.

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35

Husain, Deeba, and John I. Loewenstein. "Surgical Approaches to Retinal Prosthesis Implantation." International Ophthalmology Clinics 44, no. 1 (2004): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004397-200404410-00012.

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36

Caspi, Avi. "Feasibility Study of a Retinal Prosthesis." Archives of Ophthalmology 127, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.20.

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37

Ghezzi, Diego. "Translation of a photovoltaic retinal prosthesis." Nature Biomedical Engineering 4, no. 2 (February 2020): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41551-020-0520-2.

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38

Özmert, Emin, and Sibel Demirel. "Endoscope-Assisted and Controlled Argus II Epiretinal Prosthesis Implantation in Late-Stage Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Report of 2 Cases." Case Reports in Ophthalmology 7, no. 3 (December 28, 2016): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000453606.

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Several different approaches for restoring sight in subjects who are blind due to outer retinal degeneration are currently under investigation, including stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and visual prostheses. Although many different types of visual prostheses have shown promise, to date, the Argus II Epiretinal Prosthesis System, developed in a clinical setting over the course of 10 years, is the world’s first and only retinal prosthesis that has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and has been given the CE-Mark for sale within the European Economic Area (EEA). The incidence of serious adverse events from Argus II implantation decreased over time after minor changes in the implant design and improvements in the surgical steps used for the procedure had been made. In order to further decrease the scleral incision-related complications and enhance the assessment of the tack position and the contact between the array and the inner macular surface, we used an ophthalmic endoscope during the regular course of Argus II implantation surgery in 2 patients with late-stage retinitis pigmentosa in an attempt to improve the anatomical and functional outcomes.

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39

Tokuda, Takashi, Sachie Sugitani, Ryosuke Asano, Mari Taniyama, Yasuo Terasawa, Akihiro Uehara, Keiichiro Kagawa, Masahiro Nunoshita, Yasuo Tano, and Jun Ohta. "A CMOS LSI-Based Flexible Retinal Stimulator for Retinal Prosthesis." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 127, no. 10 (2007): 1588–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.127.1588.

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40

Ye, Jang Hee, Sang Baek Ryu, Kyung Hwan Kim, and Yong Sook Goo. "Functional Connectivity Map of Retinal Ganglion Cells for Retinal Prosthesis." Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 12, no. 6 (2008): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2008.12.6.307.

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41

Rachitskaya, Aleksandra V., and Alex Yuan. "Argus II retinal prosthesis system: An update." Ophthalmic Genetics 37, no. 3 (February 8, 2016): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13816810.2015.1130152.

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42

Luo, Yvonne Hsu-Lin, and Lyndon da Cruz. "The Argus® II Retinal Prosthesis System." Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 50 (January 2016): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.003.

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43

Deguchi, Jun, Taiichiro Watanabe, Tomonori Nakamura, Yoshihiro Nakagawa, Takafumi Fukushima, textscShim Jeoung-Chill, Hiroyuki Kurino, Toshiaki Abe, Makoto Tamai, and Mitsumasa Koyanagi. "Three-Dimensionally Stacked Analog Retinal Prosthesis Chip." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 43, no. 4B (April 27, 2004): 1685–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.43.1685.

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44

Xia, Yu, and Qiushi Ren. "Preoperative Candidate Evaluations for Retinal Prosthesis Trials." International Journal of Artificial Organs 33, no. 12 (January 2010): 844–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139881003301202.

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45

Chow, Alan Y., and Neal Peachey. "The Subretinal Microphotodiode Array Retinal Prosthesis II." Ophthalmic Research 31, no. 3 (1999): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000055541.

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46

Rommelfanger, Nicholas J., and Guosong Hong. "Conjugated Polymers Enable a Liquid Retinal Prosthesis." Trends in Chemistry 2, no. 11 (November 2020): 961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trechm.2020.08.004.

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47

Mathieson, Keith, James Loudin, Georges Goetz, Philip Huie, Lele Wang, Theodore I. Kamins, Ludwig Galambos, et al. "Photovoltaic retinal prosthesis with high pixel density." Nature Photonics 6, no. 6 (May 13, 2012): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.104.

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48

Lei, Xin, Sheryl Kane, Stuart Cogan, Henri Lorach, Ludwig Galambos, Philip Huie, Keith Mathieson, Theodore Kamins, James Harris, and Daniel Palanker. "SiC protective coating for photovoltaic retinal prosthesis." Journal of Neural Engineering 13, no. 4 (June 21, 2016): 046016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/13/4/046016.

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49

Loudin, J. D., D. M. Simanovskii, K. Vijayraghavan, C. K. Sramek, A. F. Butterwick, P. Huie, G. Y. McLean, and D. V. Palanker. "Optoelectronic retinal prosthesis: system design and performance." Journal of Neural Engineering 4, no. 1 (February 26, 2007): S72—S84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/4/1/s09.

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Basinger, B. C., A. P. Rowley, K. Chen, M. S. Humayun, and J. D. Weiland. "Finite element modeling of retinal prosthesis mechanics." Journal of Neural Engineering 6, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 055006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/6/5/055006.

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