Journal articles on the topic 'Reticuloendothelial system; Poultry Physiology'
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1
LEWIS, S. M. "The Reticuloendothelial System: A Comprehensive Treatise (7A Physiology)." Biochemical Society Transactions 13, no. 5 (October 1, 1985): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0130975.
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Kerr, Michael. "The Reticuloendothelial System: A Comprehensive Treatise Volume 78A Physiology." Biochemical Education 13, no. 4 (October 1985): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(85)90094-9.
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Kurahashi, Kiyoyasu, Teiji Sawa, Maria Ota, Osamu Kajikawa, Keelung Hong, Thomas R. Martin, and Jeanine P. Wiener-Kronish. "Depletion of phagocytes in the reticuloendothelial system causes increased inflammation and mortality in rabbits withPseudomonas aeruginosapneumonia." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 296, no. 2 (February 2009): L198—L209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.90472.2008.
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Phagocytes of the reticuloendothelial system are important in clearing systemic infection; however, the role of the reticuloendothelial system in the response to localized infection is not well-documented. The major goals of this study were to investigate the roles of phagocytes in the reticuloendothelial system in terms of bacterial clearance and inflammatory modulation in sepsis caused by Pseudomonas pneumonia. Macrophages in liver and spleen were depleted by administering liposome encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate (clodronate) intravenously 36 h before the instillation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into the lungs of anesthetized rabbits. Blood samples were analyzed for bacteria and cytokine concentrations. Lung injury was assessed by the bidirectional flux of albumin and by wet-to-dry weight ratios. Blood pressure and cardiac outputs decreased more rapidly and bacteremia occurred earlier in the clodronate-treated rabbits compared with the nondepleted rabbits. Plasma TNF-α (1.08 ± 0.54 vs. 0.08 ± 0.02 ng/ml) and IL-8 (6.8 ± 1.5 vs. 0.0 ± 0.0 ng/ml) were higher in the depleted rabbits. The concentration of IL-10 in liver of the macrophage-depleted rabbits was significantly lower than in normal rabbits at 5 h. Treatment of macrophage-depleted rabbits with intravenous IL-10 reduced plasma proinflammatory cytokine concentrations and reduced the decline in blood pressure and cardiac output. These results show that macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system have critical roles in controlling systemic bacteremia and reducing systemic inflammation, thereby limiting the systemic effects of a severe pulmonary bacterial infection.
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DuBose, D. A., C. B. Matthew, J. A. Balcius, D. H. Morehouse, and I. V. Sils. "Hyperthermic effects on reticuloendothelial system particulate uptake." Journal of Thermal Biology 25, no. 5 (October 2000): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4565(99)00111-4.
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Allen, T. M., L. Murray, Carl R. Alving, and James Moe. "Effects on the murine mononuclear phagocyte system of chronic administration of liposomes containing cytotoxic drug or lipid A compared with empty liposomes." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 65, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y87-035.
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In experiments designed to examine the adverse effects of chronic liposome administration in vivo on the mononuclear phagocyte system (reticuloendothelial system), the presence of drug entrapped in the liposomes may increase the level of reticuloendothelial impairment. We have compared the effects on the mononuclear phagocyte system in mice of chronic administration of empty liposomes with the effects of liposomes containing the anti-leishmanial drug meglumine antimoniate. We have also examined the effect on the mononuclear phagocyte system of continued injections of liposomes containing lipid A, a component of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, which is responsible for macrophage activation. Ten intravenous injections of multilamellar liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol (1:0.75 M ratio) were given to ICR mice over a 25-day period. Two individual groups of mice received endotoxin-free liposomes in which meglumine antimoniate was either present or absent. One addition group received liposomes containing lipid A derived from Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. A control group received sterile saline injections. In each group, a depression of the phagocytic index, as measured by reduction of uptake of particulate carbon, was observed among some of the individual animals 24 h after the first injection. In many mice a marked splenomegaly was observed. A depressed phagocytic index and splenomegaly were most marked for mice receiving lipid A liposomes. However, there was a large individual variability among mice receiving these preparations and some mice in each group had normal spleen size and a nearly normal phagocytic index. Tissue distribution of liposomes containing [14C]dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine as a phospholipid marker was examined in all groups in mice 24 h after the last injection. Mice receiving liposomes with entrapped meglumine antimoniate showed decreased liver and increased spleen uptake of radiolabel as compared with controls. This has previously been suggested to be an indication of reticuloendothelial blockade. Mice receiving liposomes without meglumine antimoniate had tissue distributions of liposomes similar to control mice, and mice receiving liposomes containing lipid A had greatly decreased spleen uptake and increased liver uptake of liposomes as compared with control mice and mice receiving endotoxin-free liposomes (an indication of reticuloendothelial stimulation), suggesting that liposomes are being treated differently from particulate carbon in the presence of lipid A.
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Jones, Michael A., Paul Wigley, Kerrie L. Page, Scott D. Hulme, and Paul A. Barrow. "Salmonella enterica Serovar Gallinarum Requires the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 Type III Secretion System but Not the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 Type III Secretion System for Virulence in Chickens." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 5471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.9.5471-5476.2001.
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ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum is a host-specific serotype that causes the severe systemic disease fowl typhoid in domestic poultry and a narrow range of other avian species but rarely causes disease in mammalian hosts. Specificity of the disease is primarily at the level of the reticuloendothelial system, but few virulence factors have been described other than the requirement for an 85-kb virulence plasmid. In this work, by making functional mutations in the type III secretion systems (TTSS) encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2, we investigated the role of these pathogenicity islands in interactions between Salmonella serovar Gallinarum and avian cells in vitro and the role of these pathogenicity islands in virulence in chickens. The SPI-1 mutant showed decreased invasiveness into avian cells in vitro but was unaffected in its ability to persist within chicken macrophages. In contrast the SPI-2 mutant was fully invasive in nonphagocytic cells but failed to persist in macrophages. In chicken infections the SPI-2 mutant was attenuated while the SPI-1 mutant showed full virulence. In oral infections the SPI-2 mutant was not observed in the spleen or liver, and following intravenous inoculation it was cleared rapidly from these sites. SPI-2 function is required by Salmonella serovar Gallinarum for virulence, primarily through promoting survival within macrophages allowing multiplication within the reticuloendothelial system, but this does not preclude the involvement of SPI-2 in uptake from the gut to the spleen and liver. SPI-1 appears to have little effect on virulence and survival of Salmonella serovar Gallinarum in the host.
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Renaud, G., J. Marais, and R. Infante. "Role of the reticuloendothelial system in the catabolism of low density lipoprotein in the rat." Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie 95, no. 4 (January 1987): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13813458709113147.
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D’Anna, María Cecilia, and Marta Elena Roque. "Physiological focus on the erythropoietin–hepcidin–ferroportin axis." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 91, no. 5 (May 2013): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2012-0214.
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To analyze the interconnection between erythropoiesis and iron metabolism, one of the issues raised in this study was to know iron bioavailability under physiopathological conditions. Our aim was to understand the functional axis response composed of erythropoietin (Epo)—hepcidin—ferroportin (FPN), when 2 dysfunctional states coexist, using an animal model of iron overload followed by hypoxia. FPN and prohepcidin were assessed by immunohistochemistry using rabbit anti-mouse FPN polyclonal and prohepcidin monoclonal antibodies. Goat-labeled polymer − horseradish peroxidase anti-rabbit EnVision + System (DAB) was used as the secondary antibody. Epo levels were measured by ELISA. Tissue iron was studied by Prussian blue iron staining. Erythropoietic response was assessed using conventional hematological tests. Iron overload increased prohepcidin that remained high in hypoxia, coexisting with high levels of Epo in hypoxia, with or without iron overload. In hypoxia, FPN was clearly evident in reticuloendothelial macrophages, more than in hypoxia with iron overload. Interestingly, duodenal FPN was clearly identified on the basolateral membrane in hypoxia, with or without iron overload. Our data indicate that 2 signals could induce the cell-specific response as follows: (i) iron signal, induced prohepcidin, which reduced reticuloendothelial FPN and reduced iron availability; and (ii) hypoxia signal, stimulated Epo, which affected iron absorption by stabilizing duodenal FPN and allowed iron supply to erythropoiesis independently of store size.
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Edelson, Paul J. "The Reticuloendothelial System: A Comprehensive Treatise. Volume 7B, Physiology. Sherwood M. Reichard , James P. Filkins , Herman Friedman." Quarterly Review of Biology 60, no. 4 (December 1985): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/414707.
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Ahmad, Rafiq, Yu-Hsiang Yu, Felix Shih-Hsiang Hsiao, Chin-Hui Su, Hsiu-Chou Liu, Isabel Tobin, Guolong Zhang, and Yeong-Hsiang Cheng. "Influence of Heat Stress on Poultry Growth Performance, Intestinal Inflammation, and Immune Function and Potential Mitigation by Probiotics." Animals 12, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 2297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12172297.
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Heat stress has emerged as a serious threat to the global poultry industry due to climate change. Heat stress can negatively impact the growth, gut health, immune function, and production and reproductive performances of poultry. Different strategies have been explored to mitigate heat stress in poultry; however, only a few have shown potential. Probiotics are gaining the attention of poultry nutritionists, as they are capable of improving the physiology, gut health, and immune system of poultry under heat stress. Therefore, application of probiotics along with proper management are considered to potentially help negate some of the negative impacts of heat stress on poultry. This review presents scientific insight into the impact of heat stress on poultry health and growth performance as well as the application of probiotics as a promising approach to alleviate the negative effects of heat stress in poultry.
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Moldawer, L. L., J. Gelin, T. Schersten, and K. G. Lundholm. "Circulating interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor during inflammation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 253, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): R922—R928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.6.r922.
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It is proposed that interleukin 1 (IL 1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha play central roles in the host's response to inflammation. Yet circulating concentrations have not been frequently measured in many inflammatory states. Serum levels of IL 1 and TNF were evaluated in mice with a tumor, sterile inflammation, endotoxinemia, or generalized peritonitis where an acute-phase protein response was documented. In tumor-bearing mice, no IL 1 or TNF could be detected despite marked increases in the serum concentration of the acute-phase reactant protein, amyloid P. In mice with peritonitis, induced by cecal ligation and perforation, or a turpentine-induced subcutaneous abscess, IL 1 but not TNF could be detected in the serum. Only expansion of the reticuloendothelial system with Corynebacterium parvum and subsequent challenge with endotoxin resulted in serum TNF appearance. The failure to observe IL 1 or TNF in any of the disorders could not be explained by inhibitors. Rather, the data suggest that a hepatic acute-phase protein response can occur during inflammatory states without the appearance of either IL 1 or TNF in the circulation. Circulating levels of both monokines do not appear to be a universal finding in inflammation.
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Sugiharto, Sugiharto, Turrini Yudiarti, Isroli Isroli, Endang Widiastuti, and Endang Kusumanti. "Dietary supplementation of probiotics in poultry exposed to heat stress – a review." Annals of Animal Science 17, no. 3 (July 26, 2017): 591–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2016-0062.
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Abstract Heat-related stress has become a serious problem in poultry industry along with the global temperatures rise. Heat stress causes detrimental effects on physiology, immunology and microbiology resulting in abnormalities and impaired performances of birds. Several nutritional strategies have been conducted to counteract the detrimental effects of heat stress in poultry, including dietary supplementation of probiotics. This strategy has been proposed to ameliorate the intestinal ecosystem, physiological conditions and immune system, leading to the improved performance and health of birds subjected to heat stress. This review presents the potential benefits of probiotics against heat stress in poultry from the viewpoint of intestinal microbial ecology, morphology and structure, physiological conditions, immune system and production performances. The possible mechanisms through which probiotics may give beneficial impacts on heat-stressed birds are also discussed along with the data reporting the possible drawbacks of using probiotics in heat-stressed poultry.
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Charash, W. E., E. D. Foster, T. M. Saba, C. Dayton, and E. Cho. "Plasma fibronectin levels during cardiopulmonary bypass." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 5 (November 1, 1990): 1644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.5.1644.
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Plasma fibronectin, also called cold-insoluble globulin, is a cryoprecipitable glycoprotein with both opsonic and adhesive activities. It binds to collagen, actin, and heparin and can form soluble as well as cryoprecipitable complexes in the cold. Fibronectin augments particulate phagocytosis by the reticuloendothelial system and can influence lung vascular permeability. Plasma fibronectin deficiency is temporally associated with respiratory failure in septic surgical, trauma, and burn patients. We measured plasma fibronectin and albumin levels in nine adults undergoing elective cardiopulmonary bypass to determine whether dilution alone could account for the changes in plasma fibronectin. Plasma fibronectin concentration decreased 17% with the surgical trauma of opening of the chest and placement of the vascular cannulas. On heparinization and initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass, plasma fibronectin fell an additional 48% (P less than 0.001), whereas albumin concentration (corrected for albumin in the pump prime) fell only 25% (P less than 0.001), emphasizing that dilution was not the only mechanism contributing to the decline in plasma fibronectin. Fibronectin levels began to increase after discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass and in association with diuresis, but unexpectedly they remained subnormal until 4 days postoperation. Thus the decline in fibronectin concentration with cardiopulmonary bypass may be due to dilution as well as opsonic consumption and possible complexing with heparin in the cold.
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Wickramasuriya, Samiru S., Inkyung Park, Kyungwoo Lee, Youngsub Lee, Woo H. Kim, Hyoyoun Nam, and Hyun S. Lillehoj. "Role of Physiology, Immunity, Microbiota, and Infectious Diseases in the Gut Health of Poultry." Vaccines 10, no. 2 (January 22, 2022): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020172.
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“Gut health” refers to the physical state and physiological function of the gastrointestinal tract and in the livestock system; this topic is often focused on the complex interacting components of the intestinal system that influence animal growth performance and host-microbial homeostasis. Regardless, there is an increasing need to better understand the complexity of the intestinal system and the various factors that influence gut health, since the intestine is the largest immune and neuroendocrine organ that interacts with the most complex microbiome population. As we face the post-antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) era in many countries of the world, livestock need more options to deal with food security, food safety, and antibiotic resilience to maintain agricultural sustainability to feed the increasing human population. Furthermore, developing novel antibiotic alternative strategies needs a comprehensive understanding of how this complex system maintains homeostasis as we face unpredictable changes in external factors like antibiotic-resistant microbes, farming practices, climate changes, and consumers’ preferences for food. In this review, we attempt to assemble and summarize all the relevant information on chicken gut health to provide deeper insights into various aspects of gut health. Due to the broad and complex nature of the concept of “gut health”, we have highlighted the most pertinent factors related to the field performance of broiler chickens.
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Umeda, Y., T. G. Redgrave, B. C. Mortimer, and J. C. Mamo. "Kinetics and uptake in vivo of oxidatively modified lymph chylomicrons." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 268, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): G709—G716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1995.268.4.g709.
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The metabolism of oxidized chylomicrons (ox-CMs) was investigated in vivo. CMs from rats fed corn, linseed, or fish oil were oxidized by incubation with 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)hydrochloride (AAPH) or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Oxidized CMs had a rapid phase of clearance, followed by a slow phase. Clearance of ox-CMs was decreased for corn oil but increased for linseed and fish oil particles. Differences in rats of uptake between CM types or treatment were independent of the rate of remnant formation, but were instead a consequence of decreased clearance. A greater triglyceride-to-cholesteryl ester ratio in liver suggested that there was less lipolysis of ox-CM triglyceride prior to uptake. Hepatic uptake of ox-CMs was decreased, whereas there was increased uptake in spleen. However, the uptake by Kupffer cells of ox-CMs was 43% of total liver uptake after AAPH treatment and 59% after NaOCl treatment, compared with 21% for control CMs. Collectively, our data show that oxidation can have differential effects on the rate of clearance of CMs and that ox-CMs are preferentially cleared by the reticuloendothelial system.
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DuBose, D. A., J. McCreary, and L. Sowders. "Correlation between plasma fibronectin level and experimental rat heat stress mortality." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 706–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.3.706.
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Reticuloendothelial system (RES) clearance function correlates with the mortality rate associated with stresses that can induce shock. Likewise, experimental rat heat stress (ERHS) mortality rate is altered by modulation of RES function. Since plasma fibronectin (PF) in many instances appears to mediate in vivo phagocytosis by the RES, the relationship between mean plasma fibronectin level (MPFL) and ERHS mortality was examined. A comparison of MPFLs prior to ERHS revealed that rats which ultimately comprised the survival group had a MPFL of 269.0 +/- 11.2 micrograms/ml, whereas that of the nonsurvivors was 252.9 +/- 11.9 micrograms/ml. Both groups had elevated MPFLs up to 12 h following ERHS. However, after this time, MPFL began to decline. The decline was more severe for the nonsurvivors, with MPFLs at 15, 18, and 20.3 h significantly (P less than 0.01) lower than the values for the survival group. Even the lowest MPFL (256.0 +/- 30.7 micrograms/ml) noted for the survival group was still significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than the value (159.3 +/- 13.3 micrograms/ml) determined for agonal samples collected from nonsurvivors. Furthermore, grouping rats according to their preheat PF level demonstrated that rats with levels exceeding 300 micrograms/ml had significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced mortality rates (12.5 vs. 51.3%) compared with rats with levels below this value. It was concluded that elevated PF levels prior to ERHS correlated with thermotolerance.
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Surai, Kochish, Fisinin, and Kidd. "Antioxidant Defence Systems and Oxidative Stress in Poultry Biology: An Update." Antioxidants 8, no. 7 (July 22, 2019): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8070235.
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Poultry in commercial settings are exposed to a range of stressors. A growing body of information clearly indicates that excess ROS/RNS production and oxidative stress are major detrimental consequences of the most common commercial stressors in poultry production. During evolution, antioxidant defence systems were developed in poultry to survive in an oxygenated atmosphere. They include a complex network of internally synthesised (e.g., antioxidant enzymes, (glutathione) GSH, (coenzyme Q) CoQ) and externally supplied (vitamin E, carotenoids, etc.) antioxidants. In fact, all antioxidants in the body work cooperatively as a team to maintain optimal redox balance in the cell/body. This balance is a key element in providing the necessary conditions for cell signalling, a vital process for regulation of the expression of various genes, stress adaptation and homeostasis maintenance in the body. Since ROS/RNS are considered to be important signalling molecules, their concentration is strictly regulated by the antioxidant defence network in conjunction with various transcription factors and vitagenes. In fact, activation of vitagenes via such transcription factors as Nrf2 leads to an additional synthesis of an array of protective molecules which can deal with increased ROS/RNS production. Therefore, it is a challenging task to develop a system of optimal antioxidant supplementation to help growing/productive birds maintain effective antioxidant defences and redox balance in the body. On the one hand, antioxidants, such as vitamin E, or minerals (e.g., Se, Mn, Cu and Zn) are a compulsory part of the commercial pre-mixes for poultry, and, in most cases, are adequate to meet the physiological requirements in these elements. On the other hand, due to the aforementioned commercially relevant stressors, there is a need for additional support for the antioxidant system in poultry. This new direction in improving antioxidant defences for poultry in stress conditions is related to an opportunity to activate a range of vitagenes (via Nrf2-related mechanisms: superoxide dismutase, SOD; heme oxygenase-1, HO-1; GSH and thioredoxin, or other mechanisms: Heat shock protein (HSP)/heat shock factor (HSP), sirtuins, etc.) to maximise internal AO protection and redox balance maintenance. Therefore, the development of vitagene-regulating nutritional supplements is on the agenda of many commercial companies worldwide.
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Vincent, P. A., T. M. Saba, E. Lewis, and E. Cho. "Contribution of hepatic fibronectin synthesis to regulation of plasma fibronectin." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): R1406—R1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.6.r1406.
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Intravenous injection of gelatinized particles, which are phagocytized by the reticuloendothelial system, elicits an acute depletion of plasma fibronectin followed by restoration to normal concentrations in 6-8 h and a rebound elevation at 24 h. We determined the contribution of hepatic fibronectin synthesis to the restoration of plasma fibronectin in rats after particle infusion by measuring the net incorporation of 75selenomethionine into plasma fibronectin during the recovery period. Rats injected intravenously with gelatinized particles had a greater (P less than 0.01) incorporation of labeled 75selenomethionine into fibronectin but less (P less than 0.05) incorporation of 75selenomethionine into total plasma protein than control rats. Inhibition (86%) of hepatic fibronectin synthesis by pretreatment with cycloheximide limited the recovery of fibronectin levels by only 60%, suggesting a source(s) other than hepatic synthesis may contribute to the restoration of plasma fibronectin. Using purified human plasma fibronectin as a tracer in the plasma pool, we found that 26% of the soluble fibronectin consumed from the plasma during particle clearance was subsequently released back into the plasma over a 4-h interval. Tissue analysis indicated that 125I-labeled fibronectin, which was previously incorporated into the tissues, was not released from the tissue pool after the injection of gelatinized particles. Thus the normalization and regulation of plasma fibronectin levels after its acute depletion due to blood-borne particles is a result of 1) an increase in hepatic synthesis of fibronectin, 2) the release of fibronectin previously consumed as an opsonin during particle clearance, and 3) the release of soluble intact fibronectin from a preformed storage pool.
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Rostagnos, Marcos. "209 Effects of heat stress on the intestinal tract of poultry." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.213.
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Abstract Stress is a biological adaptive response to restore homeostasis, and occurs in every animal production system, due to the multitude of stressors present in every farm. Heat stress is one of the most common environmental challenges to poultry worldwide. It has been demonstrated that heat stress negatively impacts the welfare and productivity of broilers and laying hens. However, our knowledge of basic mechanisms associated to the reported effects, as well as related to poultry behavior and welfare under heat stress conditions is in fact scarce. The adaptive response of poultry to a heat stress situation is complex and intricate in nature, and it includes effects on the intestinal tract. Intervention strategies to deal with heat stress conditions (e.g., management practices, feed additives, diet formulation, and others) have been the focus of most published studies. Nevertheless, effectiveness of most of the interventions has been variable or inconsistent. This review focuses on the scientific evidence available on the effects of the heat stress response on different facets of the intestinal tract of poultry, including its integrity, physiology, immunology and microbiology.
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Rubeiz, Ibrahim G., Aziza S. Sabra, and Imad A. Al‐Assir. "Broiler and layer poultry manures as nitrogen sources for ‘douglas’ strawberry in a tunnel production system." Journal of Plant Nutrition 16, no. 11 (November 1993): 2305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169309364688.
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Stitt, John T., and Steven G. Shimada. "A comparison of the febrile responses of the Brattleboro and Sprague–Dawley strains of rats to endotoxin and endogenous pyrogens." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 1377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y87-216.
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The febrile responses of homozygous (di/di) Brattleboro rats, to both intravenous endogenous pyrogen and to a lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, were compared with those of normal Sprague–Dawley rats. There were no detectable differences between the fever curves of the two strains in response to endogenous pyrogen. Brattleboro rats, which are deficient in the neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP), displayed fevers that were both qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable from those of normal Sprague–Dawley rats that do not suffer from congenital diabetes insipidus. It is concluded that the absence of AVP-containing cells in Brattleboro rats is not an important factor in determining the nature of their febrile responses to endogenous pyrogen. More remarkable, however, were the divergent febrile responses of the two strains to intravenously injected endotoxin. Normal rats displayed hypothermic responses, whereas the Brattleboro rats became febrile. By 2 h after the injection of endotoxin, body temperatures in both strains had returned to normal. Three hours after the rats had been exposed to endotoxin, both strains were found to be totally refractory to endogenous pyrogen. However, when both strains of rats were tested to endogenous pyrogen 3 days later, their febrile responses were more than double the magnitude of their intitial control responses. These alterations in the febrile responsiveness of rats occurring at different times after the injection of endotoxin appear to be related to the effects that endotoxin has on the cells of the reticuloendothelial system, over the same time course.
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Bacou, Elodie, Carrie Walk, Sebastien Rider, Gilberto Litta, and Estefania Perez-Calvo. "Dietary Oxidative Distress: A Review of Nutritional Challenges as Models for Poultry, Swine and Fish." Antioxidants 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040525.
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The redox system is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. When redox homeostasis is disrupted through an increase of reactive oxygen species or a decrease of antioxidants, oxidative distress occurs resulting in multiple tissue and systemic responses and damage. Poultry, swine and fish, raised in commercial conditions, are exposed to different stressors that can affect their productivity. Some dietary stressors can generate oxidative distress and alter the health status and subsequent productive performance of commercial farm animals. For several years, researchers used different dietary stressors to describe the multiple and detrimental effects of oxidative distress in animals. Some of these dietary challenge models, including oxidized fats and oils, exposure to excess heavy metals, soybean meal, protein or amino acids, and feeding diets contaminated with mycotoxins are discussed in this review. A better understanding of the oxidative distress mechanisms associated with dietary stressors allows for improved understanding and evaluation of feed additives as mitigators of oxidative distress.
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Partyka, Agnieszka, and Wojciech Niżański. "Supplementation of Avian Semen Extenders with Antioxidants to Improve Semen Quality—Is It an Effective Strategy?" Antioxidants 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10121927.
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Oxidative stress in sperm is a phenomenon related to the increasing rate of oxidation of cellular components and the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in bird sperm cell membranes renders these cells particularly susceptible to lipid peroxidation (LPO). Therefore, to ensure the proper functioning of cells, it is necessary to have a balance between the formation of ROS and the protective action of the antioxidant system. This review aims firstly to briefly introduce the antioxidant system characteristics of avian semen. Secondly, we summarize the recent knowledge regarding progress in extender supplementation using antioxidants and other compounds to improve avian semen quality parameters and fertility rates. The review focuses on enzymes, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, some plant extracts, and other compounds that can be used to supplement the extenders to reduce the formation of oxidants in poultry semen and maintain its quality and enhance its fertility.
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Kövesi, Benjámin, Mátyás Cserháti, Márta Erdélyi, Erika Zándoki, Miklós Mézes, and Krisztián Balogh. "Long-Term Effects of Ochratoxin A on the Glutathione Redox System and Its Regulation in Chicken." Antioxidants 8, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8060178.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of three-weeks ochratoxin A (OTA) exposure on some lipid peroxidation parameters, reduced glutathione concentration and glutathione-peroxidase activity, as well as expression of oxidative stress response-related (KEAP1, NRF2) and glutathione system (GPX3, GPX4, GSS, GSR) genes in chickens. Three levels of exposure (106, 654 and 1126 μg/kg feed) were applied. The results showed that OTA initiated free radical formation, which was suggested by the increase in the malondialdehyde content in the liver and kidney, which was more marked in the liver, depending on the length of exposure and dose. Reduced glutathione concentration increased as an effect of the highest OTA dose in blood plasma and in liver, but not in red blood cell hemolysates and the kidney. Glutathione peroxidase activity did not change in the blood and showed increasing tendency in the liver, and significant increase in the kidney. Expression of KEAP1 gene showed up-regulation in the liver, and down-regulation in the kidney, but overexpression of NRF2 gene was found in the liver and kidney at the highest dose. However, down-regulation of Nrf2 dependent genes, GPX3, GPX4, GSS and GSR, suggested an improper antioxidant response at the protein level, thus oxidative stress occurred, even at the dose of the EU regulatory limit for poultry diets.
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Sobolieva, S. V., B. V. Gutyj, and O. I. Sobolev. "Changes in goslings’ blood pattern under the influence of different doses additives of selenium in forages." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 92 (May 8, 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9209.
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According to many scientists, the list of trace elements that are currently used in compound feeds for various types of poultry is clearly insufficient. In recent years, applied research has been conducted to determine the physiological needs of poultry for certain mineral elements that perform important biochemical functions in the body. This also applies to such biotic ultramicroelement as selenium. Scientific research of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of physiology, biochemistry, medicine and veterinary medicine has proved that selenium is a trace element with a fairly wide range of physiological and biochemical effects. When developing and theoretically justifying optimal norms for introducing selenium into poultry feed, it is necessary to evaluate not only its productive qualities, but also the blood picture. The question of the influence of selenium on changes in blood parameters in the poultry body is a great theoretical and practical significance because it allows us to expand our knowledge of its biological role and explain the data obtained in experiments. In scientific and economic experience has been studied the influence of additives of different doses of selenium in compound feed on the morphological and biochemical parameters of the goslings' blood raised for meat. During the experiment, feeding of goslings of all groups were carried out with dry feed mixes in accordance with existing norms. The goslings of the first control group did not receive selenium supplementation. The poultry of the second experimental group were additionally fed selenium at the rate of 0.2 mg/kg, the third of 0.3 and the fourth of 0.4 mg/kg. It is established that the additive in the feed of different doses of selenium stimulate hemocytopoiesis are added to different compound feeds, this is achieved by a homogeneous tendency per day, within physiological values in the goslings' peripheral blood number of red blood cells (by 1.7–3.9 %), white blood cells (by 2.1–3.2 %) and hemoglobin (by 2.4–8.6 %). Immune defense mechanisms are activated, which is manifested in an increase in the level of total protein (by 1.4–3.8 %) and the concentration of immunoglobulins in the blood serum (by 3.2–9.7 %). It is found changes in the content of total glutathione and its reduced form in the blood indicate a positive effect of selenium on the non-enzymatic element of the antioxidant defense system of the poultry's body. The addition of selenium to compound feed at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg had a significant effect on the morphological and biochemical parameters of the goslings' blood raised for meat.
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Rehman, Zaib Ur, Luping Che, Shanhui Ren, Ying Liao, Xusheng Qiu, Shengqing Yu, Yingjie Sun, et al. "Supplementation of Vitamin E Protects Chickens from Newcastle Disease Virus-Mediated Exacerbation of Intestinal Oxidative Stress and Tissue Damage." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 47, no. 4 (2018): 1655–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000490984.
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Background/Aims: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes a highly devastating and contagious disease in poultry, which is mainly attributed to extensive tissue damages in the digestive, respiratory and nervous systems. However, nature and dynamics of NDV-induced oxidative stresses in the intestine of chickens remain elusive. Methods: In this study, we examined the magnitude of intestinal oxidative stress and histopathological changes caused by the virulent NDV infection, and explored the protective roles of vitamin E (vit. E) in ameliorating these pathological changes. For these purposes, chickens were divided into four groups namely i) non supplemented and non-challenged (negative control, CON); ii) no supplementation of vit. E but challenged with ZJ1 (positive control, NS+CHA); iii) vit. E supplementation at the dose of 50 IU/day/Kg body weight and ZJ1 challenge (VE50+CHA); and 4) vit. E supplementation at the dose of 100 IU/day/Kg body weight and ZJ1 challenge (VE100+CHA). In all groups, we analyzed concentrations of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) using biochemical methods. The virus loads were determined by quantitative RT-PCR and antibody titers by hemagglutination inhibition assays. We also examined the histopathological changes in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa at 3 and 5-day post infection (dpi) with NDV. Results: A significant elevation in the NO level was observed in NDV challenged chickens compared to the CON chickens at 2 dpi. The MDA contents were significantly increased whereas GSH was significantly decreased in NDV-challenged chickens compared to control. Furthermore, activities of GST, CAT, SOD, as well as the TOAC were markedly decreased in challenged chickens in comparison with control. Virus copy numbers were higher in NDV infected NS+CHA group compared to other groups. Severe histopathological changes including inflammation, degeneration and broken villi were observed in the intestine of NDV challenged chickens. However, all these malfunctions of antioxidant system and pathological changes in the intestine were partially or completely reversed by the vit. E supplementation. Conclusions: Our results suggest that NDV infection causes oxidative stress and histopathological changes in the duodenum and jejunum of chickens, which can be partially or fully ameliorated by supplementation of vit. E. Additionally, these findings suggest that oxidative stress contributes to the intestinal damages in NDV infected chickens. These findings will help to understand the pathogenesis of NDV and further investigation of therapeutic agents for control of Newcastle disease.
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Kierończyk, Bartosz, Mateusz Rawski, Jakub Długosz, Sylwester Świątkiewicz, and Damian Józefiak. "Avian Crop Function – A Review." Annals of Animal Science 16, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 653–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2016-0032.
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AbstractThe aim of this review is to present and discuss the anatomy and physiology of crop in different avian species. The avian crop (ingluvies) present in most omnivorous and herbivorous bird species, plays a major role in feed storage and moistening, as well as functional barrier for pathogens through decreasing pH value by microbial fermentation. Moreover, recent data suggest that this gastrointestinal tract segment may play an important role in the regulation of the innate immune system of birds. In some avian species ingluvies secretes “crop milk” which provides high nutrients and energy content for nestlings growth. The crop has a crucial role in enhancing exogenous enzymes efficiency (for instance phytase and microbial amylase,β-glucanase), as well as the activity of bacteriocins. Thus, ingluvies may have a significant impact on bird performance and health status during all stages of rearing. Efficient use of the crop in case of digesta retention time is essential for birds’ growth performance. Thus, a functionality of the crop is dependent on a number of factors, including age, dietary factors, infections as well as flock management. It is important to expand knowledge about the crop functions to use them effectively in poultry production. Furthermore, more scientific data is needed in the scope of immunological function of the crop as well as its microecosystem for a better understanding of the avian immune system and enhancing the health of the birds.
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Prokopenko, N., V. Melnyk, and S. Bazyvoliak. "Biological features of egg productivity of black African ostriches under a semi-intensive keeping." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 11, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2021_67.
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The study of egg-laying patterns and defining ways of increasing egg-laying productivity is a necessary condition for the development and increased efficiency of ostrich breeding. Therefore, some studies deal with egg productivity of ostriches of different age groups (group 1 - age 8-9 years, group 2 - age 4-5 years) for their long-term keeping under a semi-intensive system forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. The sex ratio in the families was 1: 2-3. Behavioral patterns of poultry during the breeding season are close to natural ones. Older individuals are characterized with a longer productive period (January-October) than younger ones (March-September). According to the most extended daylight hours at this time of year, the higher level of egg-laying performance is established in May and summer months. The females’ egg-laying performance analysis shows their significant individual features - 9-42 eggs were obtained from one female. It is worth mentioning that the productivity period’s duration does not continuously regulate the number of eggs. There is a high positive correlation between the duration of the egg-laying process and total egglaying performance in group 1 (r = 0.7981); in group 2 � there is no relation between these features (r = -0.0843). The variability of egg-laying cycles of ostrich females has been confirmed, and it requires further studies. According to the intensity of lying during the breeding season, there are differences between younger and older poultry groups. The first two months and the last month of egg-laying are the least productive for all. It was established that the egg weight of older females is higher compared to young ones, with a potential difference between the groups (P> 0.999) and a significant level of individual variability (Cv = 1.78-8.06%). This indicates the necessity of successive work with the herd to optimize egg weight, as a significant variation in egg weight affects the duration of incubation and embryonic development of ostriches. It also leads to the elongation of the “hatch window” that causes heterogeneity of ostrich weight. New data allow characterizing the peculiarities of ostrich physiology, their ability to adapt to industrial conditions of breeding at farms located in the northern part of the forest-steppe zone of Ukrai.
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Binek, Marian, Agata Anna Cisek, Magdalena Rzewuska, Dorota Chrobak-Chmiel, Ilona Stefańska, and Magdalena Kizerwetter-Świda. "Chicken intestinal microbiome: Development and function." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73, no. 10 (2017): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5790.
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Chicken ceca contain an immense number of microorganisms collectively known as the microbiome. This community is now recognized as an essential component of the intestinal ecosystem and referred to as a metabolic organ exquisitely tuned to the host’s physiology. These functions include the ability to process otherwise indigestible components of the feed, converting them into energy and body mass. The gut microbiome can also affect intestinal morphology and modulate the development and function of the immune system. This microbiota contains a rich collection of genes encoding enzymes necessary for decomposition of dietary polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, nitrogen metabolism, fatty acid and lipid metabolism, and pathways involved in a hydrogen sink. Chickens, like most animals, lack the genes for glycoside hydrolase, polysaccharide lyase, and carbohydrate esterase enzymes that are necessary to facilitate the degradation of non-starch polysaccharides. During the decomposition of dietary polysaccharides, bacteria produce short-chain (volatile) fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetic, propionic and butyric acid. These SCFASs are absorbed transepithelially and serve as a source of energy for the host. The accumulation of molecular hydrogen released during fermentation leads to fermentation slowdown or to the production of less energy-efficient substances, such as ethanol, butyrate and propionate. The presence of bacteria that act as a hydrogen sink results in a switch to the more productive fermentation into acetate and increased production of SCFAs. Such activity could lead to a significant improvement in poultry production and the associated economics.
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Iqbal, Anas, Liang He, Aziz Khan, Shangqin Wei, Kashif Akhtar, Izhar Ali, Saif Ullah, Fazal Munsif, Quan Zhao, and Ligeng Jiang. "Organic Manure Coupled with Inorganic Fertilizer: An Approach for the Sustainable Production of Rice by Improving Soil Properties and Nitrogen Use Efficiency." Agronomy 9, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100651.
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The current farming system is heavily reliant on chemical fertilizers, which negatively affect soil health, the environment, and crop productivity. Improving crop production on a sustainable basis is a challenging issue in the present agricultural system. To address this issue, we assumed that the combined use of organic manure and inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizers can improve rice grain yield and soil properties without the expense of the environment. This study explores the combined effects of cattle manure (CM), poultry manure (PM), and chemical fertilizer (CF) on soil properties, rice growth, physiology, and grain yield and quality. Six treatments in the following combinations were included: T1—no N fertilizer; T2—100% CF; T3—60% CM + 40% CF; T4—30% CM + 70% CF; T5—60% PM + 40% CF; and T6—30% PM + 70% CF. Results showed that across the seasons, treatment T6 increased the net photosynthesis rate, total biomass, grain yield, and amylose content by 23%, 90%, 95%, and 10%, respectively, compared with control. This increment in net photosynthetic rate and growth was the result of 24%, 14%, 19%, and 20% higher total root length, root surface area, root volume, and root diameter, respectively. Improvements in these attributes further enhanced the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice. No significant difference between T4 and T6 was observed. The correlation analysis also confirmed that root morphological traits were positively correlated with grain yield, N uptake, and biomass accumulation. Similarly, improvement in grain yield and NUE was also associated with improved soil properties, i.e., bulk density, soil porosity, soil organic carbon, and total N under combined organic and inorganic N fertilizers treatment. Conclusively, the integration of 30% N from PM or CM with 70% N from CF (urea) is a promising option not only for higher grain yield and quality of rice but also for improved soil health. This study provides a sustainable nutrient management strategy to improve crop yield with high nutrient use efficiency.
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Ghaffar, Fareeha, Aasma Hanif, Asma Nawaz, Arjumand Mahmood, Shazia Noor, and Tahira Rizwan. "Low Platelet Count (Thrombocytopenia) in Females Diagnosed with Hypertensive Disorder after 20 Weeks of Gestation." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 10 (October 30, 2022): 658–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221610658.
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Background: Platelets are produced in the bone marrow and remain in blood for about 2 weeks before they are destroyed in the reticuloendothelial system. The range of normal platelets count 150 & 450 × 103/μl that is also the same and is mostly recorded throughout the normal pregnancy. A platelet counts of less than 150 x103/μl is considered to be thrombocytopenia. It’s commonly diagnosed & has attracted interest from the1researchers in pregnant females during the last 20.0 years, especially in pregnant hypertensive women. Objective: To find frequency of low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)1in females diagnosed with hypertensive disorder after 20 weeks of gestation. Methodology Study Design: Cross sectional study Setting: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Shalimar hospital, Lahore. Material and Methods: All information was noted on attached proforma after getting written informed consent. From OPD of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Shalimar Hospital Lahore, a total of 282 females fulfilling selection criteria were taken. After enrolling the cases a detailed clinical assessment was done and their demographic and gestational information were taken along with parity. Pregnancy induced hypertension was further classified as Gestational HTN, Mild preeclampsia, Eclampsia and Severe preeclampsia. Blood sample with the help of staff nurse was drawn and was sent to hospital laboratory. Values of platelet count were noted after taking reports from hospital laboratory. Moreover using operational definition thrombocytopenia was labeled. Result: The mean age of cases was 30.68 ± 5.78 years with minimum and maximum age as 17 and 40 years. The mean gestational age was 31.74 ± 5.40 weeks with minimum and maximum gestational age was 22 and 40 weeks. A total of 235(83.33%) cases had thrombocytopenia and 47(16.67%) cases had normal platelet count. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study the frequency of low plate count (thrombocytopenia) in females diagnosed with hypertensive disorder after 20 weeks of gestation was 83.33%. The statistics is very high and there must be some preventive strategies to reduce the risk of hypertensive disorder, and if it once diagnosed the further therapeutic strategies should be adopted to reduce related complications such as thrombocytopenia. Keywords: Pregnancy, Thrombocytopenia, Gestational hypertension, Thrombocytopenia.
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Rodrigues, D. R., K. M. Wilson, M. Trombetta, W. N. Briggs, A. F. Duff, K. M. Chasser, W. G. Bottje, and L. Bielke. "A Proteomic View of the Cross-Talk Between Early Intestinal Microbiota and Poultry Immune System." Frontiers in Physiology 11 (February 13, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00020.
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Fibach, Eitan. "The Redox Balance and Membrane Shedding in RBC Production, Maturation, and Senescence." Frontiers in Physiology 12 (February 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.604738.
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Membrane shedding in the form of extracellular vesicles plays a key role in normal physiology and pathology. Partial disturbance of the membrane–cytoskeleton linkage and increased in the intracellular Ca content are considered to be mechanisms underlying the process, but it is questionable whether they constitute the primary initiating steps. Homeostasis of the redox system, which depends on the equilibrium between oxidants and antioxidants, is crucial for many cellular processes. Excess oxidative power results in oxidative stress, which affects many cellular components, including the membrane. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress indirectly affects membrane shedding most probably by affecting the membrane–cytoskeleton and the Ca content. In red blood cells (RBCs), changes in both the redox system and membrane shedding occur throughout their life—from birth—their production in the bone marrow, to death—aging in the peripheral blood and removal by macrophages in sites of the reticuloendothelial system. Both oxidative stress and membrane shedding are disturbed in diseases affecting the RBC, such as the hereditary and acquired hemolytic anemias (i.e., thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia). Herein, I review some data-based and hypothetical possibilities that await experimental confirmation regarding some aspects of the interaction between the redox system and membrane shedding and its role in the normal physiology and pathology of RBCs.
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Vertiprakhov, Vladimir G., and Natalya V. Ovchinnikova. "The activity of trypsin in the pancreatic juice and blood of poultry increases simultaneously in the postprandial period." Frontiers in Physiology 13 (October 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.874664.
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Modern literature data indicate that the role of trypsin goes far beyond its digestive function. Once in the blood, trypsin is involved as part of the kallikrein-kinin system in the regulation of blood pressure, regulates pancreatic function by activating PAR receptors, and influences inflammation and immunity in the cell. The interaction of trypsin in the intestine and serum in the living healthy organism has been insufficiently studied. On the basis of our own studies and literature data, we concluded that after overnight fasting the increase of trypsin activity in pancreatic juice and blood serum in the postprandial period occurs in parallel, which determines not only digestion of food protein but also the level of metabolism. Consequently, determining the optimal amount of crude protein in the diet during the morning meal is a paramount task for physiologists.
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Rostagno, Marcos H. "Effects of heat stress on the gut health of poultry." Journal of Animal Science 98, no. 4 (March 23, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa090.
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Abstract Stress is a biological adaptive response to restore homeostasis, and occurs in every animal production system, due to the multitude of stressors present in every farm. Heat stress is one of the most common environmental challenges to poultry worldwide. It has been extensively demonstrated that heat stress negatively impacts the health, welfare, and productivity of broilers and laying hens. However, basic mechanisms associated with the reported effects of heat stress are still not fully understood. The adaptive response of poultry to a heat stress situation is complex and intricate in nature, and it includes effects on the intestinal tract. This review offers an objective overview of the scientific evidence available on the effects of the heat stress response on different facets of the intestinal tract of poultry, including its physiology, integrity, immunology, and microbiota. Although a lot of knowledge has been generated, many gaps persist. The development of standardized models is crucial to be able to better compare and extrapolate results. By better understanding how the intestinal tract is affected in birds subjected to heat stress conditions, more targeted interventions can be developed and applied.
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Shukla, Amit, A. G. Telang, Sakshi Tiwari, Tarun Kumar, Soumen Choudhury, and Dinesh Kumar. "Exposure to ethion alters rhythmic dynamicity of milieu interior of poultry following exposure at cage system of rearing in Ruhelkhand climatic zone." Biological Rhythm Research, September 23, 2019, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2019.1670972.
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Xu, Qianqian, Wenyan Zhao, Yan Li, Xiaoting Zou, and Xinyang Dong. "Intestinal Immune Development Is Accompanied by Temporal Deviation in Microbiota Composition of Newly Hatched Pigeon Squabs." Microbiology Spectrum, May 17, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01892-21.
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The pigeon ( Columba livia ), an altricial bird, is one of the most economically important farmed poultry for table purposes. Identifying the interaction between intestinal mucosal immune system development and commensal microbiota colonization in neonates is of paramount importance for understanding how early life events affect resistance to disease and potential productivity later in life.
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Zhang, Yang, Ying Wang, Yanhao Zhang, Xiangchao Jia, Chenxi Li, Zutao Zhou, Sishun Hu, and Zili Li. "Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals that PhoP Regulates Pathogenicity in Riemerella anatipestifer." Microbiology Spectrum, October 5, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01883-22.
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Riemerella anatipestifer is a significant pathogen with high mortality in the poultry industry that causes acute septicemia and infectious polyserositis in ducks, chickens, geese, and other avian species. Previously, we characterized the two-component system encoded by phoPR and found that R. anatipestifer almost completely lost its pathogenicity for ducklings when phoPR was deleted.
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Flögel, Ulrich, Zhaoping Ding, Hendrik Hardung, Sebastion Jander, Gaby Reichwein, Christoph Jacoby, Rolf Schubert, and Jürgen Schrader. "Abstract 1910: Monitoring of Inflammatory Processes By In Vivo 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Circulation 116, suppl_16 (October 16, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.116.suppl_16.ii_410-c.
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This study was aimed at developing a new approach for in vivo detection of inflammation by 19 F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using biochemically inert emulsified perfluorocarbons (PFCs). PFCs have been clinically used as blood substitutes and are known to be phagocytized by the reticuloendothelial system. Local inflammation was provoked in two murine models of acute cardiac and cerebral ischemia, respectively, followed by intravenous injection of PFCs. A typical example of anatomically matching 1 H and 19 F images obtained at 9.4 Tesla 4 days after myocardial infarction is shown below. The 1 H image (left) clearly shows the presence of ventricular dilatation and wall thinning within the infarcted area (I), and in the corresponding 19 F image (middle) a signal pattern matched in shape of the free left ventricular wall. Merging of these images (right) confirms the localization of PFCs within the anterior, lateral, and posterior wall. In all animals (n=8) studied, 19 F signal was also detected in the adjacent chest tissue, where thoracotomy for infarction was performed (T). No background signal from other tissue was observed. Repetitive MRI revealed in both injury models a time-dependent infiltration of injected PFCs into infarcted areas, and histology demonstrated a colocalization of PFCs with cells of the monocyte-macrophage system. Using rhodamine-labelled PFCs, circulating monocytes/macrophages were identified to be the main cell fraction taking up injected PFCs. In conclusion, PFCs can serve as positive contrast agent for detection of inflammatory processes by MRI, permitting high spatial resolution and an excellent degree of specificity due to lack of any 19 F background.
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Gorasia, Dhana G., Ignacio Lunar Silva, Catherine A. Butler, Maïalène Chabalier, Thierry Doan, Eric Cascales, Paul D. Veith, and Eric C. Reynolds. "Protein Interactome Analysis of the Type IX Secretion System Identifies PorW as the Missing Link between the PorK/N Ring Complex and the Sov Translocon." Microbiology Spectrum 10, no. 1 (February 23, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01602-21.
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The T9SS is a newly identified protein secretion system of the Fibrobacteres - Chlorobi - Bacteroidetes superphylum used by pathogens associated with diseases of humans, fish, and poultry for the secretion and cell surface attachment of virulence factors. The T9SS comprises three known modules: (i) the trans-envelope core module comprising the PorL/M motor and the PorK/N ring, (ii) the outer membrane Sov translocon, and (iii) the cell surface attachment complex.
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Belk, Aeriel D., Toni Duarte, Casey Quinn, David A. Coil, Keith E. Belk, Jonathan A. Eisen, Jason C. Quinn, Jennifer N. Martin, Xiang Yang, and Jessica L. Metcalf. "Air versus Water Chilling of Chicken: a Pilot Study of Quality, Shelf-Life, Microbial Ecology, and Economics." mSystems 6, no. 2 (April 27, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00912-20.
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As the poultry industry works to become more sustainable and to reduce the volume of food waste, it is critical to consider points in the processing system that can be altered to make the process more efficient. In this study, we demonstrate that the method used during chilling (air versus water chilling) influences the final product microbial community, quality, and physiochemistry.
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"Trypan Blue - Adapting a Dye Used for Labelling Dead Cells to Visualize Pinocytosis in Viable Cells." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 55, S1 (June 23, 2021): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33594/000000380.
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BACKGROUND/AIMS: Trypan blue is routinely used in cell culture experiments to distinguish between dead cells, which are labelled by trypan blue, and viable cells, which are apparently free of any staining. The assumption that trypan blue labelling is restricted to dead cells derives from the observation that rupture of the plasma membrane correlates with intense trypan blue staining. However, decades ago, trypan blue has been used to trace fluid uptake by viable macrophage-like cells in animals. These studies contributed to the concept of the reticuloendothelial system in vertebrates. Trypan blue itself does not show a fluorescence signal, but trypan blue-labelled proteins do. Therefore, intracellular localization of trypan blue-labelled proteins could give a clue to the entrance pathway of the dye in viable cells. METHODS: We used fluorescence microscopy to visualize trypan blue positive structures and to evaluate whether the bactericide, silver, enhances cellular trypan blue uptake in the brain macrophage-like cell line, BV-2. The pattern of chromatin condensation, visualized by DAPI staining, was used to identify the cell death pathway. RESULTS: We observed that silver nitrate at elevated concentrations (≥ 10 µM) induced in most cells a necrotic cell death pathway. Necrotic cells, identified by pycnotic nuclei, showed an intense and homogenous trypan blue staining. Apoptotic cells, characterized by crescent-like nuclear chromatin condensations, were not labelled by trypan blue. At lower silver nitrate concentrations, most cells were viable, but they showed trypan blue labelling. Viable cells showed a cell-type specific distribution of heterochromatin and revealed a perinuclear accumulation of bright trypan blue-labelled vesicles and, occasionally, a faint homogenous trypan blue labelling of the cytoplasm and nucleus. Amiloride, which prevents macropinocytosis by blocking the Na+ / H+ exchange, suppressed perinuclear accumulation of dye-labelled vesicles. Swelling of cells in a hypotonic solution induced an intense intracellular accumulation of trypan blue. Cells exposed to a hypotonic solution in the presence of 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB), which blocks volume-regulated ion channels, prevented labelling of the cytoplasm and nucleus but did not affect labelling of perinuclear vesicles. CONCLUSION: In viable cells trypan blue-labelled vesicles indicate trypan blue uptake by macropinocytosis and trypan blue-labelled cytosol could indicate a further entry pathway for the dye, like activated volume-regulated channels. Accordingly, fluorescence microscopic analysis of trypan blue-labelled cells allows not only a discrimination between necrotic and apoptotic cell death pathway but also a discrimination between the mode of trypan blue uptake in viable cells - via pinocytosis or via activated volume-regulated ion channels - in the same preparation at the single cell level.
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Zheng, Yuhui, Tian Xie, Shengli Li, Wei Wang, Yajing Wang, Zhijun Cao, and Hongjian Yang. "Effects of Selenium as a Dietary Source on Performance, Inflammation, Cell Damage, and Reproduction of Livestock Induced by Heat Stress: A Review." Frontiers in Immunology 12 (January 18, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.820853.
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Heat stress as a result of global warming has harmful consequences for livestock and is thus becoming an urgent issue for animal husbandry worldwide. Ruminants, growing pigs, and poultry are very susceptible to heat stress because of their fast growth, rapid metabolism, high production levels, and sensitivity to temperature. Heat stress compromises the efficiency of animal husbandry by affecting performance, gastrointestinal health, reproductive physiology, and causing cell damage. Selenium (Se) is an essential nutritional trace element for livestock production, which acts as a structural component in at least 25 selenoproteins (SELs); it is involved in thyroid hormone synthesis, and plays a key role in the antioxidant defense system. Dietary Se supplementation has been confirmed to support gastrointestinal health, production performance, and reproductive physiology under conditions of heat stress. The underlying mechanisms include the regulation of nutrient digestibility influenced by gastrointestinal microorganisms, antioxidant status, and immunocompetence. Moreover, heat stress damage to the gastrointestinal and mammary barrier is closely related to cell physiological functions, such as the fluidity and stability of cellular membranes, and the inhibition of receptors as well as transmembrane transport protein function. Se also plays an important role in inhibiting cell apoptosis and reducing cell inflammatory response induced by heat stress. This review highlights the progress of research regarding the dietary supplementation of Se in the mitigation of heat stress, addressing its mechanism and explaining the effect of Se on cell damage caused by heat stress, in order to provide a theoretical reference for the use of Se to mitigate heat stress in livestock.
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López-Pérez, Elvia, Jaime Gallegos-Sánchez, Arturo Pró Martínez, Juan M. Cuca-García, and Juan A. Herrera-Barragán. "Reproductive characterization of the female Mexican turkey (Meleagris gallopavo L.)." Agro Productividad, September 20, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32854/agrop.v14i8.2064.
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Objective: To describe the anatomy, morphology, physiology, and reproductive characteristics of female turkeys. Design/methodology/approach: An analysis of the practical experiences of 10 years with Mexican native turkeys was conducted and complemented with scientific literature. We focused on reproductive aspects, anatomy, physiology and assisted reproduction. Results: Information on the breeding of Mexican native turkeys is scarce, few families in rural areas are dedicated to raising this poultry. Therefore, empirical knowledge on their management is being lost. The female turkey begins oviposition at 6 months of age with a body weight between 2 and 4 kg. The structures that make up their reproductive system are the ovary, developing follicles, left oviduct, and cloaca. The reproductive activity is initiated by photo receptors located in the retina and pineal gland, triggering follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones release. Egg formation lasts from 24 to 26 hours. During the first year, females lay between 36 to 54 eggs in clutches of 12 to 18 eggs and in the second year from 30 to 45 eggs. Chloequez is prolactin induced. As for assisted reproduction, artificial insemination techniques in female turkeys are uncommon. Limitations on study/implications: Few rural families raise turkeys and since they lack economic resources, reproductive strategies are not used to improve their production. Findings/conclusions: The anatomical, morphological, physiological and reproductive characteristics of the native female turkeys from Mexico were documented. In native turkeys, artificial insemination techniques are not of common use, but their implementation may be adequate to conserve genetic material from animals with outstanding characteristics.
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Sinha, Ritam, Rhiannon M. LeVeque, Marvin Q. Bowlin, Michael J. Gray, and Victor J. DiRita. "Phosphate Transporter PstSCAB of Campylobacter jejuni Is a Critical Determinant of Lactate-Dependent Growth and Colonization in Chickens." Journal of Bacteriology 202, no. 7 (January 13, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00716-19.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni causes acute gastroenteritis worldwide and is transmitted primarily through poultry, in which it is often a commensal member of the intestinal microbiota. Previous transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) experiment showed that transcripts from an operon encoding a high-affinity phosphate transporter (PstSCAB) of C. jejuni were among the most abundant when the bacterium was grown in chickens. Elevated levels of the pstSCAB mRNA were also identified in an RNA-Seq experiment from human infection studies. In this study, we explore the role of PstSCAB in the biology and colonization potential of C. jejuni. Our results demonstrate that cells lacking PstSCAB survive poorly in stationary phase, in nutrient-limiting media, and under osmotic conditions reflective of those in the chicken. Polyphosphate levels in the mutant cells were elevated at stationary phase, consistent with alterations in expression of polyphosphate metabolism genes. The mutant strain was highly attenuated for colonization of newly hatched chicks, with levels of bacteria at several orders of magnitude below wild-type levels. Mutant and wild type grew similarly in complex media, but the pstS::kan mutant exhibited a significant growth defect in minimal medium supplemented with l-lactate, postulated as a carbon source in vivo. Poor growth in lactate correlated with diminished expression of acetogenesis pathway genes previously demonstrated as important for colonizing chickens. The phosphate transport system is thus essential for diverse aspects of C. jejuni physiology and in vivo fitness and survival. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni causes millions of human gastrointestinal infections annually, with poultry a major source of infection. Due to the emergence of multidrug resistance in C. jejuni, there is need to identify alternative ways to control this pathogen. Genes encoding the high-affinity phosphate transporter PstSCAB are highly expressed by C. jejuni in chickens and humans. In this study, we address the role of PstSCAB on chicken colonization and other C. jejuni phenotypes. PstSCAB is required for colonization in chicken, metabolism and survival under different stress responses, and during growth on lactate, a potential growth substrate in chickens. Our study highlights that PstSCAB may be an effective target to develop mechanisms for controlling bacterial burden in both chicken and human.
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Olawuwo, O. S., O. I. Azeez, and J. O. Oyewale. "Seasonal Variation in the Haematological Parameters of the Adult Mallard Duck in a Tropical Environment." Journal of Applied Life Sciences International, July 25, 2020, 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2020/v23i630169.
Full textAbstract:
Duck production is a growing poultry enterprise in Nigeria and they are mostly reared in extensive management system. However, the haematological profiles as influenced by the tropical environment have not been well documented. The objective of the present study was to examine the seasonal variation in the haematological parameters of the adult Mallard duck in the tropical environment of Nigeria; as they effects duck production adversely. The Erythrocyte, leucocyte and platelet counts, as well as the erythrocyte osmotic fragility of the domestic duck of the mallard breed during the wet and dry seasons in the hot humid tropical environment of the Experimental Animal Unit of the Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria was investigated.
The study showed that the values of the packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and platelet were significantly higher in the dry season than in the wet season, but the red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total and differential leucocyte values were similar in the two seasons. The erythrocyte fragility was also higher in the dry season.
In conclusion the higher PCV, MCH and platelet values in the dry season might have resulted from haemoconcentration occasioned by higher evaporative heat loss, which is a common occurrence in the dry season. The higher erythrocyte fragility could have been the result of stress induced by the high ambient temperature during the dry season, or higher metabolic rate associated with lactic acid accumulation, which has been shown to increase erythrocyte osmotic fragility.