Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Réticulm endoplasmique'
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Joliot, Octave. "GPI anchored proteins identify gel-like lipid domains in the membrane of the Endoplasmic Reticulum." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLS013.
Full textBy definition, eukaryotic cells are made up of different compartments, each with its own specific functions. This specificity is the result of differences in the protein and lipid compositions of these compartments. Lipids not only act as a physical barrier between compartments, they also play a key role in numerous mechanisms. In particular, lipids enable the organization of proteins inserted in membranes, and can thus promote the clustering of these proteins in restricted areas. In contrast to intracellular membranes, lipid domains have been widely described at the plasma membrane. Yet the ability of lipids to form domains within membranes is exploited during intracellular transport of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins. These proteins have the particularity of being attached to membranes via their anchoring to GPI, a phospholipid conjugated to sugars. In polarized cells, it has been shown that prior to export to plasma membrane, GPI-anchored proteins are accumulated in rigid lipid domains in the Golgi apparatus. This partitioning enables GPI-anchored proteins to be addressed to the right pole of the cell. This mechanism highlights the role of lipid domains within intracellular membranes, but the study of such domains remains complex, notably because of the difficulty of labelling and tracking the lipids. Although lipid probes do exist, they share a number of drawbacks. Most probes rely on the binding of a fluorescent molecule to lipids, either by targeting polar groups exposed on the membrane surface or by interacting directly with the hydrophobic core of the membrane. The former can only target lipids carrying a specific group, while the latter involve the insertion of ectopic lipids into membranes, thereby modifying their properties. Moreover, hydrophobic probes are also subject to lipid diffusion and are thus transported throughout the cell, preventing the study of lipids in a specific compartment. In this project, we developed a sensor capable of tracking lipid dynamics within ER membranes. Using the RUSH (Retention Using Selective Hooks) system developed to synchronize protein transport, we retained GPI-anchored proteins in the ER. This sensor enabled us to track in the ER not only GPI-anchored proteins, but also the lipids to which these proteins are anchored. We thus studied the effect of increasing membrane stiffness on ER membranes. In response to increased membrane saturation, we observed the formation of GPI-containing domains in the ER only. This effect is potentiated by a decrease in temperature, which also induces a decrease in stiffness. We were able to characterize these domains, showing that they remain connected to the rest of the ER, but that no diffusion is possible within them. Surprisingly, the appearance of these domains did not disrupt the organization or function of the ER, suggesting that they may represent a response to increased stiffness that preserves the fluidity of ER membranes
Lebeau, Justine. "Stress du réticulum endoplasmique et tumorigenèse." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10175.
Full textDuring carcinogenesis, oncogene activation induces high glucose avidity that outstrips the microenvironment supply until angiogenesis occurs. How malignant cells cope with this potentially lethal metabolic stress remains poorly understood. We found that oncogene-Driven glucose shortage triggers apoptosis through the PERK-CHOP pathway of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR). Deletion of the pro-Apoptotic UPR effector CHOP in a mouse model of KrasG12V induced lung cancer increases tumour incidence, strongly supporting the notion that ER stress serves as a barrier to malignancy. Overcoming this barrier requires the selective attenuation of the PERK-CHOP arm of the UPR by the molecular chaperone p58IPK. Furthermore, p58IPK-Mediated adaptive response enables cells to benefit from the protective features of chronic UPR. Altogether, these results show that ER stress activation and p58IPK expression control the fate of malignant cells facing glucose shortage
Lavoie, Christine. "Reconstitution acellulaire du réticulum endoplasmique de transition." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ48783.pdf.
Full textScarcelli, Vincent. "Caractérisation des réticulons chez Caenorhabditis elegans : spécificités tissulaires, rôle dans l’organisation du réticulum endoplasmique et lien avec l’autophagie Approaches for Studying Autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS200.
Full textAutophagy is a degradative process well conserved among eukaryotes. This recycling process can be very selective. Homeostasis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ensures the correct biological activity of its distinct domains. The ER is a contiguous network of interconnected sheets and tubules forming distinct domains that spread from nuclear envelope to the cell cortex including perinuclear and peripheral ER. Several proteins play an important role in shaping and organizing the endoplasmic reticulum network, including a reticulon family proteins as RTN4/Nogo-A that generate and maintain tubule structure. In mammalian cell, in stress conditions, the different domains of ER are degraded by a selective autophagy (ER-phagy), mediated by specific reticulon receptors as FAM134B or RTN3L. The presence of multiple isoforms of reticulon may suggest a specific spatio-temporal expression pattern depending on the needs of different cell types. My thesis work consisted in the characterization of the locus of the only reticulon gene in C. elegans, ret-1 and showed the specificity of expression of the three categories of isoforms. The long and intermediate isoforms are expressed in muscle cells and neurons respectively, while the short RET-1 isoforms are ubiquitous and the only isoforms expressed in early embryos. The RET-1 depletion results in abnormal ER shape. I showed that short isoforms are necessary for the establishment of the tubular ER network but are not involved in the biogenesis of autophagosomes in embryos. My results highlight that the distribution of autophagosomes in the cell of the embryos is not random and closely associated with the ER network. All my results, added to the fact that only long isoforms of RTN3 are involved in ER-phagy, suggest that specific RET-1 isoforms could mediate ER-phagy processes only in some tissues
Bortolato, Muriel. "Etude des activités UDP-glucose collagène glucosyltransférases dans les fractions subcellulaires du foie d'embryon de poulet (appareil de Golgi, réticulum endoplasmique lisse et réticulum endoplasmique rugueux)." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10174.
Full textHuber, Anne-Laure. "Mise en évidence d’un rôle oncosuppressif du Stress du Réticulum Endoplasmique." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10328.
Full textCarcinogenesis involves not only inactivation of tumourigenesis barriers, but also alterations in energy metabolism to fulfil the synthetic and bioenergetic requirements for fast and uncontrolled growth. Our study supports a model in which the ER acts as a node between altered glucose metabolism and tumourigenesis barriers. This major site in the cell for protein folding and maturation, can sense glucose limitation that results from oncogenic-mediated increased glucose demand, and consequently trigger unfolded protein response-dependent apoptosis. As such, the ER functions as a surveillance mechanism that suppresses the emergence of tumour cells. Overcoming this early barrier involves a specific attenuation of the pro-apoptotic PERK-CHOP branch of the unfolded protein response, a cellular adaptation that in turn may favour malignant progression. These observations bring new insights into the complex role of the unfolded protein response during tumourigenesis
Belingheri, Lionel. "Les hydrocarbures sesquiterpéniques : sites de biosynthèse et purification des systèmes enzymatiques du Calamondin (Citrofortunella mitis)." Bordeaux 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR10622.
Full textGrolier, Pascal. "Lipides membranaires et biotransformation des xénobiotiques : effets de l'induction et de la carence en vitamine A." Bordeaux 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR10532.
Full textSallafranque, Marie-Line. "Expression et localisation de la tryptophanyl-tARN synthétase dans les tissus et cellules de bœuf." Bordeaux 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR22002.
Full textMami, Iadh. "L’angiogénine : un nouveau médiateur de la réponse au stress du Réticulum Endoplasmique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB136/document.
Full textThe Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress is involved in the pathophysiology of renal diseases ; the UPR (Unfolded Protein Response), which is activated in response to that stress plays an important role in renal tubular cells and podocytes homeostasis and consequently in tissu homeostasis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and the consequences of the activation of this pathway is important to characterize the pathophysiology of renal diseases and identification of biomarkers of ongoing lesions. Angiogenin (ANG, also known as RNase 5) is a secreted ribonuclease, which is involved in the cellular stress response, it allows cell and tissue adaptation. The goal of this work was to clarify and identify the mechanisms regulating Angiogenin’s expression and its biological functions during ER stress. Using a human renal tubular cell line, we have shown that ER stress induces the expression of angiogenin and its secretion. This observation was also made on several murine models of renal injury. The transcriptional factor sXBP1 activated by the UPR transducer, IRE1α, is directly involved in regulating the expression of angiogenin. We have shown that angiogenin participates in the inhibition of protein translation in response to ER stress by cleaving transfer RNA and generating tiRNAs (stress-induced tRNA fragments) that suppress protein translation by interfering with the translation initiation complex. Angiogenin promotes cell survival by reducing ER stress-induced apoptosis, ANG knockout mice are more sensitive to acute tubular necrotic lesions induced by tunicamycin. In addition to the cell-autonomous effects of angiogenin, we also characterized the mechanisms by which Angiogenin is secreted by the renal epithelium under ER stress. Angiogenin is secreted in a conventional manner under the control of the transcriptional factors NF-kB and sXBP1. As such, the regulation of angiogenin is similar to Interleukin-6. We also demonstrated that Angiogenin induces macrophage polarization to a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Finally, considering that angiogenin is secreted by the renal epithelium under stress, we have shown that angiogenin may be a noninvasive marker of kidney injury. Angiogenin can be quantified in the urine of patients with kidney disease, its urinary concentration is correlated to the urinary concentration of Retinol Binding Protein (a low molecular weight protein marker of tubular dysfunction), but not with that of Albumin . In addition, the urinary concentration of angiogenin is significantly higher in the urine of renal transplant patients whose renal biopsy highlights tubulitis lesions (cell acute rejection and BK virus associated nephropathy) than in the urine of patients without histological tubular damage (antibody-mediated rejection, or no visible histological lesions). We have demonstrated by immuno-histochemistry a tubular nuclear localization of the activated transcriptional factor sXBP1 in the biopsies of patients with high tubulitis score, suggesting a potential relationship between the secretion of Angiogenin and the activation of transcriptional factor sXBP1 within an inflammatory environment. To conclude, we have described Angiogenin as a new mediator of the integrated ER stress response, and characterized its cell- and non-cell-autonomous biological functions. Our study have identified urinary angiogenin as a potential marker of ongoing kidney tubular injuries
Loeuillard, Emilien. "Régulation des fonctions des myofibroblastes portaux par le stress du réticulum endoplasmique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066071/document.
Full textHepatic fibrosis is the consequence of all chronic liver diseases and is characterized by an abnormal extra cellular matrix deposition by myofibroblasts. Portal myofibroblasts (PMF), a subpopulation of hepatic myofibroblasts, play a major role in fibrosis progression and angiogenesis. Accumulating evidences indicate an important role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in hepatic fibrosis. The aims of this study were to determine whether an ER stress occured in PMF during fibrosis and affected the functions of these cells, and to study the effect of the molecular chaperone TUDCA used in biliary diseases, on ER stress. The phenotype of in vivo activated-PMF obtained from rat fibrotic liver after cholestasis was compared with the phenotype of control PMF that we previously characterized. Our results showed that in vivo activated-PMF underwent ER stress with PERK pathway activation. This ER stress had no effect on myofibroblastic differentiation but reduced PMF proliferation and migration and increased PMF angiogenesis capacity. TUDCA had no effect on these parameters. In conclusion, PMF display ER stress during their activation. ER stress stimulates their pro-angiogenic proprieties and thereby may promote fibrosis progression. However, ER stress also inhibits their proliferation and migration functions, and thereby could provide a negative control loop to restrict their expansion
Perochon, Jessica. "Étude des conséquences d’un stress chronique du Réticulum Endoplasmique (RE) chez Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV036/document.
Full textThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle which ensures various cellular functionssuch as protein maturation and folding or calcium homeostasis maintenance. That is why ER is acrucial site of cell and tissue homeostasis regulation in multicellular organisms. Disruption of ERfunctions leads to misfolded-protein accumulation and is observed in a great number of devastatinghuman diseases. This ER stress triggers an adaptive response named Unfolded Protein Response(UPR) in order to attempt to resolve its sources and consequences. Nevertheless, the intensity andchronicity of ER stress can change this response and lead to the apoptosis of stressed cells. To thisdate, the molecular processes that regulate UPR-induced apoptosis remain unclear. Furthermore, theUPR contribution in the modulation of compensatory mechanisms in response to ER stress has neverbeen studied. This work contributes to a better understanding of these processes through acomparative study of various chronic ER stresses, which depend on the disruption of proteostasis orcalcium homeostasis. During my thesis, I have established the essential role of the PERK/ATF4 branchof the UPR in the induction of two parallel and independent pathways. One promotes apoptosisthrough the down-regulation of the diap1 gene while the other interferes with the induction of adevelopmental delay though a JNK signaling-dependent dilp8 expression. My results also suggest thatchronic ER stress response is tissue specific
Moustapha, Aoula. "Etude mécanistique de la mort cellulaire induite par la curcumine dans un modèle cellulaire d’hépatocarcinome." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066466.
Full textCurcumin, a major active component of turmeric Curcuma longa, L. , has been shown to have inhibitory effects on cancers. In vitro studies suggest that curcumin inhibits cancer cell growth by activating apoptosis, but the mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of curcumin are unclear. We have dissected the mechanistic consequences of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lysosomal destabilization involved in a mitochondrially associated apoptosis. Curcumin at 25 M induces an ER stress with calcium release which, in turn, destabilizes the mitochondrial compartment to induce apoptosis. These events are also associated with lysosomal membrane permeabilization and activation of caspase-8 mediated by activation of cathepsins and calpains which induce Bid cleavage. Recently, it has been suggested that enhanced autophagy may play an important role in cancer therapy. In this work, I show that a fine interplay is at work which involves early autophagy as soon as the mitochondria produce superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide. Induction of autophagy, as shown by autophagic vacuole formation, was detected by acridine orange staining and monodansylcadaverine dye after exposure to curcumin at a concentration of 25 M at which only early events of apoptosis are detectable. Conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, a marker of active autophagosome formation, was also detectable by Western blotting following curcumin treatment. We also observed that reactive oxygen species production and autophagic vacuole formation following curcumin treatment was almost completely blocked by N-acetylcystein or by the mitochondrial specific antioxidant MitoQ, but also by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibitor ruthenium red and to a lesser extend by the calcium chelators, BAPTA-AM and EGTA-AM. Curcumin-induced autophagy failed to rescue the cell from death and the cells undergo apoptosis after a try for survival. Curcumin successfully induces oxidative stress in Huh-7 cells, perturbs important cell survival mechanisms, and thus achieves high degree of killing of these cancer cells
Esnault, Yann. "Etude du gène SSS1 de saccharomyces cerevisiae et de son produit, un composant essentiel du translocon." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066821.
Full textCourageot, Joël [Jacques René]. "Biosynthèse des glycoprotéines : Contribution à l'étude de l'enveloppe de HIV-1 et de la thyroglobuline, prohormone thyroi͏̈dienne." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX22084.
Full textVilleneuve, Julien. "CD154 et adaptation cellulaire au stress métabolique : exemple de la stéatose hépatique expérimentale." Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21591.
Full textNon Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a major public health concern. Its prevalence is high and its severity is related to the risk of transition towards cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. A distinctive histological feature of NAFLD is liver steatosis, resulting from the triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes. The mechanisms underlying liver steatosis are not yet understood, however, the involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is being increasingly emphasized. Excess lipid input to the hepatocyte disrupts the ER homeostasis, its loading overwhelming its processing abilities, leading to what is termed the ER stress. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) that corresponds to the activation of specific signalization pathways, whose effectors aim at adjusting the functional capacities of the ER. ER stress and the inflammatory reaction are linked, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. CD154 is a key mediator of inflammation and, therefore, we studied its involvement in the mechanisms leading to liver steatosis. CD154 knock-out mice developed a steatosis when fed with an olive oil-rich diet. When studying the corresponding mechanisms, we found that CD154 amplified the UPR and, more specifically, increased the unconventional splicing of an effector of the UPR, the X-box binding protein 1. Hence, CD154 increases cell adaptation by controlling the ER homeostasis. Our work highlights a new biological function for CD154, which appears to be an important mediator in the natural history of NAFLD
Ponsero, Alise. "Contrôle redox de la sécrétion protéique chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS276/document.
Full textThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the first intracellular compartment of the protein secretion pathway. Protein maturation in this compartment involves protein folding and post-traductionnal modification including formation of disulfide bonds. The formation of disulfide bonds is operated by a highly conserved redox relay made of the thiol oxidase Ero1 and the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Ero1p catalyzes disulfide bond formation and relays them by thiol-disulfide exchange to PDI, which in turn oxidizes substrates. Isomerization and terminal reduction of non-native disulfide bonds both rely on a reduction system that remains to be formally identified. Studies however suggest the importance of reduced glutathione in this reducing system. GSH is small redox tripeptide exclusively synthesized in the cytosol. In this study we (i) describe the main parameters of glutathione traffic across the ER membrane (ii) identify the main actors involved in the transport and (iii) analyze the physiological impact of a modification of the ER glutathione redox state.We established a system to monitor the fluxes of glutathione from the cytosol to the ER in S. cerevisiae. To artificially increase fluxes of glutathione, we used a cell over-expressing the GSH plasma membrane transporter HGT1, which when grown in presence of glutathione import high levels of this compound. Consequently, we monitored the intracellular relocation of imported GSH by following GSH fluxes using two specific redox probes. Our data indicate that:(i) GSH is transported into the ER by facilitated diffusion along a concentration gradient. GSSG can also be imported into the ER. Similarly, stress conditions that stimulate GSH synthesis, such as heat shoc, arsenite treatment, also triggered a GSH import in the ER.(ii) GSH import in the ER is achieved by the translocon Sec61, and is regulated by the lumenal chaperone Kar2.(iii) A rapid reduction of glutathione ER redox state leads to the activation of a non-apoptotic programmed cell death pathway, usually observed during high ER stress
Treton, Xavier. "Anomalies des microARN et du stress du réticulum endoplasmique au cours des maladies inflammatoires chroniques intestinales." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066703.
Full textKerbiriou, Mathieu. "Étude du stress du reticulum endoplasmique (RE) dans la mucoviscidose." Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES3204.
Full textCystic fibrosis is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmenbrane conductance regulator) chloride channel gene. The most common of these mutations is the deletion of the phenylalanine at position 508 (delF508) of the protein which leads to the expression of a misfiled protein which is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Now, the accumulation of misfiled proteins in the ER induces a stress and the triggering of an adaptative response called UPR (unfolded protein response) which induces among other things the decrease of protein synthesis and the augmentation of proteins degradation capacities. Moreover, UPR can be induced by exogenous factors which are present in cystic fibrosis (CF) such as inflammation and infections. Thus, we wanted to know whether delF508-CFTR could induce a stress and trigger 13FR. Hi the first part of this thesis, we show for the first time that UPR is triggered in delF508-CFTR expressing cells. Moreover, we have observed that the selective inhibition of a component of UFR (ATF6, activating transcription factor 6) allows a partial restauration of the delF508-CFTR channel activity. UFR can also land to apoptosis during a prolonged or too intense ER stress. Now, apoptosis is altered in CF. Thus, we compared ER stress-induced apoptosis between Wt (Wild type) and CF cells. In the second part of this thesis, we show that the apoptotic cascade involving calcium, m-calpain, caspase 12 and caspase 3 is altered in delF508-CFTR expressing cells, suggesting its implication in CF physiopathology. These results show that UPR is involved in CF physiopathology and that its regulation is a potential therapeutic target
Hamieh, Abdallah. "Caractérisation d'une nouvelle sélénoprotéine, la SelT, impliquée dans l'homéostasie du réticulum endoplasmique et la sécrétion endocrine." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES050.
Full textDelbrel, Eva. "Implication de l'hypoxie et du stress du réticulum endoplasmique dans l'altération phénotypique des cellules épithéliales alvéolaires." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD081.
Full textIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive and deadly lung disease characterized by a usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern associating fibrotic remodeling. This fibrotic process is related to repeated micro-injuries on alveolar epithelium leading to alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) dysfunction. The majors well-defined events in the pathogenic process in IPF are AECs apoptosis and EMT, orchestrating a progressive loss of epithelial phenotype IPF. These phenomena play a critical in the dysregulated cross-talk with subjacent interstitial fibroblasts conducting in their activation and resulting in an excessive and irreversible extracellular matrix production.In lung biopsy of pulmonary fibrosis, hypoxic microenvironment has been reported by the use of pimonidazole probe but also through expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1).Another cellular event, the ER stress activation, has been described by the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) transcription factors ATF4 and ATF6N. Moreover, the proapoptotic transcription factor CHOP, a common target of these UPR actors, is also observed in AECs of patients.In our work, we study the connection between hypoxic and UPR pathways and its specific role in the process of AECs alteration. We characterized in vivo in an hypoxic rat lung model, in vitro in primary rat AECs exposed to hypoxia and ex vivo in lung biopsy, the molecular mechanism involved in ER stress induction. We demonstrated the implication of the UPR pathways in the hypoxic induction of apoptosis. In this context, we demonstrated the major role of HIF-1 in the control of UPR actor’s expression and in CHOP regulation. Moreover, we evaluated the involvement of UPR pathways in the induction of EMT feature in hypoxia. Molecular mechanisms involved in these regulation has been characterized. Our work highlight the cutting role of UPR pathways in AECs phenotype alteration in hypoxic microenvironment and point out HIF-1/UPR as a new major axis in IPF pathogenesis
Kozlowski, Lucie. "Étude du lien entre la régulation épigénétique et le stress du réticulum endoplasmique chez Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0889.
Full textCellular adaptation to environmental changes and stress relies on a wide range of regulatory mechanisms which are tightly controlled at several levels, including transcription. Chromatin structure and chromatin binding proteins are important factors contributing to the transcriptional response to stress. However, it remains largely unknown to what extent specific chromatin factors influence these distinct responses in a developmental context. One of the best characterized stress response pathways is the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is activated by accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we show that Caenorhabditis elegans HPL-2, the homologue of the HP1 chromatin associated protein, is required for the ER stress response. Inactivation of HPL-2 results in enhanced resistance to ER stress dependent on the XBP-1 branch of the UPR and the closely related process of autophagy. Increased resistance to ER stress in animals lacking HPL-2 is associated with increased basal levels of XBP-1 activation and ER chaperones under physiological conditions. Using tissue specific rescue experiments, we find that HPL-2 plays antagonistic roles in intestinal and neuronal cells to influence the ER stress response. We further show that chemical inhibition of histone deacetylase activity mimics the HPL-2 loss of function phenotype, and that increasing or decreasing histone H3 lysine 4 methylation (H3K4me) has antagonistic effects on animal survival in response to ER stress. Altogether our results point to an important function for specific chromatin factors and chromatin modifications in maintaining ER homeostasis in a developmental context
Boulaflous, Aurélia. "Transport et rétention d’une protéine membranaire de type II dans le réticulum endoplasmique d’une cellule végétale." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES019.
Full textIn all eukaryotic cells, the secreted proteins undergo many co- and post-translational modifications along the secretory pathway. These modifications, among whom Nglycosylation, are required for biological activity of proteins. The maturation of the N-glycans is initiated by the Arabidopsis thaliana -glucosidase I (AtGCSI). During this thesis, after AtGCSI identification and biochemical characterisation, we studied its localisation in plantcell. AtGCSI is a type II membrane glycoprotein that cleaves the distal 1,2-glucose of the asparagines linked GlcNAc2-Man9-Glc3 precursor and it is exclusively located to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In parallel, localization studies of other N-glycan processing enzymes showed that all type II membrane proteins are located in the secretory pathway according to the order of their expected function. Then, in this study we demonstrated moreprecisely that two signals confer an ER localization of AtGCSI: the di-Arg signals, located to the cytosolic tail and the 60 amino acids of luminal domain. These signals are necessary and sufficient to retain truncated membrane proteins in the ER. At the same time, microdomains distinct but close to the ER and the Golgi are observed. Regarding these results, a theoretical model to explain ER residency of AtGCSI in plant cell was proposed
Bouchecareilh, Marion. "Régulation de l’activité biologique de la protéine IRE1 : rôle dans le développement des cancers." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13711.
Full textThe endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is the first intracellular compartment encountered by secretory proteins. In this organelle proteins acquire their correct conformation and undergo many post-translational modifications such as N-glycosylation or disulphide bond formation. Under specific environmental conditions (reductive stress, hypoxia, glucose deprivation …), protein folding is perturbed and uncorrectly folded proteins accumulate in the lumen of the ER. This leads to the activation of an adaptive response named the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). The UPR consists in an attenuation of protein translation and an activation of a specific transcriptional program. This integrated adaptive response is mediated by 3 transmembrane ER resident proteins: PERK (PKR-related ER kinase), ATF6 (Activating transcription Factor) and IRE1 (Inositol requiring kinase 1) and we focused more particularly on IRE1. During my PhD thesis, I participated to a study that demonstrated the role of IRE1 signaling in the regulation of VEGF expression in vitro and tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. The latter was carried out using a ortotopic implantation model of human glioma-derived cells. As a consequence IRE1 could certainly constitute a potential therapeutic target. In an attempt to modulate IRE1 activity, we aimed at identifying artificial modulators of its activity. To this end, we designed an in vitro assay capable of monitoring the first essential step in IRE1 activation process, namely its dimerization. This assay allowed us to identify a peptide able to interfere with IRE1 dimer formation, but, unexpectedly, to also increase its RNAse activity in vitro and in vivo. We propose that this interfacial peptide, derived from IRE1 kinase domain could promote a conformational change in IRE1 cytosolic domain and consequently lead to an increase in its enzymatic activity. This modulator could represent a new tool with therapeutic potential that could then be used in protein misfolding diseases for instance
Fattouh, Nour. "Caractérisation du mode de vie intracellulaire des endosymbiotes Wolbachia." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT079.
Full textThe intracellular bacteria Wolbachia have developed a wide range of symbiotic interactions, from being opportunistic reproductive parasites to mutualists with terrestrial arthropods and filarial nematode species, making them the most common endosymbionts on earth. The discovery that they interfere with arboviruses development and transmission by mosquito vectors and that filarial diseases can be cured by targeting Wolbachia, have created a strong interest in deciphering the mechanisms underlying their intracellular lifestyle. However, being obligate intracellular endosymbionts, Wolbachia remain genetically intractable. They grow slowly in insect cell cultures, for which markers are limited. Despite these obstacles, and to limit cell line-specific phenotypes, I chose to infect 2 Drosophila melanogaster cell lines presenting different sets of expressed genes, with a unique Wolbachia strain, naturally hosted by Drosophila melanogaster. Using these 2 cell lines that are differently permissive to the infection, I explored the interaction of Wolbachia with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Through fluorescence time-lapse confocal and electron microscopy observations, I provide strong evidence that this organelle is the source of membrane for Wolbachia, and possibly a source of nutrients. However, gene expression analyses and immunofluorescence approaches demonstrate that Wolbachia do not induce ER stress nor an increased ERAD- induced proteolysis, suggesting; unlike previously reported, that Wolbachia salvage amino acids by other subversion mechanisms. Additionally, I pioneered biolistic bombardement of Wolbachia-infected cells and the validation of this transformation technique has paved the way towards optimization of transformant selection steps and ultimately to the genetic engineering of Wolbachia
Grenier-Larouche, Thomas. "Implication du stress du réticulum endoplasmique dans l'intolérance aux lipides observée dans le diabète de type 2." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6310.
Full textLouessard, Morgane. "L'activateur tissulaire du plasminogène (tPA) : modulateur de la neurotransmission et acteur dans le stress du réticulum endoplasmique." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN3154.
Full textTissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease involved in many physiopathological processes (fibrinolysis, glutamatergic signaling, excitotoxicity, apoptosis, inflammation, ER stress). During my thesis I focused (1) on the expression of tPA in the murine CNS and especially in neurones, (2) on the mechanisms by which tPA modulates stroke- induced ER stress. Regarding tPA expression in the CNS, we show that oligodendrocytes, mast cells and ependymocytes express this protease. Colchicine treatment allowed us to highlight tPA in cell bodies of hippocampal and cortical neurons. We first demonstrated that tPA is expressed by pyramidal glutamatergic neurons and stored therein in synaptic vesicles synaptobrevin 2 positives. We also demonstrate in vitro that tPA can bind to Grp78 at the neuronal membrane and thereby modulates the PERK pathway of the UPR induced by ischemic conditions. We show for the first time that the phosphorylation of eIF2α and the expression of its downstream targets are decreased in the presence of tPA, leading to neuroprotection. To summarize, my thesis’ results confirm and bring new elements about the localization of tPA in the CNS, especially in terms of its distribution in cortical neurons. They also identify a neuroprotective effect of tPA via its binding with a new receptor at the membrane that induces a decrease in ER stress
Gallerne, Cindy. "Etude du réticulum endoplasmique et de la mitochondrie en tant que cibles pour la chimiothérapie anti cancéreuse." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0019.
Full textDuring my Ph. D thesis, I studied the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria as potential targets for anticancer chemotherapy. The role of the isoforme 4 of the ANT (ANT4) in the apoptosis of cancer cells was studied and we demonstrated the anti-apoptotic function of this protein. Besides, we investigated which members of PTP were able to sensitize cancer cells to apoptosis induced by alkylating agents such as cisplatin or melphalan, and showed that genetic or pharmacologic overexpression of VDAC1 sensitizes cancer cells to apoptosis induced by these genotoxic compounds. Furthermore, the chemotherapeutic potential of withaferin A (WFA) against different human melanoma cell lines was tested and we demonstrated that WFA triggers apoptosis through ROS production and decrease of Bcl-2 expression. Finally, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cell death induced by PU-H71, an Hsp90 inhibitor, were evaluated on cancer cell lines, and we showed that PU-H71 induces ER stress and mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, and overcomes the protection conferred by Bcl-2 overexpression in cancer cells. Moreover, Bax deficient cells, which are resistant to PU-H71-induced cell death, were sensitized to apoptosis by a combined treatment using PU-H71 and melphalan or cisplatin. Consequently, through this work we identified different cellular targets and promising molecules for cancer treatment, particularly in the case of tumors resistant to conventional chemotherapy
Philippe, Céline. "Stress du réticulum endoplasmique dans les leucémies aiguës myéloïdes : rôle et régulation du facteur de transcription XBP1." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30131.
Full textEndoplasmic reticulum stress activation is a common feature of cancer cells. Generally, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is triggered by any situation inducing an accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER. To cope with these perturbations, cells set off a conserved and adaptive intracellular signaling known as UPR or Unfolded Protein Response. UPR involves the activation of three sensors which are transmembrane proteins of ER (i) IRE1 (Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1), (ii) ATF6 (Activation Transcription Factor 6) and (iii) PERK (PKR-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase). IRE1 is the most conserved branch of the three pathways and signals through two catalytic domains: a kinase and an RNAse L like endoribonucleolytic domains. Its most described target is the mRNA of the transcription factor XBP1 (X-box Binding Protein). IRE1 participates to the non-conventional splicing of XBP1 mRNA (XBP1s,spliced) leading to a frameshift and the expression of a potent transcription activator. In solid tumors, the implication of ER stress has been well characterized; however, the current knowledge on the precise role of the UPR in hematological malignancies, notably in leukemia, is extremely poor. A clinical study conducted by Schardt et al. highlighted a correlation between XPB1s activation and a favorable prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Firstly, in order to decipher on the role of XBP1, we set up a model enabling the inducible expression of XBP1s in leukemic cells. In this model, XBP1s expression potentiates the effect of chemotherapeutic treatments, aracytine, doxorubicin and etoposide. We also report that XBP1s expression induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth in xenograft model. In order to characterize molecular mechanism and new targets, we perform a chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing. We thus identify the long non-coding MIR22HG, precursor of the microRNA 22 as a direct XBP1 target gene. Many miR-22 targets are classified as oncogenes. Among these targets, Sirtuin 1 is overexpressed in AML patients and could act as a pro-survival factor upon DNA damages, causing drug resistance. These results suggest that miR-22 could be a potent chemotherapeutic response biomarker in AML patients. Secondly, we study XBP1 regulation by the major AML oncogene FLT3-ITD (Fms-Like Tyrosine kinase-3 receptor - Internal Tandem Duplication) and highlight an unexpected feedback mechanism suggesting that XBP1 expression could be deregulated in AML. Taken together these results enable a better understanding of the role and regulation of XBP1 in acute myeloid leukemia and could, in the longer term, enable the development of new useful biomarkers in the management of patients
Lipp, Nicolas-Frédéric. "Fonctionnement des échangeurs phosphatidylsérine / phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate à l’interface entre le réticulum endoplasmique et la membrane plasmique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ6027.
Full textLipid transfer proteins (LTPs) facilitate the solubilization of lipids and ensure their distribution between distinct biological membranes. Osh6p and Osh7p proteins in yeast cells and the ORP5 and ORP8 proteins in human cells are homologous LTPs that share a common function: they transport phosphatidylserine (PS) from its site of synthesis, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), to the plasma membrane where PS is abundant and essential for a number of cellular functions. To perform this vectorial transport, these proteins exchange PS for a second lipid – phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI(4)P)– that is next transported in the opposite direction from the plasma membrane to the ER. In the cell, PI(4)P is continuously made in the plasma membrane and hydrolyzed in the ER, respectively by PI 4 kinases and a PI phosphatase, and this maintains a constant concentration gradient between the two membranes. By exploiting this gradient, Osh6p/Osh7p and ORP5/8 derive the necessary energy to contribute to the accumulation of PS in the plasma membrane. About Osh6p, our lab measured in vitro that this exchange mechanism is very fast, and this is also observed in yeast. This is likely sufficient to supply the plasma membrane whose surface area doubles in a cell division time, with the appropriate amount of PS.During my thesis, I examined three aspects of the PS/PI(4)P exchange mechanism. First, I studied how Osh6p/Osh7p ensure rapid lipid transfer at the interface of two membranes, one that is slightly anionic (i.e., the ER) and the other one that is very anionic (i.e., the plasma membrane). Second, I examined what imparts Osh6p and Osh7p with the ability to accurately transport PS solely between these two membranes in yeast. Finally, I examine whether Osh6p and ORP8 differently transfer PS depending on the nature of its acyl-chains.Using biochemical, in vitro reconstitution assays and real-time fluorescence spectroscopy approaches, I demonstrated, first that Osh6p by undergoing a conformation change when encapsulating PS or PI(4)P limits its retention time on anionic membranes during an exchange process, and is therefore very rapid. Second, I contributed to demonstrating that Osh6p performs accurate exchange, only at the ER/plasma membrane interface, by interacting with the membrane tethering factor Ist2p. All these studies improve our understanding of lipid flows in the cell and open new perspectives concerning the regulation of these essential machineries critical for cell function
Giordano, Laïla. "Le récepteur IOS1 d’Arabidopsis thalisana - modulateur de l’homéostasie protéique du réticulum endoplasmique en réponse au stress biotique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2019AZUR6023.
Full textPlant cells have a diversifying number of plasma membrane-localized receptors, which are specialized in detecting environmental changes and allow the plant to adapt accordingly. About 200 of these receptors are composed of an extracellular domain with leucine-rich repeats (LRR) and an intracellular kinase domain. We have previously identified a member of this receptor family in Arabidopsis, which contributes to the infection success by biotrophic filamentous pathogens, such as the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). The plant mutant for the receptor gene loses its susceptibility to infection, and according to this phenotype the receptor has been named "Impaired Oomycete Susceptibility 1" (IOS1). IOS1 negatively regulates the abscisic acid (ABA) hormone signaling pathway upon infection. In addition, the receptor has been shown to be part of a plasma membrane receptor complex that detects bacterial infections and triggers innate immunity. The extracellular region of IOS1 harbors an additional so-called Malectin-Like Domain (MLD), which has strong structural similarities to animal malectin. Animal malectin resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it interacts with ribophorins from the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex. Proteins from this complex ensure post-translational protein maturation by adding N-glycosylations. Ribophorins monitor the correct folding of neo-synthetized glycoproteins. Environmental changes frequently alter the rate of proteins that are produced and require maturation. If monitoring system is not efficient, neo-synthetized proteins accumulate in the ER and generate the "Unfolded Protein Response" (UPR). The mechanism for controlling glycoprotein maturation and the UPR also exist in plant cells. In order to characterize the functions of the extracellular domain (ED) of IOS1, we show by confocal laser-scanning microscopy that the MLD mediates a retention of the receptor in the ER. Here, the MLD of the receptor attenuates the UPR, which is triggered by the oomycete infection. We identified the plant ribophorin HAP6 and the cell death attenuator Bax-Inhibitor-1 (BI-1) as ER-residing proteins that interact with the ED of IOS1. In functional complementation experiments involving the ios1-1 mutant transformed with individual IOS1 domains, we further evaluated the role of IOS1 and the MLD in the plant responses to ER and ABA stress signaling. We show that the MLD attenuates the UPR during the plant-oomycete interaction, thus promoting successful infection. We also show that ABA signaling correlates positively with the UPR, indicating that the observed IOS1-mediated regulation of hormone signaling is a consequence of interference with the UPR. Taken together, our data suggest that individual domains of the IOS1 receptor target distinct functions in different subcellular compartments
Oyhenart, Jorge Aníbal. "Participation de phtf-1 à la différenciation et la maturation de la cellule germinale mâle." Paris 12, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA120018.
Full textPhtf (putative homeodomain transcription factor) is a gene family wll-conserved from drosophila to mammals. We found phtf-1 would be compromissed in the morphological differentiation and in the maturation of the male germ cell. Phtf-l is expressed during meiosis and spermiogenesis but also by the epididymal epithelium. Its transcription in epididymis, is controlled by circulating factors issued from testis. Phtf-1 translation is. Over all the examined tissues, regulated by alternative use of 5' untranslated sequences. Phtf-l is a membrane protein that locates to a domain of the endoplasmic reticulum. Glycosylation and proteolytic cleavages are at the basis of different isoformes in testis and epididymis. In the germinal cell, phtf-1 interacts with fem l b, an orthologous of the feminizing factor FEM-1 of Caenorhabditis elegans. We describe here their expression and interaction in the rodent testis
Horzinski, Lætitia. "Etude des conséquences fonctionnelles des mutations du facteur eIF2B en pathologie humaine." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF1MM09.
Full textThe eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) is a key regulator of the translation initiation process due to its guanine exchange factor (GEF) activity. Recently, it has been implicated in a group of rare neurological genetic disorders affecting the white matter of the central nervous system called eIF2B-pathies. The mutational analysis of the EIF2B genes allowed us to identify for the first time a splicing site mutation in the EIF2B5 gene. The genotype/phenotype characterization of adult forms of eIF2B-pathies has been performed on a cohort of 16 eIF2B-mutated patients. We did not find mutations in the coding regions of the three EIF2S1-3 genes, encoding the eIF2 factor, in 10 patients presenting with a phenotype similar to the eIF2B-pathies but without eIF2B mutations. Two diagnostic complementary biomarkers have been validated : (1) the decrease of eIF2B GEF activity in lymphoblasts with 100% specificity and 89% sensibility using a threshold at 77,5% and (2) the decrease of asialotransferrin in the cerebrospinal fluid in comparison to the total transferrin with a ratio set at 8% and leading to 100% sensitivity and 94% specificity. Fonctional molecular mechanisms involved in the physiopathology of eIF2B-related disorders has been performed by two approaches. The first one focalised on the study of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in lymphoblasts from 12 eIF2B-mutated patients. The translational hyper-induction of specific genes involved in the unfolded protein response, identified in other cell types, was not observed in the eIF2B-mutated lymphoblasts. A global approach using a differential transcriptomic study of primary fibroblasts from 10 eIF2B-mutated patients submitted or not to an ER-stress. The comparison with the transcriptomic profile of fibroblasts from patients presenting with other types of leukodystrophies allowed us to identify 72 genes specifically differentially deregulated in eIF2B-mutated fibroblasts. Specificity of deregulated 10 genes involved in mRNA regulation, mitochondrial function and gametogenesis, has been confirmed in fœtal eIF2B-mutated brains. This suggests that eIF2B mutations lead a premature development disorder
Capdevila, Cécile. "Etude de la sécrétion et développement de nouvelles conditions de culture pour la production des enzymes ligninolytiques par le basidiomycète Phanerochaete chrysosporium INA-12." Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX22071.
Full textPallet, Nicolas. "Rôle du stress du reticulum endoplasmique dans la néphrotoxicité de la ciclosporine." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05S007.
Full textThe molecular mechanisms by which cyclosporine (CsA) induces chronic nephrotoxicity remain poorly understood. Previous transcriptomic study suggested that CsA might induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in human tubular cells. The aim of this study was to characterize the features of the tubular ER stress induced by CsA and to investigate its consequences on cell differentiation and viability. We confirmed that CsA is responsible for ER stress in vitro in primary cultures of human tubular cells and in vivo in the rat. CsA and other ER stress inducers were responsible for epithelial phenotypic changes (EPCs) leading to the generation of protomyofibroblasts, independently of TGF-0 signaling. RNA interference directed against cyclophilin A gene supported the role of its inhibition in the ER stress and EPCs induced by CsA. Salubrinal, a selective inhibitor of eIF2oc dephosphorylation known to protect cells from ER stress, significantly reduced EPCs and cytotoxicity induced by CsA. Finally, ER stress detection in tubular cells on 56 kidney transplant protocol biopsies was significantly associated with tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. In conclusion, we describe here a new mechanism that initiates dedifferentiation and tubular cell death during CsA treatment, and that may be implicated in the occurrence of the tubulo-interstitial lesions observed in CsA chronic nephrotoxicity. These results provide an interesting framework for further nephroprotective therapies by targetting ER stress
Wilhelm, Léa. "Etude du rôle de STARD3 dans le transport du cholestérol." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ048/document.
Full textSTARD3 is an endosomal sterol-binding protein which belongs to the START protein family. Remarkably, STARD3 modulates the cellular organization by creating membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and endosomes. The link between ER-endosome contact sites and cholesterol transport was not understood. In this work, we showed that STARD3 and its ER–resident partner, VAMP–associated protein (VAP), assemble into a machine that allows a highly efficient transport of cholesterol within ER–endosome contacts. This cholesterol transport provides building blocks for endosome inner membranes formation, and is probably involved in endosome dynamics. Furthermore, we studied STARD3 function in Niemann Pick type C disease, a condition characterized by an impairment of endosomal cholesterol export
Thiebaut, Pierre-Alain. "Impact de la Protéine Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B sur la dysfonction endothéliale induite par le stress du réticulum endoplasmique." Science de la vie et de la Santé, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUENR10.
Full textEndothelial dysfunction represents a pathological state of the endothelium, characterized in particular by an alteration of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, thus hindering main endothelial functions, which are vasodilatation, as well as inhibition of coagulation, and inflammatory cell recruitment. Many diseases are associated with endothelial dysfunction such as cardiovascular, metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Treating endothelial dysfunction represents a powerful opportunity to prevent inflammatory diseases that impact cardiovascular function such as sepsis. However, the physiopathology of endothelial dysfunction during sepsis is far from being completely understood. Our team recently highlighted that Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibition prevented sepsis-induced cardiovascular dysfunction, but the mechanism of this protection remains unclear. Moreover, recent works suggest that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is a molecular response to cellular homeostasis perturbation, worsens endothelial dysfunction and sepsis. Finally, it was proposed that PTP1B could regulate ER stress in noncardiovascular tissues. Thus, our study addresses the link between endothelial dysfunction, ER stress and PTP1B in the context of sepsis. Our results suggest that ER stress exacerbates endothelial dysfunction and that the protective effect of PTP1B inhibition on endothelial dysfunction during sepsis is mediated by ER stress reduction
Labarre, Audrey. "Protéines mal repliées et stress associé au réticulum endoplasmique : implications dans la pathogénèse de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26397.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. About 10% of cases are familial (FALS) and 90% are sporadic (SALS). Currently, mutations in SOD1 and TARDBP genes are among the main causes of FALS. Many evidences suggest that environmental factors can be an important element in the identification of probable SALS causes. However, our comprehension of mechanisms leading to mutations in these genes or exposure to different environmental factors, to the death of motor neurons is still limited. Currently, there is not efficient cure for ALS. The development of an immunotherapy with specific anti-misfolded SOD1 antibodies will therefore help us to understand the mechanisms and environmental factors that may be involved. This can lead to new perspectives for early diagnosis and prognosis, and new therapeutic approaches for this yet incurable disease.
Di, Mattia Thomas. "Identification et caractérisation de la protéine MOSPD2, un bâtisseur de sites de contact membranaire impliquant le réticulum endoplasmique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ043.
Full textMembrane contact sites (MCS) are specific subcellular regions where two organelles are physically connected. Such micro-domains - molecularly defined by protein-protein and/or protein membrane interactions - are involved in organelle dynamic and inter-organelle communication. The field of MCS is constantly expanding thanks to the discovery of new molecular actors involved in organelle tethering. In this context of research, we identified MOSPD2 (motile sperm domain-containing protein 2) as a new factor involved in the formation of MCS. The MOSPD2 protein is anchored to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); it is able to interact thanks to its MSP domain with other organelle-associated proteins which common feature is to have a short protein motif called FFAT. By binding with its protein partners, MOSPD2 establishes MCS between the ER and endosomes, mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus. These results show how a large net covering the entire cytoplasm made by the ER can trap a large variety of cellular organelles
De, Keukeleire Béatrice. "Identification d'une voie de dégradation dépendante du GTP dans le réticulum endoplasmique : cas de la protéine CFTR-F508del." Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10122.
Full textL". F508-CFTR, the most frequent mutation found in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), was among the first misfolded membrane proteins for which a role of ubiquitin and proteasome in ERAD was described. However, proteasome-mediated ERAD of membrane proteins is a challenging process because substrate and degradation machinery are located in different cellular compartments. Luminal domains and transmembrane segments of membrane proteins not only need to be unfolded, but should also undergo retrograde translocation and/or extraction from lipid bilayer in order to reach proteolytic sites within the 20S particle. However in the absence of A TP and in the presence of protéasome inhibitors, the degradation of L". F508-CFTR is only modestly inhibited, suggesting that other proteolytic system may contribute to the degradation of the mutant CFTR. To date, no other proteases or proteolytic systems have been demonstrated to contribute to the L". F508-CFTR elimination. Our present study represents the initial attempt to characterize the proteasome-independent proteolytic pathway of L". F508-CFTR. For the first time, we point out the role of GTP and heterotrimeric G proteins in the disposaI of the mutant CFTR. Through our results, we demonstrate that this proteolytic pathway is restricted to RE. Ln parallel, we also investigated the role of protéasome and A TP in the degradation of L". F508-CFTR and showed the absence of correlation between proteasomal activity and the elimination of the mutant CFTR. AIl together our results suggest that the ER-GTP dependent degradation pathway may be a complementary system that contributes to the disposaI of ER-misfolded membrane proteins
Lebeaupin, Cynthia. "Rôles du stress du réticulum endoplasmique et de Bax Inhibitor-1 dans les complications hépatiques liées à l’obésité." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4025.
Full textDue to the obesity pandemic, the last decades have been marked by a constantly increasing prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). NAFLD covers a spectrum of hepatic disorders ranging from steatosis, characterized by the ectopic accumulation of lipids in the liver, to steatohepatitis (NASH), featuring inflammation, hepatocellular death and fibrosis. During obesity, an increase in metabolic danger signals leads to disrupted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function, essential for cellular homeostasis. The resulting ER stress activates a signaling network involving three sensors: IRE1α, ATF6 and PERK to enforce adaptive programs. If this stress is severe or becomes chronic, the cell will trigger a terminal apoptotic response. The protein Bax Inhibitor-1 (BI-1), as a negative endogenous regulator of the IRE1α signaling pathway in the liver, may play a hepatoprotective role.By combining data from obese patients with liver complications and experimental approaches in mice, this thesis aimed to better characterize the chronic activation of ER stress in NAFLD pathogenesis. This work also emitted the hypothesis that a deficiency in BI-1 leads to unrestrained IRE1α signaling that may be responsible for the steatosis to NASH transition. This study further investigated the potential dialogue between ER stress and the activation the NLRP3 inflammasome, which induces the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18) by activating pro-inflammatory caspases (caspase-1, caspase-4/11). The administration of a broad spectrum ER stress inhibitor or specific inhibitors of IRE1α improved the pathophysiological features of NASH and may open novel therapeutic perspectives
Lebeaupin, Cynthia. "Rôles du stress du réticulum endoplasmique et de Bax Inhibitor-1 dans les complications hépatiques liées à l’obésité." Thesis, Côte d'Azur, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4025.
Full textDue to the obesity pandemic, the last decades have been marked by a constantly increasing prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). NAFLD covers a spectrum of hepatic disorders ranging from steatosis, characterized by the ectopic accumulation of lipids in the liver, to steatohepatitis (NASH), featuring inflammation, hepatocellular death and fibrosis. During obesity, an increase in metabolic danger signals leads to disrupted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function, essential for cellular homeostasis. The resulting ER stress activates a signaling network involving three sensors: IRE1α, ATF6 and PERK to enforce adaptive programs. If this stress is severe or becomes chronic, the cell will trigger a terminal apoptotic response. The protein Bax Inhibitor-1 (BI-1), as a negative endogenous regulator of the IRE1α signaling pathway in the liver, may play a hepatoprotective role.By combining data from obese patients with liver complications and experimental approaches in mice, this thesis aimed to better characterize the chronic activation of ER stress in NAFLD pathogenesis. This work also emitted the hypothesis that a deficiency in BI-1 leads to unrestrained IRE1α signaling that may be responsible for the steatosis to NASH transition. This study further investigated the potential dialogue between ER stress and the activation the NLRP3 inflammasome, which induces the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18) by activating pro-inflammatory caspases (caspase-1, caspase-4/11). The administration of a broad spectrum ER stress inhibitor or specific inhibitors of IRE1α improved the pathophysiological features of NASH and may open novel therapeutic perspectives
Bossowski, Józef Piotr. "Induction d’une réponse immunitaire anti-tumorale par un régime pauvre en protéines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4105.
Full textSeveral arguments from the literature suggested the importance of diets in cancer development and in the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies. Calorie restriction (CR) suppresses cancer growth in various animal models and sensitizes tumor cells to targeted therapies (Meynet & Ricci, 2014). Thus, non-pharmacologic approaches such as CR have a growing interest in the clinic. Considering the nutrient addiction of cancer cells, we wondered which specific macronutrients contribute the most to anti-cancer effects. Therefore, we tested the reduction in specific macronutrient without decrease in general calorie intake on tumor development. We used two diets: reduced in carbohydrates (Low CHO, -25% carbohydrates) and diet reduced in protein (Low PROT, -25% proteins) on the Eµ-Myc transgenic mouse model of B-cell lymphoma. Syngeneic C57BL/6 mice were intravenously injected with primary Eμ-Myc cells. We observed that low PROT-diet, in spite of equal calorie intake among the groups, resulted in increase of the overall survival of Eµ-Myc-bearing C57BL/6 mice. Very importantly, we established that this pro-survival effect is immune system-dependent as both depletion of CD8+ T cells and use of immunodeficient NSG (NOD-SCID il2rγ) mouse model prevented the beneficial effect of the low PROT-diet on the tumor development. We reproduced and further extended our observations using subcutaneous injection of CT26 colorectal cancer cells in syngeneic immunocompetent BALB/c mice and B16 melanoma in C57BL/6 mice. As tumor cells are highly dependent on nutrients, we speculated that low PROT diet could induce ER stress in tumor cells. Indeed, we observed increase in proteins implicated in ER stress signaling – CHOP and sXBP1. Therefore, we treated low PROT-diet fed mice with two ER stress inhibitors, the general inhibitor TUDCA or MKC4485, which targets IRE1 RNAse activity. In both cases, inhibitors significantly prevented the effect of the Low PROT-diet on tumor development and on intratumoral number of CD8+ T cells. To eliminate any side effects of chemical inhibitors, we invalidated IRE1 in CT26 cells and obtained similar results, demonstrating that IRE1 signaling in tumor cells is a central event in the low PROT-diet induced anti-cancer immune response. In addition, we have uncovered RIG-I activation as a downstream event of IRE1 activation and by bioinformatic analysis correlated high-IRE1 signature with high immune infiltration and enhanced immunogenicity of cancer in patients bearing melanoma, glioblastoma and colorectal cancer. Hence, we have shown that the immune system response elicited under a Low PROT diet is a consequence of increased IRE1 activation in cancer cells
Sorieul, Mathias. "Localisation et dynamique sub-cellulaires des aquaporines d'Arabidopsis thaliana." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20208.
Full textGotté, Maxime. "Immunité végétale : caractérisation fonctionnelle des corps du réticulum endoplasmique (les ER bodies) ; rôle dans la protection de la racine." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES029.
Full textPlants are continuously challenged by pathogens. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bodies are particular organelles, containing β-glucosidases, that form from the ER and play a major role in defense of the Brassicales. So far, most of the studies were conducted on the ER bodies from the shoots and a few information is available on ER bodies of the roots. In the present thesis work, we have focused on root cells of two brassicacea species, namely Arabidopsis thaliana and Raphanus sativus by using microscopical, biochemical and molecular biology techniques. First, we have investigated the occurrence and distribution of ER bodies in various cell types and found them abundantly present in all peripheral tissues. We have also found that the morphology and number of ER bodies differ from one cell type to another. Second, we have investigated the role of these organelles in root defense by studying the response of ER bodies to methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a phytohormone involved in plant defense signaling. The data show that MeJA induces a marked increase in the number of ER bodies along with an increase in β-glucosidase activity. Remarkably, MeJA also induces fusion of several ER bodies together resulting on the formation of very long organelles reaching 3-4 times the size of the normal ones. Third, we have studied the expression of 5 genes involved in ER body formation in the different root zones treated with MeJA and isolated by Laser Assisted Microdissection technique. The isolated root regions are the root cap zone, the meristematic zone, the elongation zone and the differentiation zone. Our findings show that the expression of the genes is fine-tuned in the different zones, under MeJA treated and standard conditions. This suggests that the formation of ER bodies is specifically regulated in different root tissues possibly in relation with the functional properties of each cell type in root development and defense
Barroso, Kim. "Contrôle Epigénétique du Stress du Réticulum Endoplasmique : un nouveau rôle pour p97/VCP dans la regulation de l’homéostasie protéique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0209/document.
Full textP97/VCP is a member of the AAA+ ATPase family that plays major roles in various cellular processes including control of protein homeostasis and chromatin-associated functions (transcription, replication, DNA damage, cellular cycle progression). Moreover, p97/VCP is involved in a growing number of diseases including cancers in which it has been shown to contribute to protein homeostasis and adaptation to oncogenic stresses. Indeed, p97/VCP expression is increased in numerous cancers and in some cases correlates with tumor recurrence and poor prognosis for patients. However, the precise mechanism by which p97/VCP regulates tumor cell proteostasis remains unclear. To address this, we demonstrated a role of p97/VCP in gene expression control upon endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We found that in basal conditions, RuvBL2 is part of chromatin remodeler complex that included HDAC1 and mSin3A and act as a repressor of ER stress genes. However under ER stress, ubiquitinylated RuvBL2 is degraded by p97/VCP thus causing activation of ER stress genes. Moreover, we have identified GLI1, a known effector of Hedgehog signaling, as a target of the p97/VCP and RuvBL2-HDAC1-mSin3A complex. As a result under ER stress conditions, the Hedgehog pathway which have been linked to cancer development is non-canonically activated. Overall, our work indicated that p97/VCP acts as a molecular switch to inactivate RuvBL2-HDAC1 repressor complex under ER stress thus activating ER stress genes and Hedgehog genes in a non-canonical manner
Safiedeen, Zainab. "Rôle de l'interaction entre le réticulum endoplasmique et les mitochondries dans la dysfonction endothéliale induite par des microparticules humaines." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0063/document.
Full textMetabolic syndrome (MetS) consists of a constellation of metabolic abnormalities such as central obesity, impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol and hypertension. Cardiovascular diseases are the primary clinical outcome of MetS whereas endothelial dysfunction represents a primary disturbance in cardiovascular events. Recently, it has been shown that microparticles (MPs), small membrane vesicles released from the plasma membrane of activated and/or apoptotic cells, are involved in the pathogenesis of MetS by inducing endothelial dysfunction through the decrease of nitric oxide (NO) production. Also, MPs from apoptotic T cells induce endothelial dysfunction by decreasing NO production. However, the mechanism through which this endothelial dysfunction takes place is not completely elucidated. Thus, the objective of this study is to study the mechanisms through which human MPs induce endothelial dysfunction
Bouchard, Alexanne. "La protéine de stress du réticulum endoplasmique GRP94 dans le cancer du sein triple négatif, intérêt diagnostique et thérapeutique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. https://nuxeo.u-bourgogne.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/8b1b931d-83a7-49fd-9779-012ad3949e79.
Full textTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by the absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors, as well as HER2, on tumor cells. It is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer and is associated with a higher risk of metastasis. It accounts for 15-20% of all breast cancers. Due to the lack of specific targets, hormone therapy and HER2-targeted drugs are ineffective. TNBC represents a subgroup of heterogeneous tumors that can be classified according to their molecular characteristics. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms, particularly those involved in modulating the immune response, is needed to optimize the management of this cancer. In this context, molecular imaging can represent an interesting tool: it enables the non-invasive identification and in vivo visualization of specific targets in the tumor or tumor microenvironment (TME), thanks to selective molecular probes that can be used for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes. In this thesis work, two specific TME targets were studied using such probes: M2-like macrophages and GARP protein, a TGF-β anchoring receptor. M2-like macrophages are recognized as having a major pro-tumoral role. The results obtained enabled us to demonstrate the presence of CD206+ M2-like macrophages in our CSTN model using in vivo multimodal imaging. In this study, we validated the efficacy of 99mTc-Tilmanocept in SPECT/CT as a probe for imaging M2-like macrophages in the TME of our TNBC model. We also demonstrated co-expression of these CD206+ M2-like macrophages with the GRP94 protein, an important chaperone involved in immune responses. Finally, inhibition of GRP94 with a specific inhibitor, PU-WS13, significantly decreased the number of M2-like macrophages as well as tumor growth in our TNBC model. Thus, SPECT imaging with 99mTc-Tilmanocept could represent an innovative method for imaging CD206+ M2-like macrophages as a potential biomarker for prognosis, therapeutic prediction and/or monitoring of solid tumors. The second target studied, the GARP protein, is expressed at the membrane of Tregs and tumor cells and plays a key role in the activation of TGF-β, a major immunosuppressive cytokine in cancer development. The development of a theranostic approach targeting GARP combining imaging (111In-DOTAGA-GARP) and targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) (177Lu-DOTAGA-GARP) has been achieved. We showed in our preclinical TNBC model that GARP expression was increased after external radiotherapy, a classic therapeutic strategy, and could be specifically detected and quantified in the TME using in vivo SPECT/CT imaging with the 111In-DOTAGA-GARP probe. Moreover, its use in its therapeutic form (177Lu-DOTAGA-GARP) limited tumor growth. This theranostic strategy could enable the personalization of cancer treatments by identifying and treating patients likely to respond to therapy targeting Tregs via TRT
Lhomond, Stephanie. "Impact fonctionnel de mutations somatiques dans le gène ERN1 (IRE1ΑLPHA) dans les glioblastomes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0038/document.
Full textIn eukaryotic cells, alterations in the cellular microenvironment or mutations in the protein secretory pathway induce ER stress and activate an adaptive response termed UPR. The intracellular signals associated with UPR are transmitted from the ER lumen to the nucleus by three transmembrane proteins among which IRE1α also called ERN1. During ER stress, IRE1α oligomerizes, activating its kinase and endoribonuclease domains and a downstream complex intracellular signaling. Many studies linking the UPR to cancer point to IRE1α as a major player in tumorigenesis, particularly in the growth and vascularization of glioblastomas (GBM), although the precise mechanisms involved remain to be determined. Studies led in our laboratory have identified two targets of IRE1α endoribonuclease activity (RIDD): SPARC and PER1 as respective effectors of pro–angiogenic, pro-migratory and proproliferative effects of IRE1α in GBM. In addition, in recent years, IRE1α sequencing identified around fifty mutations, four of which have been identified in GBM biopsies. The expression of these four mutations, including A414T identified in the laboratory, in the U-87 MG cells, and implantation of these cells into mouse brain has highlighted the pro-tumoral role of the A414T mutation and the anti-tumor role of the P336L mutation. A414T oligomers stabilize IRE1α, over-activating downstream signaling pathways and leading to a faster growth and greater tumor vascularization. Thus, our work confirms that IRE1α is a central regulator of GBM development and may be a prognostic marker and therapeutic target in GBM
Le, Reste Pierre-Jean. "Mise au point d'un modèle préclinique pertinent pour étudier le ciblage thérapeutique des voies du stress du réticulum endoplasmique dans le glioblastome." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2024. https://ged.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/53efd0bb-d4e1-4848-b57a-d5b1f207e134.
Full textGlioblastome (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor. Its prognosis remains very poor despite multimodal therapies, with a median survival of approximately 15 months. GBM is a highly invasive tumor located in an organ with important vital and functional constraints, making its treatment a challenge. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intracellular organelle with multiple roles, including protein production and folding. Under certain conditions, of cellular stress, the ER can be subjected to accumulation of misfolded proteins and trigger the Unfolded Protein Reponse (UPR) UPR is an adaptativeprocess that can either restore protein homeostasis or trigger apoptosis. In this thesis, we propose to study the role of UPR in GBM aggressiveness, and to try to determine to what extent its targeting by innovative pharmacological agents has an impact animal model on oncological prognosis. To this end, we first demonstrate that IRE1, a UPR sensor protein, has an impact on tumor agressiveness, in particular through its splicing activity of xpb1. The xpb1- induced signaling leads to macrophage infiltration, neo-angiogenesis and invasive profile og GBM. Secondly, we propose to define a drug being MKC8866, a selective inhibitor of IRE1 RNase activity. Finally, we propose to evaluate the impact of this inhibitor on tumor development, through intracerebral targeting, coupled with excision and radio-chemotherapy, in an innovative syngeneic mouse model. This targeting allowed us to demonstrate na oncological benefit of targeting IRE1 in addition to conventional therapies. This work constitutes a preclinical proof of concept of the efficacy of UPR targeting, and proposes an innovative preclinical model that can be used to study other signaling pathways of interest