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Journal articles on the topic 'Retaining walls'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Lawrence, C. J., P. G. Carter, and N. J. Mapplebeck. "Cylinder retaining walls." Construction and Building Materials 6, no. 2 (January 1992): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(92)90060-c.

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2

Singh, Preetpal. "Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology V, no. VIII (August 29, 2017): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.8051.

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3

Semeniuk, Slavik Denisovich, and Yuriy Nikolayevich Kotov. "REINFORCED CONCRETE RETAINING WALLS." Вестник Белорусско-Российского университета, no. 4 (2018): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.53078/20778481_2018_4_86.

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4

Kjartanson, Bruce H. "Retaining and flood walls." Engineering Structures 17, no. 3 (April 1995): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(95)90017-9.

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5

Broms, B. B. "Fabric reinforced retaining walls." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 27, no. 2 (April 1990): A115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(90)95277-8.

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6

V. Т. Guzchenko and М. А. Lisnevskyy. "CLASSIFICATION OF RETAINING WALLS." Bridges and tunnels: Theory, Research, Practice, no. 3 (May 12, 2015): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/bttrp2012/26417.

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Classification of various retaining walls structures is given in the article. It gives special attention to material saving structures. Particularly this article talks us about structures of retaining walls with membrane materials andreinforced earth. Retaining walls with application of reinforced concrete shell structures of the various shapes, wall on pile foundation, gabion walls and anchor counterfort retaining walls are noted.

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7

Rubin, Oleg D., Sergey E. Lisichkin, and Fedor A. Pashenko. "Development of a method for calculating the stress state in horizontal sections of hydraulic engineering angular-type retaining walls." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 15, no. 5 (December 15, 2019): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2019-15-5-339-344.

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Angular retaining walls are widespread in hydraulic engineering. They are characterized by large dimensions, small percentages of reinforcement, block cutting along the height of the structure. The bulk of the existing retaining walls were built in the 1960s-1980s. The regulatory documents that were in force during this period had certain shortcomings that caused the non-design behavior of a number of retaining walls. Improvement of calculation methods for reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls is required, within the framework of which a more complete account of the characteristic features of their behavior is needed. The aim of the work is to improve methods for calculating reinforced concrete retaining walls of a corner type. Methods of research carried out to improve the calculation of reinforced concrete retaining walls of the corner type included, among others, the classical methods of resistance of materials, the theory of elasticity, and structural mechanics. To determine the actual stress-strain state of the natural structures of retaining walls, visual and instrumental methods for examining retaining walls were used, including the method of unloading reinforcement. Results. To determine the stress state in the elements of the reinforced concrete structure of the retaining wall (in concrete and in reinforcement), a methodology was developed for calculating the stress state of retaining walls, which allows to determine the components of the stress state (stress in concrete in the compressed zone, as well as stress in stretched and compressed reinforcement) in horizontal sections of the vertical cantilever part of the retaining walls.

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8

O'Regan, Chris. "Technical Guidance Note (Level 2, No. 18): Design of unreinforced masonry retaining walls." Structural Engineer 96, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56330/edha8799.

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This Technical Guidance Note is intended to act as an aide to those seeking to design an unreinforced masonry retaining wall. Following this guidance will prevent cracking and ensure that the wall performs as originally intended. The note will not cover the design of reinforced masonry retaining walls and variants of that form. Such reinforcement typically strengthens the wall itself against induced bending stresses and the wall’s geometry will therefore be somewhat different to that of an unreinforced retaining wall. The note will also not discuss the applied actions that a retaining wall will be subjected to, nor the construction of retaining walls. These subjects have previously been covered in the following Technical Guidance Notes: Level 1, No. 8: Derivation of loading to retaining structures and Level 1, No. 33: Retaining wall construction. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the content of both these notes.

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9

STEEDMAN, R. S. "SEISMIC DESIGN OF RETAINING WALLS." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 131, no. 1 (January 1998): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/igeng.1998.30002.

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10

Boczkaj, B. K. "Retaining Walls on Subsidence Areas." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 1994, no. 4 (1994): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr94040066.

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11

Loureiro, Guilherme,
Nuno Guerra, and
Jorge Almeida e Sousa. "Actions on cantilever retaining walls." Geotecnia 132 (November 2014): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24849/j.geot.2014.132.05.

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12

Elman, Michael T., and Charles F. Terry. "Retaining Walls With Sloped Base." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 113, no. 9 (September 1987): 1048–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1987)113:9(1048).

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13

Dmitrienko, Vladimir A., Irina A. Kapralova, Valeria V. Baklakova, Aleksei G. Iliev, and Nataliya V. Merenkova. "Multivariate modeling of retaining walls." MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 05029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926505029.

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When designing a parking lot of limited size with a large elevation difference, a decision to construct an earth embankment with a retaining wall was made. Based on the analysis of the results of engineering geological surveys and construction conditions, four options of constructing a retaining wall were considered. The stress-strain states of the protective structures and embankments were studied in details with the help of finite element modeling in order to select the optimal technical solutions for retaining walls. Based on the analysis of the distribution of stresses and strains in the structures, the advantages and disadvantages of each option are determined. The optimal combined version of constructing a thin retaining wall with unloading screens and hardening of the embankment by means of anchor-injectors is substantiated.

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14

Elman, Michael T., and Charles F. Terry. "Retaining Walls With Sloped Heel." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 114, no. 10 (October 1988): 1194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1988)114:10(1194).

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15

Goh, Anthony T. C. "Behavior of Cantilever Retaining Walls." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 119, no. 11 (November 1993): 1751–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1993)119:11(1751).

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16

Koerner, Robert M., and Te-Yang Soong. "Geosynthetic reinforced segmental retaining walls." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 19, no. 6 (August 2001): 359–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-1144(01)00012-7.

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17

Zevgolis, Ioannis E., and Philippe L. Bourdeau. "Probabilistic analysis of retaining walls." Computers and Geotechnics 37, no. 3 (April 2010): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2009.12.003.

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18

Ingold, T. S. "Geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 13, no. 10 (January 1994): 703–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-1144(94)90069-8.

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19

Day, R. A., and D. M. Potts. "Modelling sheet pile retaining walls." Computers and Geotechnics 15, no. 3 (January 1993): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-352x(93)90009-v.

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20

KONDO, Kanji, and Takuya YAMADA. "Style and retaining force of anti-slide retaining walls." Landslides 28, no. 3 (1991): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3313/jls1964.28.3_33.

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21

Ma, Shuzhi, Hongbiao Jia, and Xiaolang Liu. "Effect of the Wall-Back Inclination Angle on the Inertial Loading Distribution along Gravity-Retaining Walls: An Experimental Study on the Shaking Table Test." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (December 23, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8632920.

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The gravity-retaining wall is a common retaining structure in geotechnical engineering. The inertial load acting on the retaining wall itself (the horizontal seismic action) under earthquake conditions is one of the major loadings to be elaborately considered for the design of gravity-retaining walls. The horizontal seismic action of the retaining walls under seismic loading is dominated by the combination of the mass distribution of the wall body and the acceleration distribution along wall height. The mass distribution can be calculated by the wall geometry and density of the wall body. By contrast, due to the whipping effect, horizontal seismic acceleration along wall height often shows obvious amplification in relation to ground acceleration. Such a distribution of acceleration amplification is of great importance to comprehend the safe design of retaining walls. Nonvertical retaining walls, such as inclined and reclined retaining walls, are often used in practical engineering, and their dynamic responses under seismic actions will be different from those of vertical walls. This paper focused on the examination of the influence of the wall-back inclination angle of retaining walls on the dynamic acceleration distribution along wall height due to seismic actions. Dynamic responses of vertical, inclined, and reclined gravity retaining walls under various earthquake loads were tested on a shaking table system. Seismic acceleration time-history curves were recorded under different seismic waves and intensities. The influence of the wall-back inclination angle of retaining walls on the seismic effect was thus analyzed. The tested results showed that the wall-back inclination angle of retaining walls has a significant influence on the seismic dynamic response. The amplification coefficients of peak acceleration of the gravity retaining wall follow the order of the reclined type > the vertical type > the inclined type. Based on the experimental results, the amplification coefficient of peak acceleration was statistically analyzed under the commonly used risk level in engineering seismic design. A formula for the calculation of the horizontal earthquake action distribution coefficient along wall height was proposed involving the effect of the wall-back inclination angle, which might improve the existing calculation method of retaining wall design. The results of this work would guide the earthquake resistance dynamic design of retaining walls.

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22

Tuhta, Sertaç. "Analytical Study on Retrofitting Concrete Retaining Wall with Concrete Lining." International Conference on Applied Engineering and Natural Sciences 1, no. 1 (July 22, 2023): 932–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.59287/icaens.1112.

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Today, retaining walls are gaining importance with the developing transportation networks. Different solutions are made in the design of retaining walls according to the land structure and ground condition. Various retrofitting methods are used in damaged retaining walls. Especially in recent years, natural disasters in Turkey have also affected the retaining walls. There may be damage and collapse in the retaining walls during and after the disaster. It is predicted that in the event of a possible collapse in the event of a disaster, loss of life and property may also occur. After the disaster, even if the retaining walls have not collapsed, they are damaged. In this case, collapse may occur in the next disaster due to collapse or environmental vibrations. It is also known that in post-disaster situations, it is vital that the transportation network remains active in order to deliver the necessary aid to the region. For all these reasons, in this study, the concrete lining method, which is one of the retrofitting methods of retaining walls, is mentioned. Thus, the effect of the concrete lining method applied on an exemplary retaining wallon modal parameters has been demonstrated. In this comparative study, it was observed that the stiffnessof the retaining wall increased with the concrete lining method. As a result of this study, it is suggested to retrofitting the retaining walls with the concrete lining method, taking into account the state of the walland environmental factors.

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23

Rubin, Oleg D., Sergey E. Lisichkin, and Fedor A. Pashchenko. "Results of experimental researches of reinforced concrete retaining walls." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 16, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2020-16-2-152-160.

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Relevance. Hydroelectric facilities include reinforced concrete retaining walls. They are intended to protect the main structures from the collapse and sliding of soil massifs. Retaining walls are characterized by significant size, relatively low content of reinforcement, the presence of horizontal interblock seams, which considerably affects the features of the work and the state of retaining walls. The normative documents that were in force during the design and construction of most retaining walls (the second half of the last century) did not fully take into account the features of the retaining walls, as a result of which long-term operation revealed deviations from the design premises, including excessive displacement of the top of the walls, the disclosure of horizontal interblock joints, which exceeded the design values. In a number of cases, reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls were reinforced in areas of interblock joints. The aim of the work is to conduct experimental studies of reinforced concrete retaining walls, including taking into account their reinforcement by inclined reinforcing bars. Methods. The technique of experimental studies of hydraulic engineering reinforced concrete structures was applied in accordance with regulatory documents and the developed program of experimental studies of reinforced concrete retaining walls. The results obtained showed the opening of horizontal interblock joints, the formation of inclined cracks emerging from the joints. An increase in the strength of reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls and a decrease in their deformability due to reinforcement by inclined rods in the area of the interblock weld were recorded.

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24

Jadhav, Kavita, Shital Desai, Punam Tayade, Raj Bhandari, Prajakta Mote, and N. V. Khadake. "Analysis and Design of RCC Retaining Wall to Overcome Landslide." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 3972–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51171.

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Abstract: This article examines and designs the 3.5 m cantilever retaining wall and the SBC 200 T/M3 reinforced concrete retaining wall. Retaining walls provide vertical support for the soil. They are often used in poorly sloping areas or where landscaping is heavy and must be designed for various purposes such as hillside planting or road overpasses. The purpose of this article is to discuss the different types of retaining walls, their behaviour and different types of failure. Retaining walls are usually walls that support the soil behind them. The purpose of this study is to understand the analysis of retaining walls. Lateral earth pressure is important in the analysis and design of retaining walls. Also, about the stability of the wall bars against tipping and sliding. When there is a sudden change in ground height, the system retains soil or other loose material. Cantilever retaining wall is the most common type of retaining wall and is used for walls 3 to 6 meters high. In this study, detailed analysis and design of this type of wall, which includes the dimensions of the wall, is made and then these dimensions are checked. Safety features against slipping, tipping and tilting have been calculated. The shear strength of the sole, the tensile stress in the body and the tensile stress in the sole are checked.

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25

LISICHKIN, S. E., O. D. RUBIN, F. A. PASHCHENKO, and N. S. KHARKOV. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHOD OF CALCULATING THE STRESS-STATE AND STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES OF HYDRAULIC CORNER RETAINING WALLS WITH INTER-BLOCK JOINTS TAKING." Prirodoobustrojstvo, no. 3 (2021): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2021-3-62-69.

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Corner retaining walls are one of the most common structures of waterworks. Most of them were designed and built several decades ago and have been in operation for a long time. In some cases, there is a deviation from the design prerequisites and the strengthening of reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls is required. The main reason for these deviations is incomplete consideration of the characteristic features of retaining wall structures (including horizontal inter-block joints and secondary inclined cracks), as well as the nature of the loads acting on them. As a result, design horizontal transverse reinforcement is practically not installed in retaining walls that is not required by calculation based on traditional calculation methods.Traditional reinforcement schemes for retaining walls do not provide for the presence of horizontal inter-block joints and horizontal transverse reinforcement. As a result of the research carried out,the method for calculating the stress-strain state and strength of reinforced concrete structures of corner retaining walls with inter-block joints has been improved taking into account secondary stresses. Reinforcement schemes for retaining walls have also been improved.

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26

Skochko, L. O. "THE REDISTRIBUTION OF THE HEIGHT RETAINING WALLS LEVELS, ITS EFFECT AT THE STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF THE SYSTEM «RETAINING STRUCTURES – SOIL MASS»." ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series: Industrial Machine Building, Civil Engineering 2, no. 49 (October 17, 2017): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2017.49.841.

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The work of multi-level retaining walls in sandy loam soils is investigated. A numerical experiment was conducted for reveal the most rational choice of the level height at a constant total excavation depth. A three-level retaining wall is considered. A number of tasks have been solved. The depend values changing of displacement and internal effort on the redistribution of excavation levels is shown. Values are fixed in the characteristic points of the structural elements of retaining walls each level. Variables are different at level marks of retaining walls. The surfaces were created on bases of the obtained results. These surfaces are used to analyze the relationship between the heights of levels and the values of bending moments. Identified solutions lead to increased displacements in one or another level of retaining walls. The constitutive laws between the geometric parameters of the retaining walls and the stress-strain state of the system «retaining constructions – soil mass» are obtained.

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27

Pashchenko, F. A. "Practical implementation of the engineering method for determining the stress state in horizontal sections of reinforced concrete retaining walls." Prirodoobustrojstvo, no. 2 (2024): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2024-2-41-47.

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Retaining walls made of reinforced concrete are widely used in hydraulic engineering and transport construction. Since their rear faces are covered with ground filling, it seems difficult to control the stressed state of the rear working fittings, which in some cases led to deviations in the work of structures from the project. In this article, corner type retaining walls are considered. The purpose of the work was to develop and test an engineering technique for determining the stress state in horizontal sections of retaining walls made of reinforced concrete. In the framework of this work, studies were conducted on the structures of reinforced concrete retaining walls that interact with the soils of the base and backfill. At the same time, using the provisions of structural mechanics and the theory of reinforced concrete, an engineering technique was developed that allows calculating the stress state of reinforced concrete retaining walls along horizontal sections. To test the proposed calculation methodology, the in-situ data of instrumental surveys of the operated lower retaining walls of the PSPP water intake (pumped storage power plant) were used on the basis of the “reinforcement unloading” method in relation to the facing structural reinforcement of the walls. The developed method was practically implemented to assess the effective tensile stresses in the rear working reinforcement, as well as the compressive stresses in the concrete of retaining walls.

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28

Bolotbek, T., K. U. Nasyrynbekova, A. S. Saparbekov, and A. P. Jolbolduev. "STRUCTURES AND CALCULATION OF SUPPORT WALLS." Herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov, no. 2-2020 (July 6, 2020): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2020.2.286-293.

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The article discusses the resistance of retaining walls during seismic vibrations and methods for their calculation in real earthquakes. The calculation methodologies of various authors in this field are considered and their own methods are proposed that are applicable for retaining walls. The principles of reinforcing retaining walls are also considered.

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29

T., Nozaki. "Press-in Piling Method for Road/ Railway Retaining Walls." BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Technical Science and Technology Series 132, no. 3 (2020): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-68-36-2020-132-3-120-126.

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30

Timchenko, R. A., D. A. Krishko, and V. O. Savenko. "EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH TECHNIQUE OF RETAINING WALLS OF A SPECIAL TYPE." ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series: Industrial Machine Building, Civil Engineering 2, no. 49 (October 17, 2017): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2017.49.846.

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The article reviewed the issue of wide use of the retaining walls in construction. It is established the existing retaining walls are not designed for additional forces from horizontal soil displacement that consequently leads to the destruction of the structure. In this regard, there is a need for the development of new structural solutions for retaining walls. The purpose of the research is to develop the technique for conducting experimental studies of the contact interaction of retaining walls and a deformable base. The experiments were carried out on small-scale models in a specially designed tray. At modeling was applied the method of the expanded similarity in which geometrical, mechanical and power analogues with a real object are maintained. As base soil, the models used loamy structure. Models of retaining walls were made on a digital 3D model. A technique for conducting experimental studies of the contact interaction of retaining walls and a deformable base has been developed. The technique is universal and will allow carrying out model experiments under equal conditions, which will ensure reliable results.

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31

Keskin, İnan. "Stability Analysis of a High Stone Retaining Wall: A Case of Eskipazar/Turkey." International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering 3, no. 2 (June 24, 2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijare.2017.3.2.26.

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Abstract— The use of natural stones in retaining wall has been a tradition and common practice throughout human history. Stone retaining walls are load bearing retaining walls, which have long been analyzed by considering the equilibrium of forces and moments applied to the wall treated as a rigid solid. Stone retaining walls can be designed for the provision of some slope stability. This paper provides a review of stability analysis of high stone retaining walls. This paper provides a review of stability analysis of high stone retaining walls using Geo5 software. The stone retaining wall examined in this study is located in Karabük (Turkey). The study area was located near of the North Anatolian Fault Line (NAF) which are the most important fault lines in Turkey. For that reason, the stability analyzes were carried out considering the earthquake situation. The stone retaining wall is made of traverten type rock. This rock is a commonly observed rock type. The height of the analyzed wall is 10 m. A 5 kPa uniformly distributed load was adopted in the stability analysis to accommodate for the heaviest loading condition during construction. The analysis with Geo5 found a wall factor of safety 1.78. At this value, it shows that the wall will stable although it is very high. Index Terms— Stone masonry walls, slope stability, Geo5, Turkey

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32

Hasanpouri Notash, Navid, and Rouzbeh Dabiri. "Effects of Geofoam Panels on Static Behavior of Cantilever Retaining Wall." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2942689.

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Geofoam is one of the geosynthetic products that can be used in geotechnical applications. According to researches, expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam placed directly against a rigid retaining wall has been proposed as a strategy to reduce static loads on the wall. This study employed a finite difference analysis using a 2-D FLAC computer program by considering yielding and nonyielding states for retaining walls to explore the effectiveness of geofoam panels in improving the static performance of cantilever retaining walls. Retaining walls at heights of 3, 6, and 9 meters and geofoam panels with densities of 15, 20, and 25 (kg/m3) at three relative thicknesses of t/H = 0.05, 0.2, and 0.4 were modelled in this numerical study. In addition, the performance of the double EPS buffer system, which involves two vertical geofoam panels, in retaining walls’ stability with four panel spacing (50, 100, 150, and 200 cm) was also evaluated in this research. The results showed that use of EPS15 with density equal to 15 (kg/m3) which has the lowest density among other geofoam panels has a significant role in reduction of lateral stresses, although the performance of geofoam in nonyielding retaining walls is better than yielding retaining walls.

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33

Nosenko, Viktor, and Artur Malaman. "Assessment of the reasons for the loss of stability of the retaining wall and the choice of slope stabilization options, taking into account the use of retaining walls of different rigidity." Bases and Foundations, no. 47 (December 22, 2023): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/0475-1132.47.2023.75-88.

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An assessment of the reasons for the loss of stability of the sliding slope and the manifestation of significant movements of the existing retaining walls is presented, as well as the selection of measures to stabilize the slope by installing one of the variants of retaining walls of different rigidity is performed. To assess the stability of the slope and select the effective parameters of the retaining walls, a numerical simulation of the stress-strain state (SSS) of the elements "soil massif of the slope - retaining walls" was performed. Modeling was carried out by the method of finite elements using the "Plaxis" software complex in a non-linear setting, taking into account changes in the parameters of structures and soils at different stages of modeling. An assessment of the real movements of the retaining walls and the reasons for the loss of slope stability at the initial stage was carried out using geodetic monitoring. A characteristic engineering-geological section in the zone of the greatest deformations of the existing anti-slide structures was chosen for modeling the calculation scheme. Numerical calculations of the retaining walls, which were carried out using the finite element method, involve taking into account the technological sequence of the construction of the retaining walls and modeling the step-by-step development of the pit. Modeling was performed in several stages: 1) Formation of soil SSS in the current natural state; 2) Assessment of the stability of the slope before the start of construction, in the presence of an old massive retaining wall made of limestone blocks. 3) Assessment of the stability of the slope in the version of the original design solution with a retaining wall made of short bored piles with a diameter of 820 mm and taking into account the development of the pit to the design mark. 4) Modeling of SSS elements "soil array of the slope - retaining walls" with different options of the new retaining wall in order to choose an effective option that will ensure the possibility of developing the pit to the design marks and stabilizing the slope. Based on the results of numerical modeling of slope stabilization options with retaining walls of different designs and rigidity, the consumption of materials for each of the options was determined and the most effective option was selected. Studies have shown that depending on the change in the spatial rigidity of the retaining walls by introducing additional elements (buttresses, struts) it is possible to obtain an optimal solution and, in the future, to effectively design a complex of anti-landslide structures.

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34

Sindarov, Rakhmat. "Creating a Zone in the Body of the Embrace of the Road for Optimal Position of Retaining Walls in it." E3S Web of Conferences 401 (2023): 05081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340105081.

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In all cases of designing retaining walls (RS) on roads, their main purpose is to ensure the stability of the roadway. At the same time, special attention is paid to ensuring the stability of the retaining walls themselves, on which the stability of the structure as a whole depends. Therefore, it seems advisable to first determine the area of the roadway within which the roadside walls are guaranteed to be stable against overturning in accordance with the applicable regulations on the road where the retaining walls are to be designed. The article deals with the problem of forming the mentioned zone in the body of the embankment of the road for the optimal placement of reinforced concrete thin-walled retaining walls in it.

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35

Hough, A. "Assessment of historical railway retaining walls." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport 147, no. 4 (November 2001): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/tran.2001.147.4.217.

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36

Roscoe, H., and D. Twine. "Design and performance of retaining walls." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 163, no. 5 (October 2010): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.2010.163.5.279.

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37

Anil Kumar Mandali, Sujith M. S, B. N Rao, and Janardhana Maganti. "Reliability Analysis of Counterfort Retaining Walls." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 11 (January 1, 2011): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.11142.

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Traditionally, a constant factor of safety (usually 1.5) is adopted in the design of counterfort retaining walls against instability failure, regardless of the actual uncertainties in the various design variables. This constant factor of safety may not be able to quantify the uncertainties associated with the random variables. This paper presents the stability analysis of a typical counterfort retaining wall, accounting for uncertainties in the ‘design variables’ in the framework of probability theory. The first order reliability method (FORM), second order reliability method (SORM) and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method are used in this study to evaluate the probability of failure associated with the various modes (both geotechnical and structural) of a typical counterfort retaining wall. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the angle of internal friction of the soil, is the most sensitive random variable, which affects all the modes of failure. Plots of reliability index and factor of safety are generated for critical modes of failure, where the constant factor of safety (as recommended in various design codes) is not able to get a desired reliability index/probability of failure.

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38

Krabbenhoft, Kristian. "Plastic design of embedded retaining walls." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 172, no. 2 (April 2019): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.17.00151.

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39

Symons, I., and D. R. Carder. "Field measurements on embedded retaining walls." Géotechnique 42, no. 1 (March 1992): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.1992.42.1.117.

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40

LI, A. Z., and B. M. LEHANE. "Embedded cantilever retaining walls in sand." Géotechnique 60, no. 11 (November 2010): 813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.8.p.147.

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41

Kuznetsov, Georgiy Ivanovich, and Natal'ya Vladimirovna Kruk. "RFOZEN RETAINING WALLS IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING." NEWS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. CONSTRUCTION 709, no. 1 (2018): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32683/0556-1052-2018-709-1-76-83.

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42

Bang, Sangchul. "Active Earth Pressure Behind Retaining Walls." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 111, no. 3 (March 1985): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1985)111:3(407).

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Siller, Thomas J., and Dorothy D. Frawley. "Seismic Response of Multianchored Retaining Walls." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 118, no. 11 (November 1992): 1787–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1992)118:11(1787).

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44

Isabel, M., M. Pinto, and T. W. Cousens. "Geotextile reinforced brick faced retaining walls." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 14, no. 9 (September 1996): 449–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-1144(96)00037-4.

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45

Ibrahim, Kamal Mohamed Hafez Ismail. "Seismic displacement of gravity retaining walls." HBRC Journal 11, no. 2 (August 2015): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2014.03.006.

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46

Gil-Martín, Luisa María, Enrique Hernández-Montes, and Mark Aschheim. "Optimization of piers for retaining walls." Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 41, no. 6 (January 23, 2010): 979–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00158-010-0481-2.

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47

Werner, H. "Computer-aided analysis of retaining walls." Computers and Geotechnics 7, no. 4 (January 1989): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-352x(89)90026-8.

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48

Perich, A. I. "Sectional-monolithic retaining and basement walls." Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 29, no. 2 (March 1992): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02094934.

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49

Jalla, Raj. "Design of Multiple Level Retaining Walls." Journal of Architectural Engineering 5, no. 3 (September 1999): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1076-0431(1999)5:3(82).

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50

Ismail, M. A. "Performance of cement-stabilized retaining walls." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 876–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t05-021.

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This paper investigates the performance of a cement-stabilized retaining wall as a potentially economic solution for supporting vertical cuts in roads and embankments. This investigation was carried out through a comprehensive numerical and experimental program in which the stabilized wall was treated as a c′ϕ soil. To optimize the design of the stabilized wall, a plane-strain finite element analysis was carried out, using the PLAXIS code, in a parametric study that varied the wall geometry and the shear strength parameters for both the wall and its surrounding soil. The performance of the stabilized retaining wall was verified by a centrifuge model test carried out at an equivalent acceleration of 67g for a sand treated with 3% Portland cement. The results have shown that the load-carrying capacity of the wall is affected primarily by both the cementation of the wall and the friction angle of the surrounding soil. There exists a threshold of cementation beyond which the stability does not increase when the failure mechanism is located completely inside the in situ soil. This critical cementation appears to be a crucial factor in maintaining an economic design for this type of wall. Centrifuge test results confirmed the satisfactory behaviour of cement-stabilized retaining walls.Key words: cement stabilization, retaining wall, cohesion, finite element, centrifuge testing.

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