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1
Shi, Wei, Jin Han, and Yong Bin Li. "Study on the Role of Geogrid-Reinforced for Fly Ash Retaining Wall Basing on the Analysis of FLAC3D." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.599.
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Geogrid-reinforced retaining wall is widely used in civil engineering, the role of geogrid reinforcement and the calculations of reinforcement material in the retaining wall design need further refinement.This paper analyzes the fly ash retaining wall with and without reinforcement by using finite element software of FLAC3D,studys the impact of geogrid-reinforced function on the stability of fly ash retaining wall ,gets the design parameters of geogrid-reinforced fly ash retaining wall.The numerical results show that: the fly ash retaining walls' safety factor is lower when its height is greater than 6m,reinforcement is needed for fly ash retaining wall to improve its safety factor to ensure the stability of retaining wall.Simulate and analyze the 8m high geogrid reinforced fly ash retaining wall,the results show that: increasing the reinforcement spacing can increase the lateral and vertical displacement of geogrid reinforced fly ash retaining wall, the maximum vertical displacement of retaining wall is in the upper wall,maximum lateral displacement occurs in the lower parts of the retaining wall;the reasonable distance of 8m high fly ash retaining wall is 0.8m.
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Ahn, Kwangkuk, and Hongsig Kang. "Behavior of Reinforced Retaining Walls with Different Reinforcement Spacing during Vehicle Collisions." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/920628.
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Accidents involving vehicles crashing into reinforced retaining walls are increasing because of the increased construction of reinforced retaining walls on roads. Unlike a normal retaining wall, a reinforced retaining wall is not one united body but is made up of blocks. Hence, a reinforced wall can break down when a vehicle crashes into it. The behavior of such a wall during vehicle collision depends upon the reinforcement material used for its construction, its design, and the method of the construction. In this study, the behavior of a reinforced retaining wall was analyzed while changing the reinforcement spacing using LS-DYNA, a general finite-element program. Eight tons of truck weight was used for the numerical analysis model. The behavior of a reinforced retaining wall under variable reinforcement spacing and positioning was analyzed. The results indicated that the reinforcement material was an important resistance factor against external collision load.
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Li, Xupeng, Jianhui Long, Shiyi Guo, Manchun Yang, Tianxing Zhang, Chengji An, and Yuanyuan Pei. "Experimental study on FBG sensing technology-based stress monitoring at the corners of reinforced soil retaining walls." Science Progress 105, no. 4 (October 2022): 003685042211353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504221135380.
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As a unique type of flexible slope fill-retaining structure, reinforced soil-retaining walls have the advantages of convenient construction, broad application conditions, good seismic performance, and high economic benefits. In general, reinforced soil-retaining walls appear at corners due to the restriction in topographic conditions during engineering construction. However, their special structures and stress conditions are usually ignored, thus triggering panel bulging, cracking, and collapse. In this study, an experimental method based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology was proposed for a physical model of reinforced soil-retaining walls. Then, a uniformly distributed load experiment was performed on this model by combining the measurement advantages of intelligent wire-type soil pressure sensors and the flexible characteristics of geotechnical reinforcement materials. The deformation development of this reinforced soil-retaining wall was monitored. Results revealed that before and after the loading of the reinforced soil-retaining wall, the deformation was mainly concentrated above the retaining wall, and the deformation scale at the corners was larger than that in the bilateral linear parts. After loading, the largest force deformation area on the retaining wall was transferred from the corners to the load area. The maximum strain was right beneath the load above the retaining wall, and the peak value at the other layers gradually approached the retaining wall. The experimental results prove that FBG sensing technology is feasible and effective for the whole-process monitoring of reinforced soil-retaining walls and is thus worthy of popularization and application.
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Zhu, Yalin, Kun Tan, Yin Hong, Ting Tan, Manrong Song, and Yixian Wang. "Deformation of the Geocell Flexible Reinforced Retaining Wall under Earthquake." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (April 8, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8897009.
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As a new type of reinforced material, geocells are widely used in flexible reinforced retaining wall projects, and a lot of practical experience shows that the geocell retaining wall has a great effect on earthquake resistance, but theoretical research lags behind engineering practice, and the deformation and failure mechanism under earthquake need to be further studied. In this paper, we use the FLAC3D nonlinear, finite-difference method to study the failure mechanism of geocell-reinforced retaining walls under earthquake, to analyze the advantages of the geocell retaining wall in controlling deformation compared with the unreinforced retaining wall and geogrid-reinforced retaining wall, and we try to study the deformation of the reinforced wall by changing the length of the geocell and reinforcement spacing of the geocell. Research indicates the horizontal displacement of the wall edge of the reinforced retaining wall under the earthquake is slightly smaller than that of the center of the wall and the back of the wall. The geocell can effectively reduce the horizontal displacement of the retaining wall, and the effect is better than the geogrid. Increasing the length of the geocell and reducing the spacing of the geocell can effectively reduce the horizontal displacement of the retaining wall, and the effect of displacement controlling at the top of the wall is better than in other positions.
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Lin, Yu Liang, and Yi He Fang. "Settlement Behavior of New Reinforced Earth Retaining Walls under Loading-Unloading Cycles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.215.
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Three new types of reinforced earth structures were introduced including reinforced gabion retaining wall, green reinforced gabion retaining wall and flexible wall face geogrid reinforced earth retaining wall. In order to study settlement behavior of these three retaining walls, lab tests were carried out. Cyclic loading-unloading of different levels (0~50kPa, 0~100kPa, 0~150kPa, 0~200kPa, 0~250kPa, 0~300kPa, 0~350kPa) were imposed. The settlement behaviors of retaining walls were analyzed, and secant modulus when loading and unloading was obtained. Results show that retaining walls present great elastic and plastic deformation, and plastic deformation is greater than elastic deformation. Secant modulus decreases with the increase of loading-unloading cycles under the same loading level. Unloading secant modulus is bigger than loading secant modulus in the same cycle. With the increase of loading level, both elastic and plastic deformation increase, and plastic deformation increases more quickly than elastic deformation.
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Lazizi, A., H. Trouzine, A. Asroun, and F. Belabdelouhab. "Numerical Simulation of Tire Reinforced Sand behind Retaining Wall Under Earthquake Excitation." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 4, no. 2 (April 17, 2014): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.427.
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This paper studies the numerical simulations of retaining walls supporting tire reinforced sand subjected to El Centro earthquake excitation using finite element analysis. For this, four cases are studied: cantilever retaining wall supporting sand under static and dynamical excitation, and cantilever retaining wall supporting waste tire reinforced sand under static and dynamical excitation. Analytical external stability analyses of the selected retaining wall show that, for all four cases, the factors of safety for base sliding and overturning are less than default minimum values. Numerical analyses show that there are no large differences between the case of wall supporting waste tire reinforced sand and the case of wall supporting sand for static loading. Under seismic excitation, the higher value of Von Mises stress for the case of retaining wall supporting waste tire reinforced sand is 3.46 times lower compared to the case of retaining wall supporting sand. The variation of horizontal displacement (U1) and vertical displacement (U2) near the retaining wall, with depth, are also presented.
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Leshchinsky, Dov, Baris Imamoglu, and Christopher L. Meehan. "Exhumed Geogrid-Reinforced Retaining Wall." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 136, no. 10 (October 2010): 1311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000354.
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Liang, Xiaoyong, Jing Jin, Guangqing Yang, Xizhao Wang, Quansheng Zhao, and Yitao Zhou. "Performance of Modular-Reinforced Soil-Retaining Walls for an Intercity Railway during Service." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 6084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106084.
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In order to investigate the mechanical behavior of reinforced soil-retaining walls during service, this paper carried out a long-term remote observation test for 6 years on the modular-reinforced soil-retaining wall of the Qingrong intercity railway in eastern China’s Shandong Province. During the construction period, earth pressure boxes, flexible displacement meters, settlement pipes and displacement meters were buried to observe the soil pressure, reinforcement strain, horizontal displacement and settlement of the reinforced earth-retaining wall, respectively, for a long time; then, the results were analyzed to summarize its variation law. The results show that the reinforced earth-retaining wall was stable after one year of construction. It was determined that the strain of reinforcement in each layer decreased with time, culminating in a value of less than 0.88 percent during the 6th year. The maximum horizontal displacement of the wall was 11.43 mm and the maximum settlement of the wall top was 46.77 mm, which were 0.15% and 0.60% of the wall height, respectively. These research results can be applied to the construction and design of reinforced soil-retaining walls in high-speed railways. The effects of the elastic modulus of filler, the tensile modulus of reinforcement and the reinforcement length on the characteristics of the retaining wall were analyzed in the numerical simulation with PLAXIS2D. The results and analysis show: the elastic modulus of filler and reinforcement length have a significant effect on the horizontal displacement of the retaining wall. The results of this experiment can be referenced for engineering projects.
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Kim, Young Je, Hyuk Sang Jung, Yong Joo Lee, Dong Wook Oh, Min Son, and Hwan Hee Yoon. "Behaviour Analysis of Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall According to Laboratory Scale Test." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 30, 2020): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030901.
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Reinforced soil retaining wall are ground structures that can be readily seen all around us. The development of reinforcements to these walls and their demand have increased rapidly. These walls are advantageous because they can be used not only in simple construction compared with reinforced concrete retaining walls but also when the height of the wall needs to be higher. However, unlike reinforced concrete retaining walls, in which the walls are integrated and resist the earth pressure on the back, the block-type reinforced earth retaining wall method secures its structural stability by frictional force between the buried land and reinforcements. A phenomenon in which a block is cracked or dropped owing to deformation has been frequently reported. In particular, this phenomenon is concentrated at the curved parts of a reinforced soil retaining wall and is mainly known as a stress concentration. However, to date, the design of reinforced soil retaining walls has been limited by the two-dimensional plane strain condition and has not considered the characteristics of the curved part. There is a lack of research on curved part. Therefore, this research determines the behavioural characteristics of curved-part reinforced soil retaining walls with regard to the shape (convex or concave) and angle (60°, 90°, 120°, and 150°). The displacement generated in the straight part and the curved part was analysed through an Laboratory Scale Test. The results showed that the horizontal displacement of the curved part increases as a convex angle becomes smaller, and the horizontal displacement of the curved part decreases as a concave angle becomes smaller. At the center (D and H have the same length, but H represents the height and D represents the separation distance from the center of the curved part) of the convex curve, the horizontal displacement of the 0.5 D section decreased to 13.8%; it decreased to 41.0% in the 1.0 D section. For concave angles, it was revealed that the horizontal displacement from the center 0.0 D to the 0.5 D section of the curved part increased by 25%, and from the 1.0 D section, by 75%. It was confirmed that the displacement difference was largely based on the value of 0.5 D. It was judged that this can be used as basic data for the design and construction guidelines for reinforced soil retaining wall of reinforced soil retaining walls.
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Zhang, Hong Bo, Jian Qing Wu, Ying Yong Li, Xiu Guang Song, and Zhi Chao Xue. "Model Tests on Force Characteristics of Reinforced Retaining Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.368.
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The recent research and development of the reinforced retaining wall is composed of cantilevered reinforced concrete retaining walls which symmetric set on both sides of subgrade and through roadbed width of counter-pulled anchors. The prestressing force can be applied on anchors.The retaining wall has the advantange of high safety, lateral small deformation , wide applicable range and low requirements for the foundation bearing capacity. But due to the lateral restraint of bolt, the soil pressure distributions of retaining wall change a lot. The change will have a significant impact on structures. In order to reveal the reinforced soil retaining wall pressure distributions, laboratory model test was done. The monitoring instruments such as earth pressure cells, anchor rope dynamometers and dial indicators were installed. Research and analysis on the loading process reinforced type soil retaining wall under soil pressure, the lateral earth pressure and anchor rope tension change rule were researched and analysed. The experimental results showed that with the increasing of filling soil height, the retaining wall had a tendency to tilt outward. The basolateral external pressure is larger than the inside pressure. At the same time, anchor tension increased as the top loading increased. Lateral earth pressure distribution is parabolic. Soil pressure around the anchor is larger than other area, the soil arch effect is significant.
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Gofar, Nurly, and Hanafiah. "Contribution of suction on the stability of reinforced-soil retaining wall." MATEC Web of Conferences 195 (2018): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819503004.
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Existing design methods of a reinforced-soil retaining wall were established for walls with cohesionless soil backfill. However, local soil has been used widely in the construction of such a wall for economic reasons. Laboratory and numerical studies have pointed out the merit of using cohesive backfill in association with geosynthetic reinforcement. Since the compacted soil was in an unsaturated condition during the construction of the reinforced wall, the apparent cohesion derived from both soil mineralogy and suction could contribute to the stability of the wall. This paper considers methods to include the suction contribution to the existing design guidelines based on slope stability analysis, i.e. simplified method and simplified stiffness method. The analyses were carried out on a case study of geosynthetics reinforced soil retaining wall. Results show that the contribution of suction as part of cohesion existing in the cohesive backfill could be considered for the stability analysis of reinforced soil retaining walls using the available design guidelines.
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Lin, Ji Sheng. "An Urgent Slope Reinforcement for a Power Transmission Tower Foundation." Advanced Materials Research 859 (December 2013): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.859.289.
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The main focus is to present an urgent reinforcement for a power transmission tower foundation beside a slope. The method is based on the theory of the uplift and down-pressure lines in low slope. The strategy adopts the geosynthetic-reinforced gunite concrete and two-storey retaining wall to reinforce the slope. The results show that the theory of the uplift and down-pressure lines in low slope can be used in the slope with the height of 10m by combining retaining wall reinforcement. The heavy excavation under the transmission tower foundation is avoided by using the inclined back along the edge of the balance-weight retaining wall. The compound clay backfill provides sufficient strength for two-storey retaining walls beside the slope.
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Salah Eddine, Baaziz, and Mellas Mekki. "Influence of Parameters the Wall on Reinforced Soil Segmental Walls." Civil Engineering Journal 3, no. 6 (June 30, 2017): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2017-00000100.
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The behaviour of retaining walls in geosynthetic reinforced soil is complex and requires studies and research to understand the mechanisms of rupture, the behaviour of the reinforcements in the soil and the behaviour of the main elements of the system: reinforcement-wall-soil. Several researches have been done on the use of geosynthetics as backfill massive reinforcement material (experimental studies, numerical analysis, reduced models ...). This parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of numerical parameters of the wall which confront us in the projects, on the behaviour of walls on reinforced soil segmental walls. A 3.6m high wall is composed of modular blocks of earth sand reinforced with four geogrids layers was modelled. The properties of materials, the wall geometry, and the boundary conditions will be explained later. The finite difference computer program FLAC3D was used in this study. The results of this numerical study allowed to deduce the importance of each parameter of the wall selected for the behaviour of retaining walls in soil reinforced by geogrid. The inclination of wall "W" is of great importance for the calculation of retaining walls in modular blocks and can provide an important contribution to the horizontal balance of this type walls. The value of lateral displacements of the facing tends to continuously decrease with the increase of "W". More the wall is inclined plus the horizontal stresses behind the wall and values of the tensile stress in the layers of geogrid "T" decrease in an expressive manner. The dimensions of modular blocks (types) and the mechanical characteristics of modular blocks (category) have a remarkable effect on the calculation of retaining walls in modular blocks reinforced with layers of geogrid.
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Kim, Gwang Hee, Hyun Woo Joh, Young Do Lee, and Yoon Seok Shin. "A Case Study of Reinforced Self-Supported Retaining Wall (RSW)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 2799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.2799.
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With increasing land prices and a lack of space in urban areas, urban construction sites are requiring deeper and larger excavations. For this reason, excavation is becoming more important. With deeper excavation, the retaining wall system needs to be adjusted, and a support system for retaining walls needs to be established so that the construction can resist the soil pressure. This can have potential problems depending on construction costs, the duration of construction, and the quality of structural frame. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the conventional retaining wall system with the use of a Reinforcement Self-Supported Retaining Wall (RSW). This study revealed that the construction costs of RSW are 4 percent lower than those for the conventional retaining wall system.
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Liu, Yong, Zhanyong Yao, Hongzhe Liu, Mingxia Shao, and Yulong Zhao. "Mechanical Behavior of the Reinforced Retaining Wall Subjected to Static Load." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (February 9, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8844033.
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To study the mechanical behavior and influence factors of the reinforced retaining wall under the static load, numerical simulation of the reinforced retaining wall is conducted by finite element analysis, and its mechanical behavior and influencing methods are studied in accordance with relevant theories. The results showed that the properties of back fill, reinforced spacing, reinforced stiffness, reinforced length, and panel stiffness all affect the mechanical behavior of retaining walls. According to the example calculations of different wall heights, the distribution of panel horizontal displacement and maximum tensile stress are analyzed. The gravel with good gradation has better durability and can reduce the amount of reinforcing steel; with the decrease of the reinforcement spacing, the deformation of the wall panel will become smaller, and the reinforcement effect will be improved; the length of reinforcement is not the longer the better, and the deformation of wall panel can be minimized at the suitable length; the larger the elastic modulus of the wall panel, the smaller the deformation of the wall panel will be.
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Saran, Swami, K. G. Garg, and R. K. Bhandari. "Retaining Wall with Reinforced Cohesionless Backfill." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 118, no. 12 (December 1992): 1869–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1992)118:12(1869).
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Qingbiao, Wang, Zhang Cong, Wang Tiantian, Bai Yun, LÜ Rongshan, Xu Lei, Zhang Junxian, et al. "The Mechanical Property of Bidirectional Geogrid and its Application Research in Retaining Wall Design." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 9, no. 1 (September 10, 2015): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801509010214.
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The introduction and rise of new geotechnical composite material greatly promote the development of civil engineering construction. Studying the mechanical properties of bidirectional geogrid and determining the reinforced soil retaining wall design calculation based on the friction reinforcement theory provide theoretical basis and research foundation for its application in the practical engineering. The mechanical properties of bidirectional geogrid are analyzed in depth through theoretical analysis, experimental research and numerical simulation. The mechanical property tests in light of different affecting factors are studied and the application of geogrid material in the reinforced soil retaining wall is simulated, thus yielding the conclusions as follows: (1) Study the mechanical properties in different temperature, loading and packing with the help of indoor pullout test and analyze the main factors affecting the mechanical properties of the geogrids in theory. (2) Analyze the reinforced soil retaining wall with friction reinforcement principle. Determine the calculation method of soil pressure and reinforcement and the check formula of the overall stability of the whole wall design and calculate the geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall in theory. (3) Simulate the bidirectional geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall with FLAC3D and analyze the force of the retaining wall. Study the stress-strain curve according to the parameters of reinforced geogrid and retaining wall and analyze the overall force to guide the safety of the site construction. (4) Apply to the reinforced soil the retaining wall design. Thus the result is achieved that bidirectional geogrid is simple in construction, excellent in performance and economic in cost and has a good application prospect and social benefit.
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Geng, Min. "A Short Review on the Dynamic Characteristics of Geogrid-Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls under Cyclic Loading." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (September 13, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5537912.
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The internal force and the form of reinforced soil wall used in high-speed railway change due to the static loads of self-gravity and rail system and dynamic load of train travelling. As a kind of flexible retaining structure, the study of the dynamic characteristics of reinforced retaining walls is of great significance for its engineering application and structural analysis. In this article, recent advances in using various research methods on the dynamic characteristics of reinforced retaining walls are reviewed. Through a series of experimental studies and numerical analysis, the research progress of dynamic characteristics of reinforced retaining walls is summarized. The advantages, disadvantages, and application of various test methods are analyzed. Finally, laboratory model tests are expounded based on previous research achievements, and prospects are proposed on the development of dynamic characteristics of reinforced retaining walls.
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Garga, Vinod K., and Vince O'Shaughnessy. "Tire-reinforced earthfill. Part 1: Construction of a test fill, performance, and retaining wall design." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-084.
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The satisfactory disposal of scrap tires is a major environmental problem worldwide. This waste occupies valuable space in landfill sites, and tire stockpiles pose serious health and fire hazards. The use of scrap tires as reinforcement for construction of retaining walls and slopes is a viable method towards reduction of this waste. This paper describes the construction of a 57 m high × 17 m wide instrumented test fill, comprising both retaining wall and reinforced slope sections. Approximately 10 000 whole tires and tires with one sidewall removed, tied together with polypropylene rope, were used in both cohesionless and cohesive backfills. The testing program also included plate loading tests, field pull-out tests on tire mats, water-quality assessment in the field and laboratory, and other complementary laboratory testing. This first paper, in a series of three, demonstrates the practical feasibility of constructing reinforced earth fills using scrap tires. Results of large plate load tests and the field behaviour with particular reference to the design of the retaining wall sections are presented. The paper emphasizes the role of negative wall friction in increasing the active thrust when the retaining wall becomes more compressible than the backfill. Recommendations for the design of retaining walls using scrap tires are presented.Key words: scrap tires, earth reinforcement, retaining walls, reinforced slopes, plate load test, construction, performance.
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Lu, Liang, and Peng Liu. "Horizontal residual displacement of reinforced soil retaining wall under seismic forcing." Vibroengineering PROCEDIA 48 (February 11, 2023): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/vp.2022.23066.
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As a new type of flexible retaining structure, reinforced soil retaining wall is widely used in civil engineering and highway engineering because of good seismic performance and economy. The residual displacement under seism is one of the most important parameters to evaluate the seismic performance of reinforced soil retaining wall. The related theoretical research is rare. Taking the pseudo-dynamic method and kinematic differential equation as the theoretical basis, considering the residual deformation under large magnitude, a theoretical method is proposed to calculate the residual displacement of reinforced soil retaining wall under seismic. The rationality and accuracy of the theoretical method is verified by centrifuge model test. The results would provide some reference for the performance design and damage evaluation of reinforced soil retaining wall.
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Li, Yun. "Fatigue Life Analysis of Reinforced Retaining Wall under Cyclic Loading." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 1437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.1437.
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Large-scale reinforced earth retaining wall model test has been Designed and completed. The model size is 3.0mχ0.85m χ2.0m(lengthwidthhigh) Slope angle is 70º, Fill with the use of red sandsχtone construction site preparation materials By entering a different amplitude and frequency of the sinusoidal load, to discuss the law of Dynamic characteristics of the model wall and fatigue life under the repetition load. The results showed that, the fatigue life has a linear relationship with the stress amplitude of three reinforced structures ,the logarithm of fatigue life changes with the stress amplitude sensitivity of Gabion reinforced earth retaining wall is low than Geogrid reinforced retaining wall does. The results help to reveal the instability mechanism under cyclic loading, and provide a useful reference for designing the reinforced retaining wall engineering.
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Ha, Yongsoo, Gichul Kweon, and Yuntae Kim. "Monitoring Technique Using a Vision-based Single-Camera System for Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.6.209.
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Reinforced soil retaining walls are widely applied, and their frequency of collapse increases along with their use. Safety inspections are regularly conducted to ensure the structural safety of such walls. However, unexpected collapses occur for different reasons, such as design and construction problems, maintenance issues, and natural disasters including intensive rainfall. In this study, a single-camera system is proposed to evaluate the behavior of a retaining wall based on a single-perspective image. Various feature matching methods were compared to determine the optimal method for monitoring the retaining wall structure. The behaviors of the retaining wall structure were analyzed using the optimal method. The results indicate that the KAZE method provides the best results for monitoring the behaviors of a retaining wall, with errors ranging from 0.03% to 7.37%. The proposed single-camera system is widely used to evaluate the stability of a structure with high accuracy.
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Wen, Shu Lian, and Hai Bin La. "Analysis of Engineering Application about Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.585.
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Geogrids reinforced soil retaining walls are widely used in various fields, such as highway, railway, architectural engineering, hydraulic engineering and so on because of its remarkable economical benefits, constructing convenience, adaption to the foundation simplicity of foundation treatment good vibration resistance shapely configuration and environmental pollution-free etc. Combined with a real engineering, the applied effects of geogrids reinforced earth retaining was tested. Based on the field test results and finite element method numerical analysis, the engineering characteristics of blocking reinforced earth retaining wall that used lime soil as filled material in construction period and after completion were opened out. The distributing characteristics and rules of wall back lateral soil pressure, tensile bar pull were put forward. Thus, technical references were provided for the similar structures.
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Lin, Yu Liang, and Guo Lin Yang. "Dynamic Deformation Behavior and Life Analysis of Green Reinforced Gabion Retaining Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.251.
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In order to study dynamic deformation behavior of green reinforced gabion retaining wall, lab test was carried out and the dynamic loads of 4 frequencies and 4 amplitudes were imposed. The total cycles of dynamic load reached 2 million. Lateral and vertical deformation behaviors of green reinforced gabion retaining wall were investigated, and the main factors which influenced the dynamic deformation behavior and their significance were obtained. Meanwhile, fatigue life analysis on green reinforced gabion retaining wall was made. The results show that dynamic deformation is greatly affected by amplitude and the cycles of dynamic load, not significantly affected by frequency. The maximum lateral and vertical deformation occur in the fifth layer of green reinforced gabion wall. With the increase of train load and train speed, fatigue damage and fatigue life of green reinforced gabion retaining wall can be estimated based on accumulative fatigue damage theory.
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Laba, J. T., and J. B. Kennedy. "Reinforced earth retaining wall analysis and design." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 23, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t86-045.
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An experimental and theoretical study was conducted to assess the maximum tensile forces mobilized in a reinforced earth retaining wall, subjected to a vertical surcharge strip load or the combined action of vertical and horizontal surcharge strip loads. A simple design method for determining the maximum magnitude of the tensile force and its distribution with depth of the reinforced earth backfill was developed. The design method takes into consideration the ability of the reinforced earth wall system to retain its internl equilibrium by stress transfer from overstressed regions to those regions where the reinforcing elements have not yet reached their full frictional or strength capacity. The effect of the magnitude and location of the strip load on this phenomenon of stress transfer is shown. Favourable comparisons were obtained between the results given by the proposed design method and those from model tests. Key words: reinforced earth, vertical and horizontal surcharge strip load, reinforcing elements, internal stability, stress transfer.
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Li, Fu Lin, and Fang Le Peng. "FEM Analysis on Tensile Force of Geosynthetic Reinforcement Arranged in GRS-RW Considering Variable Loading Rate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 188 (June 2012): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.188.60.
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The combined effects of the rate-dependent behavior of both the backfill soil and the geosynthetic reinforcement have been investigated, which should be attributed to the viscous property of material. A nonlinear finite element method (FEM) analysis procedure based on the Dynamic Relaxation method was developed for the geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall (GRS-RW). In the numerical analysis, both the viscous properties of the backfill and the reinforcement were considered through the unified nonlinear three-component elastic-viscoplastic model. The FEM procedure was validated against a physical model test on geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall with granular backfill. Extensive finite-element analyses were carried out to investigate the tensile force distributions in geosynthetic reinforcement of geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall under the change of loading rate. It is found from the analyses that the presented FEM can well simulate the rate-dependent behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall and the tensile force of geosynthetic reinforcement arranged in retaining wall.
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Lu, Liang, Zong Jian Wang, Huan Feng, and Katsuhiko Arai. "Analysis of Long-Term Deformation of Reinforced Retaining Wall Using Optical Fiber Sensor Geotextile." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.338.
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Geotextile have been widely used in the reinforced retaining wall, but it is not easy to measure the deformation of the wall during and after construction. To assess the deformation stability of the reinforced retaining wall, an optical fiber sensor was used in geotextile. Based on the measurement accuracy of strain for the sensor geotextile, an actual geotextile-reinforced retaining wall was studied using the fiber sensor geotextile. The experimental results were compared with the results from a numerical procedure, which employs the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion and an initial stress method and determines the plastic displacement at collapse represented by the distribution of yield elements. The comparison shows that the numerical results have a good agreement with the corresponding measurement values. The result shows the possibility that the procedure gives the realistic evaluation of long-term deformation of reinforced retaining wall.
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Zhu, Yalin, Renyi Chen, Liming Wu, Qian Xu, and Zijian Zhan. "Reinforcement placement on mechanics and deformation of stepped reinforced retaining wall experimental study of characteristics." Applied Rheology 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2022-0131.
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Abstract Three sets of indoor model tests of reinforced retaining walls were conducted to study the effects of reinforcing material placement on the displacement of reinforced retaining walls, wall top settlement, earth pressure distribution, and potential failure surface. The test results show that under different reinforcement laying conditions, the maximum horizontal displacement of the lower wall panel appears at the top of the lower retaining wall, and the maximum horizontal displacement of the upper wall panel appears at 0.6H. The settlement of the top of the wall decreases by about 9.1% when the reinforcement is laid in the lower layer. Under the condition of 160 kPa, the maximum horizontal and vertical earth pressures increase by about 19.2 and 12.4%, respectively, and the position of the potential fracture surface of the lower wall moves up to the back of the wall with the position of the reinforcement laying. When the reinforcement is laid in the upper layer, the fracture surface of the upper wall is furthest away from the panel.
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Jadhav, Kavita, Shital Desai, Punam Tayade, Raj Bhandari, Prajakta Mote, and N. V. Khadake. "Analysis and Design of RCC Retaining Wall to Overcome Landslide." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 3972–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51171.
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Abstract: This article examines and designs the 3.5 m cantilever retaining wall and the SBC 200 T/M3 reinforced concrete retaining wall. Retaining walls provide vertical support for the soil. They are often used in poorly sloping areas or where landscaping is heavy and must be designed for various purposes such as hillside planting or road overpasses. The purpose of this article is to discuss the different types of retaining walls, their behaviour and different types of failure. Retaining walls are usually walls that support the soil behind them. The purpose of this study is to understand the analysis of retaining walls. Lateral earth pressure is important in the analysis and design of retaining walls. Also, about the stability of the wall bars against tipping and sliding. When there is a sudden change in ground height, the system retains soil or other loose material. Cantilever retaining wall is the most common type of retaining wall and is used for walls 3 to 6 meters high. In this study, detailed analysis and design of this type of wall, which includes the dimensions of the wall, is made and then these dimensions are checked. Safety features against slipping, tipping and tilting have been calculated. The shear strength of the sole, the tensile stress in the body and the tensile stress in the sole are checked.
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Srivastava, Shubham, Saurabh Pandey, and Rajesh Kumar. "Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Retaining Wall using Particle Swarm Optimization." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1225, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1225/1/012042.
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Abstract The design of structures depends on designer’s experience and generally, the designer proceeds with trial and error until he arrives at a design which satisfies prescribed limit states. This is especially true for reinforced concrete structures in which the structural configuration is decided first and then reinforcement requirements are determined, resulting in higher cost. Retaining walls involve a large number of variables and therefore have been far from optimization. However, since retaining walls comprise of 20-30 percent of the cost of highways in hilly regions, their optimization is critical to economy of the project. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) does not require the objective function to be linear or differentiable and hence is ideally suited for optimization of retaining walls. This study uses PSO as a tool for the optimizing a Cantilever RC Retaining Wall. The objective function consists of two parts - cost function and penalty term. A program and GUI was developed to implement PSO. A reduction in cost was achieved from 8% -17% depending on the height of retaining wall, while the optimization in weight varied from 9%-34%.
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Liu, Yi Tong, and Xing Huang. "Numerical Analysis of Deformation and Stability of Reinforced High Retaining Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.227.
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To solve the designing problem in control the deformation and stability of reinforced retaining wall in the airport, the paper introduced the method of finite element strength reduction. After the determination of the soil constitutive model, the geogrid reinforcement constitutive model and stability calculation parameters, the research established the stability and deformation numerical simulation model of a reinforced retaining wall, and carried out a systematic analysis of the retaining wall by the finite element method, provided a scientific basis in order to ensure slope safety and optimized the retaining wall design.
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Liu, Yong, Zhanyong Yao, Mingxia Shao, Hongzhe Liu, and Yulong Zhao. "Mechanical Behavior of the Reinforced Retaining Wall under Vehicle Load." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (July 20, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2197572.
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This study primarily aims to explore the mechanical behavior and influence factors of the reinforced retaining wall subject to vehicle loads. Mohr–Coulomb model was adopted to simulate and analyze the structural characteristics of the reinforced retaining wall by the finite element method. Its mechanical behavior was investigated in accordance with relevant theories. The results showed that the vertical and horizontal maximum displacement of the reinforced retaining wall occurs at the wall surface of the retaining wall, the maximum internal soil pressure appears at the middle and lower part of the retaining wall, and the maximum tensile strain of the tension bar acts on the wall rupture surface. As impacted by static vehicle load, the largest settlement is located at the parking position, and the maximum horizontal displacement and wall stability will vary with the vehicle position. Moreover, the closer the vehicle to the reinforcement is, the greater the lateral Earth pressure will be imposed on the upper part of the reinforcement body. With the variation of the vehicle position, the tension stress of the geogrid will vary noticeably.
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Yuedong, Wu, Zhang Lei, Xu Nan, and Lui Jian. "Stability analysis of composite I-shaped masonry reinforced retaining wall." E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 02032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019802032.
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Based on the actual project, the influence of geogrid on the stability of the retaining wall of the single-layer masonry reinforced retaining wall is studied through field test and finite element software ABAQUS numerical simulation. The influence of geogrid on the stability of the retaining wall was determined by analyzing the changes in the pressure of the backfill, the displacement of the retaining wall and the strain of the geogrid, and changing the length and spacing of the geogrid through the controlled variable method. The results show that the geogrid can limit the horizontal displacement of the soil, balance the earth pressure, and improve the overall stability of the retaining wall. By increasing the length of the geogrid and reducing the distance of the geogrid, the design of the retaining wall is optimized, which has good economic and time benefits.
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KITAMOTO, Yukiyoshi, Hiroshi ABE, Kazunori KAMIKI, and Hironori YAMAMURA. "Construction of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall." Geosynthetics Engineering Journal 13 (1998): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5030/jcigsjournal.13.23.
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Li, Fu Lin, and Fang Le Peng. "FEM Simulation of Earth Pressure on Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall under Variable Rate Loading." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.266.
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On the basis of the Dynamic Relaxation method, a nonlinear finite element method (FEM) analysis procedure was developed for the geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall. The FEM procedure technique incorporated the unified three-component elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model which can consider the rate-dependent behavior of both the backfill soil and the geosynthitic reinforcement. A simulation was performed on a physical model test on geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall to validate the presented FEM. Extensive finite-element analyses were carried out to investigate the earth pressure distributions from the back of retaining wall under variable rate loading. It is shown that this FEM can well simulate the rate-dependent behavior and the earth pressure of geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall.
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Su, Jun, and Xiao Qiang Yang. "Model Experimental Research of Double-Sided Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.482.
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Double reinforced earth retaining wall belongs to flexible structures, so it adapts well to soft foundation deformation. Compared with other forms of retaining wall, double reinforced earth retaining wall is more economic. An experimental study was conducted to assess the earth pressure on the facing of double-sided reinforced earth retaining wall, and its fundamental mechanism was researched. The results indicate that the horizontal earth pressure on the back grows with the increase of the thickness of the filled soil, its value was between active earth pressure and static earth pressure, the strain of the metallic bar increases with increasing load, It was non-linear distribution along the length of the metallic bar. The results providing a basis for design, theoretic analysis and engineering application.
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Bhattacharjee, Arup, and A. Murali Krishna. "Seismic Response of Rigid Faced Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls." International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 3, no. 2 (July 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgee.2012070101.
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Reinforced soil walls offer excellent solution to problems associated with earth retaining structures under seismic conditions. Among different types of reinforced soil walls, rigid faced walls are widely used in various infrastructure projects. Presented is the seismic response of such rigid faced reinforced soil retaining walls through numerical models. Development of numerical model for simulating the shaking table tests on rigid faced reinforced soil retaining walls and its application in investigating the seismic response of wall models are presented. These models are discussed in depth in the article. The results obtained from the numerical simulations are validated with that of experimental studies reported in the literature. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to understand the affect of different material properties like backfill friction angle, backfill dilation angle and stiffness of reinforcement on model response.
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Changwei, Yang, Zhang Shixian, Zhang Jianjing, and Bi Junwei. "Seismic Stability Time-Frequency Analysis Method of Reinforced Retaining Wall." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/178692.
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The first-order differential equation of the seismic active earth pressure is established by horizontal slices analysis method, based on the elastic wave theory, with the summarized dynamic analysis model of the reinforced retaining wall and the plane of fracture assumed as linear type. And then this paper proposes a time-frequency analysis method for the internal antiseismic stability analysis on the retaining wall. The reasonability of this method is verified by the results from other methods, for example, rule. The internal frictional angle of filling earth, the seismic intensity, and the frequency of the input earthquake wave have a predominant effect on the needed total tensile force of the lacing wires, which shows that (1) the needed total tensile force of the lacing wires goes up with the increase of the PGA and the internal frictional angle; (2) the needed total tensile force of the expandability lacing wires is bigger than that of the nonexpandability lacing wires; (3) the needed total tensile force of lacing wires is saddle distributed and the force achieves maximum value when the frequency of input wave equals the natural frequency of reinforced retaining wall. Besides, if the reinforced retaining wall is designed in compliance with the rules, the emergency capacity of reinforced retaining wall is reduced. At last, this paper not only takes into account the effect of three factors of the seismic wave (PGA, frequency, and duration) on the internal antiseismic stability analysis of reinforced retaining wall but also provides some valuable references for the time-frequency seismic design of other retaining structures.
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Tang, Xiao Song, Ying Ren Zheng, and Lai Jie. "Application of FEM Strength Reduction Dynamic Analysis in the Seismic Design of Reinforced Earth-Retaining Wall with Geo-Grid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 1419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1419.
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Due to the special mesh structure, geo-grid material can avoid local subsidence of filling material, reduce uneven settlement of soil mass to the largest degree and improve the whole stability of soil mass, so the reinforced earth-retaining wall with geo-grid is widely used in engineering. Meanwhile, researches on its dynamic characters are not enough and it is hard to judge the whole stability of reinforced earth-retaining wall under seismic condition. When unstable failure happens, the location of failure surface can hardly be identified. These disadvantages have seriously limited the development of this supporting method and cause unsafe potentials for engineering. Based on the FEM strength reduction dynamic analysis and combined with practical engineering, the paper conducts stability analysis on the reinforced earth-retaining wall of geo-grid under seismic condition and the research achievements provide a new thinking for the seismic design of reinforced earth-retaining wall with geo-grid.
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Konstandakopoulou, Foteini, Maria Tsimirika, Nikos Pnevmatikos, and George D. Hatzigeorgiou. "Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls Designed According to European Provisions." Infrastructures 5, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5060046.
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Reinforced concrete retaining walls are concrete structures that are built to retain natural soil or fill earth. This study examines the lower cost-optimized design of retaining walls. Recently, a large number of modern optimization techniques were published, but a small number of them were proposed for reinforced concrete retaining walls. The proposed method develops a heuristic optimization approach to achieve the optimal design of these structures. This method simultaneously satisfies all structural, geotechnical, and European Code design restraints while decreasing the total cost of these structures. In order to confirm the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method, characteristic retaining wall examples are demonstrated. Furthermore, the parametric investigation is examined to study the result of pertinent parameters on the minimum-cost static and seismic design of retaining structures.
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Jia, Liang, Shikai He, Na Li, Wei Wang, and Kai Yao. "Stability of Reinforced Retaining Wall under Seismic Loads." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (May 28, 2019): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112175.
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Based on the horizontal slice method (HSM) and assuming a log spiral slip surface, a method to analyze the stability of a reinforced retaining wall under seismic loads was established in this study by calculating the tensile force of the reinforcement. A parametric study was conducted on the normalized tensile force of the reinforcement, and it was observed that the normalized tensile force tends to increase with acceleration of the seismic load and the height of the backfill. Moreover, it also increases with soil unit weight, while it decreases with increased friction angle of the backfill soil, and the influence of soil cohesion on the normalized tensile force is not significant. The HSM method is proved to be suitable for analyzing the tensile force of reinforcement in retaining walls under seismic loads.
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Rubin, Oleg D., Sergey E. Lisichkin, and Fedor A. Pashenko. "Development of a method for calculating the stress state in horizontal sections of hydraulic engineering angular-type retaining walls." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 15, no. 5 (December 15, 2019): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2019-15-5-339-344.
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Angular retaining walls are widespread in hydraulic engineering. They are characterized by large dimensions, small percentages of reinforcement, block cutting along the height of the structure. The bulk of the existing retaining walls were built in the 1960s-1980s. The regulatory documents that were in force during this period had certain shortcomings that caused the non-design behavior of a number of retaining walls. Improvement of calculation methods for reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls is required, within the framework of which a more complete account of the characteristic features of their behavior is needed. The aim of the work is to improve methods for calculating reinforced concrete retaining walls of a corner type. Methods of research carried out to improve the calculation of reinforced concrete retaining walls of the corner type included, among others, the classical methods of resistance of materials, the theory of elasticity, and structural mechanics. To determine the actual stress-strain state of the natural structures of retaining walls, visual and instrumental methods for examining retaining walls were used, including the method of unloading reinforcement. Results. To determine the stress state in the elements of the reinforced concrete structure of the retaining wall (in concrete and in reinforcement), a methodology was developed for calculating the stress state of retaining walls, which allows to determine the components of the stress state (stress in concrete in the compressed zone, as well as stress in stretched and compressed reinforcement) in horizontal sections of the vertical cantilever part of the retaining walls.
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Lv, Peng, Guang Qing Yang, and Jie Liu. "Testing and FEM Analysis of Geogrid-Reinforced Retaining Wall's Earth Pressure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.96.
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Earth pressure is the main factor for retaining walls stability. To study the distribution regulation of earth pressure in geogrid-reinforced retaining wall, in-situ test has been carried out on an experimental wall and analyzed by finite element method. The numerical result fits well with the test data that prove the reliability, the paper analyze the influence for earth pressure distribution caused by factors of geogrid as: stiffness; length; spacing, and the weight density of filling material.
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Ma, Tian Zhong, and Yan Peng Zhu. "Seismic Strengthening Methods and Analysis of Instability of Gravity Retaining Walls." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 2141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.2141.
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Using the frame supporting structure of pre-stressed anchor bolt seismic strengthening technology reinforced the instability of gravity retaining wall. Earth pressure of retaining wall in seismic reinforcement after shall take between active and static earth pressure for the form of the distribution . In this paper, based on the limit equilibrium theory, and the whole stability for retaining walls is analysis, the theoretical formula of the stability safety factor between stability against slope and overturning safety factor is derived. By calculation and comparative analysis with an example, the stability safety factor of gravity retaining wall with introducing this strengthening technology is improved obviously. Keywords: frame anchor structure; seismic strengthening; anti-slip and anti-overturning; stability coefficient;
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Su, Jun, and Hong Guang Chen. "Experimental Research on Earth Pressure of Double-Sided Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 1572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1572.
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According to a highway expansion project, this paper makes field obversations on earth pressrue of double-sided reinforcement retaining walls and studies distribution of it. Test results show earth pressure on the back of double-sided reinforcement retaining walls grows with increase of filling height during construction and the distribution is nonlinear along with height of the wall, the maximum is at the base. Measured values of vertical earth pressure are lower than theoretical ones. And this structure of double-sided reinforcement retaining walls has low requirement on bearing pressure of foundations. The results can be used as a reference for further application in future.
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Yu, Bo, Yun Zhi Tan, Nan Jing Wang, and Pin Liang Ding. "Strip Type Rebar of the Rear Sets of Spherical Bodies Anchorage Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall Design Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.361.
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Participating in the college students reinforced earth retaining wall competition of 2012 "youlinshubulyoke cup", and puting forward set of spherical bodies reinforced in the rear of steel strip rebar in order to increase the anchorage zone of strip type rebar and soil action area ,and converted the friction coefficient between soil and bar tape into soil and soil, thereby increasing the frictional resistance and the pull-out force. Making reinforced earth retaining walls in the same level of load, to achieve the purpose of saving the materials.
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Mishra, Naman, and Anubhav Rai. "Comparative Analysis of Cantilever Retaining Wall with and without Column." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 1437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53923.
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Abstract: Retaining walls play a crucial role in civil engineering projects, providing stability to soil, preventing erosion, and mitigating landslides. To design and analyse these walls effectively, a profound understanding of soil mechanics, structural engineering principles, and various wall configurations is required. One notable configuration is the Cantilever Retaining Wall, which is known for its simplicity and effectiveness in resisting lateral earth pressures. However, for taller retaining walls, incorporating a column has shown potential in achieving greater cost-efficiency. This research aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of cantilever retaining walls, comparing those with and without a column system. The study utilizes manual calculations, as well as software tools like STAAD Pro and Excel spreadsheets, for design optimization. Adherence to the guidelines specified in the Indian Standard IS 456:2000 for reinforced concrete structures ensures compliance with industry standards. The research involves a thorough examination and design of both the Cantilever Retaining Wall (CRw) and the Column Cantilever Retaining Wall (CCRw), considering a 35-meter span and heights ranging from 3 to 9 meters. Through a comprehensive evaluation of construction costs, this study concludes that the CCRw configuration offers superior costeffectiveness compared to the CRw configuration.
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Syafiarti, Arintha Indah Dwi, Faisal Hamdan, and Fahmi Firdaus Alrizal. "Analisis Perbandingan Stabilitas Retaining Wall Soldier Piles dengan Reinforced Earth Wall." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 1, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31284/j.jts.2020.v1i1.893.
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Tol Serpong Balaraja adalah proyek infrastuktur yang diharapkan menjadi solusi pemecahan masalah kepadatan lalu lintas di Tangerang Selatan. Pada proyek Tol Serpong Balaraja terdapat pekerjaan dinding penahan tanah pada STA 2+200 – STA 2+400 untuk menahan timbunan yang menerima beban jalan on/off ramp. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan antara perencanaan dinding penahan tanah menggunakan metode soldier piles dan reinforced earth wall dengan perkuatan geogrid. Permodelan stabilitas internal dinding penahan tanah pada setiap metode dilakukan menggunakan PLAXIS. Dan stabilitas eksternal dihitung berdasarkan tegangan tanah horizontal. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dinding penahan tanah yang menggunakan soldier piles, menunjukkan stabilitas internal yang lebih besar daripada metode reinforced earth wall.
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Kayabekir, Aylin Ece, Zülal Akbay Arama, Gebrail Bekdaş, and İlknur Dalyan. "L-shaped reinforced concrete retaining wall design: cost and sizing optimization." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 6, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2020.03.005.
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In the context of this study, the design of L-shaped reinforced concrete retaining walls have been scrutinized parametrically depending on the simultaneous analysis of cost and sizing with the use of a recent optimization algorithm. The differences and restrictions of L-shaped reinforced concrete retaining wall design than classical T-shaped walls have been also discussed. The foundation width and the thickness of the wall required for a safe design has been also investigated according to the change of excavation depth, the type of soil dominating field and the external loading conditions. The observed results from optimization analyses shows that the variation of the shear strength angle is the most significant soil geotechnical parameter for supplying an envisaged safe design against sliding, overturning and adequate bearing capacity. Concurrently, the excavation depth is the most important factor that is forming the necessity of the construction of the retaining structure and optimal dimension evaluation. It is also proved that the wall foundation width is the most effected dimension of the retaining structures by the change of design parameters and the cost difference is directly influenced by the change of sizing. A cost-effective wall design can be performed with the use of proposed optimization analysis is capable in a shorter time than the traditional methods. Eventually, it has shown that such optimization methods may be useful to find the optimal design requirements for geotechnical engineering structures.
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Ma, De Fu, Lei Guo, Jian Qing Wu, and Zhi Dong Zhou. "Comparative Analysis on Different Types of Anchor Reinforcing Gravity Retaining Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.567.
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A new type of gravity retaining wall combining with anchor is developed to support higher embankment. The retaining wall has the advantage of high safety, lateral deformation small, wide applicable range and low requirements for the foundation bearing capacity. The pressure distributions of gravity retaining wall with anchor have changed a lot. The change will have a significant impact on structures. In order to reveal the gravity retaining wall combining anchor pressure distributions, numerical simulation was done. The result shows that it has no obvious differences to its force state when retaining wall is reinforced with horizontal and oblique anchors, The former is applicable to the new embankment retaining wall support and the latter is applicable to the original retaining wall reinforcement.