Academic literature on the topic 'Retail trade Management Data processing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Retail trade Management Data processing"
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Voronova, O. V., and V. A. Khareva. "Electronic document management in chain companies of the FMCG-segment." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 3 (October 13, 2019): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2019-3-46-51.
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This article considers the features of electronic document management at retail trade enterprises of the FMCG-segment. The paper observes the types of document flow at chain companies and examines the process of implementation of electronic document management system. The notions of “electronic document management” and “electronic data interchange” are also distinguished in the article.The paper explores positive changes caused by the introduction of electronic document management and the complexity of its implementation. The study reveals that in the Russian Federation the process of mass introduction of electronic document management in the chain retail companies of the FMCG segment has been ongoing for about ten years, though has reached the highest level of its activity in the last two years. At present day, the major part of chain retail companies in the FMCG-segment has already started to actively work with the Electronic Data Interchange system. Moreover, in recent years the number of partner-enterprises that join this system has been steadily increasing.The results of the study show that introduction of electronic document management in chain companies of the FMCG-segment allows to reduce the time spent for processing documents and to track all stages of the core business processes more effectively. It also ensures information security, improves staff discipline and the quality of service, which in its turn significantly improves management efficiency of the company in general.
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Tudor, Cristiana. "Integrated Framework to Assess the Extent of the Pandemic Impact on the Size and Structure of the E-Commerce Retail Sales Sector and Forecast Retail Trade E-Commerce." Electronics 11, no. 19 (October 5, 2022): 3194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11193194.
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With customers’ increasing reliance on e-commerce and multimedia content after the outbreak of COVID-19, it has become crucial for companies to digitize their business methods and models. Consequently, COVID-19 has highlighted the prominence of e-commerce and new business models while disrupting conventional business activities. Hence, assessing and forecasting e-commerce growth is currently paramount for e-market planners, market players, and policymakers alike. This study sources data for the global e-commerce market leader, the US, and proposes an integrated framework that encompasses automated algorithms able to estimate six statistical and machine-learning univariate methods in order to accomplish two main tasks: (i) to produce accurate forecasts for e-commerce retail sales (e-sale) and the share of e-commerce in total retail sales (e-share); and (ii) to assess in quantitative terms the pandemic impact on the size and structure of the e-commerce retail sales sector. The results confirm that COVID-19 has significantly impacted the trend and structure of the US retail sales sector, producing cumulative excess (or abnormal) retail e-sales of $227.820 billion and a cumulative additional e-share of 10.61 percent. Additionally, estimations indicate a continuation of the increasing trend, with point estimates of $378.691 billion for US e-commerce retail sales that are projected to account for 16.72 percent of total US retail sales by the end of 2025. Nonetheless, the current findings also document that the growth of e-commerce is not a consequence of the COVID-19 crisis, but that the pandemic has accelerated the evolution of the e-commerce sector by at least five years. Overall, the study concludes that the shift towards e-commerce is permanent and, thus, governments (especially in developing countries) should prioritize policies aimed at harnessing e-commerce for sustainable development. Furthermore, in light of the research findings, digital transformation should constitute a top management priority for retail businesses.
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Syukri, Fitriyani, Junaidin Zakariah, Aminuddin Aminuddin, and Alamsyah Alamsyah. "ANALISIS SEKTOR UNGGULAN DALAM MENUNJANG PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI DI KOTA PAREPARE." Economos : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31850/economos.v4i1.779.
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This academic research was carefully conducted to typically know the accurate classification of the leading sectors in the Kota Parepare. The data typically used in common is secondary data which is taken directly from the Central Statistics Agency of the Kota Parepare. The data typically used are the empirical PDRB data of the City of Parepare from 2011-2019. This academic research was typically started from March to April 2020. Exploratory data analysis typically used Klassen Typology Analysis and Location Qoutien analysis. The direct results of this academic study typically indicate that: the leading sectors in the Kota Parepare in common are the water supply sector, waste processing, waste and recycling, the transportation and warehousing sector, the financial services sector, and insurance and the real estate sector. As for the basic sector, namely the specific provision of generated electricity and gas; water supply, waste management, waste, and recycling; construction; wholesale and retail trade; car and motorcycle repair; transportation and warehousing; providing accommodation and food and drink; information and communication; financial and insurance services; real estate; local government administration, civil defense, and compulsory social security; education services; preventive health services and social activities; other services. non-basic sectors, namely agriculture, divinity, and local fisheries; extensive mining and extensive excavation; processing industry and corporate services.
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Pambudi, Agung, Ida Nuraini, and Zainal Arifin. "Analisis Ketimpangan Ekonomi Dan Sektor Ekonomi Unggulan Di Kabupaten Muaro Jambi Provinsi Jambi." Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi JIE 6, no. 1 (February 10, 2022): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jie.v6i1.19092.
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The purpose of this study is to determine inequality and the leading economic sector in Muaro Jambi district with a period of 5 years from 2016 to 2020. The research method used is to use the Williamsom index calculation and Static Location Quotient by taking secondary data obtained from sources. Central Bureau of Statistics Muaro Jambi. The results of the study show that inequality is increasing from 2016 to 2020 from the calculation of the Williamson index. Meanwhile, from the calculation of the Static Location Quotient , the leading sectors in Muaro Jambi district are the agriculture, forestry and fishery sectors, processing industry, transportation and warehousing, and other services. The non-leading sectors in Muaro Jambi district are mining and quarrying, electricity and gas supply, water supply, waste management, waste and recycling, construction, wholesale and retail trade, car and motorcycle repair, accommodation and food and drink provision, information and communication, financial and insurance services, real estate, corporate services, government administration, defense and compulsory social security, education services, and health services and social activities.
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Klepacki, Bogdan, and Aleksandra Perkowska. "ORGANIZATION OF FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS IN DISPERSED PRODUCTION ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE VEGETABLE SECTOR IN POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.9133.
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The study aimed to recognize the supply chains used in the marketing of vegetables and their products, as well as the trends of changes occurring in it. An analysis of vegetable production in the World and Poland was made. The study presents a diagram of the supply chain in agribusiness prepared by the authors. Using the graphical method, a presentation of the flow of raw materials and vegetable products was made, starting from producers of production means for agriculture to the final consumer. The directions of changes in the production of vegetables and their products are presented. The literature of the subject, official statistical data, and studies prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development as well as the Institute of Agricultural Economics and Food Economy - National Research Institute were used in the research. It was found that the vegetable logistics chain includes thousands of farmers, fruit and vegetable processing units, wholesale and retail trade. Such a chain must be very flexible, adapting to the challenges of domestic and foreign markets. The condition for success in implementing supply chains of the vegetable sector is the efficiency of their management, solidarity and trust of participants.
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Klepacki, Bogdan. "ORGANIZATION OF SUPPLY CHAINS IN THE FRUIT SECTOR IN POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4099.
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The aim of the study was to recognize the supply chains used in the marketing of fruit and their products, as well as the trends of changes in this sector. The object of the research was fruit production in the world and Poland. The study presents a diagram of the supply chain in agribusiness. A method of graphic presentation of the flow of raw materials and fruit products from producers of raw materials and means of production for agriculture to the final consumer was also used. Trends of changes in the production of fruit and their preserves are presented. The research used literature on the subject, available mass statistics data and data prepared by the Institute of Economics, Agriculture and Food Economy – the National Research Institute. Based on the research, it was found that the fruit logistics chain includes thousands of farmers, many agri-food processing units, wholesale and retail food trade. It must be very flexible, constantly adapting to the challenges of a changing, globalizing market. In conditions of dispersed fruit production, success is determined by the efficiency of chain management combined with solidarity and mutual trust of all participants in the flow of goods, information and financial resources.
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Kiha, Emilia Khristina, Frederic Winston Nalle, and Gustaf Inyong Kobi. "Analysis of Leading Sectors in Increasing Economic Growth in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara in 2014-2018." Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance 1, no. 1 (February 5, 2021): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/economit.v1i1.371.
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The aims of the study is to find out the leading sectors in increasing economic growth in the province of east nusa tenggara. This study uses secondary data in the form of PDRB data for the 2014-2018 period obtained through literature books, readings related to the problem under study. Sources of data were obtained from government agencies such as the East Nusa Tenggara Province Central Statistics Agency (BPS), as well as related agencies. The result in this study. 1. Based on the results of the Klassen Typology analysis, the sector which is included in the advanced sector and growing rapidly or the leading sector is the sector Mandatory Government Administration, Defense and Social Security. Meanwhile, sectors that are included in the advanced but depressed sector are the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries sector, the Construction sector, the Transportation and Warehousing sector, the Information and Communication sector, the Education Services sector, the Health Services sector and Social Activities and the Other Services sector. Sectors classified as potential or still developing sectors are mining and quarrying sector, processing industry sector, electricity and gas supply sector, wholesale and retail trade: car and motorcycle repair and accommodation and food and drink provision sector. Meanwhile, sectors that are relatively lagging behind are the water supply sector, waste management, waste and recycling, the financial services and insurance sector, the real estate sector and the corporate services sector.
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Siregar, Amril Mutoi. "PENGELOMPOKAN BIDANG LAJU PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI INDONESIA MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA K-MEANS." Jurnal Accounting Information System (AIMS) 2, no. 2 (October 28, 2019): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32627/aims.v2i2.342.
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Indonesian is one of countries with economic development in the very good category. Economic growth is seen from several supporting fields, Indonesia has a lot of excess natural resources, which can support the economy compared to other countries. But the problem faced is the lack of maximum management of the economy, Indonesia has economic support categorized into 17 fields. Among the fields not in the same development because they are still stuck in one area, it turns out that Indonesia has all the potential to improve all fields. To increase the growth of all fields, the government must have correct, accurate and relevant data to group these fields. In this study using the Decision Tree algorithm to classify fields supporting economic growth automatically. The grouping results into three classes, namely high, medium, low. After the research was conducted the results were that the high category group was Mining and Excavation, Construction, transportation and warehousing, Provosion of accommodation and food Drinking, Information and Communication, Financial Services and Insurance, Real Estate, Educational Services, Health Services and Social Activities, medium groups were Procurement of Electricity and Gas, Company Services and low-income groups are in the fields of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Processing Industry, water supply , waste management, Waste and Recycling, large Trade and retail, car and motorcycle repair, Government Administration, Defense and Compulsory Social Security, Other Services.
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Kupalova, G. I., T. N. Artyukh, N. V. Goncharenko, and V. I. Berezyuk. "Product range management of online stores in the conditions of COVID-19." Bulletin of "Turan" University, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2022-1-2-170-177.
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The article considers the current problem of improving the product range of online store in COVID-19 conditions. There is a steady tendency to increase the share of e-commerce in the global volume of retail trade, the level of visits to online stores. It was found that the system of product range management includes such organizational activities as planning (market analysis, range formation, planning of sales and logistics); organization (organization of order processing, analysis of the effectiveness of Internet commerce); control (monitoring the implementation of key performance indicators (KPI), assessment of the impact of product structure to achieve KPI, adjusting the assortment). In the near future, assortment management in online stores will be affected by such factors as increased demand, the uncertainty of the business environment, increased requirements for the quality of goods and their delivery, the complexity of delivery of goods, especially export goods. To adapt to external conditions, to ensure competitiveness in the long term, it is important to apply strategic and operational management tools. Strategic tools provide for long-term planning based on actual statistical and analytical data of activities and market development. Such tools should be the following: developing a strategy for adapting the nomenclature according to the dynamics of the market, justification of procedures for bringing the interface of the online store, the introduction of a flexible management strategy in terms of structural changes in the product range. In modern conditions the tools of operational management of the online store should be aimed at operational improvement of the range: to reject and/or replace products with low demand, improve customer perception of the goods offered by classifying them, the justification of the system of related services, taking into account economic efficiency.
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Loseva, O. V., M. A. Fedotova, and V. V. Bogatyreva. "Impact of the Value of Intangible Assets on the Capitalization of Food Retailers for their sustainable Growth." Finance: Theory and Practice 25, no. 4 (August 24, 2021): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2021-25-4-48-63.
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The objective of the research in the article is the food retail companies that occupy leading positions in the Russian and foreign markets. The subject of the study is financial and economic relations in the field of the use of intangible assets (IA) as a significant factor in increasing the capitalization of food retailers and their sustainable development. The relevance of the problem is due, on the one hand, to the significant contribution of trade to the country’s GDP, on the other hand, to the need to find new drivers for the sustainable development of food retailers in the context of overcoming the negative consequences of the pandemic and the digital economy. The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of the value of intangible assets on the capitalization of food retailers. The authors applied the methods of comparative analysis, calculation of financial and economic indicators, correlation, and regression analysis of statistical data processing. The authors used Student’s t-test and Fisher’s f-test to confirm the quality of the constructed model. The study shows that Russian food retailers, as compared to foreign ones, occupy a smaller market share in the domestic economy and have a smaller share of intangible assets in the non-current assets of companies (except for X5 Retail Group). On the Russian food market, a trend has been revealed towards an increase in the production of goods under private labels and a decrease in the presence of foreign retailers, as well as an increase in the share of online trading that requires the use of intellectual property, including digital intangible assets, and leads to an increase in cash flows. Based on multivariate correlation analysis, it was found that the capitalization of trading companies in the food sector is most affected by the value of intangible assets and return on them. The constructed model of linear two-factor regression allows the authors to conclude that with an increase in the value of intangible assets by 1%, the market capitalization of a company increases by 10% with a constant return on assets. The article provides recommendations for Russian food retailers on the formation and use of a portfolio of intangible assets for value-based business management, which will contribute to their sustainable development.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Retail trade Management Data processing"
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Udekwe, Emmanuel. "The impact of human resources information systems in selected retail outlets in Western Cape." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2348.
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Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.Human Resource Information Systems (HRISs) are systems that merge Human Resources (HR) and Information Systems (ISs) for a fast, easy, and convenient way of operating and reporting the human and material resources in an organisation. The retail sector is an important and active sector in terms of its job creation and a major contributor to the economy. This research focuses on the level of impact HRISs have in the retail sector by reassessing its functions, problems, prospects, and benefits to the retail industries. This research further focuses on two retail outlets that use HRISs to explore how effective HRIS implementation is, the benefits these systems are able to offer, and its contribution to the organisation. A multiple case study was used as research strategy. Interviews and semi-structured questionnaires were conducted to collect the data. Data was analysed using summarising, categorising and thematic analysis. The problem statement is that HRISs are difficult to implement and maintain and as a result, organisations cannot effectively utilise these systems to their benefit. The aim of this research is based on exploring how HRISs can be implemented and maintained in order for organisations to gain the expected benefits of the system. The contribution of the study is a proposed guideline for retail organisations to assist in the effective implementation and maintenance of their preferred HRISs. All ethical standards as required by CPUT were followed. Consent was obtained in writing from the companies as well as the interviewees.
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Van, Ostrand Rita A. "A computerized working environment for retail pharmacists." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/484763.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate how well the computer hardware/software industry was meeting the needs of the retail pharmacist. The needs were determined by a survey of 1000 Indiana pharmacists. A reply rate of 22% revealed that the most important problems pharmacists were facing with their computer systems were slow access of the data, the length of backup time, no drug interaction check, and no multitasking. Hardware and software means of meeting these problems were studied. Also the currently available systems were evaluated in terms of these problems. It was found that while most systems were adequately meeting some of these problems no system was addressing all of them. Some of the systems were multitasking but were much too expensive for the small pharmacy. A system can be designed that meets all of these needs without neglecting the basic needs of pharmacists and at a very reasonable cost.
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Chan, Ki-hung, and 陳己雄. "Implementation of information technology in small and medium retail and wholesale enterprises." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31267853.
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Weber, Mary Margaret. "The effect of information technology on retail logistics." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1299530060.
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Johnson, Olufemi Jagunmolu. "Adoption and use of E-commerce in the mainstream retail grocery sector in the Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2826.
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Thesis (MTech (Information Technology)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.In the last two decades, the concept of e-commerce has been embraced and widely adopted by many enterprises across the world. Many enterprises continue to reap the benefits of ecommerce across industries and sectors. Despite the benefits, which have been widely reported, South African retail enterprises have only adopted the concept sporadically. The lack of, or slow pace of, adoption and participation in the e-commerce space by South African retail enterprises is a problem for both the enterprises themselves and individuals (consumers): retail enterprises are challenged with competitiveness at global space, and individuals are constrained and limited in their attempts to partake in transactions with retailers. This research was therefore undertaken to examine and understand the factors, from both technical and non-technical perspectives, that influence the adoption and use of e-commerce within the South African environment. Two organisations were used as cases in the study. In that human opinions and views were required, the qualitative methods and the interpretive approach were employed in the research. Actor Network Theory (ANT) was applied in the analysis of the qualitative data. Based on the findings and interpretation of the findings, a framework was developed. The framework is intended to guide how e-commerce can be adopted and used in the mainstream retail grocery sector in South Africa. The research can be of use and benefit to both business and in the academic domain, from either a practical, methodological and theoretical perspective. Practically, small and large retail enterprises in South African or other African countries with similar business cultures and settings can come to a better understanding of the e-commerce influencing factors. Methodologically, the use of ANT was vital, in the way it was used to examine the various networks, actors, relationship and interaction that happens in the process of adopting and or use of e-commerce. Theoretically, this study contributes to existing literature. Also, the study can be used as case study material in the field of information systems by institutions of higher learning.
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Wang, Anjia. "Apparel Companies' Management System (APLAN)." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2524.
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APLAN is a computer software system developed to aid in an apparel company's management system. APLAN is designed to improve the efficiency of production management by combining the companies' main production activities in one system. This project was designed to use MYSQL as the database system. JSP (Java Server Pages) is an interface between MySQL and the web browser and the database access scheme is JDBC (JAVA Database Connectivity).
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Mallangi, Siva Sai Reddy. "Low-Power Policies Based on DVFS for the MUSEIC v2 System-on-Chip." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-229443.
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Multi functional health monitoring wearable devices are quite prominent these days. Usually these devices are battery-operated and consequently are limited by their battery life (from few hours to a few weeks depending on the application). Of late, it was realized that these devices, which are currently being operated at fixed voltage and frequency, are capable of operating at multiple voltages and frequencies. By switching these voltages and frequencies to lower values based upon power requirements, these devices can achieve tremendous benefits in the form of energy savings. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) techniques have proven to be handy in this situation for an efficient trade-off between energy and timely behavior. Within imec, wearable devices make use of the indigenously developed MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). This system is optimized for efficient and accurate collection, processing, and transfer of data from multiple (health) sensors. MUSEIC v2 has limited means in controlling the voltage and frequency dynamically. In this thesis we explore how traditional DVFS techniques can be applied to the MUSEIC v2. Experiments were conducted to find out the optimum power modes to efficiently operate and also to scale up-down the supply voltage and frequency. Considering the overhead caused when switching voltage and frequency, transition analysis was also done. Real-time and non real-time benchmarks were implemented based on these techniques and their performance results were obtained and analyzed. In this process, several state of the art scheduling algorithms and scaling techniques were reviewed in identifying a suitable technique. Using our proposed scaling technique implementation, we have achieved 86.95% power reduction in average, in contrast to the conventional way of the MUSEIC v2 chip’s processor operating at a fixed voltage and frequency. Techniques that include light sleep and deep sleep mode were also studied and implemented, which tested the system’s capability in accommodating Dynamic Power Management (DPM) techniques that can achieve greater benefits. A novel approach for implementing the deep sleep mechanism was also proposed and found that it can obtain up to 71.54% power savings, when compared to a traditional way of executing deep sleep mode.Nuförtiden så har multifunktionella bärbara hälsoenheter fått en betydande roll. Dessa enheter drivs vanligtvis av batterier och är därför begränsade av batteritiden (från ett par timmar till ett par veckor beroende på tillämpningen). På senaste tiden har det framkommit att dessa enheter som används vid en fast spänning och frekvens kan användas vid flera spänningar och frekvenser. Genom att byta till lägre spänning och frekvens på grund av effektbehov så kan enheterna få enorma fördelar när det kommer till energibesparing. Dynamisk skalning av spänning och frekvens-tekniker (såkallad Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling, DVFS) har visat sig vara användbara i detta sammanhang för en effektiv avvägning mellan energi och beteende. Hos Imec så använder sig bärbara enheter av den internt utvecklade MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). Systemet är optimerat för effektiv och korrekt insamling, bearbetning och överföring av data från flera (hälso) sensorer. MUSEIC v2 har begränsad möjlighet att styra spänningen och frekvensen dynamiskt. I detta examensarbete undersöker vi hur traditionella DVFS-tekniker kan appliceras på MUSEIC v2. Experiment utfördes för att ta reda på de optimala effektlägena och för att effektivt kunna styra och även skala upp matningsspänningen och frekvensen. Eftersom att ”overhead” skapades vid växling av spänning och frekvens gjordes också en övergångsanalys. Realtidsoch icke-realtidskalkyler genomfördes baserat på dessa tekniker och resultaten sammanställdes och analyserades. I denna process granskades flera toppmoderna schemaläggningsalgoritmer och skalningstekniker för att hitta en lämplig teknik. Genom att använda vår föreslagna skalningsteknikimplementering har vi uppnått 86,95% effektreduktion i jämförelse med det konventionella sättet att MUSEIC v2-chipets processor arbetar med en fast spänning och frekvens. Tekniker som inkluderar lätt sömn och djupt sömnläge studerades och implementerades, vilket testade systemets förmåga att tillgodose DPM-tekniker (Dynamic Power Management) som kan uppnå ännu större fördelar. En ny metod för att genomföra den djupa sömnmekanismen föreslogs också och enligt erhållna resultat så kan den ge upp till 71,54% lägre energiförbrukning jämfört med det traditionella sättet att implementera djupt sömnläge.
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Matobobo, Courage. "Development of an intelligent analytics-based model for product sales optimisation in retail enterprises." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21807.
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A retail enterprise is a business organisation that sells goods or services directly to consumers for personal use. Retail enterprises such as supermarkets enable customers to go around the shop picking items from the shelves and placing them into their baskets. The basket of each customer is captured into transactional systems. In this research study, retail enterprises were classified into two main categories: centralised and distributed retail enterprises. A distributed retail enterprise is one that issues the decision rights to the branches or groups nearest to the data collection, while in centralised retail enterprises the decision rights of the branches are concentrated in a single authority. It is difficult for retail enterprises to ascertain customer preferences by merely observing transactions. This has led to quantifiable losses. Although some enterprises implemented classical business models to address these challenging issues, they still lacked analytics-based marketing programs to gain competitive advantage. This research study develops an intelligent analytics-based (ARANN) model for both distributed and centralised retail enterprises in the cross-demographics of a developing country. The ARANN model is built on association rules (AR), complemented by artificial neural networks (ANN) to strengthen the results of these two individual models. The ARANN model was tested using real-life and publicly available transactional datasets for the generation of product arrangement sets. In centralised retail enterprises, the data from different branches was integrated and pre-processed to remove data impurities. The cleaned data was then fed into the ARANN model. On the other hand, in distributed retail enterprises data was collected branch per branch and cleaned. The cleaned data was fed into the ARANN model. According to experimental analytics, the ARANN model can generate improved product arrangement sets, thereby improving the confidence of retail enterprise decision-makers in competitive environments. It was also observed that the ARANN model performed faster in distributed than in centralised retail enterprises. This research is beneficial for sustainable businesses and consideration of the results is therefore recommended to retail enterprises.Computing
M Sc. (Computing)
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Daniel, Guetta Charles Raphael. "Applied Inventory Management: New Approaches to Age-Old Problems." Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D84M94B1.
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Supply chain management is one of the fundamental topics in the field of operations research, and a vast literature exists on the subject. Many recent developments in the field are rapidly narrowing the gap between the systems handled in the literature and the real-life problems companies need to solve on a day-to-day basis. However, there are certain features often observed in real-world systems that elude even these most recent developments. In this thesis, we consider a number of these features, and propose some new heuristics together with methodologies to evaluate their performance.
In Chapter 2, we consider a general two-echelon distribution system consisting of a depot and multiple sales outlets which face random demands for a given item. The replenishment process consists of two stages: the depot procures the item from an outside supplier, while the retailers' inventories are replenished by shipments from the depot. Both of the replenishment stages are associated with a given facility-specific leadtime. The depot as well as the retailers face a limited inventory capacity. We propose a heuristic for this class of dynamic programming models to obtain an upper bound on optimal costs, together with a new approach to generate lower bounds based on Lagrangian relaxation. We report on an extensive numerical study with close to 14,000 instances which evaluates the accuracy of the lower bound and the optimality gap of the various heuristic policies. Our study reveals that our policy performs exceedingly well almost across the entire parameter spectrum.
In Chapter 3, we extend the model above to deal with distribution systems involving several items. In this setting, two interdependencies can arise between items that considerably complicate the problem. First, shared storage capacity at each of the retail outlets results in a trade-off between items; ordering more of one item means less space is available for another. Second, economies of scope can occur in the order costs if several items can be ordered from a single supplier, incurring only one fixed cost. To our knowledge, our approach is the first that has been proposed to handle such complex, multi-echelon, multi-item systems. We propose a heuristic for this class of dynamic programming models, to obtain an upper bound on optimal costs, together with an approach to generate lower bounds. We report on an extensive numerical study with close to 1,200 instances that reveals our heuristic performs excellently across the entire parameter spectrum. In Chapter 4, we consider a periodic-review stochastic inventory control system consisting of a single retailer which faces random demands for a given item, and in which demand forecasts are dynamically updated (for example, new information observed in one period may affect our beliefs about demand distributions in future periods). Replenishment orders are subject to fixed and variable costs. A number of heuristics exist to deal with such systems, but to our knowledge, no general approach exists to find lower bounds on optimal costs therein. We develop a general approach for finding lower bounds on the cost of such systems using an information relaxation. We test our approach in a model with advance demand information, and obtain good lower bounds over a range of problem parameters.
Finally, in Appendix A, we begin to tackle the problem of using these methods in real supply chain systems. We were able to obtain data from a luxury goods manufacturer to inspire our study. Unfortunately, the methods we developed in earlier chapters were not directly applicable to these data. Instead, we developed some alternate heuristic methods, and we considered statistical techniques that might be used to obtain the parameters required for these heuristics from the data available.
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"A study of computerization for specialty fashion retailers in Hong Kong." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5886664.
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by Chan Kam-hung, Andy.Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991.
Bibliography: leaf 69.
ABSTRACT --- p.ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii
LIST OF FIGURES --- p.v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vi
CHAPTER
Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter II. --- RETAIL INFORMATION SYSTEM --- p.3
Key Components of Retail Information System --- p.4
Techonological Trend for Retail Information System --- p.11
Chapter III. --- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Fashion Retailing in Hong Kong --- p.14
Defining Research Objectives --- p.15
Chapter IV. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.16
The Setting of Questionnaire --- p.17
Conducting the Survey --- p.18
Research Limitation --- p.19
Chapter V. --- RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Survey Responses --- p.20
Analysis Techniques --- p.21
Analysis of Company Background Information --- p.22
Review of Current Status of Computerization --- p.23
Assessment of Key Success Factors for Computerization and Implementation Priority --- p.25
Application of Advanced Tools in Retailing --- p.26
Analysis of Key Factors in Selecting Advanced Tools --- p.28
Chapter VI. --- INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
Current Utilization of Computerized Retail Information Systems and Advanced System Tools --- p.29
Overall Utilization --- p.30
Hardware --- p.32
Application Systems --- p.32
Advanced System Tools --- p.35
Attitude Towards Future Computerization --- p.37
Chapter VII. --- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION --- p.40
APPENDICES --- p.44
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.69
Books on the topic "Retail trade Management Data processing"
1
Joshi, Girdhar. Information technology for retail. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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Joshi, Girdhar. Information technology for retail. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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Information technology for retail. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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Harry Schreiber & Associates., ed. Retail working papers: The strategic impact of automated systems on the retail enterprise. St. Louis, MO: Hexagon Press, 1996.
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Becker, Jörg. Retail Information Systems Based on SAP Products. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001.
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Collaborative promotions: Optimizing retail supply chains with upstream information sharing. Berlin: Springer, 2010.
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Bailey, Kenneth W. Using computers to improve store profits: How to manage inventory and keep your books. Lakeland, Fla: Crichlow Data Sciences, 1998.
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H, Abernathy Frederick, ed. A stitch in time: Lean retailing and the transformation of manufacturing--lessons from the apparel and textile industries. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
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Anderson, Barbara V. The art and science of computerassisted ordering: Methods for management. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books, 1996.
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Press, Entrepreneur, ed. Design and launch an online boutique in a week. [Irvine, CA]: Entrepreneur Press, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Retail trade Management Data processing"
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Han, Yao, Feng-zhao Yang, and Gang Wu. "Applying Data Mining to the Customer Relationship Management in Retail Trade." In Social Media Retrieval and Mining, 116–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41629-3_10.
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"Data processing and database management." In International Merchandise Trade Statistics, 69–79. UN, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/2caf52a4-en.
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Coffie, Cephas Paa Kwasi, Hongjiang Zhao, Benjamin Kwofie, and Emmanuel Dortey Tetteh. "Blockchain Smart Contracts and Empathy Trade-Off." In Advances in Data Mining and Database Management, 141–49. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3632-2.ch009.
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Contracts have emerged as an appropriate expanse for the application of Blockchain to eliminate human mediation perceived to be mired by weaknesses. Smart contracts date back to the 1990s, but the proposed Blockchain technology makes it a great force economically. Beyond the transactional processing qualities of blockchain, industries envisage the technology to resolve divergent human-related complications with traditional contracts. Per literature, smart contracts offer superior economic value with respect to legality, formation, deployment, execution, and cost. These qualities of smart contract ensure performance and eliminate risk. Criticised on the inhumane aspect of the technology in terms of contract amendments and the current influx of foreign-based blockchain companies in Africa limiting indigenous design considerations, the application of smart contracts in continent could be hindered by contract renegotiations strongly embedded in cultural values of empathy. Nonetheless, a trade-off would resolve the contractual bottlenecks in Africa.
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Gupta, S. K., Vijay Prakash Bhatt, and Abhishek Vaishnava. "Online Travel Trade in India." In Handbook of Research on International Travel Agency and Tour Operation Management, 116–32. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.ch008.
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India, as the second largest internet population after China with 330-370 million users which is expected to grow by at least 50 million yearly until 2020, is at the cusp of a digital revolution. Various reports show that India's revenue in the online travel booking segment amount to 569 million USD in 2018 and is expected to show an annual growth rate of 14.6% resulting in a market volume of 9,594 million USD in 2022. This article emphasizes the opportunities and challenges of online travel agencies (OTAs) particularly in India. For the success of e-tourism in India, it is essential to increase the operational efficiency of the staff and attitude/ behavior of the staff, delivery of services as committed, provision of customer data management and insurance coverage services. All of these are the keys for an excellent and prompt service delivery system and which effects the success of the online travel provider. A large youth population, changing lifestyle, plethora of travel deals and authenticated travel related information are some of the major opportunities and challenges for e-travel commerce in India. This article summarizes information on the challenges and opportunities of Indian online travel agencies, with a conviction that India will make a huge break through and be a success story particularly in online travel retail. This study will give insight to the industry players to understand the opportunities and challenges and develop strategies for retaining more satisfied users and increasing the number of repeat customers accordingly.
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Cuzzocrea, Alfredo. "Synopsis Data Structures for Representing, Querying, and Mining Data Streams." In Handbook of Research on Innovations in Database Technologies and Applications, 701–15. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-242-8.ch075.
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Data-stream query processing and mining is an emerging challenge for the database research community. This issue has recently gained the attention from the academic as well as the industrial world. Data streams are continuously flooding data produced by untraditional information sources. They are generated by a growing number of data entities, among all we recall performance measurements in network monitoring and traffic management systems, call details records in telecommunication systems, transactions in retail chains, ATM operations, log records generated by Web servers, sensor network data, RFID- (radio frequency identification) based readings, and so forth.
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Pal, Kamalendu. "Quality Assurance Issues for Big Data Applications in Supply Chain Management." In Research Anthology on Agile Software, Software Development, and Testing, 1458–83. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3702-5.ch070.
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Heterogeneous data types, widely distributed data sources, huge data volumes, and large-scale business-alliance partners describe typical global supply chain operational environments. Mobile and wireless technologies are putting an extra layer of data source in this technology-enriched supply chain operation. This environment also needs to provide access to data anywhere, anytime to its end-users. This new type of data set originating from the global retail supply chain is commonly known as big data because of its huge volume, resulting from the velocity with which it arrives in the global retail business environment. Such environments empower and necessitate decision makers to act or react quicker to all decision tasks. Academics and practitioners are researching and building the next generation of big-data-based application software systems. This new generation of software applications is based on complex data analysis algorithms (i.e., on data that does not adhere to standard relational data models). The traditional software testing methods are insufficient for big-data-based applications. Testing big-data-based applications is one of the biggest challenges faced by modern software design and development communities because of lack of knowledge on what to test and how much data to test. Big-data-based applications developers have been facing a daunting task in defining the best strategies for structured and unstructured data validation, setting up an optimal test environment, and working with non-relational databases testing approaches. This chapter focuses on big-data-based software testing and quality-assurance-related issues in the context of Hadoop, an open source framework. It includes discussion about several challenges with respect to massively parallel data generation from multiple sources, testing methods for validation of pre-Hadoop processing, software application quality factors, and some of the software testing mechanisms for this new breed of applications
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Pal, Kamalendu. "Quality Assurance Issues for Big Data Applications in Supply Chain Management." In Predictive Intelligence Using Big Data and the Internet of Things, 51–76. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6210-8.ch003.
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Heterogeneous data types, widely distributed data sources, huge data volumes, and large-scale business-alliance partners describe typical global supply chain operational environments. Mobile and wireless technologies are putting an extra layer of data source in this technology-enriched supply chain operation. This environment also needs to provide access to data anywhere, anytime to its end-users. This new type of data set originating from the global retail supply chain is commonly known as big data because of its huge volume, resulting from the velocity with which it arrives in the global retail business environment. Such environments empower and necessitate decision makers to act or react quicker to all decision tasks. Academics and practitioners are researching and building the next generation of big-data-based application software systems. This new generation of software applications is based on complex data analysis algorithms (i.e., on data that does not adhere to standard relational data models). The traditional software testing methods are insufficient for big-data-based applications. Testing big-data-based applications is one of the biggest challenges faced by modern software design and development communities because of lack of knowledge on what to test and how much data to test. Big-data-based applications developers have been facing a daunting task in defining the best strategies for structured and unstructured data validation, setting up an optimal test environment, and working with non-relational databases testing approaches. This chapter focuses on big-data-based software testing and quality-assurance-related issues in the context of Hadoop, an open source framework. It includes discussion about several challenges with respect to massively parallel data generation from multiple sources, testing methods for validation of pre-Hadoop processing, software application quality factors, and some of the software testing mechanisms for this new breed of applications
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Cordeschi, Nicola, Mohammad Shojafar, Danilo Amendola, and Enzo Baccarelli. "Energy-Saving QoS Resource Management of Virtualized Networked Data Centers for Big Data Stream Computing." In Big Data, 848–86. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9840-6.ch040.
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In this chapter, the authors develop the scheduler which optimizes the energy-vs.-performance trade-off in Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) Virtualized Networked Data Centers (VNetDCs) that support real-time Big Data Stream Computing (BDSC) services. The objective is to minimize the communication-plus-computing energy which is wasted by processing streams of Big Data under hard real-time constrains on the per-job computing-plus-communication delays. In order to deal with the inherently nonconvex nature of the resulting resource management optimization problem, the authors develop a solving approach that leads to the lossless decomposition of the afforded problem into the cascade of two simpler sub-problems. The resulting optimal scheduler is amenable of scalable and distributed adaptive implementation. The performance of a Xen-based prototype of the scheduler is tested under several Big Data workload traces and compared with the corresponding ones of some state-of-the-art static and sequential schedulers.
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Ansari, Seema, Radha Mohanlal, Javier Poncela, Adeel Ansari, and Komal Mohanlal. "Importance of Big Data." In Handbook of Research on Trends and Future Directions in Big Data and Web Intelligence, 1–19. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8505-5.ch001.
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Combining vast amounts of heterogeneous data and increasing the processing power of existing database management tools is no doubt the emerging need of IT industry in coming years. The complexity and size of data sets that need to be acquired, analyzed, stored, sorted or transferred has spiked in the recent years. Due to the tremendously increasing volume of multiple data types, creating Big Data applications that can extract the valuable trends and relationships required for further processes or deriving useful results is quite challenging task. Companies, corporate organizations or be it government agencies, all need to analyze and execute Big Data implementation to pave new paths of productivity and innovation. This chapter discusses the emerging technology of modern era: Big Data with detailed description of the three V's (Variety, Velocity and Volume). Further chapters will enable to understand the concepts of data mining and big data analysis, Potentials of Big Data in five domains i.e. Healthcare, Public sector, Retail, Manufacturing and Personal location Data.
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Liu, Xiufeng, Huan Huo, Nadeem Iftikhar, and Per Sieverts Nielsen. "A Two-Tiered Segmentation Approach for Transaction Data Warehousing." In Emerging Perspectives in Big Data Warehousing, 1–27. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5516-2.ch001.
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Data warehousing populates data from different source systems into a central data warehouse (DW) through extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL). Massive transaction data are routinely recorded in a variety of applications such as retail commerce, bank systems, and website management. Transaction data record the timestamp and relevant reference data needed for a particular transaction record. It is a non-trivial task for a standard ETL to process transaction data with dependencies and high velocity. This chapter presents a two-tiered segmentation approach for transaction data warehousing. The approach uses a so-called two-staging ETL method to process detailed records from operational systems, followed by a dimensional data process to populate the data store with a star or snowflake schema. The proposed approach is an all-in-one solution capable of processing fast/slowly changing data and early/late-arriving data. This chapter evaluates the proposed method, and the results have validated the effectiveness of the proposed approach for processing transaction data.
Conference papers on the topic "Retail trade Management Data processing"
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Galkin, Andrii, Iryna Polchaninova, Olena Galkina, and Iryna Balandina. "Retail trade area analysis using multiple variables modeling at residential zone." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.041.
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Purpose – the purpose of the paper is to set up a method of retail trade area analysis using multiple variables modeling at a residential zone. Research methodology – system analysis; regression analysis; correlation analysis; simulating; urban characteristics analysis. Findings – retail trade area analysis using multiple variables modeling at residential zone based on the proposed method is performed by directly processing and analysing data in a separate zone. Research limitations – the obtained results can be used for data variation range of conducted experiment. Practical implications – the proposed method makes some adjustments in estimating the limits of the trade area, specifying it with the help of the non-linearity factor and area slope, thereby changing the shape of the circle into a complex figure, depending on the geographical landscape and the structure of the roads. Implementation is made for one of the consumer’s zone in Kharkiv, Ukraine. The results allowed to adjust the trade zone, which in fact reduced it twice. Originality/Value – the probabilities of visiting retailers have been calculated according to the developed model considering surrounding limitation. In such conditions, the analysis of the consumer market and identification of the trade zone of the retailers is one of the forms to improving the efficiency of the retailer functioning
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Sui, Hongxia. "Study on the Relationship of FDI and Processing Trade Value-added Rate -- Based on the Data from Shandong Province of China." In 2018 3rd International Conference on Humanities Science, Management and Education Technology (HSMET 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/hsmet-18.2018.138.
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Jha, Devesh K., Thomas A. Wettergren, and Asok Ray. "Adaptive Optimal Power Trade-Off in Underwater Sensor Networks." In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-3717.
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In general, sensor networks have two competing objectives: (i) maximization of network performance with respect to the probability of successful search with a specified false alarm rate for a given coverage area, and (ii) maximization of the network’s operational life. In this context, battery-powered sensing systems are operable as long as they can communicate sensed data to the processing nodes. Since both operations of sensing and communication consume energy, judicious use of these operations could effectively improve the sensor network’s lifetime. From these perspectives, the paper presents an adaptive energy management policy that will optimally allocate the available energy between sensing and communication operations at each node to maximize the network performance under specified constraints. With the assumption of fixed total energy for a sensor network operating over a time period, the problem is reduced to identification of a network topology that maximizes the probability of successful detection of targets over a surveillance region. In a two-stage optimization, a genetic algorithm-based meta-heuristic search is first used to efficiently explore the global design space, and then a local pattern search algorithm is used for convergence to an optimal solution. The results of performance evaluation are presented to validate the proposed concept.
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Karadjova, Vera, and Aleksandar Trajkov. "Basic Components and Indicators in Assessing Country Risk (Selected CEFTA Countries)." In Seventh International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2021.13.
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Country risk analysis has become extremely important in contemporary conditions. This paper briefly discusses concepts, definitions, basic components, and some quantitative methods used to address various issues related to country risk in selected CEFTA countries. The paper also presents the indicative calculation of some of the elements and indicators for the selected countries, based on relevant available data, and in order to make a comparative analysis. Having in mind that country risk is a specific and complex macroeconomic risk, its determination and analysis is additionally complicated in terms of contemporary global changes. In fact, that is a risk of a country as a whole, its macroeconomic policy and economic balance or unbalance, political stability or instability of a country, political disturbances and democratic processes, political system and legal system, etc. Therefore, country risk involves several kinds of risks, such as political risk, economic risk, foreign payments risk, financial transfers risk, etc. Globally, all those risks can be divided in three biggest groups: risks of macroeconomic unbalance of the country; risks of the political instability of the country; and risks of the system of the country (system risks). Due to its complexity, the paper will elaborate and quantify some of the basic indicators related to country risk, mostly related to trade exchange between selected countries in the CEFTA agreement. The procedures and methods of country risk analysis and measurement have similarities with those used for individual economic entities, but techniques for the country risk analysis are less developed and there was no generally accepted analysis method. The final assessment may be a combination of many external and internal models that are not mutually exclusive, and in that process can be analyzed a number of different factors that determine country risk. Among the factors that condition the country risk and that are necessary to be included in the analyses can be: country’s foreign-financial position; external debt; debt management; assessment of the natural resources; the degree of technique and technology development, industrialization and automation of production, and so on. The paper will stress as most important indicators in assessing country risk: The Debt Service Ratio, Import ratio, Investment Ratio, Domestic Money Supply Growth, etc., which will be calculated using selected macro-economic data such as: GDP, GDP per capita, Real GDP grow, Inflation (CPI), Fiscal balance (% of GDP), Current account balance (% of GDP), Public debt/GDP (%), External debt/Exports of goods & services (%), Debt-service ratio (%), Foreign exchange reserves, Foreign direct investments (% of GDP), Exchange rate etc. The methodology of collecting and processing information and the degree of reliability of collected data greatly depends on the promptness and accuracy of the national institutions that present those data. The goal of the paper is: to point out the importance of country risk assessment, to determine and compute the basic indicators of country risk in some of the Southeastern Europe countries, to determine conditions and trends of country risk in selected countries, and to suggest some strategies for its reduction in conditions of the unstable environment and crisis disturbances.
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Wendrich, Robert E. "A Novel Approach for Collaborative Interaction With Mixed Reality in Value Engineering." In ASME 2011 World Conference on Innovative Virtual Reality. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/winvr2011-5515.
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Design and engineering in real-world projects is often influenced by reduction of the problem definition, trade-offs during decision-making, possible loss of information and monetary issues like budget constraints or value-for-money problems. In many engineering projects various stakeholders take part in the project process on various levels of communication, engineering and decision-making. During project meetings and VE sessions between the different stakeholder’s, information and data is gathered and put down analogue and/or digitally, consequently stored in reports, minutes and other modes of representation. Results and conclusions derived from these interactions are often influenced by the user’s field of experience and expertise. Personal stakes, idiosyncrasy, expectations, preferences and interpretations of the various project parts could have implications, interfere or procrastinate non-functionality and possible rupture in the collaborative setting and process leading to diminished prospective project targets, requirements and solutions. We present a hybrid tool as a Virtual Assistant (VA) during a collaborative Value Engineering (VE) session in a real-world design and engineering case. The tool supports interaction and decision-making in conjunction with a physical workbench as focal point (-s), user-interfaces that intuit the user during processing. The hybrid environment allows the users to interact un-tethered with real-world materials, images, drawings, objects and drawing instruments. In course of the processing captures are made of the various topics or issues at stake and logged as iterative instances in a database. Real-time visualization on a monitor of the captured instances are shown and progressively listed in the on-screen user interface. During or after the session the stakeholders can go through the iterative time-listing and synthesize the instances according to i.e. topic, dominance, choice or to the degree of priority. After structuring and sorting the data sets the information can be exported to a data or video file. All stakeholders receive or have access to the data files and can track-back the complete process progression. The system and information generated affords reflection, knowledge sharing and cooperation. Redistribution of data sets to other stakeholders, management or third parties becomes more efficient and congruous. Our approach we took during this experiment was to [re]search the communication, interaction and decision-making progressions of the various stakeholders during the VE-session. We observed the behavioral aspects during the various stages of user interaction, following the decision making process and the use of the tool during the course of the session. We captured the complete session on video for analysis and evaluation of the VE process within a hybrid design environment.