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Books on the topic 'Restriction of data'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Wetterer, Andrea L. Phylogeny of phyllostomid bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera): Data from diverse morphological systems, sex chromosomes, and restriction sites. [New York]: American Museum of Natural History, 2000.

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2

Leatherberry, Earl C. Using forest inventory data to assess use restrictions on private timberland in Illinois. St. Paul, Minn. (1992 Folwell Ave., St. Paul 55108): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1993.

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3

Mahmood, Shaukat. Rent restriction laws: Exhaustive commentary with upto date amendments on Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Ord., with amendments made by North-West Frontier Province ... 9th ed. Lahore: Legal Research Centre, 1993.

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4

McDaniel, Terri Parker and James B. Summary of Federal Law Restricting Use of Highway Safety Data in Tort Litigation. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/24646.

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5

Larner, A. G. The legal and institutional restrictions on the handling of digital related data in the United Kingdom. London: University of East London, 1996.

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6

Office, General Accounting. Federal firearms licensee data: ATF's compliance with statutory restrictions : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Treasury, Postal Service, and General Government, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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7

Office, General Accounting. Defense acquisition: Rationale for imposing domestic source restrictions : report to the Honorable John McCain, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.

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8

Mahmood, M. The principles of rent laws: I.e. a comprehensive and exhaustive commentary on West Pakistan Urban Rent Restriction Ordinance, 1959 (Ordinance VI of 1959), Sind Rented Premises Ordinance, 1979 (Ordinance XVII of 1979), the Cantonment Rent Restriction Act, 1963 (Act XI of 1963) : amendments and case law upto date. Lahore: Pakistan Law Times Publications, 1990.

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9

Office, General Accounting. Department of Education: Compliance with the Federal Advisory Committee Act and lobbying restrictions : report to the Honorable Larry E. Craig, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1999.

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10

Rabkin, Norman J. Alcohol, tobacco and firearms: Issues related to use of force, dealer licensing, and data restrictions : statement of Norman J. Rabkin, Director, Administration of Justice Issues, General Government Division, before the Subcommittee on Treasury, Postal Service, and General Government, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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11

Schiller, Dan. Taking Care of Business. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038761.003.0012.

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This chapter examines the Commerce Department's free-flow policy as part of its power over internet policy. It first provides an overview of U.S.–centric internet and Commerce's Internet Policy Task Force, established to launch an inquiry into “the global free flow of information on the Internet.” The inquiry's purpose was “to identify and examine the impact that restrictions on the flow of information over the Internet have on American businesses and global commerce.” The chapter also considers Commerce's commodification strategies based in part on data centers and the place of cloud computing services in the department's free-flow inquiry. It shows that the Commerce Department's free-flow policy was a major component of the federal government's overall efforts to keep corporate data flows streaming without restriction as new profit sites emerged around an extraterritorial internet managed by the United States.

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12

D’Agostino, Dominic P. Overview of Ketone-Based Metabolism. Edited by Dominic P. D’Agostino. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0031.

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Nutritional ketosis produces a nonpathological hyperketonemia resulting from decreased glucose availability, lower insulin, and increased fat oxidation. However, the restrictive nature of the ketogenic diet (KD) has limited the clinical applicability of therapeutic ketosis, due to practical considerations. Emerging data suggests that many of the benefits of the KD are mechanistically attributable to the ketone bodies or specific medium chain triglycerides, and this has motivated investigators to develop strategies to further augment the efficacy of the KD or use metabolic-based supplements to circumvent the need for dietary restriction to improve compliance and the maintenance of this therapeutic state. This section, “Ketone-Based Metabolism: General Health and Metabolic Alternatives,” includes chapters that discuss the expanding medical and performance applications of nutritional ketosis and the emerging science of ketones and other related metabolites as alternative fuels and potent signaling molecules.

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13

Zimmermann, Eva. The complete empirical picture of MLM and the linearization of morphemes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747321.003.0006.

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This chapter presents the representative data set of MLM phenomena which is the base for the theoretical arguments put forth in this book. After giving some general background information about the data set and how it is genetically and areally balanced, the empirical generalizations about (un)attested MLM patterns that can be drawn from this data set are discussed in detail, with a special focus on the positions in the base that are possible and frequent targets for MLM operations. Two main generalizations hold for the MLM patterns in the data set: MLM patterns show a strong edge bias and are far more frequently attested at the right edge of their base than on the left edge. How the locality restriction for MLM follows from the theoretical assumptions about morpheme linearization and especially the assumption of the RecoverableMorphemeOrderCondition proposed in this book is shown in detail.

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14

Moss, Katrina R., Samuel A. Caldrone, and Daniel C. Harris. Federal Firearms Licensee Data: Atfªs Compliance With Statutory Restrictions. Diane Pub Co, 1996.

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15

Nussbaumer-Ochsner, Yvonne, and Konrad E. Bloch. Sleep at high altitude and during space travel. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0054.

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This chapter summarizes data on sleep–wake disturbances in humans at high altitude and in space. High altitude exposure is associated with periodic breathing and a trend toward reduced slow-wave sleep and sleep efficiency in healthy individuals. Some subjects are affected by altitude-related illness (eg, acute and chronic mountain sickness, high-altitude cerebral and pulmonary edema). Several drugs are available to prevent and treat these conditions. Data about the effects of microgravity on sleep are limited and do not allow the drawing of firm conclusions. Microgravity and physical and psychological factors are responsible for sleep–wake disturbances during space travel. Space missions are associated with sleep restriction and disruption and circadian rhythm disturbances encouraging use of sleep medication. An unexplained and unexpected finding is the improvement in upper airway obstructive breathing events and snoring during space flight.

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16

Cheng, Russell. Change-Point Models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0011.

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This chapter investigates change-point (hazard rate) probability models for the random survival time in some population of interest. A parametric probability distribution is assumed with parameters to be estimated from a sample of observed survival times. If a change-point parameter, denoted by τ‎, is included to represent the time at which there is a discrete change in hazard rate, then the model is non-standard. The profile log-likelihood, with τ‎ as profiling parameter, has a discontinuous jump at every τ‎ equal to a sampled value, becoming unbounded as τ‎ tends to the largest observation. It is known that maximum likelihood estimation can still be used provided the range of τ‎ is restricted. It is shown that the alternative maximum product of spacings method is consistent without restriction on τ‎. Censored observations which commonly occur in survival-time data can be accounted for using Kaplan-Meier estimation. A real data numerical example is given.

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17

Ferracane, Martina Francesca, and Erik van der Marel. Digital Innovation in East Asia: Do Restrictive Data Policies Matter. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9124.

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18

Patisaul, Heather B., and Scott M. Belcher. Risk Assessment and Chemical Regulatory Policy in the United States and Abroad. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199935734.003.0007.

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This chapter presents an overview of the risk assessment process with an in-depth description of the related terminology. Critical study features that should be included to maximize utility of data for risk assessment for any experimental study are presented as an aid for academic scientists interested in designing studies with utility in the risk assessment process. The second half of this chapter summarizes the current state of regulatory policy regarding EDCs in the United States and abroad. Topics addressed include the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and a detailed accounting of the changes enacted by the recent 2016 revisions to TSCA. These policies are compared to the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) laws that govern chemical safety assessment in the European Union. The Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) and current efforts toward developing high-throughput methods for screening chemicals for endocrine-disrupting activity are also summarized.

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19

North Central Forest Experiment Station (Saint Paul, Minn.), ed. Using forest inventory data to assess use restrictions on private timberland in Illinois. St. Paul, Minn. (1992 Folwell Ave., St. Paul 55108): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1993.

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20

Kandybowicz, Jason, and Harold Torrence. The Role of Theory in Documentation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0009.

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This article presents a case study of an instance in which the influence of linguistic theory on descriptive fieldwork has led to both the discovery and the remedy of missing gaps in the documentation record of a language. It focuses on the restriction of wh- in-situ induced by intervention effects in Krachi, an endangered Kwa language of Ghana. Investigating Krachi intervention effects both enriches the depth of description of wh- constructions in the language and reveals patterns of intervention effects that differ from what has been documented in other languages in the literature. The Krachi data therefore provide a new set of empirical challenges for current theoretical accounts of intervention effects and thus help to set the theoretical agenda for further work. This case study thus supports the position that the relationship between linguistic theory and language documentation and description is a symbiotic one in that each complements and drives progress in the other.

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21

Weights restrictions and value judgements in data envelopment analysis: Evolution, development and future directions. Coventry: University of Warwick, Warwick Business School Research Bureau, 1994.

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22

Rodgers, Yana van der Meulen. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876128.003.0001.

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This chapter argues that the book fills a knowledge gap by conducting a systematic analysis of how the global gag rule affects women’s reproductive health across developing regions. The book extends the focus of the two previous econometric studies of the global gag rule’s impact in sub-Saharan Africa to include three additional developing regions: Latin America and the Caribbean, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and South and Southeast Asia. This statistical analysis is grounded in a conceptual framework that models the complex factors that influence women’s decision-making about fertility. The chapter also describes the book’s multimethod approach to examining restrictions on women’s reproductive health through historical analysis, case studies, and analysis of aggregate data. The evolution of family-planning programs, the links between contraceptive access and fertility rates, the relationship between restrictive abortion laws and abortion rates, and the likelihood of other adverse effects are also introduced.

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23

United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, ed. Background document for analysis of the land disposal restrictions--phase IV: Underground injection data and issues. Washington, DC: Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998.

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24

Collins, John. Linguistic Pragmatism and Weather Reporting. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851134.001.0001.

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Linguistic pragmatism claims that what we literally say goes characteristically beyond what the linguistic properties themselves mandate. In this book, John Collins provides a novel defence of this doctrine, arguing that linguistic meaning alone fails to fix truth conditions. While this position is supported by a range of theorists, Collins shows that it naturally follows from a syntactic thesis concerning the relative sparseness of what language alone can provide to semantic interpretation. Language–and by extension meaning–provides constraints upon what a speaker can literally say, but does not characteristically encode any definite thing to say. Collins then defends this doctrine against a range of alternatives and objections, focusing in particular on an analysis of weather reports: ‘it is raining/snowing/sunny’. Such reporting is mostly location-sensitive in the sense that the utterance is true or not depending upon whether it is raining/snowing/sunny at the location of the utterance, rather than some other location. Collins offers a full analysis of the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of weather reports, including many novel data. He shows that the constructions lack the linguistic resources to support the common literal locative readings. Other related phenomena are discussed such as the Saxon genitive, colour predication, quantifier domain restriction, and object deletion.

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25

Shapiro, Benjamin. Ibogaine: History, Pharmacology, Spirituality, & Clinical Data. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0027.

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Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid derived from the African shrub Tabernathe iboga with broad anti-addictive, anti-depressant, and central nervous system stimulating effects. It is categorized as an oneriogen (or atypical hallucinogen) and has been used in West African tribal rituals for centuries. It was identified by French explorers in the early 1900s, came to the United States in the 1960s, and became marginalized in the mid-1990s after adverse outcomes halted federally funded human trials. Since then legal ibogaine treatment clinics have been established in countries without use restrictions. Ibogaine is a σ‎1 and σ‎2 receptor and μ‎ and κ‎ opioid receptor agonist and a α‎3β‎4 nicotinic and NMDA receptor antagonist. Decades of trials have demonstrated ibogaine’s potential. Human trials of ibogaine consistently demonstrate rapid remission of acute withdrawal symptoms but differ in their findings with regard to abstinence and toxicity. While ibogaine is not a “magic bullet,” considerable abstinence may result after multiple treatments, however QT prolongation can produce lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmias.18 MC is in pre-clinical investigation.

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26

Schain, Martin A. The Border. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199938674.001.0001.

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This book is a comparative study of how and why border policy has become increasingly important, politicized, and divisive in Europe and the United States. It focuses on how border governance has emerged as an important focus of policy in itself, rather than merely contingent on trade and, above all, on immigration policy. New data indicate a massive increase of walls and barriers between countries after 2001. In our more globalized world, borders are back with a vengeance. However, at the same time that more controls have been established, the flow of people and the growth of trade have continued at an impressive rate. The claims by scholars and political actors of an emerging Fortress Europe and Fortress America have clearly been exaggerated. They express goals and intentions, rather than outcomes. The argument in this book is that the gap between objectives and outcomes should be understood as a result of the complex politics of the border and border control. Although there has been consistent support for harsher border control on both sides of the Atlantic, there has also been important, if more focused, support for more open borders and more permissive border control. If electoral politics often favor border restriction, the politics of policymaking can be more advantageous for groups that favor access. These are separate political tracks, the author maintains, but they are always in dynamic interaction.

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27

Murray, Sarah E. The Semantics of Evidentials. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199681570.001.0001.

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This book gives a compositional, truth‐conditional, crosslinguistic semantics for evidentials set in a theory of the semantics for sentential mood. Central to this semantics is a proposal about a distinction between what propositional content is at‐issue, roughly primary or proffered, and what content is not‐at‐issue. Evidentials contribute not‐at‐issue content, more specifically what I will call a not‐at‐issue restriction. In addition, evidentials can affect the level of commitment a sentence makes to the main proposition, contributed by sentential mood. Building on recent work in the formal semantics of evidentials and related phenomena, the proposed semantics does not appeal to separate dimensions of illocutionary meaning. Instead, I argue that all sentences make three contributions: at‐issue content, not‐at‐issue content, and an illocutionary relation. At‐issue content is presented, made available for subsequent anaphora, but is not directly added to the common ground. Not‐at‐issue content directly updates the common ground. The illocutionary relation uses the at‐issue content to impose structure on the common ground, which, depending on the clause type (e.g., declarative, interrogative), can trigger further updates. Empirical support for this proposal comes from Cheyenne (Algonquian, primary data from the author’s fieldwork), English, and a wide variety of languages that have been discussed in the literature on evidentials.

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28

Erdos, David. European Data Protection Regulation, Journalism, and Traditional Publishers. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841982.001.0001.

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This book explores the interface between European data protection and the freedom of expression activities of traditional journalism, professional artists, and both academic and non-academic writers from both an empirical and normative perspective. It draws on an exhaustive examination of both historical and contemporary public domain material and a comprehensive questionnaire of European Data Protection Authorities (DPAs). Empirically it is found that, notwithstanding an often confusing statutory landscape, DPAs have sought to develop an approach to regulating the journalistic media based on contextual rights balancing. However, they have struggled to secure a clear and specified criterion of strictness as regards standard-setting or a consistent and reliable approach to enforcement. DPAs have appeared even more confused as regards other traditional publishers, largely abstaining from regulating most professional artists and writers but attempting to subject all academic disciplines to onerous statutory restrictions established for medical, scientific, and related research. From these findings, it is argued that balancing contextual rights has value and should be both generalized across all traditional publishers and systematically and sensitively developed through structured and robust co-regulation. Such co-regulation should adopt the new code of conduct and monitoring provisions included in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as a broad guideline. DPAs should accord strong deference to any codes and monitoring bodies which verifiably meet the accredited criteria but must engage more proactively when these are absent. In any case, DPAs should also intervene directly as regards particularly serious or systematic issues and have an increasingly important role in ensuring a joined-up approach between traditional publishing and new media activity.

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29

Rodgers, Yana van der Meulen. Global Gag Rule. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876128.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the evolution of the global gag rule and the existing evidence on its effects. When it was announced in Mexico City, the policy created global uproar with its abrupt change in position on population control and abortion. Pressure from domestic antiabortion groups weighed heavily in the administration’s new policy stance on family-planning assistance. Subsequent rescissions and reinstatements of the global gag rule have caused large fluctuations in US funding for family planning, as demonstrated in the chapter’s analysis of aggregate data. Evidence from qualitative studies indicates that the restrictions on US family-planning assistance under George Bush beginning in 2001 caused major disruptions in service delivery, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This evidence is crucial for understanding the channels through which women’s reproductive health outcomes are related to restrictions on US foreign aid.

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30

Cardoso, Adriana. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723783.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 contextualizes the book, outlines the methodology adopted, and presents the framework that underlies the research. It comprises three main sections. Section 1.1 presents a comprehensive overview of the three studies offered in the book (“Remnant-internal relativization,” “Extraposition of restrictive relative clauses,” and “Appositive relativization”). It includes the goals and results of each chapter and concrete examples of the relevant data. Section 1.2 addresses the main steps involved in the research (data collection and formal analysis) and the conventions used for data presentation. Section 1.3 presents the theoretical framework that underlies the research, considering four main topics: theory of grammar; grammar of relative clauses; information structure; and language change. This section is meant to be relevant and accessible to readers not versed in formal syntax theories.

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31

Li, Bin Grace, Christopher Adam, Andrew Berg, Peter Montiel, and Stephen O’Connell. Identifying the Monetary Transmission Mechanism in Sub-Saharan Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785811.003.0006.

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VAR methods suggest that the monetary transmission mechanism may be weak and unreliable in low-income countries. But are structural VARs identified via short-run restrictions capable of detecting a transmission mechanism where one exists, under research conditions typical of these countries? Using small DSGEs as data-generating processes, the chapter assesses the impact on VAR-based inference of short data samples, measurement error, high-frequency supply shocks, and other features of the LIC environment. The impact of these features on finite-sample bias appears to be relatively modest when identification is valid—a strong caveat, especially in low-income countries. However, many of these features undermine the precision of estimated impulse responses to monetary policy shocks, and cumulatively they suggest that ‘insignificant’ results can be expected even when the underlying transmission mechanism is strong.

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32

Cowhey, Peter F., and Jonathan D. Aronson. Global Policy for the Cloud. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657932.003.0006.

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Part III tests the international governance regime strategy against three hard problems raised by the information and production disruption. Chapter 6 focuses on the political economy and governance of cloud computing, including its reliance on transborder data flows. It analyzes the major economic implications of the cloud for competition and innovation. Civil society innovations are changing the “facts on the ground” even as negotiators grope for consensus on formal trade rules to respond to growing national restrictions on global cloud services and data flows. Further complications involve debates over appropriate competition policies for cloud-based services, especially because these services take revenues away from many traditional businesses with influential political supporters. Cloud policy also must confront questions about creating a trusted digital environment for privacy and cybersecurity. To demonstrate the dimensions of the debate, the political economic interests of the United States, Japan, Korea, China, and the European Union are examined.

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33

Alqassas, Ahmad. A Multi-locus Analysis of Arabic Negation. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433143.001.0001.

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This book studies the micro-variation in the syntax of negation of Southern Levantine, Gulf and Standard Arabic. By including new and recently published data that support key issues for the syntax of negation, the book challenges the standard parametric view that negation has a fixed parametrized position in syntactic structure. It particularly argues for a multi-locus analysis with syntactic, semantic, morphosyntactic and diachronic implications for the various structural positions. Thus accounting for numerous word order restrictions, semantic ambiguities and pragmatic interpretations without complicating narrow syntax with special operations, configurations or constraints. The book includes data from Southern Levantine, Gulf and Standard Arabic, which shed light on word order contrasts in negative clauses and their interaction with tense/aspect, mood/modality, semantic scope over adverbs, and negative sensitive items. It also has new data challenging the standard claim in Arabic linguistics literature that negation has a fixed parametrized position in the clause structure. The book brings a new perspective on the role of negation in licensing negative sensitive items, scoping over propositions and interacting with pragmatic notions such as presupposition and speech acts.

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34

Jacquemyn, Yves, and Anneke Kwee. Antenatal and intrapartum fetal evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0006.

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Antenatal and intrapartum fetal monitoring aim to identify the beginning of the process of fetal hypoxia before irreversible fetal damage has taken place. Fetal movement counting by the mother has not been reported to be of any benefit. The biophysical profile score, incorporating ultrasound and fetal heart rate monitoring, has not been proven to reduce perinatal mortality in randomized trials. Doppler ultrasound allows the exploration of the perfusion of different fetal organ systems and provides data on possible hypoxia and fetal anaemia. Maternal uterine artery Doppler can be used to select women with a high risk for intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia but does not directly provide information on fetal status. Umbilical artery Doppler has been shown to reduce perinatal mortality significantly in high-risk pregnancies (but not in low-risk women). Adding middle cerebral artery Doppler to umbilical artery Doppler does not increase accuracy for detecting adverse perinatal outcome. Ductus venosus Doppler demonstrates moderate value in diagnosing fetal compromise; it is not known whether its use adds any value to umbilical artery Doppler alone. Cardiotocography (CTG) reflects the interaction between the fetal brain and peripheral cardiovascular system. Prelabour routine use of CTG in low-risk pregnancies has not been proven to improve outcome; computerized CTG significantly reduces perinatal mortality in high-risk pregnancies. Monitoring the fetus during labour with intermittent auscultation has not been compared to no monitoring at all; when compared with CTG no difference in perinatal mortality or cerebral palsy has been noted. CTG does lower neonatal seizures and is accompanied by a statistically non-significant rise in caesarean delivery. Fetal blood sampling to detect fetal pH and base deficit lowers caesarean delivery rate and neonatal convulsions when used in adjunct to CTG. Determination of fetal scalp lactate has not been shown to have an effect on neonatal outcome or on the rate of instrumental deliveries but is less often hampered by technical failure than fetal scalp pH. Analysis of the ST segment of the fetal ECG (STAN®) in combination with CTG during labour results in fewer vaginal operative deliveries, less need for neonatal intensive care, and less use of fetal blood sampling during labour, without a change in fetal metabolic acidosis when compared to CTG alone.

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35

Nick, Gallus. 4 Temporal Jurisdiction over Acts before the Period of Limitation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198791676.003.0004.

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Regardless of the date of entry into force of the obligation allegedly breached, or of the acceptance of its jurisdiction, a tribunal might not hear a claim if it was brought too long after the challenged act, commonly referred to as a ‘time limit’ or ‘time bar’ on a claim, or an application of a ‘statute of limitations’. This chapter addresses the effect of treaty provisions that prevent a tribunal from hearing delayed claims. It addresses the effect of all such provisions, even though some affect the admissibility of a claim rather than the tribunal’s jurisdiction. The chapter then examines whether, in the absence of a treaty provision that limits a tribunal’s ability to hear a delayed claim, general principles of law impose a similar restriction.

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36

Defense acquisition: Rationale for imposing domestic source restrictions : report to the Honorable John McCain, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.

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37

Defense acquisition: Rationale for imposing domestic source restrictions : report to the Honorable John McCain, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.

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38

Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. The Response of Consumption to Unanticipated Changes in Income. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.003.0009.

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In this chapter we examine tests of the hypothesis that consumption will respond to unanticipated income changes and that the response will depend on the persistence of the shock and on the degree of imperfection in the credit and insurance markets. The literature has considered three approaches to estimating the effect of income shocks on consumption, that is, the marginal propensity to consume. One identifies episodes in which income changes unexpectedly and seeks to evaluate, in a quasi-experimental setting, how consumption reacts. A second estimates the marginal propensity to consume with respect to income shocks using the covariance restrictions imposed by theory on the joint behavior of consumption and income growth. The third estimates the impact of shocks by combining realizations and expectations of income or consumption in surveys where data on subjective expectations are available.

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39

Bartley, Tim. Beneath Compliance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794332.003.0005.

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This chapter considers the concrete implications of labor-related corporate social responsibility (CSR) in consumer products industries in China. As China became the “factory to the world” the discourse and practice of CSR greatly expanded. But restrictions on workers’ rights, the marginal status of migrant workers, and a “dormitory labor regime” that facilitates long working hours are difficult to square with global norms. Using qualitative evidence from interviews, the chapter reveals problems with factory auditing and corporate compliance initiatives that have allowed exploitative practices to continue despite the embrace of CSR. Using quantitative data on a sample of workers and factories in Guangdong province, the chapter examines the practical implications of SA8000 certification and other private standards. In several ways, the chapter shows how compliance with private rules has been redefined to be compatible with the repressive Chinese context.

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40

Gereziher, Hayelom Yrgaw, and Naser Yenus Nuru. Structural estimates of the South African sacrifice ratio. 12th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/946-4.

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This paper estimates the output cost of fighting inflation—the sacrifice ratio—for the South African economy using quarterly data spanning the period 1998Q1–2019Q3. To compute the sacrifice ratio, the structural vector autoregressive model developed by Cecchetti and Rich (2001) based on Cecchetti (1994) is employed. Our findings show us a small sacrifice ratio, which lies within the range 0.00002–0.231 per cent with an average of 0.031 per cent, indicating a low level of output to be sacrificed while fighting inflation. Hence, the reserve bank is recommended to sustain an inflation rate within the target range and reap the benefits of a predictable and stable price path, as restrictive monetary policy has only a transitory effect on real variables like output.

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Egerland, Verner. On the interpretation of gerundival null subjects and the theory of control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0008.

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It is generally known that gerunds can have a null subject (NS) that takes the preceding clause as its antecedent. Given certain restrictions independently argued for in the literature, the NS in question cannot be pro, neither can it be maintained that such gerunds have the status of relative clauses. Therefore, the subject in question must be analysed as PRO, which entails that the theoretical status of such a category must be recognized in a theory of syntax. Regardless of whether the case of Clausal Control is to be understood as Non Obligatory Control or Obligatory Control, the data present a serious problem for Hornstein’s (1999) reductionist approach to Control and subsequent work in the same spirit. If the phenomenon of Clausal Control is an instance of Obligatory Control, an analysis formulated in terms of A-binding is a feasible alternative as discussed here.

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Cheng, Russell. The Pearson and Johnson Systems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0009.

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This chapter re-examines two of the best-known systems of parametric distributions: the Pearson and the Johnson. It is shown that, in the Pearson system, Pearson Types III and V are boundary embedded models of the main Types I, IV, and VI. A comprehensive way of finding the best type to fit is given using appropriate score statistics to guide a systematic search of all model types, including symmetric boundary models. Maximum likelihood estimation is used and details of its numerical implementation are given. Type IV can be a difficult model to fit. A method is discussed for this model that is reasonably robust, subject to certain restrictions on the parameter values. The same examination is made of the Johnson system where the lognormal, SL family is shown to be an embedded subsystem of both the main subsystems SB and SU. Two real data examples are given.

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Cheng, Russell. Nested Nonlinear Regression Models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0015.

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Stepwise fitting of nonlinear nested regression models is considered in this chapter. The forward stepwise method of linear model building is used as far as possible. With linear models this is straightforward as there is in principle a free choice of the order that individual terms or factors are selected for inclusion. The only real issue is that sufficient submodels are examined to ensure that those finally selected really are amongst the best. The nonlinear case is not so straightforward, as embeddedness and parameter indeterminacy issues impose restrictions on the order in which steps can be taken to build a valid model, as certain parameters can only be meaningfully included if other specific parameters are definitely present. A systematic way of building valid nonlinear models of increasing complexity is described and illustrated by two examples using real data. A brief review of non-nested model building is also given.

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Lowndes, Ruth, and Susan Braedley. Snap-Happy? The Promise and Problems of Photovoice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190862268.003.0009.

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Although photovoice is often hailed as a method that includes and gives voice to those whose perspectives are left out of research, this chapter details limits of photovoice within the context of rapid ethnography and institutional research. Although photovoice proved its worth in offering a fun, interactive way to engage residents in research, and in generating rich data on their perspectives of care home life, we experienced challenges incorporating this method into the project. We were unable to obtain ethical approval for its use with our original target group of those living with dementia, a limitation that changed our use of the method considerably. We also faced time constraints: our ethnographies were not long enough to recruit, teach camera usage, take and develop pictures, and conduct a follow-up interview. Ethical restrictions were placed on publishing photographs, limiting the ability to connect visual representations to narratives, which impacted presentation of findings.

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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Foods, exposures, and lifestyle risk factors in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0030.

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Advice for pregnant women on food avoidance, dangerous exposures, and inappropriate behaviours abounds on the internet and through various information sources. This chapter reviews the evidence base for such advice and clarifies issues where common advice is not supported by credible data. Foods containing potential teratogens, mutagens, or toxicants that need consideration include liver (high vitamin A), some herbal teas, contaminated grains, predatory fish, caffeine-containing foods, and various sources of foodborne infections. Exposure to environmental toxicants such as lead, pesticides, herbicides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, bisphenol-A, and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals should be avoided, as should alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. Restrictive diets and unusual dietary cravings (pica) need to be properly managed. Evidence for harm from personal care products is generally weak, but pregnant women may choose to avoid some unnecessary exposures.

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Gargantini, Matteo, Carmine Di Noia, and Georgios Dimitropoulos. Cross-border Distribution of Collective Investment Products in the EU. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813392.003.0019.

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This chapter analyzes the current regulatory framework for cross-border distribution of investment funds and submits some proposals to improve it. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a schematic description of the legal taxonomy for collective investment schemes. Section 3 addresses the EU disclosure regimes that apply to the distribution of various types of investment funds. Sections 4 and 5 consider conduct-of-business rules and, respectively, the legal framework for the allocation of supervisory powers on product regulation when fund units are distributed in more than one country. Section 6 provides some data that help assess the performance of the current framework for cross-border distribution. It then analyzes some of the residual legal rules and supervisory practices that still make cross-border distributions of funds more burdensome than purely national distributions, whether these restrictions are set forth in the country where investors are domiciled (Section 7) or in the fund's home country (Section 8).

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Avgouleas, Emilios. The Role of Financial Innovation in EU Market Integration and the Capital Markets Union. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813392.003.0008.

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This chapter offers a critical overview of the issues that the European Union 27 (EU-27) will face in the context of making proper use of financial innovation to further market integration and risk sharing in the internal financial market, both key objectives of the drive to build a Capital Markets Union. Among these is the paradigm shift signalled by a technological revolution in the realm of finance and payments, which combines advanced data analytics and cloud computing (so-called FinTech). The chapter begins with a critical analysis of financial innovation and FinTech. It then traces the EU market integration efforts and explains the restrictive path of recent developments. It considers FinTech's potential to aid EU market integration and debates the merits of regulation dealing with financial innovation in the context of building a capital markets union in EU-27.

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Buitelaar, Jan K., Nanda Rommelse, Verena Ly, and Julia J. Rucklidge. Nutritional intervention for ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0040.

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This chapter discusses four dietary interventions (exclusion of artificial colours and preservatives; restrictive elimination diets/oligoantigenic diets; supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids; and supplementation with micronutrients) and their clinical relevance for ADHD. The evidence base for exclusion of artificial colours and preservatives has many gaps. Effectiveness of the elimination phase of elimination diets has been demonstrated in several randomized clinical trials and about one-third of the children with ADHD show an excellent response. Data on maintenance of effect in the longer term, however, are lacking. Supplementation of free fatty acids was associated with a small but reliable reduction of ADHD symptoms, but the clinical relevance is unclear. The trials using a broad spectrum of micronutrients show promise but suffered from small sample sizes, lack of controls, varied sampling procedures and inclusion criteria, and multiple assessment methods, and need confirmation.

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Neal, Elizabeth. “Alternative” Ketogenic Diets. Edited by Eric H. Kossoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0002.

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As the classical ketogenic diet fast approaches a centennial anniversary, the wider ketogenic landscape has expanded considerably both in application and implementation. Although still extensively used today, this traditional dietary therapy has been the basis for development of alternative ketogenic protocols. One ketogenic diet incorporating medium chain fatty acids is used for many children and adolescents, who benefit from the generous carbohydrate allowance facilitated by the increased ketogenic potential of medium chain triglycerides. More recently, two less restrictive dietary approaches have been developed: the low glycemic index treatment and the modified Atkins diet. These are now being used worldwide as the advantages of a more liberal ketogenic diet are recognized, especially in adults and older children, supported by an increasing body of scientific data. This chapter explores the background and evidence for use of these alternative ketogenic diets.

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Neudert, Lisa-Maria N. Germany. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0008.

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As concerns over misinformation, political bots, and the impact of social media on public discourse manifest in Germany, this chapter explores the role of computational propaganda in and around German politics. The research sheds light on how algorithms, automation, and big data are leveraged to manipulate the German public, presenting real-time social media data and rich evidence from interviews with a wide range of German Internet experts—bot developers, policymakers, cyberwarfare specialists, victims of automated attacks, and social media moderators. In addition, the chapter examines how the ongoing public debate surrounding the threats of right-wing political currents and foreign election interference in the Federal Election 2017 has created sentiments of concern and fear. Imposed regulation, multi-stakeholder actionism, and sustained media attention remain unsubstantiated by empirical findings of computational propaganda. The chapter provides an in-depth analysis of social media discourse during the German parliamentary election 2016. Pioneering the methodological assessment of the magnitude of automation and junk news, the author finds limited evidence of computational propaganda in Germany. The author concludes that the impact of computational propaganda, nonetheless, is substantial in Germany, promoting a dispersed civic debate, political vigilance, and restrictive countermeasures that leave a deep imprint on the freedom and openness of the public discourse in Germany.

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