Journal articles: 'Restoration planting'

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Kamali, Babak, and Roslan Hashim. "Mangrove restoration without planting." Ecological Engineering 37, no. 2 (February 2011): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.11.025.

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Donald, Flora, Bethan V. Purse, and Sarah Green. "Investigating the Role of Restoration Plantings in Introducing Disease—A Case Study Using Phytophthora." Forests 12, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060764.

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Translocating plants to natural habitats is a long-standing conservation practice but is growing in magnitude to deliver international targets to mitigate climate change and reverse biodiversity loss. Concurrently, outbreaks of novel plant pests and pathogens are multiplying with increased global trade network connectivity and larger volumes of imported plants, raising concerns that restoration plantings may act as introductory disease pathways. We used UK common juniper, subject since ~1995 to conservation plantings and now experiencing significant mortality from the non-native pathogen Phytophthora austrocedri Gresl. & E. M. Hansen, as an example species to explore the availability of monitoring data that could be used to assess disease risks posed by planting. We compiled spatial records of juniper planting including qualitative data on sources of planting material, propagation settings and organization types that managed planting projects. We found that juniper planting activity expanded every decade since 1990 across the UK and while not all planting resulted in outbreaks, 19% of P. austrocedri detections were found within 2 km of a known planting. We highlight the scale and diversity of organizations raising and planting juniper, as well as the lack of source material traceability, and suggest that cross-sector collaboration and changes in practice are required to reduce the risks of pathogen introduction posed by restoration planting.

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Cho, Dong-gil. "Ecological Restoration Planting Design Awareness Survey." Journal of Environmental Science International 31, no. 7 (July 30, 2022): 579–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5322/jesi.2022.31.7.579.

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Leach, Mark K. "Forest Restoration in Landscapes: Beyond Planting Trees." Restoration Ecology 14, no. 2 (June 2006): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2006.00138.x.

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Ostry, M. E. "Restoration of White Pine in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan." HortTechnology 10, no. 3 (January 2000): 542–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.3.542.

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White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.) (WPBR) was discovered on Ribes L. in New York in 1906, although it was accidentally introduced from Europe on pine (Pinus L.) seedlings. The spread of this destructive fungus has changed the forests in North America. After decades of reduced planting because of the concern over the impact of WPBR, white pine (Pinus strobus L.) is now being restored in the lake states of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. Although the potential for growing white pine is high on many sites, the disappearance of a seed source because of logging and fires means that reestablishment of white pine to these areas will require active management. A series of plantings have been established on three national forests in Minnesota and Michigan to evaluate various silvicultural treatments intended to minimize the incidence of WPBR and to compare the performance of seedlings selected for disease resistance to nonselected planting stock.

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Ivetić, Vladan, Jovana Devetaković, and Ivona Kerkez Janković. "Is planting trees good or bad?" E3S Web of Conferences 296 (2021): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129604012.

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Planting trees is popular, widely accepted and supported, resulting with many initiatives and commitments around the globe. At the same time, planting trees is questioned more and more and receive a lot of criticism. In this paper we consider the arguments of both sides and discuss them using a scientific evidence. Determination of restoration opportunities and restoration needs requires more intention to existing ecosystems and their use. Commitments and expectations need to be realistic to maintain constant support based on real results. Planting trees is not the best solution for carbon storage, but it is one of the best solutions available at this moment. Even if reduce anthropogenic CO2 emission to zero, we will need to plant trees. Planting trees can have both negative and positive effect on water availability and socio-economy, depending on restoration practice applied. Planting trees is definitely good, if it is done at appropriate site and with appropriate tree species and if it is based on proper planning and realistic expectations.

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Haskell, Daniel E., Alex L. Bales, Christopher R. Webster, David J. Flaspohler, and Michael W. Meyer. "Conifer restoration on lakeshores using 3 planting techniques." Native Plants Journal 18, no. 3 (2017): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/npj.18.3.235.

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Preece, Noel D., Penny van Oosterzee, and Michael J. Lawes. "Planting methods matter for cost-effective rainforest restoration." Ecological Management & Restoration 14, no. 1 (December 7, 2012): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emr.12017.

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Koo, Chang‐Duck, and Don Koo Lee. "How to assess the success of restoration planting." Forest Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (June 2005): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2005.9656263.

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Silva, Kelly de Almeida, Sebastião Venâncio Martins, and Aurino Miranda Neto. "Efficiency of hydrogel and mulching in the survival and growth of Guarea guidonia." Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira 42 (August 30, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4336/2022.pfb.42e202102197.

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The current study assessed the efficiency of hydrogel and mulch in survival, height and diameter growth of Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer seedlings as technique for forest restoration of degraded areas. Four treatments were assessed in open site presenting exposed and compacted soil. Control treatment: only planting seedlings. Treatment 1: planting seedlings in plots exposed to hydrogel. Treatment 2: planting seedlings and depositing mulch around them. Treatment 3: planting seedlings in plots exposed to hydrogel and mulch depositing around seedlings. Using hydrogel in planting seedlings, mulch deposition around seedlings, or the combination of both, increase the survival rate and favors greater diameter and height growth in G. guidonia seedlings, as well as enhances forest restoration through seedling planting in degraded sites located in regions subject to water shortage.

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Prior, Lynda D., Keryn I. Paul, Neil J. Davidson, Mark J. Hovenden, Scott C. Nichols, and David J. M. S. Bowman. "Evaluating carbon storage in restoration plantings in the Tasmanian Midlands, a highly modified agricultural landscape." Rangeland Journal 37, no. 5 (2015): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj15070.

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In recent years there have been incentives to reforest cleared farmland in southern Australia to establish carbon sinks, but the rates of carbon sequestration by such plantings are uncertain at local scales. We used a chronosequence of 21 restoration plantings aged from 6 to 34 years old to measure how above- and belowground carbon relates to the age of the planting. We also compared the amount of carbon in these plantings with that in nearby remnant forest and in adjacent cleared pasture. In terms of total carbon storage in biomass, coarse woody debris and soil, young restoration plantings contained on average much less biomass carbon than the remnant forest (72 versus 203 Mg C ha–1), suggesting that restoration plantings had not yet attained maximum biomass carbon. Mean biomass carbon accumulation during the first 34 years after planting was estimated as 4.2 ± 0.6 Mg C ha–1 year–1, with the 10th and 90th quantile regression estimates being 2.1 and 8.8 Mg C ha–1 year–1. There were no significant differences in soil organic carbon (0–30-cm depth) between the plantings, remnant forest and pasture, with all values in the range of 59–67 Mg ha–1. This is in line with other studies showing that soil carbon is slow to respond to changes in land use. Based on our measured rates of biomass carbon accumulation, it would require ~50 years to accumulate the average carbon content of remnant forests. However, it is more realistic to assume the rates will slow with time, and it could take over 100 years to attain a new equilibrium of biomass carbon stocks.

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Stuble, Katharine L., and Truman P. Young. "Priority Treatment Leaves Grassland Restoration Vulnerable to Invasion." Diversity 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12020071.

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Priority effects can be used to promote target species during restoration. Early planting can provide an advantage over later-arriving species, increasing abundance of these early-arrivers in restored communities. However, we have limited knowledge of the indirect impacts of priority effects in restoration. In particular, we do not understand how priority effects impact non-target species. Of particular conservation concern is how these priority effects influence establishment by non-native species. We use a field-based mesocosm experiment to explore the impacts of priority effects on both target and non-target species in California grasslands. Specifically, we seeded native grasses and forbs, manipulating order of arrival by planting them at the same time, planting forbs one year before grasses, planting grasses one year before forbs, or planting each functional group alone. While our study plots were tilled and weeded for the first year, the regional species pool was heavily invaded. We found that, while early-arrival of native grasses did not promote establishment of non-native species, giving priority to native forbs ultimately left our restoration mesocosms vulnerable to invasion by non-native species. This suggests that, in some cases, establishment of non-native species may be an unintended consequence of using priority treatments as a restoration tool.

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Camarretta, Nicolò, Peter A. Harrison, Arko Lucieer, Brad M. Potts, Neil Davidson, and Mark Hunt. "Handheld Laser Scanning Detects Spatiotemporal Differences in the Development of Structural Traits among Species in Restoration Plantings." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091706.

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A major challenge in ecological restoration is assessing the success of restoration plantings in producing habitats that provide the desired ecosystem functions and services. Forest structural complexity and biomass accumulation are key measures used to monitor restoration success and are important factors determining animal habitat availability and carbon sequestration. Monitoring their development through time using traditional field measurements can be costly and impractical, particularly at the landscape-scale, which is a common requirement in ecological restoration. We explored the application of proximal sensing technology as an alternative to traditional field surveys to capture the development of key forest structural traits in a restoration planting in the Midlands of Tasmania, Australia. We report the use of a hand-held laser scanner (ZEB1) to measure annual changes in structural traits at the tree-level, in a mixed species common-garden experiment from seven- to nine-years after planting. Using very dense point clouds, we derived estimates of multiple structural traits, including above ground biomass, tree height, stem diameter, crown dimensions, and crown properties. We detected annual increases in most LiDAR-derived traits, with individual crowns becoming increasingly interconnected. Time by species interaction were detected, and were associated with differences in productivity between species. We show the potential for remote sensing technology to monitor temporal changes in forest structural traits, as well as to provide base-line measures from which to assess the restoration trajectory towards a desired state.

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Lorentz, Warren P., Jerry Hall, Heather Finley, Jim Hanifen, Derek Hamilton, Linda Pace, Tony Penn, et al. "The Lake Barre Oil Spill Nrda: From Response To Restoration." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 667–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-667.

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ABSTRACT A release of approximately 6,561 barrels of crude oil from a Texaco pipeline into Lake Barre in May 1997 injured marsh, birds, and aquatic fauna. Texaco was proactive in dealing with the trustees in the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) process and stayed directly involved throughout; resulting in a cooperative assessment. The trustees focused quickly on the key injuries that required assessment. There was early agreement to conduct a cooperative, restoration-based NRDA, and to design field studies for the injured marsh to provide inputs for scaling using habitat equivalency analysis (HEA). It also was agreed that for this incident, field studies to assess bird and aquatic faunal injury would not be cost-effective or likely improve the accuracy of injury estimates. Although agreement on a common quantification approach for faunal injury was not reached, the two sides agreed on how much restoration was appropriate. The parties developed an extensive list of restoration alternatives, and although the trustees retained the final decision making authority, there were no significant disagreements on how various alternatives ranked according to restoration selection criteria. The selected project is planting saltmarsh vegetation on a platform of dredged material placed on East Timbalier Island by the Coastal Wetland Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act (CWPPRA) program. No CWPPRA funds were available for planting. In scaling the restoration, Texaco will only get credit for the ecological services provided by their planting above that which would occur in the absence of planting. Factors such as erosion rates expected with and without planting and the rate of natural colonization of marsh in the absence of planting were considered in the scaling calculations. The trustees and Texaco jointly briefed attorneys for both sides throughout the NRDA process, but were not active participants in meetings regarding technical matters. These briefings ensured a quick transition from the injury assessment and restoration project selection process to settlement negotiations. A consent decree was lodged with the court in September 1999. Texaco will implement the restoration and the monitoring plan, and pay all trustee assessment and restoration oversight costs as part of the settlement.

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Jin, T. T., B. J. Fu, G. H. Liu, and Z. Wang. "Hydrologic feasibility of artificial forestation in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 8 (August 15, 2011): 2519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2519-2011.

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Abstract. Hydrologic viability, in terms of moisture availability, is fundamental to ecosystem sustainability in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we examine the spatial distribution and after-planting variations of soil moisture content (SMC) in black locust tree (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) plantings in the Loess Plateau of China at a regional scale. Thirty sites (5 to 45 yr old) were selected, spanning an area of 300 km by 190 km in the northern region of the Shaanxi Province. The SMC was measured to a depth of 100 cm at intervals of 10 cm. Geographical, topographic and vegetation information was recorded, and soil organic matter was evaluated. The results show that, at the regional scale, SMC spatial variability was most highly correlated with rainfall. The negative relationship between the SMC at a depth of 20–50 cm and the stand age was stronger than at other depths, although this relationship was not significant at a 5 % level. Watershed analysis shows that the after-planting SMC variation differed depending upon precipitation. The SMC of plantings in areas receiving sufficient precipitation (e.g., mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 617 mm) may increase with stand age due to improvements in soil water-holding capacity and water-retention abilities after planting. For areas experiencing water shortages (e.g., MAP = 509 mm), evapotranspiration may cause planting soils to dry within the first 20 yr of growth. It is expected that, as arid and semi-arid plantings age, evapotranspiration will decrease, and the soil profile may gradually recover. In extremely dry areas (e.g., MAP = 352 mm), the variation in after-planting SMC with stand age was found to be negligible. The MAP can be used as an index to divide the study area into different ecological regions. Afforestation may sequentially exert positive, negative and negligible effects on SMCs with a decrease in the MAP. Therefore, future restoration measures should correspond to the local climate conditions, and the MAP should be a major consideration for the Loess Plateau. Large-scale and long-term research on the effects of restoration projects on SMCs is needed to support more effective restoration policies. The interaction between afforestation and local environmental conditions, particularly water availability to plants, should be taken into account in afforestation campaigns in arid and semi-arid areas.

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Sagar, Rubin, Ariadna Mondragon-Botero, Francine Dolins, Bryn Morgan, Thuy Vu, Janet McCrae, and Vanessa Winchester. "Forest Restoration at Berenty Reserve, Southern Madagascar: A Pilot Study of Tree Growth Following the Framework Species Method." Land 10, no. 10 (October 2, 2021): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101041.

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Forest conservation and restoration are urgently needed to preserve key resources for the endemic fauna of dry southern Madagascar. This is a priority in the shrinking, seasonally dry forest of Berenty, a private reserve in Southern Madagascar. However, to provide a basis for forest restoration, a study of tree growth and regeneration in this unique biome is essential. A three-year planting program of native and endemic species was initiated in 2016. Three trial plots were established in forest gaps, with varying microclimates and soil conditions: one on the riverside, one in the mid-forest and the third in a degraded dryland area. We planted 1297 seedlings of 24 native tree species with plantings spaced at 1 m and 1.5 m and measured their height and stem diameters and recorded seedling mortality. We also recorded plant recruitment on the plots from the nearby forest. The main findings were that growth was best on the mid-forest plot planted at 1 m. Seedling mortality was highest on the riverside plot for the 1 m seedlings and least in the mid-forest at both planting distances. Recruitment was highest in the mid-forest at both planting distances and high also at 1.5 m by the river. These results are intended to aid future forest restoration on the Reserve and may serve as a reference for restoration of other dry forests in Madagascar. Finally, since species identification is central to the project, we collected, prepared and catalogued tree specimens to form a reference collection in an herbarium under construction in a new Research Centre at the reserve.

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Mattern, Katie, Alyssa Lutgen, Nathan Sienkiewicz, Grant Jiang, Jinjun Kan, Marc Peipoch, and Shreeram Inamdar. "Stream Restoration for Legacy Sediments at Gramies Run, Maryland: Early Lessons from Implementation, Water Quality Monitoring, and Soil Health." Water 12, no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 2164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082164.

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While stream restorations are increasingly being adopted to mitigate sediment and nutrient inputs and to meet water quality regulatory targets, less information is available on the drivers behind the design, implementation, effectiveness, and cost of restorations. We address these issues for a $4.2 million stream restoration for legacy sediments implemented for a rural Piedmont stream in Maryland, USA. A total of 1668 m of stream was restored in three phases, which included the partial removal of legacy sediments, the grading of streambanks, floodplain creation, channel reshaping with meanders and pool-riffle forms, the raising of the stream bed, and the planting of riparian vegetation. The sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations and fluxes were monitored before- and during the restoration phases. The sites selected for restoration had legacy sediments vulnerable to erosion and were on state-owned land. The restoration design was based on the need to maintain mature riparian trees and preserve existing sensitive wetland habitats. Water quality monitoring indicated that the sediment and nutrient fluxes increased during the restoration phase and were attributed to disturbance associated with construction activities and increased runoff. We also recommend that soil health needs to be included as an integral component to enhance the effectiveness and resilience of stream restorations.

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LINDELL, CATHERINE A., REBECCA J. COLE, KAREN D. HOLL, and RAKAN A. ZAHAWI. "Migratory bird species in young tropical forest restoration sites: effects of vegetation height, planting design, and season." Bird Conservation International 22, no. 1 (July 21, 2011): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270911000177.

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SummaryTropical land cover change has negatively affected numerous migratory bird populations. Forest restoration can augment migrant wintering habitat. However, almost no information exists about factors that influence migrant use of tropical restoration sites. We sampled migrant birds in young restoration sites in Costa Rica from February 2006 to April 2008 to determine how vegetation height, planting design, season, and landscape forest cover influenced capture rates of four declining species. We also documented total numbers of migratory species and individuals captured in each planting design treatment; each site had a control treatment where seedlings were not planted, an island treatment where seedlings were planted in patches, and a plantation treatment where seedlings were planted to cover the entire area. Sites varied in landscape forest cover within 500 m buffers. Three out of four focal species were captured significantly more often in plantation treatments than island or control treatments. Two of the four species showed seasonal patterns and one species was captured more often in high-vegetation sites. Greater numbers of species and individuals were captured in plantation treatments compared to island and control treatments. The plantation planting design increased migrant use more quickly than the island planting design. When resources are available, we recommend planting plantation-style to rapidly increase the value of restoration sites to a range of species, particularly those that use woody vegetation. When resources are more limited, planting islands may be a cost-effective, although not as ecologically effective, alternative that supports a diversity of migrant species compared to unplanted controls.

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Romo, J. T. "Establishing winterfat in prairie restorations in Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-113.

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The importance of native shrubs in the Northern Mixed Prairie of Canada has generally been overlooked; however, restoration specialists have recognized the importance of including shrubs in prairie restorations. Emergence and establishment of winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A. D. J. Meeuse & Smit), a palatable and long-lived shrub, was evaluated in relation to planting time and seedbed preparation in swards of native grasses that had been seeded on previously cultivated cropland in the prairie ecozone of southern Saskatchewan. Diaspores of winterfat were broadcast at 20 m-2 in autumn or spring on upland and lowland sites in seedbed treatments including (1) a control or undisturbed sward, (2) mowing the sward to a 15-cm height, (3) haying, (4) glyphosate application after haying and, (5) tillage. Emergence of winterfat on upland and lowland sites was about three-fold greater with autumn than with spring planting (P < 0.01). Winterfat establishment on upland sites was affected by the interacting influences of planting times and seedbed treatments (P = 0.01), with most winterfat establishing from autumn sowing in the glyphosate and tillage treatments (2.1 and 2.2 plants m-2, respectively). Establishment of 0.9 plants m-2 from autumn planting was greater (P < 0.01) than the 0.1 plants m-2 establishing from spring sowing on lowland sites. The interaction of planting date and seedbed treatment on lowland sites did not influence winterfat establishment (P = 0.06) nor did seedbed treatments (P = 0.07). Winterfat should be planted in late autumn as opposed to spring. Key words: Ceratoides lanata, Eurotia lanata, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Northern Mixed Prairie, restoration

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Lindenmayer, D. B., E. J. Knight, M. J. Crane, R. Montague-Drake, D. R. Michael, and C. I. MacGregor. "What makes an effective restoration planting for woodland birds?" Biological Conservation 143, no. 2 (February 2010): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.10.010.

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Wilson, Scott D. "Managing contingency in semiarid grassland restoration through repeated planting." Restoration Ecology 23, no. 4 (April 2, 2015): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.12201.

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Mansuy, Nicolas, and Katalijn MacAfee. "More than planting trees: career opportunities in ecological restoration." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 17, no. 6 (August 2019): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fee.2083.

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van der Vyver, Marius L., Anthony J. Mills, and Richard M. Cowling. "A biome-wide experiment to assess the effects of propagule size and treatment on the survival of Portulacaria afra (spekboom) truncheons planted to restore degraded subtropical thicket of South Africa." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): e0250256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250256.

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Insights from biome-wide experiments can improve efficacy of landscape-scale ecological restoration projects. Such insights enable implementers to set temporal and geographical benchmarks and to identify key drivers of success during the often decades-long restoration trajectory. Here we report on a biome-wide experiment aimed at informing the ecological restoration of thousands of hectares of degraded subtropical thicket dominated by the succulent shrub, Portulacaria afra (spekboom). Restoration using spekboom truncheons has the potential to sequester, for a semi-arid region, large amounts of ecosystem carbon, while regenerating a host of associated ecosystem services. This study evaluates, after about three years post-propagation, the effects of spekboom truncheon size and treatment on survivorship in 40 fence-enclosed (0.25 ha) plots located in target habitat across the entire spekboom thicket biome. In each plot, locally harvested spekboom truncheons, comprising eight size/treatment combinations, were planted in replicated rows of between 24 and 49 individuals, depending on treatment. The experiment assessed the role of truncheon size, spacing, application of rooting hormone and watering at planting on survivorship percentage as an indicator of restoration success. All eight combinations recorded extreme minimum survivorship values of zero, while the range of extreme maximum values was 70-100%. Larger truncheons (>22.5 mm diameter) had almost double the survivorship (ca. 45%) than smaller truncheons (< 15 mm) (ca. 25%). Planting large, untreated truncheons at 1 m intervals—as opposed to 2 m intervals recommended in the current restoration protocol—resulted in no significant change in survivorship. The application of rooting hormone and water at planting had no significant effect on restoration success for both large and small truncheons. While our results do not provide an evidence base for changing the current spekboom planting protocol, we recommend research on the financial and economic costs and benefits of different propagation strategies in real-world contexts.

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Reis, Ademir, Fernando Campanhã Bechara, and Deisy Regina Tres. "Nucleation in tropical ecological restoration." Scientia Agricola 67, no. 2 (April 2010): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162010000200018.

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Ecological theories of facilitation and nucleation are proposed as a basis for environmental restoration in tropical ecosystems. The main goal of this paper is to present restoration techniques based on the concept of nucleation, in which small nuclei of vegetation are established within a degraded land. The nucleation techniques (artificial shelters for animals, planting of herbaceous shrub life forms, soil and seed bank translocation, seed rain translocation, soil and seed rain translocation's seedling set, artificial perches, planting of native trees in groups, and ecological stepping-stones with functional groups) promote the landscape connectivity on two flows: inward: receiver connectivity and outward: donor connectivity. The nuclei development represents an alternative for restoration by prioritizing the natural processes of succession. This methodology appears to take long to generate vegetation corresponding to tropical climates, but is fundamental in the formation of communities capable of acting, in the future, as a new functional nuclei within the current fragmented landscape. This strategy also encourages greater integration between the theories and projects of ecological restoration for the development of human resources and to benefit the restoration practitioner.

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Beltrán, Luis C., Karla María Aguilar-Dorantes, and Henry F. Howe. "Effects of a recalcitrant understory fern layer in an enclosed tropical restoration experiment." NeoBiota 59 (July 30, 2020): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.59.51906.

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Establishing mixed-species tree plantings and fencing them to protect seedlings from herbivory is a valuable strategy for reconnecting forest fragments separated by agropastoral lands. However, fencing may provide exotic plants with the escape from herbivory required to invade the understory of planted communities. Here we take advantage of such a situation to ask how the identity of planted species and the resulting canopy cover influenced invasion success by the Asian swordtail fern (Nephrolepis brownii Desv. Nephrolepidaceae) in a 13-year-old tropical restoration experiment. Through a seed addition experiment, we also evaluated the effects the ferns had on recruiting seedlings. We found that the invasion was most acute in the unplanted control plots where canopy cover was consistently scarce. Frond density correlated negatively with canopy cover, though most of the variance in the model is explained by the design of our experiment (r2m = .161, r2c = .460). Between planting treatments that differed in the dispersal mode of the planted trees, the wind-dispersed treatment had higher fern density and longer fronds than the animal-dispersed treatment. The animal-dispersed treatment had the highest recruiting species richness, which was negatively correlated with fern density (r2 = .748). The seed addition experiment confirmed that mortality rates increased where frond density was higher (F1,41 = 7.159, p = .011) and germination rates were lowered for the smaller-seeded species (F1,42 = 13.2, p = .002). To prevent recalcitrant understory layers from establishing in plantings in the future, we recommend: (1) establishing larger plantings or expanding existing ones to minimize edge effects (particularly light filtration), (2) supplementing young plantings with additional seedlings to prevent canopy gaps from forming, and (3) planting an assemblage of species that cover the full forest strata and have consistently full tree-canopies.

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Xiao, Yu Hui, Guo Feng, and Fei Yong Liao. "The Research of Red Sandstone Slope Ecological Restoration of Longcha Highway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 772–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.772.

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Longcha highway was a part of highway from Quanzhou city, Hujian province to Nanlin city, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Prefecture. In order to dissolve and match with around natural landscape, restore the landscape and environment of red sandstone, the red sandstone slope was investigated. The results showed that the slope of red sandstone was not suitable for the plant. Several measures were taken for the restoring the landscape and plants. First, dig planting groove in the appropriate place on the slope. Second, transplant or grow some plants in the planting groove. Third, plants were planted in the planting groove. Fourth, the slope could be restored by planting lawn. Some shrubs were planted in the lawn. Fifth, the slope was sprayed and sowed with the seeds of shrub. Sixth, the slope was coved with native grass stem tuber.

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Xu, Z. H., X. A. Yin, and Z. F. Yang. "An optimisation approach for shallow lake restoration through macrophyte management." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 6 (June 17, 2014): 2167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2167-2014.

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Abstract. Lake eutrophication is a serious global environmental issue. Phytoremediation is a promising, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technology for water quality restoration. However, besides nutrient removal, macrophytes also deeply affect the hydrologic cycle of a lake system through evapotranspiration. Changes in hydrologic cycle caused by macrophytes have a great influence on lake water quality restoration. As a result of the two opposite effects of macrophytes on water quality restoration (i.e. an increase in macrophytes can increase nutrient removal and improve water quality while also increasing evapotranspiration, reducing water volume and consequently decreasing water quality), rational macrophyte control through planting and harvest is very important. In this study, a new approach is proposed to optimise the initial planting area and monthly harvest scheme of macrophytes for water quality restoration. The month-by-month effects of macrophyte management on lake water quality are considered. Baiyangdian Lake serves as a case study, using the common reed. It was found that water quality was closest to Grade III on the Chinese water quality scale when the reed planting area was 123 km2 (40% of the lake surface area) and most reeds would be harvested at the end of June. The optimisation approach proposed in this study will be a useful reference for lake restoration.

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Xu, Z. H., X. A. Yin, and Z. F. Yang. "An optimisation approach for shallow lake restoration through macrophyte management." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2014): 807–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-807-2014.

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Abstract. Lake eutrophication is a serious global environmental issue. Phytoremediation is a promising, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technology for water quality restoration. However, besides nutrient removal, macrophytes also deeply affect the hydrologic cycle of lake system through evapotranspiration. Changes in hydrologic cycle caused by macrophytes have a great influence on lake water quality restoration. As a result of the two opposite effects of macrophytes on water quality restoration (i.e. an increase in macrophytes can increase nutrient removal and improve water quality while also increasing evapotranspiration, reducing water volume and consequently decreasing water quality), rational macrophyte control through planting and harvest is very important. In this study, a new approach is proposed to optimise the initial planting area and monthly harvest scheme of macrophytes for water quality restoration. The month-by-month effects of macrophyte management on lake water quality are considered. Baiyangdian Lake serves as a case study, using the common reed. It was found that water quality was closest to Grade III on the Chinese water quality scale when the reed planting area was 123 km2 (40% of the lake surface area) and most reeds would be harvested at the end of June. The optimisation approach proposed in this study will be a useful reference for lake restoration.

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Steele, Jason K., Wallace Michael Aust, and John R. Seiler. "Effects of Mechanical Site Preparation, Planting Stock, and Planting Aids on the Survival and Growth of American Sycamore in a Marginal Old Field Riparian Restoration." Forests 12, no. 10 (September 22, 2021): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12101295.

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Survival and growth of planted tree species are common indices used to evaluate success of wetland restoration efforts used to compensate for wetland losses. Restoration efforts on marginal agricultural lands have typically resulted in less than satisfactory survival and growth of desired tree species. In an attempt to determine the effects of bottomland hardwood silvicultural methods on the survival and growth of pioneer tree species, this study evaluated combinations of five mechanical site-preparation techniques (mound, bed, rip, disk, pit), four levels of planting stock (gallon, tubeling, bare root, and direct seed), and three planting aids (mat, tube, none) on the four-year survival and growth of American sycamore planted in an old field riparian area in the Piedmont of Virginia. After four growing seasons, results indicated that mounding mechanical site preparation combined with gallon (3.8 L) planting stock provided the most positive influences on mean survival (100%), height (4.72 m), and groundline diameter (9.52 cm), and resulted in the greatest aboveground dry biomass accumulation (5.44 Mg/ha/year). These treatments may be economically viable for restoration and mitigations efforts, and could offer other economic alternatives such as short-rotation woody crops, which might make restoration efforts in marginal old field areas more attractive to private landowners.

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Campbell, Carianne. "An Approach for Creating Site-Specific Planting Palettes to Support Pollinators in the Sky Islands." Air, Soil and Water Research 13 (January 2020): 117862212095026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178622120950269.

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Restoration practitioners are challenged to continually modify and adapt their approaches to restoration by considering a greater diversity of restoration techniques and broader suites of plant species. Presented herein is a pollinator planting palette design approach that leverages botanical species richness to assist pollinator conservation efforts in the uniquely biodiverse Sky Island region.

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Valette, Michel, Barbara Vinceti, Daouda Traoré, Alain Touta Traoré, Emma Lucie Yago-Ouattara, and Franziska Kaguembèga-Müller. "How Diverse is Tree Planting in the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso? Comparing Small-Scale Restoration with Other Planting Initiatives." Forests 10, no. 3 (March 4, 2019): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10030227.

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In the Sahelian region, different approaches are being used to halt environmental degradation and restore tree cover, with varying degrees of success. Initiatives vary according to projects’ objectives, type of land to restore, and technical practices used (natural regeneration, farmer-managed assisted regeneration, enrichment planting, etc.). This study investigates tree planting choices and selection of tree seed sources in some villages of the Central region of Burkina Faso. The study targeted 96 farmers and compared planting practices adopted by farmers involved in small-scale forest restoration using fences, with those not involved in this initiative. The objective was to understand what portfolio of tree species were planted, what factors influenced tree species selection, what tree seed sources were used, what collection practices were generally adopted, and whether there were significant differences between types of farmers. The results showed that the use of fencing to promote forest restoration support the planting of a more diverse portfolio of tree species than other small scale efforts and includes a greater representation of indigenous trees. Fenced plots have therefore a conservation value in landscapes where the diversity of tree species is progressively declining. In addition to the use of fences, some other key factors affect tree planting, mainly land tenure, availability of diverse tree seed sources, and availability of land. Farmers tend to collect directly most of the planting material they need, but in the majority of cases they do not follow recommended best practices. In light of the ambitious forest restoration targets of Burkina Faso and the need to provide diverse options to rural communities to enhance their resilience vis-à-vis increasing environmental challenges, strengthening the capacity of farmers in tree planting and establishing a robust tree seed systems are crucial targets.

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Ding, Zhi, Hui Zheng, Ying Liu, Sidong Zeng, Pujia Yu, Wei Shi, and Xuguang Tang. "Spatiotemporal Patterns of Ecosystem Restoration Activities and Their Effects on Changes in Terrestrial Gross Primary Production in Southwest China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061209.

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Large-scale ecosystem restoration projects (ERPs) have been implemented since the beginning of the new millennium to restore vegetation and improve the ecosystem in Southwest China. However, quantifying the effects of specific restoration activities, such as afforestation and grass planting, on vegetation recovery is difficult due to their incommensurable spatiotemporal distribution. Long-term and successive ERP-driven land use/cover changes (LUCCs) were used to recognise the spatiotemporal patterns of major restoration activities, and a contribution index was defined to assess the effects of these activities on gross primary production (GPP) dynamics in Southwest China during the period of 2001–2015. The results were as follows. (1) Afforestation and grass planting were major restoration activities that accounted for more than 54% of all LUCCs in Southwest China. Approximately 96% of restoration activities involved afforestation, and these activities were mostly distributed around Yunnan Province. (2) The Breathing Earth System Simulator (BESS) GPP performed better than the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) GPP validated by field observation data. Nevertheless, their annual GPP trends were similar and increased by 12,581 g C m−2 d−1 and 13,406 g C m−2 d−1 for MODIS and BESS GPPs, respectively. (3) Although the afforestation and grass planting areas accounted for less than 1% of the total area of Southwest China, they contributed to more than 1% of the annual GPP increase in the entire study area. Afforestation directly contributed 14.94% (BESS GPP) or 24.64% (MODIS GPP) to the annual GPP increase. Meanwhile, grass planting directly contributed only 0.41% (BESS GPP) or 0.03% (MODIS GPP) to the annual GPP increase.

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Kurth, A. M., C. Weber, and M. Schirmer. "How effective is river restoration in re-establishing groundwater–surface water interactions? – A case study." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 6 (June 9, 2015): 2663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2663-2015.

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Abstract. In this study, we investigated whether river restoration was successful in re-establishing groundwater–surface water interactions in a degraded urban stream. Restoration measures included morphological changes to the river bed, such as the installation of gravel islands and spur dykes, as well as the planting of site-specific riparian vegetation. Standard distributed temperature sensing (DTS) and novel active and passive DTS approaches were employed to study groundwater–surface water interactions in two reference streams and an experimental reach of an urban stream before and after its restoration. Radon-222 analyses were utilized to validate the losing stream conditions of the urban stream in the experimental reach. Our results indicated that river restoration at the study site was indeed successful in increasing groundwater–surface water interactions. Increased surface water downwelling occurred locally at the tip of a gravel island created during river restoration. Hence, the installation of in-stream structures increased the vertical connectivity and thus groundwater–surface water interactions. With the methods presented in this publication, it would be possible to routinely investigate the success of river restorations in re-establishing vertical connectivity, thereby gaining insight into the effectiveness of specific restoration measures. This, in turn, would enable the optimization of future river restoration projects, rendering them more cost-effective and successful.

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Kloetzel, Steven. "Revegetation and Restoration Planting Tools: An In-the-Field Perspective." Native Plants Journal 5, no. 1 (April 2004): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/npj.2004.5.1.34.

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Giudice Badari, Carolina, Luis Eduardo Bernardini, Danilo R. A. Almeida, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Ricardo G. César, Victoria Gutierrez, Robin L. Chazdon, Haroldo B. Gomes, and Ricardo A. G. Viani. "Ecological outcomes of agroforests and restoration 15 years after planting." Restoration Ecology 28, no. 5 (July 7, 2020): 1135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.13171.

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Duggan‐Edwards, Mollie F., Jordi F. Pagès, Stuart R. Jenkins, Tjeerd J. Bouma, and Martin W. Skov. "External conditions drive optimal planting configurations for salt marsh restoration." Journal of Applied Ecology 57, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 619–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13550.

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Morgan, John W., and Paul J. Scacco. "Planting designs in ecological restoration: Insights from the Button Wrinklewort." Ecological Management and Restoration 7, no. 1 (April 2006): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-8903.2006.00248.x.

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Pang, Yuhan, ZhiJie Yang, Zhangjie Li, Yanlin Kou, Tao Yang, Yuxuan Xu, and Tong Lei. "Computer assisted intelligent mechanical design applied in alkaline soil based on Fischertechnik and 3D technology." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 27 (December 27, 2022): 707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v27i.3836.

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Based on Fischertechnik, this paper proposes and designs an alkaline soil restoration and vegetation planting machine. This device prossess the chemical restoration mode and plant restoration mode, and realizes self-adaptive soil detection and treatment. This paper also proposes an efficient workflow. The four-station conversion module can realize mechanism scheduling and the switch of restore modes, which save space and improve flexibility.

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Silliman, Brian R., Elizabeth Schrack, Qiang He, Rebecca Cope, Amanda Santoni, Tjisse van der Heide, Ralph Jacobi, Mike Jacobi, and Johan van de Koppel. "Facilitation shifts paradigms and can amplify coastal restoration efforts." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 46 (November 2, 2015): 14295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515297112.

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Restoration has been elevated as an important strategy to reverse the decline of coastal wetlands worldwide. Current practice in restoration science emphasizes minimizing competition between out-planted propagules to maximize planting success. This paradigm persists despite the fact that foundational theory in ecology demonstrates that positive species interactions are key to organism success under high physical stress, such as recolonization of bare substrate. As evidence of how entrenched this restoration paradigm is, our survey of 25 restoration organizations in 14 states in the United States revealed that >95% of these agencies assume minimizing negative interactions (i.e., competition) between outplants will maximize propagule growth. Restoration experiments in both Western and Eastern Atlantic salt marshes demonstrate, however, that a simple change in planting configuration (placing propagules next to, rather than at a distance from, each other) results in harnessing facilitation and increased yields by 107% on average. Thus, small adjustments in restoration design may catalyze untapped positive species interactions, resulting in significantly higher restoration success with no added cost. As positive interactions between organisms commonly occur in coastal ecosystems (especially in more physically stressful areas like uncolonized substrate) and conservation resources are limited, transformation of the coastal restoration paradigm to incorporate facilitation theory may enhance conservation efforts, shoreline defense, and provisioning of ecosystem services such as fisheries production.

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Putra, M. Andhika, Taufik Ismail, and Cita Insani M. "Coastal Area Development Through Mangrove Planting and Tree Foster Parents (OTAP) as Climate Change Restoration and Mitigation Efforts Sedari Village, Cibuaya District, Karawang Regency." Journal of World Science 1, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.58344/jws.v1i10.103.

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Introduction: The global community is faced with some problems such as the climate crisis. The coastal area is one of the areas that are at risk of abrasion and the impact of the climate crisis. Sedari Village is one of the areas in the coastal area that has the risk of abrasion and climate change. This study aims to analyze coastal area development through mangrove planting and tree foster parents (otap) as climate change restoration and mitigation efforts. Methods: The community empowerment program in Sedari Village consists of several stages, namely institutional. formation, institutional training, and biophysical development through mangrove planting. Result: PT Pertamina Patraniaga Fuel Terminal Cikampek conducts a coastal area development program through mangrove planting and tree foster parents. Community empowerment activities aim to map the activities needed for environmental restoration. The Biodiversity and Community Empowerment Program are carried out through many pre-activity stages, from implementation to monitoring and evaluation. Conclusion: Based on community empowerment activities, it is concluded that coastal area development activities through mangrove planting and OTAP initiation have a high urgency value.

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Putra, M. Andhika, Taufik Ismail, and Cita Insani M. "Coastal Area Development Through Mangrove Planting and Tree Foster Parents (OTAP) as Climate Change Restoration and Mitigation Efforts Sedari Village, Cibuaya District, Karawang Regency." Journal of World Science 1, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/jws.v1i10.103.

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Introduction: The global community is faced with some problems such as the climate crisis. The coastal area is one of the areas that are at risk of abrasion and the impact of the climate crisis. Sedari Village is one of the areas in the coastal area that has the risk of abrasion and climate change. This study aims to analyze coastal area development through mangrove planting and tree foster parents (otap) as climate change restoration and mitigation efforts. Methods: The community empowerment program in Sedari Village consists of several stages, namely institutional. formation, institutional training, and biophysical development through mangrove planting. Result: PT Pertamina Patraniaga Fuel Terminal Cikampek conducts a coastal area development program through mangrove planting and tree foster parents. Community empowerment activities aim to map the activities needed for environmental restoration. The Biodiversity and Community Empowerment Program are carried out through many pre-activity stages, from implementation to monitoring and evaluation. Conclusion: Based on community empowerment activities, it is concluded that coastal area development activities through mangrove planting and OTAP initiation have a high urgency value.

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Veldman, Joseph W., Julie C. Aleman, Swanni T. Alvarado, T. Michael Anderson, Sally Archibald, William J. Bond, Thomas W. Boutton, et al. "Comment on “The global tree restoration potential”." Science 366, no. 6463 (October 17, 2019): eaay7976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay7976.

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Bastin et al.’s estimate (Reports, 5 July 2019, p. 76) that tree planting for climate change mitigation could sequester 205 gigatonnes of carbon is approximately five times too large. Their analysis inflated soil organic carbon gains, failed to safeguard against warming from trees at high latitudes and elevations, and considered afforestation of savannas, grasslands, and shrublands to be restoration.

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Zhang, Yang, and Jing Shen. "Wetland Restoration Planning Approach Based on Interval Fuzzy Linear Programming under Uncertainty." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 9549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189549.

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When planning wetland restoration projects, the planting area allocation and the costs of the restoration measures are two major issues faced by decision makers. In this study, a framework based on the interval fuzzy linear programming (IFLP) method is introduced for the first time to plan wetland restoration projects. The proposed framework can not only effectively deal with interval and fuzzy uncertainties that exist in the planning process of wetland restorations but also handle trade-offs between ecological environment benefits and economic cost. This framework was applied to a real-world wetland restoration planning problem in the northeast of China to verify its validity and examine the credibility of the constraints. The optimized results obtained from the framework that we have developed indicate that higher ecological and social benefits can be obtained with optimal restoration costs after using the wetland restoration decision-making framework. The optimal restoration measure allocation schemes obtained by IFLP under different credibility levels can help decision makers generate a range of alternatives, which can also provide decision suggestions to local managers to generate a satisfactory decision-making plan. Furthermore, a comparison was made between the IFLP model and ILP model in this study. The comparison results indicate that the IFLP model provides more information regarding ecological environment and economic trade-offs between the system objective, certainty, and reliability. This framework provides managers with an effective way to plan wetland restoration projects, while transference of the model may help solve similar problems.

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Martinez, Joshua A., and Mathew E. Dornbush. "Use of a Native Matrix Species to Facilitate Understory Restoration in an Overbrowsed, Invaded Woodland." Invasive Plant Science and Management 6, no. 2 (June 2013): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-12-00062.1.

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AbstractThe interactive effects of herbivory, exotic species, and other human-mediated changes to the biosphere are reducing species diversity and altering ecosystem services globally. In this study, we tested whether facilitation could be used as a management technique to restore a degraded northeast Wisconsin forest understory facing high white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) browse pressure and high abundance of the exotic herb garlic mustard [Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande]. Specifically, we attempted to facilitate native understory restoration by planting or seeding native herbs into three different matrix densities of the native, browse-tolerant grass Virginia wildrye (Elymus virginicus L.), which were either protected from (fenced), or accessible to, deer browsing. Deer had minimal impacts on E. virginicus but significantly reduced the cover, survival, and flower production of white snakeroot [Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins.] transplants, largely independent of the density of E. virginicus plantings in open-access plots. In contrast, the richness and abundance of native-seeded species were not affected by deer access but were reduced by increasing E. virginicus densities. Alliaria petiolata cover was significantly higher in plots accessible to deer but declined significantly with increasing E. virginicus planting density in both open-access and fenced plots. These results were largely corroborated by results from an associated observational study, with the exception that natural E. virginicus stands supported slightly higher native-species richness than did adjacent areas lacking E. virginicus. Thus, although we found little support that establishing E. virginicus facilitated browse-susceptible native understory herbs during our short-term experimental study, restored E. virginicus successfully established, thereby increasing native species cover and significantly reducing the cover of the exotic A. petiolata. We suggest the planting of browse-tolerant native species, such as E. virginicus, as a viable restoration technique in heavily browsed, A. petiolata–invaded woodlands.

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Whitburn, Julie, Wayne L. Linklater, and Taciano L. Milfont. "Exposure to Urban Nature and Tree Planting Are Related to Pro-Environmental Behavior via Connection to Nature, the Use of Nature for Psychological Restoration, and Environmental Attitudes." Environment and Behavior 51, no. 7 (January 3, 2018): 787–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916517751009.

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Pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) may be associated with a personal relationship with nature. We conducted a quasi-experiment with 423 residents who had or had not actively participated in a tree-planting scheme and lived in 20 neighborhoods that differ in their greenness level. We tested whether exposure to nature (specified by the amount of vegetation cover in residents’ neighborhoods) and/or past PEB (specified by tree-planting participation) was associated with residents’ PEB and whether key psychological constructs would mediate these relationships. Structural equation mediation models revealed that the level of neighborhood vegetation and involvement in the planting scheme explained 46% of the variance in PEB, with connection to nature, the use of nature for psychological restoration, and environmental attitudes mediating the relationships. Connection to nature was more strongly associated with engagement in PEB than the use of nature for psychological restoration and environmental attitudes.

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Gerber, Dionatan, Larissa Regina Topanotti, Oiliam Carlos Stolarski, Bruna Elisa Trentin, Marcos Felipe Nicoletti, and Fernando Campanhã Bechara. "Mimosa scabrella Benth. planted for forest restoration in southern Brazil." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): e33710312629. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i3.12629.

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Tropical trees planting resurgent in a global warming scenario, and this activity relies on information about forest species ecology and its different functional traits. we evaluated the initial performance of Mimosa scabrella using the Generalized Linear Models (GLM) technique to fit mathematical models for collar diameter growth x height, and for crown projection area x collar diameter in a forest restoration planting. The following variables were obtained in the first four years after planting: collar diameter (mm), total height (m), crown projection area (m²) and crown volume (m³). The models fitting was performed by GLM on Gamma, Normal and Poisson distribution, identity and logarithmical join function, and they were analyzed based on Akaike and Bayesian Information Criteria, standard deviation of the estimate and determination coefficient. M. scabrella showed an excelled performance on the 48 months of age, with average increment of 200.28 mm in collar diameter, 6.88 m in total height, 2.95 m² in crown projection area and 83.41 m³ in crown volume. Its growth reduced only on periods of frost occurrence, but it restarted after these climatic events. The species growth, as well as its high survival rates and resprouting, allow its recommendation as a shady species of fast canopy fulfillment in forest restoration projects.

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Kellogg, Chev H., and Scott D. Bridgham. "Colonization during early succession of restored freshwater marshes." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-001.

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Little is known about the importance of initial colonization in the successional development of restored wetlands. We compared plant communities of two lightly planted restorations (water levels restored + planted and seeded), three hydrologic restorations (water levels restored), and two undrained sites. Measurements typically used in monitoring (richness, diversity, aboveground biomass) indicated that 23 years after restoration, restored wetlands showed only small differences from the plant community structure of undrained wetlands in the saturated zone. In contrast, analysis of vegetation based on species composition indicated differences in vegetation communities among all wetland types. Plant communities of planted restorations and reference sites were dominated by emergent species, while hydrologic restorations had a more variable plant community. These results indicate a small effect of initial planting and seeding at low densities and show that colonization is rapid during early succession of restored marshes. It was not clear whether either restoration method would eventually result in vegetation communities similar to reference sites. These results indicate that current monitoring periods of 35 years are insufficient to allow time for an accurate assessment of the successional development in each wetland.Key words: dispersal, germination, monitoring, plant biomass, plant community, wetland.

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MOHAMD JAFFAR, AINA NADIA NAJWA, MOHD EFFENDI WASLI, and MUGUNTHAN PERUMAL. "Evaluation on Soil Hardness in Riparian Forest Restoration along Kayan Ulu River, Sarawak, Malaysia." Trends in Undergraduate Research 1, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): a33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/tur.1238.2018.

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Soil hardness plays a vital role in evaluating the physical properties of soil structure. With regards to the impact of compaction on practical forest management issues, most report and review forms were available. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the soil condition in riparian forest restoration planted with indigenous species along Kayan Ulu River with special reference to soil hardness. Soil hardness was measured by using Hasegawa-type cone penetrometer from the surface soils to 100 cm depth, with a total of 48 random points for both study sites surveyed; restoration sites planted with Shorea macrophylla in year 1996 and 1998 (SPD96 and SPD98, respectively) for both on and between planting lines. Our findings indicated that, soil hardness in SPD98 was harder as compared to SPD96 at shallow depth presented in one drop penetrability. Likewise, soil penetration resistance on planting line in SPD98 was significantly higher than SPD96 at surface soils (0-20 cm) and subsurface soils (20-40 cm). A high number of strikes and soil penetration resistance indicate that the soils were highly compacted. However, there was no significant difference in term of soil penetration resistance between planting line. In order to avoid effects on tree productivity, it is recommended that in future, the evaluation of soil hardness should be determined during the early establishment for future restoration of riparian ecosystem. Keywords: Riparian forest restoration, riparian ecosystem, Sarawak, soil hardness

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Kuban, Irina, Elena Zhmud, Altynai Achimova, Natasha Williams, and Olga Dorogina. "Genetic analysis of Rhaponticum carthamoides (Asteraceae) during restoration of natural populations in the Altai Republic." BIO Web of Conferences 38 (2021): 00064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213800064.

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Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin is a rare species for Altai Republic. It possesses medicinal and fodder properties and therefore is considered a valuable resource species. Populations of this species are regularly exposed to anthropogenic impact. The impact factors are harvesting of rhizomes and cattle grazing. We have carried out the restoration of two populations of this species. The seeds for restorative planting were collected from healthy plants in the same populations, at a distance of 10 km or less from the restoration site. The genetic analysis of DNA fragments showed a reliable similarity of genetic diversity in planted and naturally growing individuals in each of the studied populations. Comparison showed that plants in more remote locations, which are less accessible for tourism and economic activities, were characterized by higher genetic diversity.

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Wallin, Lotta, Brita M. Svensson, and Mikael Lönn. "Artificial Dispersal as a Restoration Tool in Meadows: Sowing or Planting?" Restoration Ecology 17, no. 2 (March 2009): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2007.00350.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Restoration planting'

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