Dissertations / Theses: 'Restoration planting'

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Schalau, Jeff. "Planting Pole Cuttings in Riparian Ecosystems." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625565.

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2 p. / Originally published 2000.
Riparian ecosystems are found in the transition between aquatic and adjacent terrestrial ecosystems where unique vegetative communities can occur due to free water at or near the soil surface. A healthy, functional riparian plant community provides a rich environment for insects, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, fishes, birds, and animals. In Arizona, many naturally occurring riparian ecosystems have been impacted, altered or removed by natural processes and land management activities. This publication provides information to assist residents, landowners, and agency personnel in successfully establishing pole plantings in riparian ecosystems of Arizona. Reviewed 10/2016, Originally published 2000.

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Bauman, Jenise M. "ECTOMYCORRHIZAL COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH RESTORATION PLANTINGS OF AMERICAN CHESTNUT (CASTANEA DENTATA) SEEDLINGS ON OHIO MINE LANDS: PLANTING METHODOLOGIES TO PROMOTE ROOT COLONIZATION." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1291994501.

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Terry, Tyson Jeffrey. "Using Herbicide and Planting Techniques to Restore a Native Bunchgrass to Cheatgrass Invaded Systems." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8890.

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This thesis explores potential seeding techiniques to limit harmful effects of preemergent herbicide on a seeded species while simultaneously reducing abudance of annual invasive grasses. The first chapter examines the use of activated carbon seed coatings and furrows to limit herbicide effect on seeds of a perrenial bunchgrass. We found that both carbon coatings and furrows mitigated some of the herbicide effects, but that only when the two techniques were combined did we observe unaffected seedling emergence, plant density, and aboveground growth. Therefore, we suggest to management that use of carbon coatings and furrows after herbicide application can likely be used to reduce invasive annual grasses while simultaneously establishing a native bunchgrass. In chapter 2, we examine the effects of a novel preemergent herbicide indaziflam, on native seeds and compare it against a common preemergent herbicide, imazapic. We found that indaziflam provides superior long-term control of annual invasive grasses than imazapic, but that it is also more detrimental to native seeds. Our results suggest that indaziflam is best suited for control purposes only, and is hard to incorporate in restoration seeding efforts due to its strong effects on native seed.

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Anderson, Rhett Michael. "Novel Techniques to Improve Restoration of Native Rangeland Species." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8885.

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The sagebrush steppe is a particularly sensitive ecosystem that is easily disturbed by fires, oil and gas extraction, woody-plant encroachment, and overgrazing. The natural regeneration of native species following a disturbance within this system is typically slow and sporadic, which allows invasive grasses to occupy the landscape. Attempts to assist the recovery of these landscapes through direct seeding is commonly met with poor success rates, particularly in lower elevation, drier sites. Novel seed enhancement technologies and planting techniques that mitigate limiting factors impairing restoration efforts may improve the likelihood of restoring these degraded areas. For chapter 1, we evaluated a solid-matrix priming technique, where bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) and Lewis flax (Linum lewisii) were primed and then the priming matrix and seed were pelleted together. We evaluated primed seed that had been incorporated into pellets at two field sites against seed that was pelleted but been left unprimed, and untreated seed (control). These three seed treatments were planted in the spring (mid-march) in shallow (2-cm) and deep (15-cm) furrows, in a complete factorial design. We found that primed seeds generally produced higher plant densities than control seed at the beginning of the growing season; however, its influence diminished towards the end of the growing season. We also found that deep furrows increased plant density throughout the growing season and even into the following year. The combination of priming and deep furrows outperformed control seed in shallow furrows in all measured metrics. For chapter 2, we evaluated a seed conglomeration technique for improving Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. Wyomingensis) emergence and survival under fall and winter plantings. The trial was implemented at five sites across Utah and Nevada in a randomized complete block-split-split plot design, with site, and planting season, comprising the split-plot factors. Each site and season combination was seeded with conglomerated and control seed. We found that in most cases, a fall seeding of Wyoming big sagebrush was either the same or more successful compared to planting on the snow in the winter, which is the current suggested practice. Our results also demonstrated that seed conglomeration produced higher plant densities compared to control seed throughout the growing season. The higher density of plants produced from conglomerates combined with the improved seed delivery provided by the conglomeration technique was estimated to offset the cost in producing conglomerates and reduce overall restoration costs by 41%.

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Parkhurst, Tina. "Is tree planting enough? Investigation of soil condition and composition of vegetation and invertebrate assemblages after ecological restoration in agricultural landscapes." Thesis, Parkhurst, Tina (2021) Is tree planting enough? Investigation of soil condition and composition of vegetation and invertebrate assemblages after ecological restoration in agricultural landscapes. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/63209/.

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Globally, vegetation clearing for agriculture continues to cause biodiversity loss and land degradation. Restoration efforts to increase biodiversity and remediate land degradation are often constrained by legacies of agricultural land-use. Active restoration is often needed to overcome abiotic and biotic thresholds to assist re-assembly towards a reference ecosystem. My thesis explores the effects of active restoration on soil condition and re-assembly of plant and invertebrate communities. I coupled a global meta-analysis with a field survey and experimentation in the Western Australian wheatbelt to examine effects of active woody plantings on various ecosystem components. In a field survey of 30 plots, I characterised soil chemical properties, vegetation and ant assemblages in three vegetation states: fallow croplands, 10-year-old planted old fields and reference woodlands. In addition, I experimentally tested whether the addition of woody debris to planted old fields can accelerate restoration outcomes, using a multi-site Before-After Control-Impact design. Results show that at a global scale, restoration has positive effects on soil condition, but inconsistent trends for invertebrate species. Overall, recovery remains incomplete. These results were mirrored at a local scale. Whilst concentrations of some soil nutrients in planted old fields were more similar to woodland reference system than fallow croplands, key abiotic thresholds, in particular elevated phosphorus concentrations, persisted. Woody species richness and cover on planted old fields were also similar to reference woodlands, but herbaceous species richness and cover, and large woody debris amounts, remained similar to the fallow cropland. Ant assemblages responded positively to changes in habitat, with increases of species richness and abundance of key functional groups, however full convergence to reference conditions was not observed. Addition of woody debris to planted old fields had few significant effects on soil chemical and biophysical properties and community re-assembly. Overall, results show that soil condition, vegetation and invertebrate assemblages on planted old fields responded positively to restoration efforts, however, recovery remains incomplete. Future research should test the efficacy of additional restoration practices beyond tree planting and focus on identifying suitable functional groups of invertebrates to assess restoration outcomes.

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Brendecke, William Walter. "THE EFFECT OF COLLECTION AND ESTABLISHMENT SEASON, PLANTING ORIENTATION AND ATTACHED CULMS ON THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF ARUNDINARIA GIGANTEA (WALT.) MUHL. (GIANT CANE) RHIZOME PROPAGULES." OpenSIUC, 2008. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/462.

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Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. (giant cane) is a native North American bamboo. The mass assemblages of giant cane stems (culms) can form monotypic stands called "canebrakes" with historic distribution encompassing floodplains of the southeastern United States. Canebrake ecosystems have served as an important habitat for a variety of mammalian, avian, and reptilian species due in part by the protective nature the dense culms provide. Also, giant cane also can serve as an effective riparian zone buffer for the protection of water quality. Land conversion and altered disturbance regimes have reduced cane to 2% of historical accounts. Consistently, there is great interest in restoring canebrake ecosystems. However, canebrake restoration efforts face difficulties such as infrequent seeding and low viability, limited availability of seedlings or rhizome planting stock, and inefficient establishment and management techniques. To address these problems, two studies were designed to further develop giant cane propagation thereby aiding management efforts intended in restoring canebrake ecosystems. Study 1 (greenhouse) objective was to compare the survivability and growth responses of bare rhizomes and rhizomes with attached and trimmed culms with different planting orientation. Study design was a randomized complete block with approximately 20 rhizomes of each propagule type (bare rhizomes, rhizomes with culms trimmed to 3cm and rhizomes with culms trimmed to 20cm) planted in two orientations (buried flat or angled and partially exposed) in each of 4 benches (N=239). Propagule type and planting orientation were determined randomly. After six months, propagule survival was 86% and was independent of orientation (chi square 1df = 1.56, p=0.212) and propagule type (chi square 2df =3.88, p=3.88). There was an interaction between planting orientation and propagule type for the number of new rhizomes and culms, above ground biomass, but not for newly formed rhizome diameter or cumulative culm and rhizome length. Rhizome propagules with attached trimmed culms produced, on average, one more rhizome and were 71 cm longer than newly formed rhizomes from the bare rhizome propagules. Planting orientation had no effect on any measured character of long culmed propagules, burying the short-culmed or bare rhizomes tended to reduce growth responses. However, among exposed propagules, growth responses tended to be similar. Study 2 (field-scale) objective was to determine if genotype (3 collection sources) and collection season/ planting season (C/P) (fall/fall, fall/spring, spring/spring) affect survival and growth of giant cane. Study design was a randomized complete block design with between 12 and 20 bare rhizomes per each of 3 collection sources (subplots) planted in each of 3 rows (collection season/ planting season main plots) blocked 6 times across 2 sites (N=2086). Location of collection sources within subplots and C/P within plots were randomly chosen. Rhizomes were planted in rows using a tree planter. Mean survival of cane plants after one growing season was similar at each site with a mean of 11.1%. Survival was dependent on collection source and C/P seasons. Survival ranged from a high of 38.3% for the spring/spring planted Upper Cache River source to 0.4% for two of the other 9 treatment combinations. Collecting and planting rhizomes in the spring for two of the three collection sources produced the highest percent survival compared to stock collected in the fall then planted or stored until spring. These results suggest the importance of collection source, collection season, planting season, propagule morphology and orientation on the survival and new growth of giant cane in southern Illinois.

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Lee, Janette. "The restoration of former opencast mining land to woodland : development and evaluation of a GIS-based tool for strategic planting and management." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2004. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/24098.

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There is a need for models to assist in the planning and implementation of solutions to environmental problems. Given the spatial nature of these problems, there is scope for GIS to be used as a tool to meet this need. The issue of land restoration following opencast mineral extraction is considered. Time and cost constraints usually place restrictions on the quantity of detailed field data that can realistically be collected and analysed on restoration sites prior to planting. This research determines the value of a rigorous analysis of a limited set of empirical data as a means to informing the decision making process. The study site selected is located in northwest Leicestershire. Detailed information is collated to describe the site conditions prior to, and subsequent to, mineral extraction. The presence of an adjacent area of undisturbed woodland affords the opportunity for comparison between natural and artificial soil conditions. Using a combination of field techniques, laboratory analysis, and computer-based modelling, an exploration is made of the factors affecting the success or failure of tree planting within restoration projects. Factors affecting the soil moisture regime are found to play a key role in determining the success of schemes for the establishment of woodland on restored sites. A series of maps are developed to illustrate tree growth potential as constrained by soil thickness and soil structure. Four different 'improvement' scenarios are explored to identify potential areas for remedial action. An analysis of the spatial variation in soil properties can assist in designing planting schemes that reflect the requirements of individual tree species and growth potential indices for alder and larch species are proposed. The hypothesis is accepted that the modelling of soil characteristics can provide additional value to the restoration planning process.

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Oliveira, Andreza dos Santos. "Semeadura direta e plantio de mudas para recuperação de nascentes no rio Piauitinga-SE." Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6571.

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Due to the intense suppression of native vegetation in nascent areas of the State of Sergipe, one can notice a significant environmental degradation. Thus, it becomes necessary the adoption of practices aimed at the restoration of the vegetation and these can be carried through artificial regeneration with direct seeding or planting seedlings. Therefore, the study was carried to evaluate the development of native species in the Piauitinga watershed in Salgado-SE, with the artificial regeneration methods (direct sowing and planting seedlings), using the native forest species Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Bren, Ceiba speciosa (A. St. Hill), Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Mart.) Hayne, Psidium guajava L. and Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. & Hook. Initially, were held the physical and physiological quality of the seeds analysis in laboratory and subsequently a field experiment was established in a randomized block delimitation (RBD) in a factorial design with four replications, in an area previously occupied by pasture, located in Salgado-SE. The sowing was carried in holes (30x30x30cm), with spacing of 1,5 m x 1,5 m with 9 plants for species in every block and the planting of seedlings occurred similarly, totaling 90 plants per block, occupying an area of 0,1024 hectares. Were evaluated the percentage of emergence and seedling survival in the field, the initial development of seedlings and Relative Growth Rate (RGR) until 300 days after implantation. The species that showed better rates of emergence and survival was H. stigonocarpa with 74,44% and 48,89% respectively. Any plant of A. macrocarpa survived. In the of characteristics evaluation of growth in the field in relation to tillage, there was greater growth in height for P. guajava (25,84 cm) and diameter, T. aurea (6,51 mm). In planting seedlings, the more growth on the height was in the C. speciosa (93,26 cm) and the specie T. aurea presented greater increment in diameter (20,92 mm). There was statistical difference in the RGR of plants for planting two strategies. The species T. aurea, C. speciosa and H. stigonocarpa characteristics presented viable for use by direct seeding and planting seedlings in the recuperation of degraded areas of nascent. The strategy of planting that had higher averages for the parameters evaluated was the planting of seedlings in recuperation of the area studied.
Devido à intensa supressão da vegetação nativa em áreas de nascentes do Estado de Sergipe, pode-se notar um significativo quadro de degradação ambiental. Dessa forma, torna-se necessária a adoção de práticas que visem à recomposição da vegetação e estas podem ser realizadas através da regeneração artificial, com a semeadura direta ou plantio de mudas. Diante o exposto, o trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento de espécies florestais nativas em área de nascente na bacia hidrográfica do rio Piauitinga, no município de Salgado-SE, com relação aos métodos de regeneração artificial (semeadura direta e plantio de mudas), utilizando-se as espécies florestais nativas Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Bren, Ceiba speciosa (A. St. Hill), Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Mart.) Hayne, Psidium guajava L. e Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. & Hook. Análises da morfometria, determinação da umidade e qualidade fisiológica das sementes foram previamente realizadas em laboratório. O experimento em campo foi implantado em Delineamento em Blocos Casualizados (DBC), em esquema fatorial com quatro repetições, em uma área anteriormente ocupada por pastagem, localizada no município de Salgado-SE. A semeadura direta e o plantio de mudas foram realizados em covas (30x30x30cm), com espaçamento de 1,5m x 1,5m, contendo 9 plantas por espécie em cada bloco, totalizando 90 plantas por bloco, ocupando uma extensão de 0,1024 hectares. Foram avaliadas as porcentagens de emergência e sobrevivência das plântulas em campo, desenvolvimento inicial das mudas e Taxa de Crescimento Relativo (TCR) até os 300 dias após a implantação. A espécie que apresentou melhores índices de emergência e sobrevivência foi H. stigonocarpa com 74,44% e 48,89%, respectivamente. Na semeadura direta, nenhuma planta de A. macrocarpa sobreviveu. Na avaliação das características de crescimento em campo em relação à semeadura direta, observou-se maior crescimento em altura para P. guajava (25,84cm) e para diâmetro, T. aurea (6,51mm). No plantio de mudas, o maior crescimento em altura foi na C. speciosa (93,26cm) e a espécie T. aurea apresentou maior incremento em diâmetro (20,92mm). Houve diferença estatística na TCR das plantas, para as duas estratégias de plantio. As espécies T. aurea, C. speciosa e H. stigonocarpa apresentaram características viáveis para serem utilizadas por meio da semeadura direta e plantio de mudas em projetos de recuperação em áreas de nascentes degradadas. A estratégia de plantio que apresentou maiores médias em relação aos parâmetros avaliados foi o plantio de mudas, na recuperação da área estudada.

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Maynard, Clare E. "Saltmarshes on the fringe : restoring the degraded shoreline of the Eden Estuary, Scotland." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6559.

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Saltmarshes are highly valued habitats but the majority of the Eden Estuary's saltmarsh was buried under sea defences and ad hoc rubbish dumps during the last century. Without saltmarsh, the degraded shoreline may be even more vulnerable to rising sea levels and increased wave and tidal energy. This study investigated planting native saltmarsh species, common in the estuaries of Eastern Scotland, to restore saltmarsh development and sedimentation to the Eden Estuary's shoreline. The survival and growth of the sedge Bolboschoenus maritimus (Sea Club-rush) and the grasses Phragmites australis (Common Reed) and Puccinellia maritima (Common Saltmarsh Grass) were compared in planting trials. These were seeded or transplanted onto unvegetated upper mudflats in front of eroded P. maritima saltmarsh and a disused rubbish dump. The longer term sustainability of this practice was assessed by comparing sediment deposition and surface elevation in the transplant sites, natural saltmarsh and upper unvegetated mudflats. B. maritimus outperformed P. australis and P. maritima. Springtime, high density planting was successful, whereas seeds, planting in autumn and low density planting failed. Growth in the transplanted B. maritimus sites was relatively slow for the first three years but subsequently overtook growth of the seaward edge of natural B. maritimus marsh. Sediment was not deposited on natural P. maritima and was low on upper unvegetated mudflats and in young transplant sites. Most deposition occurred in four year old sites of B. maritimus. Sediment surface elevation in natural P. maritima remained constant throughout the year, but increased in all the other sites during the summer. The upper mudflat was the only site to erode during winter. A significant, positive association was found between tide height and sediment deposition, while winds from the south-east were associated with significantly more deposition than winds from the south-west. The direct planting of saltmarsh vegetation has restored a valuable and rapidly disappearing habitat to the degraded shoreline of the Eden Estuary. The low-cost and simplicity of this restoration practice give it great potential as a sustainable coastal management option that should be explored in other Scottish estuaries. This form of restoration could help to increase the resilience and reduce the vulnerability of degraded shorelines to climate change and rising sea levels.

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Vidal, Cristina Yuri. "Transplante de plântulas e plantas jovens como estratégia de produção de mudas para a restauração de áreas degradadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-04082008-170122/.

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O transplante de indivíduos jovens ocorrentes na regeneração natural de florestas como estratégia de produção de mudas visando a restauração de áreas degradadas é recente no Brasil. Dentre as principais vantagens associadas a essa técnica pode-se destacar a obtenção de elevado número de espécies (geralmente não disponíveis em viveiros convencionais), a eliminação de etapas de viveiro dispendiosas ou desconhecidas (beneficiamento, armazenamento e tratamentos pré-germinativos das sementes) e a obtenção de elevado número de indivíduos em relativamente pouco tempo quando comparado à colheita de sementes. Apesar dessas vantagens, algumas restrições importantes devem ser consideradas, a começar pela aplicação desta técnica em situações específicas nas quais áreas com vegetação serão desmatadas. Nestes casos, o transplante representa uma forma de aproveitar o que de outra forma seria \"desperdiçado\", constituindo uma possibilidade de compensação ambiental aos impactos ocasionados pela construção de empreendimentos, usinas hidrelétricas, etc. Considerando que estas situações são freqüentes em nosso país, o presente trabalho tem como proposta avaliar a técnica de transplante como estratégia de produção de mudas, visando a restauração ecológica de áreas degradadas. Para tanto, a dissertação se divide em dois capítulos, sendo o primeiro referente a viabilidade da técnica - considerando seus aspectos ecológicos, técnico/silviculturais e econômicos - e o segundo a respeito da avaliação do desempenho das mudas transplantadas sob duas condições de luz (a pleno sol e sombra). De maneira geral, o transplante de plântulas e plantas jovens é viável, mas necessita de mais estudos que permitam um refinamento da técnica e melhor desempenho dos indivíduos coletados.
The transplantation of young individuals occurring under forest canopy as an strategy of planting stock production for ecological restoration is recent in Brazil. Among its most important advantages we highlight the collection of a high number of species (usually not available in nurseries), the elimination of unknown or expensive nurseries\' proceedings (seeds\' amelioration, storage and pre-germinative requirements) and the obtainment of a high number of individuals when compared to the usual seeds\' collection. Despite these advantages, some restraints must be considered, once this technique should only be applied on specific situations, like those where vegetated areas will be legally deforested. On these cases transplantation may represent a feasible way to make good use of what otherwise would be wasted, representing an interesting possibility of environmental compensation resulting from activities with adverse effects. Considering that those situations are quite common in developing countries, the present study aims to evaluate the transplantation technique as an strategy of planting stock production, improving ecological restoration efforts. For this matter, this dissertation is divided into two chapters. The former is about the technique feasibility - considering its ecological, technical/silvicultural and economic aspects - and the latter about the transplanted seedlings\' performance under two light conditions (sun and shade). In a general way, seedlings and saplings\' transplantation is feasible, although further studies are needed to refine the technique and improve the performance of transplanted individuals.

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Herendeen, Robert V. "Two-year Performance of Hybrid and Pure American Chestnut Castanea Dentata (Fagaceae) Seedlings and Benefit of Pisolithus Tinctorius (Sclerodermataceae) on Eastern Ohio Mine Spoil." Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1174414428.

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Lanzer, Sabine. "Restauração ecológica em áreas de cerrado no município de Mineiros (GO)." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7189.

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At first, the Brazilian Cerrado was not valued, facing the Amazon and the Atlantic forests. In the 1970s, the Federal Governement started to stimulate the econimical development of midwest region, where it was located the most part of Cerrado, with a large developent of the farming area. That enlargement of the agricultural frontier resulted on the felling of thousands of hectares of Cerrado. The area of study is in Mineiros (GO), and it was cleared up to form livestock grazing of Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster for more than thirty years, e remaining a few mature trees and a narrow strip of riparian forest. In 2010, it began the mixed planting of seedlings for restoration of native vegetation as the objective of the Legal Reserve replacement. The planting of Lots 1 and 2 were evaluated concerning the seedling and regenerating composition, richness, diversity and mortality, within 18 months. To this end it has been demarcated 9 plots of 50 × 50 m and within them it was collected the results of 4 subplots of 20x20 m, as a total 36 subplots and 1,44 ha. In Lot 1, it was found 290 seedlings (15 families and 53 species) and 209 regeneratings (22 families and 66 species). In the Lot 2, it was found 403 seedlings (8 families and 31 species) and 125 regeneratings (13 families and 34 species). The species richness was better in Lot 1 in relation to Lot 2 front of both seedlings and for regenerating. The index of Shannon diversity was to Lot 1 (seedlings: 3,330; regeneratings: 3.629) were similar to the ones found in survey of native fragments of cerrado strict sense, fact not verified in Lot 2 (seedlings: 2,704; regeneratings: 2,940). Seeding trees and regenerating mortality was signigicant. Between the planting seeds and the first survey, held in 2013, Lot 1 had a mortality of 81.7% and Lot 2 of 74.5%. Between the measurements, the death of Lot 1 was 26.9% to 20.6% for seedlings and regeneratings, already Lot 2 was 12.7% for seedlings and 4.0% for regenerating. If the mortality pattern continue in the coming years, it is possible that future find few surviving seedlings in the area. The study showed that the floristic composition of sapling is different and higher than the seedlings, reinforcing the importance of natural regeneration in the ecological restoration process, as many of regenerating species would not be produced in nurseries. The diversity presented higher values for Lot 1 in relation to Lot 2, both for plants and for regenerating, and there was no significant difference in rates over time. Mortality of seedlings is high in both lots and can be caused by the abundant presence of brachiaria, a fact that should be investigated.
Inicialmente, o Cerrado brasileiro foi pouco valorizado, frente às florestas Amazônica e Atlântica. Na década de 1970, o Governo Federal passou a estimular o desenvolvimento econômico da região Centro-Oeste, onde se situava a maior parte do Cerrado, com forte estímulo à expansão das áreas agrícolas. Esta ampliação da fronteira agrícola resultou na derrubada de milhares de hectares de Cerrado. A área de estudo está localizada em Mineiros (GO), e foi desmatada para formação de pastagem de Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster a mais de 30 anos, restando na área apenas poucas árvores adultas e uma estreita faixa de mata ciliar. Em 2010, iniciou-se o plantio misto de mudas para recomposição da vegetação nativa, objetivando a reposição da Reserva Legal. Os plantios dos Lotes 1 e 2 foram avaliados quanto à composição, riqueza, diversidade e mortalidade de mudas e regenerantes, em um intervalo de 18 meses. Para tal, foram demarcadas 9 parcelas de 50 × 50 m e dentro delas foram coletados os dados de 4 subparcelas de 20 × 20 m, totalizando 36 subparcelas e 1,44 ha. No Lote 1, foram encontradas 290 mudas (15 famílias e 53 espécies) e 209 regenerantes (22 famílias e 66 espécies). No Lote 2, foram levantadas 403 mudas (8 famílias e 31 espécies) e 125 regenerantes (13 famílias e 34 espécies). A riqueza de espécies foi maior no Lote 1 em relação ao Lote 2, tanto para mudas quanto para regenerantes. O índice de diversidade de Shannon para o Lote 1 (mudas: 3,330; regenerantes: 3,629) foram semelhantes ao encontrado em levantamento de fragmentos nativos de cerrado sentido restrito, fato não verificado no Lote 2 (mudas: 2,704; regenerantes: 2,940). A mortalidade de mudas e regenerantes foi significativa. Entre o plantio das mudas e o primeiro levantamento, realizado em 2013, o Lote 1 teve uma mortalidade de 81,7% e o Lote 2 de 74,5%. No período entre as medições, a mortalidade do Lote 1 foi de 26,9% para mudas e 20,6% para regenerantes; a mortalidade do Lote 2, foi de 12,7% para mudas e 4,0% para regenerantes. O estudo mostrou que a composição florística das regenerantes é diferente e maior que a das mudas, reforçando a importância da regeneração natural no processo de restauração ecológica, visto que muitas das espécies regenerantes não seriam produzidas em viveiros de mudas. A diversidade apresentou maiores valores para o Lote 1 em relação ao Lote 2, tanto para mudas quanto para regenerantes. A mortalidade de mudas é alta nos dois lotes, e pode ser causado pela presença abundante da braquiária, fato que deve ser investigado.

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Phipps, Hilary Lee. "Assessing the success of restoration plantings at Cape Foulwind, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6845.

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Holcim (New Zealand) Ltd. operate a quarry near Cape Foulwind, New Zealand Quarrying operations have a dramatic effect on the environment. Consequently, the company has developed a restoration strategy that aims to mitigate the environmental and visual impacts of quarry operations. The objective of this study was to determine how successful the restoration plantings at Cape Foulwind have been to date. Achieving restoration success is dependent upon meeting the goals established for the restoration project. The specificity, appropriateness, and ease of measurement of these goals play a large part in determining the level to which restoration plantings can be deemed successful. The six planted restoration study sites investigated (planted 3 to 22 years prior to this study) were compared with three forest remnant sites, acting as a reference. Determination of the level of restoration success involved investigation of both ecosystem structure and functional attributes. Vegetation composition, ground active invertebrates and various ecosystem attributes, including soil, litter depth and decomposition, and seed rain were investigated using numerous diversity indices and ordination techniques where appropriate. The results of this study suggest that while complete success of these restoration plantings has not yet occurred, attributes necessary for initial success were present. Planted restoration sites were facilitating the entry of novel regenerating species. The current limiting factor to progression within the planted restoration study sites appears to be the lack of full canopy cover, and subsequent development of suitable microclimatic conditions. A large difference was apparent in composition and abundance of ground active invertebrate communities in planted restoration and remnant study sites. Of the environmental variables investigated, litter depth was found to be the key driver of invertebrate distribution over the nine study sites. Holcim's restoration plantings at Cape Foulwind have successfully provided new habitat for native biodiversity, while facilitating development of ecosystem structure and functioning. Importantly, they are increasing the connectivity between the native forest remnants that are present, enhancing the aesthetic appeal of the quarry area.

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Reay, Stephen David. "The success of three restoration plantings at Kennedy's Bush, Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8370.

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This study presents the results of an investigation into the success of three different aged (10, 30 and 35 years) restoration plantings at Kennedy's Bush, Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand. Vegetation and ground invertebrates from the three restoration study plots were compared with mature and naturally regenerating forest remnants, and a tussock grassland study plot using ordination techniques and a variety of diversity indices. Both vegetation and invertebrate communities displayed a developmental sequence from the grassland to the mature forest study plots, suggesting that as the restorations aged they became more similar to the mature forest study plot. Restoration success is described as a continuum from the recolonisation and establishment of species to the restoration of all ecosystem attributes, including structure, composition and function. The later stages of the continuum cannot occur in the absence of success in the initial stages. Initial species composition at planting and the presence of fruit for attracting birds, features often regarded as essential for early restoration success, did not appear to be critical in this study. All three restoration plantings at Kennedy's Bush successfully facilitated the recolonisation of native forest plants and ground invertebrates. While the older restoration plantings have restored ecosystem function, all plantings have failed to restore ecosystem structure and composition, suggesting restoration has not successfully restored ecosystem structure and function yet. However, the future of the plantings looks promising. It is suggested that as the plantings age they will more closely resemble the mature forest community at Ahuriri Scenic Reserve and should successfully restore ecosystem structure as well as function, indicating that future restoration projects in the study area are likely to be successful.

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Raymer, Josiah Shane. "Gulf coast barrier island restoration public demonstration and education, production practices for the beach plant Iva imbricata, and restoration with composite plantings /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013413.

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Assis, Geissianny Bessão de [UNESP]. "Avaliação do potencial invasivo de espécies não-nativas utilizadas em plantio de restauração de matas ciliares." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99762.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A restauração de ecossistemas vem ganhando espaço em todo o mundo e, no Brasil, o modelo mais amplamente utilizado tem sido o plantio de espécies arbóreas em alta diversidade. Embora a recomendação seja de que se utilizem exclusivamente espécies nativas, a dificuldade de identificá-las e de se encontrarem mudas disponíveis resulta que em muitos plantios existem espécies não-nativas, as quais oferecem a ameaça potencial de invasão biológica. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar o potencial invasivo das espécies arbóreas não-nativas que têm sido plantadas para a restauração de matas ciliares em região de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual - FES, com base na estrutura de suas populações e em sua contribuição para as comunidades em restauração. Selecionamos 25 plantios de matas ciliares situados na bacia do rio Paraná, com idades variando entre quatro e 53 anos. Em cada local efetuamos o levantamento da comunidade arbustivo-arbórea em área total de 1.000 m2, dividida em 10 parcelas de 100 m2, aleatoriamente distribuídas dentro da faixa de 0 a 50 m de distância da margem do corpo d‟água. Identificamos e contabilizamos todos os indivíduos de espécies arbóreas e arbustivas, plantadas ou regenerantes, a partir de 50 cm de altura, agrupando-os em três classes de tamanho segundo o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP < 1 cm, 1 cm < DAP < 5 cm e DAP > 5 cm). Classificamos os indivíduos em plantados ou regenerantes com base no alinhamento do plantio, evidente mesmo em plantios mais antigos. No total, amostramos 18.421 indivíduos, pertencentes a 320 espécies, das quais 83 (26%) não eram nativas da região estudada. Com relação à origem das espécies amostradas nos plantios, 65% são nativas de FES, 19% são nativas de outras formações vegetacionais brasileiras e 16% são...
The restoration of the ecosystems has been increasing worldwide. The most widely used model in Brazil has been the planting of the high diversity tree species. Although the recommendation it is planting only native species during restoration, the difficulty to identify them and to find seedlings available, result in many planting are found non-native species, which offer the potential threat of biological invasion. The purpose of this study was to analyze the potential of invasive non-native tree species that have been planted to riparian forests restoration in the region of semideciduous forest, based on the structure of their populations in regeneration. We selected 25 areas in restoration, of the aged between 4 and 53 years after planting. At each site we carried out the floristic inventory in the total area of 1.000 m2, divided into ten plots randomly distributed, within the range of 0 to 50 m away from the edge of the water body. Identify and account for individuals of all tree and shrub species present in the understory, from 50 cm tall, grouped into three size classes by diameter at breast height (DBH < 1 cm, 1 cm < DBH < 5 cm and DBH > 5 cm) . We classify the species planted and regenerating based on the alignment of planting, evident even in the oldest plantation. In total, 18.421 individuals sampled, belonging to 320 species. Regarding the origin of the species in plantations, 65% are native FES, 19% are of other native vegetation formations in Brazil and 16% are from other countries. Only three areas were not planted non-native species. In other areas, non-native species were used in varying proportions, to a maximum of 54% of all species sampled from planted trees in a community restoration. The proportion of individuals of non-native species from regenerating plants (12%) was lower than XIV the proportion... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Assis, Geissianny Bessão de 1986. "Avaliação do potencial invasivo de espécies não-nativas utilizadas em plantio de restauração de matas ciliares /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99762.

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Orientador: Giselta Durigan
Coorientador: Vera Lex Engel
Banca: Marco Antonio de Assis
Banca: Fláviana Maluf de Souza
Resumo: A restauração de ecossistemas vem ganhando espaço em todo o mundo e, no Brasil, o modelo mais amplamente utilizado tem sido o plantio de espécies arbóreas em alta diversidade. Embora a recomendação seja de que se utilizem exclusivamente espécies nativas, a dificuldade de identificá-las e de se encontrarem mudas disponíveis resulta que em muitos plantios existem espécies não-nativas, as quais oferecem a ameaça potencial de invasão biológica. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar o potencial invasivo das espécies arbóreas não-nativas que têm sido plantadas para a restauração de matas ciliares em região de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual - FES, com base na estrutura de suas populações e em sua contribuição para as comunidades em restauração. Selecionamos 25 plantios de matas ciliares situados na bacia do rio Paraná, com idades variando entre quatro e 53 anos. Em cada local efetuamos o levantamento da comunidade arbustivo-arbórea em área total de 1.000 m2, dividida em 10 parcelas de 100 m2, aleatoriamente distribuídas dentro da faixa de 0 a 50 m de distância da margem do corpo d‟água. Identificamos e contabilizamos todos os indivíduos de espécies arbóreas e arbustivas, plantadas ou regenerantes, a partir de 50 cm de altura, agrupando-os em três classes de tamanho segundo o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP < 1 cm, 1 cm < DAP < 5 cm e DAP > 5 cm). Classificamos os indivíduos em plantados ou regenerantes com base no alinhamento do plantio, evidente mesmo em plantios mais antigos. No total, amostramos 18.421 indivíduos, pertencentes a 320 espécies, das quais 83 (26%) não eram nativas da região estudada. Com relação à origem das espécies amostradas nos plantios, 65% são nativas de FES, 19% são nativas de outras formações vegetacionais brasileiras e 16% são... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The restoration of the ecosystems has been increasing worldwide. The most widely used model in Brazil has been the planting of the high diversity tree species. Although the recommendation it is planting only native species during restoration, the difficulty to identify them and to find seedlings available, result in many planting are found non-native species, which offer the potential threat of biological invasion. The purpose of this study was to analyze the potential of invasive non-native tree species that have been planted to riparian forests restoration in the region of semideciduous forest, based on the structure of their populations in regeneration. We selected 25 areas in restoration, of the aged between 4 and 53 years after planting. At each site we carried out the floristic inventory in the total area of 1.000 m2, divided into ten plots randomly distributed, within the range of 0 to 50 m away from the edge of the water body. Identify and account for individuals of all tree and shrub species present in the understory, from 50 cm tall, grouped into three size classes by diameter at breast height (DBH < 1 cm, 1 cm < DBH < 5 cm and DBH > 5 cm) . We classify the species planted and regenerating based on the alignment of planting, evident even in the oldest plantation. In total, 18.421 individuals sampled, belonging to 320 species. Regarding the origin of the species in plantations, 65% are native FES, 19% are of other native vegetation formations in Brazil and 16% are from other countries. Only three areas were not planted non-native species. In other areas, non-native species were used in varying proportions, to a maximum of 54% of all species sampled from planted trees in a community restoration. The proportion of individuals of non-native species from regenerating plants (12%) was lower than XIV the proportion... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Buckallew, Robin R. "Comparison of Bare Root vs. Potted Plants, Species Selection, and Caging Types for Restoration of a Prairie Wetland, and Quantitative Analysis and Descriptive Survey of Plant Communities and Associations at Lewisville Lake Environmental Learning Area (LLELA), Lewisville, TX." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3700/.

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Lewisville Lake Environmental Learning Area (LLELA) is an 809-hectare property in Denton County, TX. A study of the vegetation community identified 466 species in 104 families, with 25% of the species from only two families, Asteraceae and Poaceae. The property demonstrates the characteristics of an early successional community, dominated by weedy species. Prairie communities are dominated by Johnson grass and ragweed, with climax tall grass prairie communities only in areas that have been planted with native grass seed. Forest communities are similarly in an early successional stage, dominated by the hackberry-elm-ash alliance, with small remnants of native Cross Timbers found in isolated patches. Species richness and diversity were highest in the forests and lowest in the wetlands; evenness, though not different across ecosystems, demonstrated a strong seasonal component. The species list was compared with previously reported lists for Denton County, and 256 species identified had not been previously reported for the county. A wetland restoration study was conducted to determine if there was a difference in survival and growth between potted transplants with intact root systems and bare-root transplants. Two different mesh sizes were used for protection, and the success of the different caging was evaluated. Of eight species, only four survived through the second growing season. There was no significant difference in the success of the propagule types for Sagittaria latifolia. The treatments planted with intact root systems showed significantly higher growth and reproduction than the bare-root treatments for Eleocharis quadrangulata, Heteranthera dubia, and Vallisneria americana. There was no survival recorded in the coarse mesh cages, likely due to the presence of crayfish that are able to get through the coarser mesh and feed on the transplants.

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Nave, André Gustavo. "Banco de sementes autóctone e alóctone, resgate de plantas e plantio de vegetação nativa na fazenda Intermontes, município de Ribeirão Grande, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-02062005-153506/.

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O acúmulo significativo de conhecimento sobre a ecologia de restauração nos últimos anos tem conduzido a mudanças na orientação dos programas de manejo e restauração florestal. A escolha ou criação de um modelo de restauração é um processo em constante aprimoramento, exigindo a necessidade de estudos que não apenas diminuam os custos envolvidos, mas também, que garantam a efetividade do objetivo proposto. Neste sentido, este trabalho testa novas metodologias de restauração visando a obtenção de informações técnicas sobre: A) a expressão do banco de sementes autóctone e alóctone na restauração florestal de diferentes situações de degradação antrópica.; B) o resgate de plântulas e indivíduos de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regenerantes; C) a eficiência de um modelo de plantio que utiliza conceitos de Preenchimento e Diversidade e; D) a evolução da paisagem. Para análise dos bancos de sementes autóctone e alóctone foram feitos levantamentos da densidade e das espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regeneradas. No resgate de indivíduos de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regenerantes, as plântulas e indivíduos jovens foram resgatadas em uma floresta e levadas para adapatação em viveiro, onde tiveram seus indivíduos e espécies contabilizados em termos de densidade e sobrevivência. No modelo de plantio estudado, as espécies foram reunidas em grupos de Preenchimento e Diversidade e tiveram a cobertura de copa de cada indivíduo quantificada. A evolução da paisagem foi realizada através de fotointerpretação e principalmente checagem de campo periódica. Os principais resultados dessas metodologias foram: A) As situações identificadas na Fazenda Intermontes apresentaram diferentes expressões de regeneração natural em função do número de indivíduos germinados banco de sementes autóctone. O aproveitamento dessa expressão poderá ser realizado através de metodologias diferenciadas de restauração para cada situação estudada: B) No estudo do Banco de sementes alóctone, a densidade dos indivíduos germinados se foi de 409.334 indivíduos/ha, revelando a possibilidade de uso no programa de restauração. Os indivíduos arbóreos apresentaram na área adubada um acréscimo de 137,3 % em sua altura média em relação aos indivíduos da área não adubada. C) No resgate de plântulas e indivíduos de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regenerantes, a densidade dos indivíduos foi muito próxima para as duas épocas do ano, sendo 38.700 ind./ha e 37.900 ind./ha, mas com uma diferença significante para os indivíduos sobreviventes que apresentaram 16.500 ind./ha e 26.600 ind./ha para os meses de julho e dezembro de 2002, respectivamente. A técnica de resgate utilizada se mostrou viável uma vez que foi possível alcançar até 70,9% de sobrevivência para os indivíduos resgatados; D) No estudo sobre o modelo de plantio foram amostrados 143 espécies, demonstrando que a função do grupo da diversidade vem sendo mantida e aumentando as chances de efetivação dos processos de sucessão. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo de Preenchimento apresentou-se com uma porcentagem de cobertura significativamente maior que a do grupo de Diversidade, sendo 73,6% e 83,3% para 1,5 e 2,5 anos respectivamente.
Significant accumulation of know-how about restoration ecology has been changing forest restoration management programs trends during the last years. Choosing or elaborating a restoration model is a process that requires constant improvement and ecological studies that not only reduces the costs involved but also warrants the achievement of the aimed proposal. This study explores new restoration methodologies, searching for technical information about: A) autochthonous and allochthonous seed bank expression on forest restoration at different situations degraded by anthropogenic disturbances; B) seedlings and woody growing individuals rescue; C) efficiency of a planting model based on fulfillment and diversity concept; D) landscape development. The autochthonous and allochthonous seed bank were analyzed through regenerating woody species and density scouting. For the rescue of regenerating woody species, seedling and young individuals were taken from a forest and transferred to a plant nursery for adjustment, where number and species were counted regarding density and survival. In this studied planting model, species were organized and gathered into a fulfillment or diversity group, and each individual had its crown area quantified. Landscape development was analyzed by photointerpretation and specially by periodical field checking. Results from these methodologies showed that: A) Identified degraded situations at Intermontes farm displayed distinguished natural regeneration expression, influenced by the number of germinated seeds of the autochthonous seed bank. Advantage can be taken from these different outcomes by using distinct restoration methodologies for each studied situation. B) For the autochthonous seed bank study, germinated seed density was 409,334 ind./ha, indicating its potential role on restoration programs. Woody individuals at fertilized sites had a medium height enhancement of 137,7% when compared to those at non fertilized sites. C) For seedlings and woody growing individuals rescue, individual density was similar for both seasons (38700ind./ha and 37900ind./ha) but significantly distinct for individual survivor, with values of 16500ind./ha for July and 2600ind./ha for December. Rescue technique turned out to be a viable possibility since it achieved survival of 70,9% for rescued individuals. D) This planting model study registered 143 species, indicating that the diversity groups role has been maintained and enhances the chance of successional process success. The fulfilling group had a significant higher percentage of crown area than the diversity group, with 73,6% and 83,3% for 1,5 and 2,5 years, respectively.

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Pulitano, Fabiana Marise. "Análise da estrutura e funcionamento de reflorestamento de mata ciliar aos 18 e 28 anos após o plantio, no município de Cândido Mota - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-18112016-162032/.

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A importância das matas ciliares para a manutenção de diversas funções ecológicas e hidrológicas, reconhecida a ponto de tais formações receberem proteção legal específica, não impediu que estas fossem destruídas indiscriminadamente durante o processo de ocupação do território brasileiro. Estima-se que, só no Estado de São Paulo, cerca de 600 mil hectares de áreas marginais aos corpos d\'água encontram-se ocupados com outros usos que não a vegetação natural, necessitando, portanto, de ações de recuperação. Embora exista um número significativo de trabalhos de revegetação de áreas degradadas, principalmente em matas ciliares, poucos são os resultados de pesquisas sobre o desenvolvimento a longo-prazo de plantios de recomposição de mata ciliar. Nem os plantios mais antigos, aleatórios, e nem os mais recentes, baseados nos processos sucessionais, têm sido submetidos a análises que possibilitem avaliar a eficácia destes métodos de plantio na restauração da mata ciliar com sua forma e funções originais. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi o de avaliar a auto-sustentabilidade e as tendências sucessionais de uma mata ciliar implantada, com base em aspectos da estrutura e funcionamento da floresta em trechos de diferentes idades. Neste sentido avaliou-se a floresta existente atualmente, do ponto de vista da composição e estrutura da comunidade; caracterizou-se e quantificou-se o estrato regenerativo da floresta, visando compreender os processos de regeneração natural;caracterizou-se a sazonalidade da queda de folhedo através de sua quantificação periódica e sua contribuição para o retorno de nutrientes ao solo; caracterizou-se o solo sob a floresta, e comparou-se os resultados com área não reflorestada; comparou-se a floresta implantada com florestas naturais através dos parâmetros analisados: riqueza e diversidade florística do estrato arbóreo, densidade absoluta, densidade relativa, área basal, estratificação da floresta, similaridade florística, cobertura das copas, regeneração natural, características químicas do solo e produção e conteúdo de nutrientes no folhedo. Analisando-se as áreas reflorestadas como um todo, constata-se a existência de uma mata ciliar exuberante e fisionomicamente bem estruturada, cujo papel de proteção aos recursos hídricos e ao solo tem sido desempenhado de forma evidente. Alguns resultados obtidos são de extrema importância: no setor de 28 anos, 69% das árvores amostradas surgiram espontaneamente e apenas 31% são indivíduos plantados, demonstrando que está havendo um aumento natural da riqueza florística, o que prova que a natureza encarrega-se de perpetuar a floresta fazendo os \"ajustes\" necessários. Processos ecológicos como a dispersão de sementes e a regeneração natural estão incorporados na dinâmica florestal do local, podendo-se afirmar que a auto-sustentabilidade florestal da comunidade que se formou a partir do plantio de mata ciliar já está garantida. A hipótese deste trabalho foi confirmada pelos resultados obtidos: com o decorrer do tempo a mata ciliar implantada tende a se tornar cada vez mais semelhante à mata ciliar natural, em estrutura e função.
The importance of riparian forests to maintain the many hydrologic and ecological functions, acknowledged to the point of receiving specific legal protection, did not prevent their indiscriminate destruction during the process of land settlement in Brazil. It is estimated that in São paulo state alone about 600 thousands hectares of stream-side areas have been occupied by other uses rather than natural vegetation, therefore, requiring actions of restoration. Although there is a significant number of studies in restoration of degraded areas mainly in riparian forests, the results in research on development of restoration planting of riparian forests in the long term are few. Neither older random plantings nor more recent ones based on sucession processes have been subjected to analysis that would make it possible to evaluate the efficacy of these methods of planting for restoration of riparian forest with its original form and functions. The general aim of this study was to evaluate self-sustainability and sucession tendencies of a planted riparian forest, based on aspects of structure and functioning of the forest in patches of different ages. Thus, the current existing forest was evaluated regarding composition and structure of the community; the regenerative stratum of the forest was characterized and quantified with the purpose of understanding natural regeneration processes; the seasonability of fall foliage through its periodic quantification and itscontribution to the return of nutrients to the soil was characterized; the soil underneath the forest was characterized, and the results in areas that were not restored were compared; planted forests and natural forests were compared through parameters analyzed: richness and floristic diversity of the tree stratum, absolute density, relative density, basal area, forest stratification, floristic similarity, canopy cover, natural regeneration, chemical characteristics of the soil and production and nutrients content in the foliage. By analyzing restored areas as a whole, we can confirm an exuberant and physiognomically well structured riparian forest, whose role of protecting hydric resources and the soil has been easily noticed. Some ecological indicators assessed such as the abundant natural regeneration existing under the planted forest and the spontaneous development of new species show that there has been a natural increase in floristic richness, which proves that nature manages to perpetuate forests by making the necessary adjustments. The hypothesis of this work was confirmed by the results obtained: with time the planted forest tends to become more and more similar to the natural forest, both in structure and function.

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Ng, Katherina. "From plantings to the paddock: ground-dwelling beetles in a dynamic agricultural landscape." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143569.

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The intensification of agriculture for increased food production is leading to new challenges for biodiversity conservation, particularly managing complex changing landscapes for mutually beneficial outcomes for agriculture and the environment. My thesis aimed to understand the diversity and distribution of beetles (Coleoptera), and the mechanisms shaping beetle assemblages across a dynamic and fragmented agricultural landscape. I used a landscape-scale study in south-eastern Australia to examine beetle assemblages in remnant woodland patches and four types of adjoining farmlands: crop, fallow, plantings, and fine woody debris applied over harvested crop. My thesis comprised four chapters written as journal articles. In Paper I, I examined seasonal differences in beetle assemblages between the woodland interior and four adjoining farmland uses. I found that overall species richness was significantly lower in woodlands than farmlands, although both habitats supported significantly different assemblages. Abundance responses were taxon-specific, and influenced by interactions between land-use and season. These results suggest the importance of maintaining farmland heterogeneity with a mix of low-intensity land-uses, with further agricultural intensification a likely threat to beetle diversity in the region. In Paper II, I examined temporal patterns of edge responses and movement of beetle assemblages between woodlands and the four farmland uses. The use of directional pitfall traps allowed inference of cross-habitat movement. Farmland use and season interactively affected beetle abundance across farmland–woodland edges. Applying woody debris was a novel way of reducing seasonal fluctuations in edge responses and increasing permeability for cross-habitat movement. Edges likely provided resources for beetles in adjoining habitats, but seasonal movement of predators into edges might negatively affect prey assemblages. In Paper III, I quantified relationships between ground-layer structure, plant species richness and plant composition, and the diversity and composition of beetles from different habitats or seasons. Plant composition better predicted beetle composition than vegetation structure. Plant richness and vegetation structure both significantly affected beetle abundance and composition. The influence of these vegetation attributes often varied depending on habitat and season for all trophic groups. These dynamic plant–beetle relationships suggest a need for targeted ways of managing vegetation to improve beetle diversity in different parts of the landscape. In Paper IV, I disentangled the effects of farmland use, edge effects and vegetation structure on the morphological traits of Carabidae species. Carabid body size increased across a distance from edges between woodlands and farmlands, and there were strong mediating effects of farmland use on this association. Vegetation structure was associated with traits relating to body size, flying ability and body shape, and helped explain some of the effects of farmland use and edge effects on body size. These results provide evidence of vegetation- and land-use-mediated filtering of traits as an important factor shaping carabid assemblages in human-modified landscapes. My results indicate that farmlands can provide important habitat for many beetle species. However, spatio-temporal changes in farmland habitat strongly influence beetle assemblages across the landscape. Conservation strategies, therefore, need to take a whole-of-landscape approach, and exploit heterogeneity of mixed-farmlands over space and time to maximise outcomes for biodiversity.

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Silva, Carina Camargo. "Potencial de espécies nativas para a produção de madeira serrada em plantios de restauração florestal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-13092013-172350/.

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Existe hoje uma crescente demanda global por ações de restauração de florestas tropicais e um dos principais entraves para a sua concretização é a viabilidade econômica dos projetos. Em cenários em que a restauração ecológica exige a implantação de reflorestamentos de espécies nativas, a produção de madeira torna-se uma alternativa importante para viabilizar economicamente a atividade, tornando-se um meio para atingir o objetivo final da restauração do ecossistema. A carência de conhecimentos técnico-científicos sobre o potencial de produção das espécies nativas em reflorestamentos é, no entanto, um entrave significativo para a sua aplicação em larga escala. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação do potencial de espécies nativas para a produção de madeira serrada em plantios de restauração florestal. Para isso, avaliou-se o crescimento de 16 espécies nativas com potencial para produção de madeira serrada em 13 reflorestamentos mistos, com idades entre 6 e 96 anos, localizados no domínio da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual no interior do estado de São Paulo. Essas espécies foram avaliadas quanto ao crescimento em diâmetro real, diâmetro potencial, altura total e altura comercial através da modelagem destes parâmetros por técnicas de regressão linear múltipla. Tais modelos foram gerados a partir da correlação existente entre a idade do reflorestamento, o fator ambiental mais influente (relacionado ao solo e clima) e o parâmetro analisado, obtendo-se as perspectivas de desenvolvimento de cada espécie em cenários de baixa, moderada e alta produtividade de sítio. Foram estimadas as projeções do crescimento diamétrico considerando-se todos os indivíduos de cada espécie amostrados nos reflorestamentos, bem como a partir dos 25% melhores indivíduos, visando-se estimar o potencial de crescimento das espécies em condições mais favoráveis de manejo silvicultural. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva das variáveis qualitativas avaliadas em campo (número de fustes, qualidade da árvore e nível de exposição à luz), associadas às alturas total e comercial, verificando-se se as relações existentes entre estes parâmetros são capazes de orientar propostas de manejo silvicultural adequado para as espécies. Várias das espécies nativas estudadas, principalmente Cariniana legalis e C. estrellensis, apresentaram potencial satisfatório de produção de madeira serrada em plantios de restauração florestal, principalmente em condições ambientais favoráveis e se submetidas a manejo silvicultural adequado. No entanto, mesmo sob condições favoráveis, algumas espécies apresentaram crescimento excessivamente lento, desestimulando seu plantio para a produção de madeira. O ciclo de produção de madeira esperado para cada espécie foi muito variável em função das condições ambientais da área em restauração, reforçando a importância de escolha orientada de espécies para cada condição de sítio, do preparo adequado do solo e da consideração dessas condições ambientais para definir os modelos de restauração para fins de exploração de madeira. Da mesma forma, a maior parte dos indivíduos encontrava-se dominada na estrutura da floresta, reforçando a importância do espaçamento, da composição de espécies na vizinhança e de desbastes no potencial de produção de madeira.
There is a growing demand today for tropical forest restoration efforts, and one of the main barriers for accomplishing this demand is the economic viability of the projects. In scenarios where ecological restoration requires the implementation of native species plantings, the exploitation of timber can be an important alternative to make restoration financially viable, as a way to achieve the ultimate goal of the restoration of the ecosystem. The lack of technical and scientific knowledge about the potential of timber production by native species in reforestation is, however, an important obstacle for applying this alternative at the large scale. In this context, we evaluated the growth of 16 native species with potential for timber production in 13 restoration plantings, with ages ranging between 6 and 96 years, located at the Seasonal Semideciduous Forest of inland São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. These species were evaluated regarding their growth in real and potential diameter, as well their total and commercial height, by modeling these parameters through multiple linear regressions. These models were generated based on the correlation among the age of the restoration planting, the most influent environmental factor (related to climate and soil) and the analyzed parameters, allowing us to obtaining the perspectives of growth for each species in scenarios of low, moderate and high site productivity. We established projections of growth in diameter considering all individuals sampled for each species in the reforestations, as well as the best 25% individuals, as means of estimating the potential growth of each species in more favorable scenarios of silvicultural management. We carried out a descriptive analysis of the qualitiative variables evaluated in the field (number of boles, quality of the tree and exposition to sun light), which were associated to the total and commercial heights, to verify if the relationship between these parameters may guide proposals of suitable silvicultural management for these species. Many of the studied species, especially Cariniana legalis and C. estrellensis, showed a satisfactory potential of timber production in restoration plantings, mainly in more favorable site conditions and under adequate silvicultural treatments, However, even under favorable conditions, some species presented growth rates excessively slow, which discourage their planting for timber production. The expected cycle of timber production for each species was highly variable according to the environmental characteristics of the site, thus reinforcing the importance to guide the selection of species for each site condition, to accomplish a suitable soil preparation before planting and to consider these site conditions for designing models of restoration for timber exploitation. In addition, most trees were dominated in the forest structure, which reinforces the importance of spacing, species composition of the vicinity and thinning in the potential of timber production.

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SILVA, Marcelo Vin?cius da. "Uso de bioss?lido de lodo de esgoto em plantios de esp?cies da Mata Atl?ntica." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2017. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/2419.

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Treated sewage sludge, called biosolid, contains high levels of macronutrients and organic matter, potentially being a great input for agricultural and forestry use. However, studies on the growth response of native forest tree species to biosolids fertilization are still very incipient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sewage sludge biosolids on the growth of seven Atlantic Forest tree species, commonly used in restoration plantations. In a field experiment in Serop?dica, RJ, was evaluated the effect of four doses of biosolids (0, 2, 4 and 8 L per planting pit) and a treatment with mineral fertilization on the growth of seven tree species. During 19 months, growth (height and diameter at soil height - DNS) and survival of the species Schinus terebinthifolius Radd were monitored. (Aroeira), Lafoensia glyptocarpa KOEHNE (mirindiba), Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. (Ingla-laurine), Senna multijuga (Rich.) (Pau-cigarra), Genipa americana (Vell.) Brenan (genipapo). In a second planting, under the same treatments, the species Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub (dry flour) and Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (black ear) were monitored for 9 months. At the end of the monitoring period, the crown diameter and macronutrient leaf contents were also evaluated. The dose of up to 4 L of biosolid did not compromise the survival of the plants in the field. However, under the mineral fertilizer treatment, all plants of S. multijuga, 80% of I. laurina and 67% of plants of L. glyptocarpa, probably due to the effect of fertilizer salts on soil water potential Conjugated to the occurrence of a drought period after planting. The increase of the biosolid dose corresponded to a linear increase of the growth of the DNS of S. terebinthifolius, and of the growth in height, DNS and cup diameter of P. dubium. However, application of the 8 L dose of biosolids reduced up to 50% growth of S. multijuga. The species I. laurina, G. americana and E. contortisiliquum showed no response to biosolid application. Mineral fertilization significantly reduced the growth of S. terebinthifolius (p <0.05) and a similar trend was observed for G. americana, L. glyptocarpa and P. dubium (p <0.17). However, this same treatment increased the height growth of E. contortisiliquum by 70% in relation to the non-fertilized control. In general, the treatments did not significantly alter the macronutrient contents of the evaluated species. A clear exception was the increase of the Ca content in plants of L. glyptocarpa that received biosolids, and the increase of the N content in P. dubium treated with mineral fertilization. It is concluded that the different native forest species present different responses to the biosolid application. The dose of 4 L of biosolid was the only one that had no negative effect or promoted the growth of the Atlantic Forest tree species evaluated. It is recommended that similar studies be carried out on other soil types with other species in order to refine the recommendation of the use of biosolids in forest restoration plantations. Finally, caution is suggested in the use of mineral fertilizers for plantations with native species, as this practice may result in mortality or slow the growth of some species.
O lodo de esgoto tratado, denominado bioss?lido, cont?m altos teores de macronutrientes e mat?ria org?nica sendo, potencialmente, um ?timo insumo para utiliza??o agr?cola e florestal. Entretanto, estudos sobre a resposta de crescimento de esp?cies arb?reas florestais nativas ? aduba??o com bioss?lido ainda s?o muito incipientes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos proporcionados pela aplica??o de bioss?lido de lodo de esgoto sobre o crescimento de sete esp?cies arb?reas da Mata Atl?ntica, comumente utilizadas em plantios de restaura??o. Em um experimento de campo em Serop?dica, RJ, foi avaliado o efeito de quatro doses de bioss?lido (0, 2, 4 e 8 L por cova de plantio) e um tratamento com fertiliza??o mineral sobre o crescimento de sete esp?cies arb?reas. Ao longo de 19 meses foi monitorado o crescimento (altura e di?metro ? altura do solo ? DNS) e a sobreviv?ncia das esp?cies Schinus terebinthifolius Radd. (aroeira), Lafoensia glyptocarpa KOEHNE (mirindiba), Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. (ing?-laurina), Senna multijuga (Rich.) (pau-cigarra), Genipa americana (Vell.) Brenan (jenipapo). Em um segundo plantio, sob os mesmos tratamentos, foi monitorado por 9 meses as esp?cies Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub (farinha-seca) e Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (orelha-de-negro). Ao final do per?odo de monitoramento, foi avaliado tamb?m o di?metro de copa e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. A dose de at? 4 L de bioss?lido n?o comprometeu a sobreviv?ncia das plantas em campo. Por?m, sob o tratamento com fertilizante mineral houve mortalidade de todas as plantas de S. multijuga, 80% de I. laurina e 67% das plantas de L. glyptocarpa, provavelmente em raz?o do efeito dos sais do fertilizante sobre o potencial h?drico do solo conjugado ? ocorr?ncia de um per?odo de estiagem ap?s o plantio. O aumento da dose de bioss?lido correspondeu a um aumento linear do crescimento do DNS de S. terebinthifolius, e do crescimento em altura, DNS e di?metro de copa de P. dubium. Entretanto, a aplica??o da dose de 8 L de bioss?lido reduziu em at? 50% o crescimento de S. multijuga. As esp?cies I. laurina, G. americana e E. contortisiliquum n?o apresentaram resposta ? aplica??o de bioss?lido. A aduba??o mineral reduziu significativamente o crescimento de S. terebinthifolius (p<0,05) e tend?ncia similar foi observada para G. americana, L. glyptocarpa e P. dubium (p<0,17). Entretanto, esse mesmo tratamento aumentou em 70% o crescimento em altura de E. contortisiliquum em rela??o ao controle n?o adubado. Em geral, os tratamentos n?o alteraram significativamente os teores de macronutrientes foliares das esp?cies avaliadas. Uma clara exce??o foi o aumento do teor de Ca em plantas de L. glyptocarpa que receberam bioss?lido, e o aumento do teor de N em P. dubium tratado com aduba??o mineral. Conclui-se que as diferentes esp?cies florestais nativas apresentam respostas distintas ? aplica??o de bioss?lido. A dose de 4 L/cova de bioss?lido foi a ?nica que n?o teve efeito negativo ou promoveu o crescimento da das esp?cies arb?reas da Mata Atl?ntica avaliadas. Recomenda-se que estudos similares sejam efetuados em outros tipos de solo com outras esp?cies de modo refinar a recomenda??o do uso do bioss?lido em plantios de restaura??o florestal. Por fim, sugere-se cautela no uso de fertilizantes minerais para plantios com esp?cies nativas, pois esta pr?tica pode resultar em mortalidade ou retardar o crescimento de algumas esp?cies.

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Amaral, Luísa Gurjão de Carvalho. "Incremento de carbono estocado na parte aérea de plantios de restauração em corredores integrando unidades de conservação e fragmentos ripários." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-03012018-123354/.

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Metodologias que sejam padronizadas e consolidadas para quantificar carbono em florestas tropicais vem sendo discutidas em convenções climáticas. Este trabalho contribui para a estimativa de biomassa e carbono estocado na parte aérea de áreas de restauração da Mata Atlântica em torno de reservatórios localizados no Pontal do Paranapanema utilizando tecnologia LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging). Procurou-se explorar o acúmulo e o estoque de carbono em três florestas em diferentes condições de sucessão: duas florestas caracterizdas como madura e a floresta restaurada. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, houve a escolha das equações alométricas encontradas em literatura para determinar a quantidade de carbono em cada uma das áreas utilizando variáveis medidas em campo. Assim, foi utilizada a equação de Ferez et al. (2015), ajustada em floresta restaurada da Mata Atlântica, para quantificar o carbono da área de estudo. Na segunda etapa do trabalho, procurou-se estimar a taxa de incremento do estoque de carbono da parte aérea, utilizando as variáveis medidas em campo obtidas em duas campanhas, nos anos de 2015 e 2016. O corredor restaurado apresentou média de 7,1 Mg.C.ha-1, a floresta madura da ESEC apresentou 39,9 Mg.C.ha-1, e a floresta madura do Morro do Diabo apresentou 45,2 Mg.C.ha-1 para o ano de 2016. A fixação anual encontrada na variação do estoque de 2015 para 2016 foi de 1,2 Mg.ha-1.ano-1 para a floresta restaurada, 1,6 Mg.ha-1.ano-1 para a floresta madura da ESEC e 2.5 Mg.ha-1.ano-1 para a floresta madura do MD. A terceira etapa do trabalho traz a modelagem realizada com dados LiDAR e dados do inventário convencional. Após utilizados métodos estatísticos para seleção de modelo, coeficiente de determinação ajustado, critério de Akaike e erro padrão da estimativa, o modelo escolhido utiliza as métricas percentil 90 e porcentagem de retornos acima de 50cm do solo para estimar carbono acima do solo, obtendo como coeficiente de determinação 0,78. A extrapolação para a área total pelo método do inventário convencional e pelo método da modelagem LiDAR apresentaram diferenças, demonstrando a utilização do LiDAR para reconhecer e retirar informações de áreas não amostradas. O quarto capítulo dessa dissertação traz a variação de carbono estimado pela modelagem com métricas LiDAR para os anos de 2015 e 2016, além do mapa do estocagem evidenciando os locais de maior sucesso e os de menor. A tecnologia LiDAR se mostrou eficiente em captar a variação ocorrida no intervalo de um ano e na quantificação de carbono.
The establishment of methodologies used to quantify carbon in tropical forests are one of the main topics on climate conventions. This project contributes to the estimation of biomass and aboveground carbon stored around reservoirs located in Pontal do Paranapanema, São Paulo - Brazil, using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology. The objective was to explore the accumulation of aboveground carbon stored in three different succession conditions: mature, secondary and restored forest. The first chapter of this thesis shows the common allometric equations found in literature used to determine the amount of carbon in each area using field variables. However, the chosen allometric equation was developed by Ferez et al. (2015), because it was adjusted in similar areas than the area of this work. Thus, the restored corridor presented a mean of 7.1 Mg.C.ha-1, the secondary forest 39.9 Mg.C.ha-1 and the mature forest 45.2 Mg.C.ha-1 for the year of 2016. The annual fixation found was about 1.2 Mg.ha-1 for the restored forest, 1.6 Mg.ha-1 for the secondary forest and 2.5 Mg.ha-1 for the mature one. The second article brings the modeling performed with LiDAR data and traditional field inventory data. After using statistical methods for model selection, the chosen model uses two metrics: percentile 90 and percentage of returns above 50 cm of height to estimate aboveground carbon The extrapolation to the total area by traditional inventory and LiDAR modeling showed differences, demonstrating the efficiency of LiDAR to recognize information from non-sampled areas. The last chapter of the thesis brings the variation of carbon using LiDAR data through the years of 2015 and 2016. LiDAR data showed to be useful for measuring aboveground carbon and to detect the increment of the carbon stock over a year.

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Modna, Daniela. "Aspectos ecológicos e econômicos do plantio de Pinus elliottii Engelm var. elliottii como facilitadora da restauração de mata ripária em região de Cerrado (Assis, SP, Brasil)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-05052008-110358/.

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Os elevados custos de plantio e de manutenção de espécies nativas limitam a restauração florestal no Brasil. Buscando reduzir custos e acelerar a recuperação de vegetação ripária em região de cerrado, testou-se a utilização de espécie exótica de rápido crescimento (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) como facilitadora da regeneração natural de espécies nativas lenhosas, no município de Assis, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A exploração de madeira e resina de Pinus poderia gerar receitas aos proprietários rurais e estimular ações de restauração com a compensação dos custos de plantio. Três tratamentos com plantio de Pinus nos espaçamentos 3 x 3 m, 3 x 2 m e 2 x 2 m, mais um quarto tratamento com áreas sem plantio (controle), foram instalados. Cada tratamento teve quatro repetições, em blocos ao acaso. Foram alocadas 16 parcelas (18 x 12 m cada) paralelamente ao rio, distando 20 a 40 m da margem. A área experimental fora utilizada como pastagem por duas décadas. Na ocasião do plantio (1995), predominavam gramíneas africanas. Plantas lenhosas e estruturas subterrâneas existentes foram preservadas. Avaliou-se área basal, cobertura de copas e sobrevivência das árvores plantadas, assim como composição florística, estrutura e cobertura de copas das plantas lenhosas em regeneração (altura mínima de 50 cm) em 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001 e 2006. Desejava-se verificar se: 1) Pinus facilitaria a regeneração da comunidade nativa; 2) Pinus dificultaria a regeneração da comunidade nativa ou 3) Pinus não alteraria a regeneração da comunidade nativa. Até 2006, a densidade média de plantas lenhosas regenerantes foi de 4923 ind/ha sob Pinus (maior quanto maior a densidade de Pinus) e de 3472 ind/ha no controle. Foram registradas 68 espécies lenhosas nativas em regeneração na área experimental, pertencentes a 31 famílias. Houve correlação positiva entre densidade das plantas regenerantes e densidade e área basal de Pinus, e correlação negativa entre parâmetros estruturais de Pinus e cobertura do terreno por gramíneas. Conclui-se que Pinus eliminou as gramíneas pelo sombreamento, favorecendo indiretamente as plantas nativas. Até 2006, não se constatou competição entre plantas nativas e Pinus pelos recursos do ambiente. Houve maior proporção de plantas zoocóricas regenerantes no controle, e correlação negativa entre proporção de regenerantes zoocóricos e parâmetros estruturais de Pinus. Foram favorecidas por Pinus 40% das espécies regenerantes e, 25%, prejudicadas. A sucessão deverá conduzir as duas situações a comunidades distintas, especialmente em função da tolerância das espécies à sombra, predominantes sob Pinus. A análise econômica do uso de Pinus elliottii como facilitadora da regeneração natural demonstrou menores custos de plantio (cerca de um terço dos custos de plantios mistos com espécies nativas), compensados por um ano de exploração de resina. Porém, as técnicas usuais de exploração podem danificar as plantas regenerantes do sub-bosque. Assim, a restauração da comunidade nativa exige meios menos impactantes de exploração dos plantios de espécies exóticas.
Among the obstacles to the native forests restoration in Brazil we find the high costs of planting high diversity of native trees. Searching for reduction of costs and vegetation recovery acceleration, the use of a fast growing exotic species (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) as pioneer was tested in a riparian area in the cerrado domain, at Assis municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. As observed in forest plantations with exotic species in the same region, we expected the natural regeneration of native species to occur under the planted exotic trees. In addition, the later exploitation of the exotic species could bring some profit to the land owner, surpassing the restoration costs, and thus stimulating forest restoration initiatives. Pinus was planted in three different spacings (treatments): 3 x 3 m, 3 x 2 m and 2 x 2 m, and a fourth treatment consisted of not planted plots (control). Every treatment had four replications in randomized blocks, the 16 plots (18 x 12 m each) settled along the stream, from 20 to 40 m far from the margin. The experimental area had been used as pasture for at least two decades, mostly covered by african grasses. Some native species then existing were preserved when the Pinus trees were planted, in 1995, without revolving the soil. Basal area, crown cover and survival of planted trees, as well as floristic composition, density and crown cover of native species regenerating in every plot (minimum height 50 cm) were assessed in 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001 and 2006. The aim was to verify if: 1) Pinus trees facilitating the regeneration of the native species, 2) Pinus trees obstructing the evolution of the native community or 3) the exotic species not affecting the native community. In 2006, density of the native woody species regenerating was 4923 ind/ha under Pinus and 3472 ind/ha in the control, from a total of 68 woody species (31 families) in the experimental area. Density of the regenerating community was positively correlated to density and basal area of Pinus. Thus, we concluded that Pinus eliminating grasses by shading (ground cover by grasses was inversely correlated to Pinus structure), indirectly favored the native woody species and are still not competing with them. The proportion of zoochorous species was negatively correlated to the Pinus density, showing that the exotic species does not attract animal seed dispersers. In the open areas (control), the zoochory was relatively more frequent. Density of some species (40%) increasing under Pinus and others (25%) decreasing or disappearing, which means secondary succession should go toward different directions if under Pinus plantation or in open areas. Analyzing the economical aspects of using Pinus as pioneer, we found that planting costs corresponded to a third part of those of planting mixed stands with native species. In addition, planting costs can be compensated by a single year of resin exploitation. However, current techniques of resin extraction or timber exploitation could cause considerable damages to the understory. Alternative exploitation techniques of the exotic species must be encouraged if restoration of the native community in the understory is expected.

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Ititiaty, Yawiya Françoise. "Etude sur la dispersion/germination en lien avec la dynamique des écosystèmes restaurés : le cas du plateau de Goro en Nouvelle-Calédonie." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2019. https://hal-unc.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03180367/document.

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La Nouvelle-Calédonie est reconnue comme l'un des principaux "hotspots" de la planète. Malheureusement, sa biodiversité exceptionnelle est menacée par le développement rapide des activités humaines. De ce fait, les milieux naturels impactés se doivent d'être restaurés pour maintenir les services écosystémiques qu'ils rendent.L'objectif principal de ce travail de recherche a été de proposer la mise en place de la restauration active par des connectivités écologiques qui prennent en compte les modes de dispersion, la germination d'espèces végétales ainsi que les distances des plantations aux végétations existantes. Pour répondre à cet objectif, l'implémentation d'une base de données comprenant les caractéristiques de dispersion, de dormance et de la tolérance à la dessiccation des graines de 407 taxons retrouvés en maquis ou à la fois en maquis et en forêt a été réalisée dans un premier temps. Puis, dans un second temps, une évaluation du progrès de rétablissement de zones anciennement revégétalisées par plantation a été réalisée. Enfin, dans un troisième temps, des inventaires floristiques dans les végétations des milieux naturels de la zone ont permis de caractériser leur structure, leur composition et de déterminer 37 espèces végétales dites « candidates » à prioriser dans les futurs projets de restauration, de par leur forte plasticité phénotypique leur permettant de se développer à la fois en milieux ouverts et fermés. Douze d'entre-elles ont fait l'objet d'un suivi phénologique et d'une étude germinative
New Caledonia is recognized as one of the main hotspots on the world. Unfortunately, its exceptional biodiversity is threatened by the rapid development of human activities. Hence, impacted natural environments must be restored to maintain the ecosystem services they provide. The main objective of this study was to propose the establishment of active restoration by ecological continuities which take into account mode of dispersion, germination of plant species as well as the distances from plantations to natural vegetation. For answer to this objective, the implementation of a database containing the characteristics of dispersal, dormancy and desiccation tolerance of seeds of 407 taxa found in maquis or both maquis and forest was carried out. Then, an evaluation of the recovery progress of revegetated areas by plantation was carried out. Finally, floristic inventories in the natural vegetations of the area study have enable to characterize their structure, their composition and to determine 37 vegetal species called "candidate" to be prioritized in the future restoration projects, by their high phenotypic plasticity allowing thern to develop both in open and closed environments. Twelve of thern have been the subject of a phonological (flower and fruit) and germination study

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Ferez, Ana Paula Cervi. "Efeito de práticas silviculturais sobre as taxas iniciais de seqüestros de carbono em plantios de restauração da Mata Atlântica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-08022011-140851/.

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Objetivando estudar o seqüestro de carbono em sistemas de restauração florestal e discutir suas potencialidades e entraves perante MDL florestal, este trabalho teve dois objetivos principais: i) quantificar taxas iniciais de seqüestro de carbono nos compartimentos aéreo, radicular, solo e serapilheira, de plantios de restauração da Mata Atlântica, com 20 espécies (10 pioneiras, 10 não pioneiras), submetidos a manejos contrastantes (usual e intensivo), instalados sobre pastagem de Brachiaria no espaçamento de 3 m x 2 m; e ii) comparar os estoques de carbono destes sistemas, ao final do sexto ano, com valores determinados em fragmento de floresta madura vizinho ao ensaio. Ambos localizados em Anhembi/SP (Estação Experimental de Anhembi/USP e Mata do Barreiro Rico). O tratamento usual consistiu em adubação de base e capina mecânica na linha de plantio até dois anos, e, o intensivo teve adubações complementares e capina química em área total até dois anos. Foram desenvolvidos modelos alométricos de estimativa da biomassa através de amostragem destrutiva de 80 árvores, sendo quatro indivíduos por espécie, selecionados por classes de área seccional. Determinaram-se massa seca e teor de C, para os compartimentos copa, lenho e raízes. Através das equações, do inventário ao sexto ano e dos teores de carbono, foram calculados os estoques de carbono por compartimento, nos dois tratamentos. Determinaram-se os estoques de carbono na biomassa herbácea, serapilheira e solo. Foi calculada a variação de carbono por compartimento nos dois tratamentos. Os estoques de carbono na floresta madura foram quantificados utilizando dados de 10 parcelas de inventário, aplicados em modelo alométrico adequado para Mata Atlântica. A densidade da madeira variou até 3 vezes entre espécies (0,22 a 0,70 gcm-3), o teor de C foi pouco variável (46,5%). Foram adequadamente ajustadas equações de biomassa lenhosa, raiz e copa com base na área seccional, altura e densidade da madeira. A porcentagem de raízes é expressiva (30%) na biomassa total, mas as espécies não pioneiras mostraram maior razão raiz:parte aérea (0,32) que as pioneiras (0,28). A silvicultura intensiva elevou o crescimento do compartimento lenhoso em 250% (1,85 para 6,45Mg ha-1ano-1), devido a maior eficiência da copa e alocação de C no tronco. O carbono no solo embora representativo, não propiciou seqüestro em 6 anos, dada alta variabilidade espacial. O tratamento intensivo obteve maior seqüestro de C, atingindo 4,22Mg C ha-1 ano-1 (64% no tronco e galhos, e 20% nas raízes). Os estoques de C no solo e serapilheira foram próximos entre o sistema intensivo de restauração e floresta madura, sendo os estoques no tronco, galhos e raízes, o diferencial entre os sistemas. Com base no crescimento médio das árvores e estoque de C nas restaurações até sexto ano (7 e 21kg árvore-1 e 5,2 e 18,2Mg C ha-1, respectivamente no sistema usual e intensivo), e no tamanho médio das árvores e estoque de C na floresta madura (204kg árvore-1 e 138Mg C ha-1) estimou-se cerca de 50 anos para o sistema intensivo atingir maturidade, embora haja necessidade de estudos relacionados à biodiversidade e sustentabilidade destes sistemas de restauração a longo prazo.
In order to study carbon sequestration in forest restoration systems and discuss its potential and barriers to the CDM forestry, this paper had two main objectives: i) quantify the initial rate of carbon sequestration in compartments aboveground, roots, soil and forest floor, on Atlantic forest restoration, with 20 native species (10 pioneers and 10 non pioneer), submitted to contrasting management conditions (usual and intensive), installed on Brachiaria decumbens pasture in 3 x 2 m spacing, and ii) comparing the carbon stocks of these two systems, observing the end of the sixth year of restoration, with values determined in a fragment of mature forest adjacent to the test. Both studies are located in Anhembi, São Paulo (USP Anhembi Experimental Station and the Barreiro Rico reserve). The usual treatment consisted of only fertilizer at planting and mechanical weeding only in the row up to two years, while the intensive treatment had additional fertilization beyond crop fertilization and chemical weed control also in the entire area until two years after planting. We developed allometric equations for estimating biomass through destructive sampling of 80 trees. Four individuals per species were selected based on classes of sectional area. Dry weight were determined and the carbon content for wood and roots. Through the equations, and carbon content we calculated carbon stocks per compartment, in both treatments. Carbon stocks in herbaceous, in the litter and soil were also determined. With these estimates we calculated the variation of carbon per compartment in the two restoration systems. Carbon stocks in mature forest were quantified using data from 10 permanent plots of inventory and applying appropriate allometric models. The wood density varied between species by up to 3 times (0.22 to 0.70 g cm-3) while the C content was relatively constant (46.5%). Appropriately adjusted equations for aboveground woody biomass, root and crown biomass were established using cross-sectional area, height and wood density. The percentage of roots is significant (30%) compared to the total, and non-pioneer species showed a higher ratio root / shoot (0.32) than the pioneer (0.28). The intensive forestry increased growth of woody compartment by 250% (1.85 to 6.45 Mg ha-1 yr-1), given the greater efficiency of the canopy and allocation of C to the trunk. The carbon content in the soil although representative in the total stock, did not result in C sequestration in the six years period, given its high spatial variability. The largest C sequestration was observed in the intensive treatment, reaching 4.22 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, 64% on the trunk and branches, and 20% in roots. The values of C stock in soil and litter were similar between the intensive system of forest restoration and mature forest, and indeed the trunk, branches and roots stocks, the major difference between the systems. Based on the average growth of trees and carbon stocks in the restoration and the first 6 years (7 and 21 kg tree-1 in the usual system and intensive, and 5.2 and 18.2 Mg C ha-1 in these same treatments), and the average tree size and carbon stocks in mature forest (204 kg tree-1 and 138 Mg C ha-1), a 50 years period was estimated for the intensive system to reach forest maturity although there is a need for studies relating biodiversity and sustainability of these restored systems in the long run.

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Lima, Filho Pedro. "Bioss?lido na restaura??o florestal: forma??o de mudas e aduba??o de plantio." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1357.

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One of the main problems found in forestry stands intended for restoration is seedling quality. The goal of this research was to evaluate different tube volumes in seedling production, utilizing biosolid as the substrate, within the following species; Ceiba speciosa, Pseudobombax grandiflorum, Dalbergia nigra and Lafoensia glyptocarpa,. The experiment consisted of the seedling production stage and a development evaluation stage in the field. The treatments utilized were 55, 110, 180 and 280 cm? tubes. The seedling production phase was done under entirely randomized design composed of four replications of the 12 seedlings. The field phase was also done under entirely randomized design due to the seedling formation period, which was in different periods for each species. The 280 cm? tube provided the best seedling quality, regardless of the species, when the biosolid was utilized as substrate. Despite this, for the species Pseudobombax grandiflorum, Dalbergia nigra and Lafoensia glyptocarpa, it is possible to utilize the 180 cm? tubet for seedling formation while maintaining similar quality
Um dos principais problemas encontrados na forma??o de povoamentos visando ? restaura??o florestal ? a qualidade das mudas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes volumes de tubetes para a produ??o de mudas de Ceiba speciosa, Pseudobombax grandiflorum, Dalbergia nigra e Lafoensia glyptocarpa, utilizando o bioss?lido como substrato. O experimento constou da fase de produ??o das mudas e da avalia??o do desempenho dessas no campo. Os tratamentos utilizados foram os tubetes de 55, 110, 180 e 280 cm?. A fase de produ??o das mudas foi instalada em delineamento inteiramente casulalizado composto por quatro repeti??es de 12 mudas. A fase de campo tamb?m foi instalada em delineamento inteiramente causualizado. Devido ao tempo de forma??o das mudas, em ?pocas diferentes para cada esp?cie. O tubete de 280 cm? foi o que proporcionou a melhor de qualidade de mudas, independente da esp?cie, quando se utilizou o bioss?lido como substrato. Todavia, para as esp?cies Pseudobombax grandiflorum, Dalbergia nigra e Lafoensia glyptocarpa pode-se utilizar o tubete de 180 cm? para a forma??o das mudas, mantendo qualidade similar

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Vicentin, Alessandra. "Monitoramento de mudas em plantio para restauração ecológica em área de floresta ombrófila densa." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8367.

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The Atlantic Forest is considered hotspot for biodiversity conservation, due to its high biological diversity, high endemism and high threat of degradation. This scenario has raised concern about finding information to support recovery projects of degraded areas. This study aimed to evaluate the growth, coverage percentage in the soil and the survival of species of the Atlantic Forest, from the planting seedlings in different treatments, present in a particular area in the recovery process, in the region Vale do Ribeira, located in Sete Barras, Brazil. In 2004, the owner made the removal of vegetation for grazing deployment with brachiaria. In 2009, UFSCar was sought to implement the project of "experimental recovery of degraded areas" where seedlings were planted, divided into spacing of 1.5 x 2 m (dense treatment) and 3 x 2 m (conventional treatment). In this study, from July 2013 was carried out monitoring of the area to assess the growth and survival of planted seedlings as well as the percentage of shading and grasses. Five surveys were conducted (July 2013, October 2013, January 2014, April 2014 and July 2014) to evaluate the survival and growth (height, stem diameter and crown diameter) of the seedlings. 30 months after planting, the 220 individuals initially raised in this study, the survival was 85.2% in the dense treatment and 84.8% in the conventional treatment, so mortality was around 15% for both treatments. The species with the highest average growth in height were Croton floribundus, Cytharexyllum solanaceum, Casearia gossypiosperma, Croton urucurana, Colubrina glandulosa, Lafoensia pacari, Inga marginata e Myrsine guianensis. The species with the highest average growth in stem diameter were Acnistus arborescens, Croton urucurana, Apeiba tibourbou, Croton floribundus, Inga marginata, Campomanesia xanthocarpa, Colubrina glandulosa and Lafoensia pacari. The species with the highest average growth in crown diameter were Croton urucurana, Croton floribundus, Cytharexyllum solanaceum, Acacia polyphyla, Colubrina glandulosa, Inga marginata, Lafoensia pacari and Rhamnidium elaeocarpum. As for the percentage coverage in the soil and grasses, there was significant difference in the dense and conventional treatment compared to witness. It is concluded that the above species are indicated for use in future restoration projects in areas of Rain Forest. Both treatments showed greatest shading (in comparison with witness) at the end of the monitoring period, thereby enabling a reduction of exotic grasses. However, in dense treatment was no shading and greater control of grasses. Thus, it can be concluded that at higher cost of implementation and the similar results, the dense treatment was not recommended thickened in the region.
O bioma Mata Atlântica é considerado um hotspot para conservação da biodiversidade, por apresentar grande diversidade biológica, alto grau de endemismo e elevada ameaça de degradação. Este cenário tem despertado preocupação com relação à busca de informações para subsidiar projetos de recuperação das áreas degradadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento, porcentagem de cobertura no solo e a sobrevivência de espécies da Mata Atlântica, provenientes do plantio de mudas em diferentes tratamentos, presentes em uma área particular em processo de recuperação, na região Vale do Ribeira, Sete Barras-SP. No ano de 2004, o proprietário fez a supressão da vegetação para implantação de pasto com braquiária. No ano de 2009, a UFSCar foi procurada para implantar o projeto de “Recuperação experimental de áreas degradadas”, onde foram plantadas mudas, distribuídas em espaçamentos de 1,5x 2 m (tratamento adensado) e 3 x 2 m (tratamento convencional). Neste estudo, a partir de julho de 2013 foi realizado o monitoramento da área para avaliar o crescimento e a sobrevivência das mudas plantadas assim como a porcentagem de sombreamento e gramíneas. Foram realizados cinco levantamentos (julho de 2013, outubro de 2013, janeiro de 2014, abril de 2014 e julho de 2014) para avaliar a sobrevivência e o crescimento (altura, diâmetro do colo e diâmetro da copa) das mudas. Após 30 meses do plantio, dos 220 indivíduos levantados inicialmente neste estudo, a sobrevivência foi de 85,2% no tratamento adensado e 84,8% no tratamento convencional, ou seja, a mortalidade ficou em torno de 15% para ambos os tratamentos. As espécies que apresentaram as maiores médias de crescimento em altura foram Croton floribundus, Cytharexyllum solanaceum, Casearia gossypiosperma, Croton urucurana, Colubrina glandulosa, Lafoensia pacari, Inga marginata e Myrsine guianensis. As espécies que apresentaram maior crescimento em diâmetro do colo foram Acnistus arborescens, Croton urucurana, Apeiba tibourbou, Croton floribundus, Inga marginata, Campomanesia xanthocarpa, Colubrina glandulosa e Lafoensia pacari. As espécies que apresentaram maior crescimento em diâmetro da copa foram Croton urucurana, Croton floribundus, Cytharexyllum solanaceum, Acacia polyphyla, Colubrina glandulosa, Inga marginata, Lafoensia pacari e Rhamnidium elaeocarpum. Quanto à porcentagem de cobertura no solo e gramíneas, houve diferença significativa no tratamento adensado e convencional em comparação com testemunho. Conclui-se que as espécies acima são indicadas para serem utilizadas em futuros projetos de restauração em área de Floresta Ombrófila Densa. Ambos os tratamentos apresentaram maior sombreamento (em comparação com testemunho) no final do período de monitoramento, possibilitando assim a diminuição das gramíneas exóticas. No entanto, no tratamento adensado não houve maior sombreamento e controle de gramíneas. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que pelo maior custo de implantação e pelos resultados similares, o tratamento adensado não seria recomendado na região.

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Currie, Lynlee Ruth. "In the restoration plantings at Riccarton Bush, are some planted species, or species combinations, better nurses for regeneration than other species and what are the features that characterise these species?" Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7160.

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The aim of this dissertation was to find out if certain plant combinations in the canopy of restoration plantings in Riccarton Bush were more effective nurse plants than other plant combinations and what were the characteristics that these plants had. Fifty plots in Riccarton Bush were analysed and it was found that Community Two, a Pittosporum tenuifolium-Coprosma robusta forest had a significantly larger number of seedlings (greater than 10 centimetres in height) than three other Communities present in the restoration plantings. It was also found that the total canopy cover in the restoration plantings had little effect on the number of seedlings on the forest floor. It was decided that the primary reason for the greater nurse plant ability of Community Two was its attractiveness to birds as Pittosporum tenuifolium and Coprosma robusta have the most preferred fruit colour out of the four Communities. Other reasons include the moderate amounts of light getting through to the forest floor and the branchiness of trees favoured by birds.

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Martins, Adriana Ferrer. "Controle de gramíneas exóticas invasoras em área de restauração ecológica com plantio total, floresta estacional semidecidual, Itu-SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-23052011-150431/.

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A atividade de restauração florestal é freqüentemente realizada em áreas degradadas, ocupadas por gramíneas exóticas invasoras, e o controle destas plantas é fator determinante no sucesso da restauração. Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de testar intervenções para controle da gramínea exótica invasora Urochloa decumbens Stapf. em área de restauração florestal, com plantio de mudas nativas em área total. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos com parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos aplicados nas parcelas foram: 1. Não inversão de solo (R) e 2. Com inversão de solo por gradagem (G). Os tratamentos aplicados nas subparcelas foram: 1. Aplicação de herbicida na instalação e nas manutenções (H), 2. Plantio de feijão de porco (Canavalia ensiformes DC.) com aplicação de herbicida na instalação e nas manutenções só roçagem (H+FP), 3. Plantio de feijão de guandu (Cajanus cajan L.) com aplicação de herbicida na instalação e nas manutenções só roçagem (H+FG), 4. Plantio de feijão de porco (Canavalia ensiformes DC.) na instalação e nas manutenções só roçagem (FP), 5. Plantio de feijão de guandu (Cajanus cajan L.) na instalação e nas manutenções só roçagem (FG), 6. Roçagem na instalação e nas manutenções (sem aplicação de herbicida e sem plantio de adubos verdes) (s/Hs/AV). O desenvolvimento da gramínea foi avaliado pela altura e porcentagem de cobertura no solo e o desenvolvimento das mudas pela altura, área de copas e mortalidade. As analises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo pacote estatístico SAS. O experimento permitiu concluir que, no período entre plantio e a primeira manutenção (realizada 3 meses após o plantio) as coberturas vivas na interação R(H+FP) e R(H+FG) diminuíram a porcentagem de cobertura no solo de U. decumbens em relação ao tratamento R(s/Hs/AV) e os tratamentos (H+FP) e (H+FG) diminuíram a altura da U. decumbens no primeiro mês em relação ao tratamento (s/Hs/AV). Após a primeira manutenção, apenas o tratamento (H) diminuiu a porcentagem de cobertura no solo de U. decumbens e a altura desta gramínea em relação a todos os demais. Nas variáveis referentes ao desenvolvimento das mudas, apenas a variável área de copas apresentou diferença significativa nas interações entre os tratamentos R(H) e R(s/Hs/AV) 7 meses após o plantio e R(H) em relação a todos os demais 9 meses após o plantio, sendo que o R(H) apresentou maior área de copas. Neste experimento, o uso de adubos verdes em área de restauração florestal não melhorou o desenvolvimento das mudas plantadas. O tratamento que promoveu menor porcentagem de cobertura no solo de U. decumbens, menor altura de Urochloa decumbens Stapf. e mudas com maior área de copas foi o que teve aplicação de herbicida na instalação e nas manutenções (H).
The activity of forest restoration is often performed in areas covered by exotic grasses. In this way, the weed control of these plants is a determining factor in the success of restoration. This project aims to test different interventions for Urochloa decumbens Stapf. control in an area of forest restoration with seedlings planting in total area. The design adopted was split plot treatments divided in blocks, with each plot with different kind of soil tillage systems: 1. tillage (no soil movement) and 2. Harrowing (ground motion); and subplots with: 1. herbicide application in the installation and during maintenance (H); 2. herbicide application and planting of bean (Canavalia ensiformis DC.) in the installation and maintenance on mowing (FP + H); 3. herbicide application and planting beans (Cajanus cajan L.) in the installation and maintenance on mowing (H + FG); 4. planting bean (Canavalia ensiformis DC.) in the installation and maintenance on mowing (FP), 5. planting bean (Cajanus cajan L.) in the installation and maintenance on mowing (FG); and 6. no herbicide application nor planting green manure in the installation and the maintenance on mowing (s / Hs / AV). The grass height and percentage of occupation in of the soil was measured, as well the height, canopy area and mortality of seedlings, all of them analyzed by the SAS statistical package. In the period between planting and first maintenance (3 months), the living roofs in the interaction R (H + FP) and R (H + FG) controlled the percentage of invasive exotic grasses in the soil, and the treatments (H + FP) and ( H + FG) controlled the height of grasses in the first month. After the first maintenance, only the treatment (H) controlled the grasses in percentage of occupancy in the soil and height. Regarding the variables referred to the seedlings, only the canopy area showed a significant difference between treatments (H) and (s / Hs / AV) 7 months after planting and the (H) treatment showed a difference among all others, 9 months after planting,, as well its showed the biggest area. In this experiment the use of green manure in the area of forest restoration did not improve seedling growth. The (H) treatment was the one that promotes the Urochloa decumbens Stapf. control for a longer time and the seedlings with the largest canopy area.

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Silveira, Éliton Rodrigo da. "Recuperação da mata ciliar do córrego Tarumã (Tarumã, SP): aspectos estruturais, florísticos e ambientais de quatro diferentes modelos florestais, dez anos após o plantio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-06022017-102458/.

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A recomposição das matas ciliares pode vir a ser a solução mais eficaz e duradoura para reverter o acelerado processo de degradação dos recursos hídricos. Não há, no entanto, consenso sobre técnicas e espécies adequadas para a recomposição e nem critérios e indicadores para avaliar o êxito dos plantios. Esta pesquisa tratou do estudo de reflorestamento efetuado em 1990, às margens do córrego Tarumã, município de Tarumã, SP. No plantio foram utilizadas 29 espécies, sendo 28 nativas da região e uma introduzida de valor comercial (Pinus elliottii var. densa). As árvores foram plantadas em quatro módulos distintos, caracterizados por diferentes combinações de espécies, como segue: Módulo A - 100% pioneiras; Módulo B - 50% pioneiras + 50% não pioneiras; Módulo C - plantio misto aleatório de espécies nativas (pioneiras ou não) e módulo D - 100% Pinus. Avaliou-se a floresta formada, dez anos após o plantio, com base no desempenho das espécies plantadas e comparando-se os módulos entre si e com fragmento natural remanescente - (E), quanto à estrutura do estrato arbóreo, densidade, diversidade e riqueza florística da regeneração natural, características químicas do solo superficial e deposição de folhedo ao longo do ano. Verificou-se que há diferença entre os módulos de plantio para boa parte dos parâmetros avaliados. Do ponto de vista da estrutura da floresta, todos os módulos de plantio apresentam área basal, diâmetro médio e altura máxima inferiores ao fragmento natural. Por outro lado, a densidade do plantio foi superior à densidade da floresta natural e, mesmo com a mortalidade ao longo desses dez anos, a densidade nos diferentes módulos ainda é superior à da floresta natural (árvores com DAP maior ou igual 5 cm). Em síntese, dez anos não foram suficientes para que, nas condições ambientais deste experimento, a floresta plantada adquirisse a estrutura de uma floresta natural. Comparando-se entre si as espécies plantadas quanto ao seu desempenho, destacaram-se pela sua sobrevivência: Inga uruguensis, Croton urucurana e Schinus terebinthifolius. Pelo crescimento em altura e diâmetro, as espécies com melhor desempenho foram: Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Enterolobim contortisiliquum, Croton urucurana e Pinus elliottii var. densa. Comparando-se os quatro módulos entre si, verifica-se que o plantio misto aleatório apresentou maior densidade e riqueza de espécies em regeneração, seguido do plantio com 50% não pioneiras, plantio puro de pioneiras, e no último lugar, o plantio puro de Pinus. Predominam espécies zoocórias na regeneração natural, sendo que 62% das espécies não foram plantadas, devendo ter sido trazidas por dispersores. No que se diz respeito à ciclagem de nutrientes, o plantio puro de Pinus, embora tenha depositado a maior quantidade de folhedo/ha/ano, proporciona baixo retorno de nutrientes ao solo de modo geral, já que a concentração desses nutrientes no folhedo é baixa. Além disso, a análise química da camada superficial do solo mostrou que sob o Pinus o solo é mais ácido e há menor disponibilidade para a maior parte dos nutrientes, o modelo que mais se aproximou da floresta natural foi o plantio misto aleatório com essências nativas. No outro extremo, com piores resultados, esteve o plantio puro com Pinus elliottii var. densa, para as condições ambientais da área estudada.
Riparian forests restoration can be the best way to stop the degradation process of the water resources. However, there is no agreement about how to do that, what are the best species and planting techniques and how to evaluate the planted forests. This study was based upon a planted riparian forest, along Tarumã River, Tarumã municipality, São Paulo State. Twenty nine species were planted, being 28 native and one introduced species. Trees were planted in four different species combinations, as follows: Module - A 100% pioneer species; Module - B 50% pioneer and 50% no pioneer species; Module - C mixed; Module - D 100% Pinus. The four modules were evaluated ten year after planting, considering: forest structure, density, richness and diversity of natural regeneration, litter deposition and chemical properties of surface soil. These results of the planted forest were compared with a forest remnant - (E) located close to the experimental area. Differences were found among treatments and in comparison with the natural forest, for most of the parameters considered. Basal area, DBH, and maximum height were lower than in the forest fragment. Trees density is still higher in the planted forest than in the natural one, even the mortality rates have been high. Ten years were not enough to make the planted forest structure similar to the natural forest. Comparing the planted species performance, there is a group of high survival rates: Inga uruguensis, Croton urucurana and Schinus terebinthifolius. Another group presented species with high increment in height and diameter: Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Croton urucurana and Pinus elliottii var. densa. Natural regeneration density and richness under the planted forest were also different among treatments, in decreasing order: mixed planting - 50% pioneer + 50% no pioneer - 100% pioneer - pure Pinus. Among the species surveyed, zoochory is the main dispersion syndrome and 62% of the species were not planted. They were, probably, brought by animal dispersers. Litter production was higher in pure Pinus planting than in the other treatrnents. However, nutrients concentration is lower than in treatments with native species. So, total quantity of mineral elements that return to the soil is higher in those forests planted with native species. In addition, chemical properties of surface soil under Pinus forests (H + AI, pH, Ca, Mg, etc.) are worse than under other treatments. This study leads to conclusion that, among the tested treatments, the mixed planting with native species (C) was the most similar to the native forest in structure, diversity and natural regeneration. The worst result, under the environmental conditions of this study, was obtained with the pure stand of Pinus elliottii var. densa.

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Sano, Bruno. "Relação entre características funcionais e o desempenho de espécies arbóreas nativas em um plantio de restauração." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-13122016-094737/.

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Em ambientes degradados, a restauração ecológica visa acelerar o processo de sucessão ecológica. A técnica mais utilizada para a restauração de ambientes muito degradados é o plantio de mudas. A seleção das espécies é determinante para o sucesso dos projetos de restauração, pois as espécies precisam se estabelecer e crescer diante das condições do ambiente. Utilizar a abordagem de características funcionais pode ser uma ferramenta promissora para auxiliar a seleção de espécies em projetos de restauração. Em ambientes florestais, há evidências de que as características funcionais afetam o desempenho das espécies, entretanto, existem poucos estudos realizados em áreas em restauração. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a relação entre as características funcionais foliares e a taxa de crescimento relativo em altura e em diâmetro à altura do solo de espécies arbóreas nativas plantadas em uma área degradada que está sendo restaurada. Para descrever a relação entre as características funcionais e a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR) dos indivíduos foi utilizada a abordagem de seleção de modelos baseados em modelos lineares de efeitos mistos (MLEM). A seleção de modelos foi realizada utilizando o critério de informação de Akaike (Akaike\'s Information Criterion) (AIC). As características funcionais não apresentaram relação com a taxa de crescimento relativo em altura e diâmetro dos indivíduos das espécies, possivelmente devido às diferenças nas condições ambientais entre ambientes florestais e ambientes degradados. Apesar de não ter sido encontrada uma relação entre as características funcionais e a TCR, o modelo mais plausível selecionado indica que indivíduos maiores no início do monitoramento possuem menores taxas de crescimento relativo em altura, ou seja, indivíduos mais altos possuem menores taxas de crescimento em altura. Isso pode ser um indicativo de que as espécies analisadas possuem taxa de crescimento relativo dependente do tamanho. Considerando que não foi encontrada relação entre as características funcionais morfológicas e a taxa de crescimento relativo em uma área em restauração, é razoável supor que essa abordagem não pode ser utilizada em todos os ambientes. Estudos que avaliem características funcionais foliares nos diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento das plantas em ambientes degradados podem refinar essas análises e ajudar a definir se a seleção de espécies para projetos de restauração pode ser feita usando a abordagem de características funcionais
In degraded environments, ecological restoration aims to accelerate the process of ecological succession. The most widely used technique for restoration of degraded environments is the planting of seedlings. The selection of species is crucial to the success of the restoration projects, because the species need to establish and grow under the harsh conditions of the environment. Using the approach of functional traits can be a promising tool to assist in the selection of species in restoration projects. In forest environments, there is evidence that functional traits affect the performance of the species, however, there are few studies conducted in areas undergoing restoration. In this study, the relationship between the functional leaf traits and the relative growth rate in height and in diameter at ground level of native tree species planted in a degraded area that is being restored was evaluated. To describe the relationship between the functional traits and the relative growth rate (RGR) of individuals, we used the approach of model selection based on linear mixed effects models (LMEM). The selection of models was performed using Akaike\'s Information Criterion (AIC). The functional traits showed no relationship with the relative growth rate in height and diameter of the individuals of the species, possibly due to differences in environmental conditions between forest environments and degraded environments. Despite not finding a relationship between the functional traits and the RGR, the most plausible model selected indicates that larger individuals at the beginning of monitoring have lower relative growth rates in height, that is, taller individuals have lower rates of growth in height. Considering that no relationship between the morphological functional traits and the relative growth rate in an area undergoing restoration was found, it is reasonable to assume that this approach cannot be applied in all environments. Studies that assess functional traits of the leaf in the different stages of plant development in degraded environments can refine these analyses and help define whether the selection of species for restoration projects can be accomplished using the approach of functional characteristics

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Déda, Rainan Matos. "Indicadores biológicos para avaliação do status de desenvolvimento em área de povoamento misto em Mata Atlântica após 12 anos de plantio." Pós-Graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, 2017. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6918.

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The Atlantic Forest, one of the planet’s most devastated and seriously endangered ecosystems since its colonization, was marked by the intensive land use, whether for the exploration of products, such as brazilwood, sugar cane, coffee, and cocoa, or for the use in livestock activities. As a consequence of its degradation history, this biome is highly fragmented, and many endemic species are considered to be endangered. Therefore, forest restoration has been an effective means of intervention that seeks to provide degraded ecosystems with the minimal conditions for the reestablishment of ecological processes. The increasingly development of works and techniques used to recover different ecosystems made necessary the establishment of indicators that allow periodic evaluations of recovery proposals and verify if the objectives have been accomplished. Natural regeneration is an indicator used to analyze the development status of areas undergoing ecological restoration. This indicator considers the entry of new individuals and species by means of seed rain, soil seed bank, and seedling bank. In addition, floristic surveys in these areas allow the evaluation of the success in the establishment of the planted species and the analyses of whether or not the dispersion mechanisms increased the number of species. This study was carried out aiming to know the natural regeneration process in a mixed settlement area in the Atlantic Forest, in the municipality of Laranjeiras, Sergipe, after 12 years of planting, and to identify the species composition of the local flora. The natural regeneration studies consisted of 30 fixed plots (20m x 30m). A soil sample (0.25 m x 0.25 m x 0.05 m) was collected from each plot to estimate the seed bank. For the seed rain evaluation, 1 m² wood collectors were used in the center of each plot. For the seedling bank, the diameter and height of shrub-arboreal individuals with circumference at soil height ≤ 15 cm were measured in 1 m² subplots in each plot. For floristic composition analysis, monthly collections were performed from August 2016 to June 2017 throughout the study area. In the seed rain, 10,070 seeds were collected, which were distributed in 37 species, with predominance of shrubarboreal individuals (50%) and zoocoric dispersion syndrome (46.67%). The seed bank presented a total of 12,322 seeds belonging to 53 species, being predominantly formed of herbaceous species (30.19%), mostly of the family Asteraceae. In the seedling bank, 169 individuals were sampled, being distributed in 24 species, with predominance of pioneer and initial secondary species. This fact suggests the area is at the initial succession stage. Genipa americana L., Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi., and Inga vera Willd were the regenerating species with the highest Importance Value (IV). Together, these three species accounted for about 70.05% IV. The floristic survey revealed the occurrence of 146 species distributed in 50 families, with greater representation of the families Fabaceae (26 spp.) and Asteraceae (16 spp.). Of the 34 species used at the initial reforestation planting, 27 were recorded in this study (79.41%), indicating that these species had a good establishment and have potential in the restoration of degraded areas located in the Atlantic Forest in the state of Sergipe.
A Mata Atlântica, um dos ecossistemas mais devastados e seriamente ameaçados do planeta desde a colonização, foi marcada pelo uso intensivo da terra, seja para exploração de produtos como o pau-brasil, a cana-de-açúcar, o café e o cacau, ou pelo uso para atividades pecuárias. Como consequência do seu histórico de degradação, esse bioma encontra-se altamente fragmentado e um grande número de espécies endêmicas são consideradas ameaçadas de extinção. Nesse sentido, a restauração florestal tem sido um meio de intervenção eficaz que busca proporcionar aos ecossistemas degradados condições mínimas para o restabelecimento de processos ecológicos. Com a expansão do número de trabalhos e de técnicas empregadas na restauração de diferentes ecossistemas, houve a necessidade do estabelecimento de indicadores que permitissem realizar avaliações periódicas, verificando se os objetivos estabelecidos nesses trabalhos foram alcançados. Um dos indicadores utilizados para analisar o status de desenvolvimento de áreas em processo de restauração ecológica é a regeneração natural. Ela se refere à entrada de novos indivíduos e espécies, por meio da chuva de sementes, banco de sementes do solo e do banco de plântulas. Além disso, levantamentos florísticos nessas áreas permitem avaliar o sucesso no estabelecimento das espécies plantadas, assim como analisar se houve incremento de espécies por meio dos mecanismos de dispersão. O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de conhecer o processo de regeneração natural em uma área de povoamento misto em Mata Atlântica, no município de Laranjeiras, Sergipe, após 12 anos de plantio, bem como conhecer quais as espécies compõem a flora da área. Para estudos da regeneração natural foram utilizadas 30 parcelas fixas (20m x 30m). Em cada parcela foi coletada uma amostra de solo (0,25 m x 0,25 m x 0,05 m) para estimativa do banco de sementes. Para a avaliação da chuva de sementes foram utilizados coletores de madeira de 1 m², instalados no centro de cada parcela. Para o banco de plântulas foi mensurado o diâmetro e altura dos indivíduos arbustivos-arbóreos com circunferência a altura do solo ≤ 15 cm presentes nas subparcelas de 1 m² em cada parcela. Para análise da composição florística foram realizadas expedições de coletas mensais no período de agosto de 2016 a junho de 2017 em toda a área estudada. Na chuva de sementes foram coletadas 10.070 sementes, distribuídas em 37 espécies, com predominância de indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos (50%) e da síndrome de dispersão zoocórica (46,67%). No banco de sementes, constatou-se a presença de 12.322 sementes, pertencentes a 53 espécies, predominantemente formado por espécies herbáceas (30,19%), com destaque para a família Asteraceae. No banco de plântulas, foram amostrados 169 indivíduos, distribuídos em 24 espécies, com predomínio de pioneiras e secundárias iniciais, podendo-se inferir que a área encontra-se em estádio inicial de sucessão. Dentre as espécies regenerantes com maiores Valores de Importância (VI) destacou-se Genipa americana L., seguida por Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi. e Inga vera Willd. Juntas, essas três espécies representaram cerca de 70,05% do VI. No levantamento florístico, observou-se a ocorrência de 146 espécies distribuídas em 50 famílias, com maior representatividade das famílias Fabaceae (26 spp.) e Asteraceae (16 spp.). Das 34 espécies utilizadas no plantio inicial do reflorestamento, 27 foram registradas nesse estudo (79,41%), o que indica que estas espécies apresentaram um bom estabelecimento e são potenciais na restauração de áreas degradadas localizadas na Mata Atlântica no estado de Sergipe.
São Cristóvão, SE

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Mendes, João Carlos Teixeira. "Alternativas de colheita de Eucalyptus e seus impactos no solo e na vegetação nativa em processo de regeneração num plantio abandonado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-04012013-104545/.

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Essa pesquisa avaliou os efeitos de três sistemas de colheita de madeira sobre os atributos físicos do solo e estruturais da vegetação nativa do sub-bosque, num talhão de Eucalyptus saligna Smith. abandonado há 40 anos. A área experimental se encontra na Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais da ESALQ-USP, no município de Itatinga/SP. O delineamento experimental aplicado foi de blocos ao acaso, com nove parcelas e três repetições, devido à constatação no sítio de heterogeneidade espacial da densidade de eucalipto e da vegetação nativa. Foram testados três tratamentos: CCV - colheita convencional com extração mecanizada; CIR1 - colheita de impacto reduzido com extração mecanizada; e CIR2 - colheita de impacto reduzido com associação de extração animal para lenha (DAP 30 cm) e com extração mecanizada para tora (DAP > 30 cm). As medições de densidade, resistência à penetração e distúrbios na superfície do solo, e danos na vegetação do sub-bosque, foram realizadas em duas etapas, após a extração de lenha e após a extração de tora. As variáveis para o estudo dos efeitos no solo foram: quatro classes de distúrbios superficiais (m2.ha-1): sem dano, leve, moderado e severo; resistência à penetração (MPa); e densidade aparente (g.cm-3). Os resultados evidenciaram a ocorrência de valores acima do nível crítico teórico para resistência à penetração e densidade, 2,5 MPa e aumento relativo de 15%, respectivamente, nas classes de distúrbios moderado e severo e com o uso de extração mecanizada. No final da colheita, os tratamentos CIR1 e CIR2 apresentaram menor área com essas classes de distúrbios, com 1.151 m2.ha-1 e 1.094 m2.ha-1, respectivamente, diferenciando-os estatisticamente em relação ao CCV com 2.620 m2.ha-1. As variáveis para o estudo dos efeitos na estrutura da vegetação foram: três classes de danos em árvores: intactas, danificadas e mortas; e área basal remanescente (m2.ha-1). No final da colheita, os tratamentos CIR1 e CIR2 apresentaram valores relativos menores de árvores mortas, 33% e 38%, respectivamente, diferenciando-os estatisticamente em relação ao CCV que apresentou uma taxa de 49%. Os tratamentos CIR1 e CIR2 apresentaram maiores valores de área basal remanescente, 5,50 m2.ha-1 e 5,40 m2.ha-1, respectivamente, diferenciando-os estatisticamente do CCV que apresentou área basal de 4,32 m2.ha-1. No geral, concluiu-se que a ocorrência de efeitos significativos nos atributos físicos do solo e na estrutura da vegetação é um fato inevitável na extração de madeira. Entretanto, comprovou-se, com os tratamentos CIR1 e CIR2, que é possível minimizar os distúrbios moderado e severo no solo, reduzir a morte de árvores e promover maior área basal remanescente de espécies nativas. Assim, os sistemas de colheita de impacto reduzido se mostraram como melhores alternativas para a extração de madeira em talhões abandonados de eucalipto, como parte do manejo florestal para revertê-los em reserva legal.
This study assessed the effects of three Eucalyptus harvesting systems on physical attributes of the soil and structure of the native vegetation of understory, in a stand of Eucalyptus saligna Smith. abandoned for 40 years. The study area is situated in the Experimental Station of Forest Resources Science of ESALQ-USP (University of São Paulo - Brazil) in the municipality of Itatinga - São Paulo state - Brazil. The experiment was a randomized block design, with nine parcels and three repetitions, due to the spatial heterogeneity of eucalypt density and native vegetation. Three treatments were analyzed: CCV - conventional harvesting with mechanized extraction; CIR1 - reduced impact with mechanized harvesting; and CIR2 - reduced impact harvesting for firewood associated with animal extraction (DBH 30 cm) and with mechanized extraction for logs (DBH > 30 cm). The analyses bulk density, penetration resistance, soil disturbance and vegetation damages were performed in two phases: after extraction for firewood and for logs. The variables for the study on soil effects were: four classes of surface disturbances (m2.ha-1): \"no-disturbances\", \"light\", \"moderate\" and \"severe disturbances\"; penetration resistance (MPa) and bulk density (g.cm-3). The results showed the occurrence of critical theoretical values for penetration resistance (2.5 MPa) and relative increase over 15% for bulk density, on the classes of moderate and severe disturbances with the use of mechanized extraction. At the end of the harvesting, the treatments CIR1 and CIR2 showed smaller area of these classes of disturbances, with 1,151 m2.ha-1 and 1,094 m2.ha-1, respectively, statistically different in relation to CCV, with 2,620 m2.ha-1. The variables for studies on effects of vegetation structure were: three classes of tree damages: intact, damaged and dead; and remaining basal area (m2.ha-1). At the end of the harvesting, the treatments CIR1 and CIR2 showed relatively lower rates of dead trees, 33% and 38%, respectively, statistically differing in relation to CCV, which showed a rate of 49%. The treatments CIR1 and CIR2 showed higher values for basal area, 5.50 m2.ha-1 and 5.40 m2.ha-1, respectively, statistically differing from CCV that showed basal area of 4.32 m2.ha-1. Final conclusions were, that the occurrence of significant effects of physical attributes of soil and vegetation structure is an inevitable fact in wood extraction. However, treatments CIR1 and CIR2 allowed to conclude that it is possible to minimize moderate and severe disturbances in the soil, reduce tree deaths and promote larger remaining basal area of native species. Therefore, the harvesting systems of reduced impact are the best alternatives for wood extraction in abandoned eucalypt stands, as a managing process of forests to turn them into areas of legal reserve.

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Castanho, Guilherme Gurian. "Avaliação de dois trechos de uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual restaurada por meio de plantio, com 18 e 20 anos, no Sudeste do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-18052009-163446/.

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Ações de recuperações de áreas degradadas têm sido amplamente empregadas, tanto por exigências legais como por iniciativas de grupos preocupados com a qualidade ambiental, assim não havendo uma padronização destas ações. Surgindo então a necessidade de avaliar se as metodologias empregadas estão alcançando seu objetivo e proporcionando uma auto-sustentação da comunidade florestal formada. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a comunidade arbustivo-arbórea de uma área restaurada, por meio de um plantio com alta diversidade, após 18 a 20 anos de sua implantação. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) no município de Iracemápolis estado de São Paulo Sudeste do Brasil (22°35\'S e 47°31\'W). O clima regional é do tipo Cwa segundo a classificação de Köppen, com precipitação variando de 1.100 a 1.700mm por ano. O plantio foi realizado entre 1988 e 1990, em aproximadamente 50ha. Foi realizado um levantamento florístico e fitossociológico de duas áreas com 1,0ha cada, foram amostrados todos os indivíduos com perímetro a altura do peito igual ou maior que 10cm para calculo dos parâmetros fitossociológicos e dos índices de diversidade e de equidade. As espécies amostradas foram classificadas quanto a classe sucessional e a síndrome de dispersão. Foi verificada fisionomia florestal nas duas áreas estudadas. Foram encontrados 2.532 indivíduos vivos, distribuídos em 52,05% na área 1 e 47, 95% na área 2, e estavam distribuídos em 143 espécies, compondo 40 famílias. A altura do dossel foi inferior ao encontrado em remanescentes de FES, porém os índices de diversidade e equidade, bem como a densidade absoluta estiveram entre os valores obtidos para FES. As espécies que apresentaram maior crescimento foram Lafoensia glyptocarpa, Melia azedarach, Pterocarpus violaceus, Centrolobium tomentosum, Cariniana estrellensis, Triplaris americana, Cariniana legalis e Balfourodendron riedelianum na área 1 e Luehea divaricata, Pterogyne nitens, Citharexylum myrianthum e Triplaris americana na área 2. Foram verificados indivíduos com forma de vida vegetais diferentes dos introduzidos assim como espécies arbustivo-arbóreas diferentes das implantadas. A maior parte dos indivíduos regenerantes foi de espécies secundárias iniciais e pioneiras, sendo que as maiores espécies, tanto em altura como em área basal, foram provenientes das espécies plantadas. As duas áreas foram consideradas como restauradas e apresentam características de vegetação secundária. A composição inicial das espécies utilizadas e suas classes sucessionais influenciaram a composição da floresta formada com 18 e 20 anos. A utilização de alta diversidade em plantios de restauração apresenta-se de grande importância para o restabelecimento da estrutura, possibilitando o desenvolvimento dos processos existentes em florestas naturais nas áreas restauradas, especialmente em áreas não conectadas a fragmentos florestais naturais.
Restoration actions in degraded areas have been widely used, as much for legal requirements as for initiatives of groups worried about the ambient quality, in this way not having an standardizing of this actions. Appearing the necessity to evaluate if the employed methodologies are reaching its objective and providing a self-sustentation of the formed forest community. The present work had as objective to describe the community of tree and shrub from restored area, by a high diversity plantation, after 18 and 20 years of your implementation. The study was developed in Semideciduous Seasonal Forests (FES) at Iracemápolis City in São Paulo, Southeastern of Brazil (22°35\'S and 47°31\' W). The regional climate is Cwa, according to Köppen classification, with precipitation varying from 1.100 to 1.700mm per year. The plantation was realized between 1988 and 1990, in approximately 50ha. It was realized a floristic and phytosociological survey from two areas with 1,0ha each, where had been sampled individuals with perimeter at breast height equal or bigger than 10cm for calculate phytosociological parameter and diversity indices of equability. The showed species had been classified according to sucessional class and the syndrome of dispersion. Forest physiognomy was verified in the two studied areas. It has been found 2,532 individuals alive, distributed in 52,05% at area 1 and 47, 95% at area 2, and were distributed in 143 species, composing 40 families. The canopy heights had been less than found in FES remained, however, the diversity and equability index, and the absolute density has been among the value obtained to FES. The species that had presented greater growth had been Lafoensia glyptocarpa, Melia azedarach, Pterocarpus violaceus, Centrolobium tomentosum, Cariniana estrellensis, Triplaris americana, Cariniana legalis and Balfourodendron riedelianum in the area 1 and Luehea divaricata, Pterogyne nitens, Citharexylum myrianthum and Triplaris americana in area 2. Had been verified individuals with different vegetal life forms from introduced species as well as tree and shrub species different from implemented. Most of the regenerate individual was from pioneering and initial secondary species, and the biggest species, in height and in basal area had been coming from the planted species. It is concluded that the two areas are restored and present characteristic of secondary vegetation, the initial composition from used species and respective sucessional class had influenced the forest composition formed with 18 and 20 years. The use of high diversity in plantations of restoration present with high importance to re-establishing of the structure, enabling the development of existing process in a natural forests, especially in areas not connected with fragments of natural forests.

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Silva, Carina Camargo. "Impacto ecológico e silvicultural do uso e colheita de eucalipto consorciado com espécies arbóreas nativas para a restauração da Mata Atlântica\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-01032018-171947/.

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A redução da cobertura florestal e o uso agrícola intensivo do solo resultam na necessidade de adoção de intervenções de restauração bastante onerosas, o que restringe a expansão dessa atividade e a mitigação dos impactos das atividades humanas na biodiversidade e nos serviços ecossistêmicos. Nesse sentido, a exploração de madeira em florestas em processo de restauração pode ser uma alternativa para a viabilização econômica dessa atividade. Em particular, merece destaque as oportunidades oferecidas pela exploração de espécies arbóreas exóticas de ciclo curto, que antecipam o retorno econômico da restauração e podem auxiliar na amortização dos custos de implantação dos reflorestamentos. No entanto, embora o cultivo intercalado de árvores exóticas seja autorizado pela legislação ambiental como um método de recomposição ambiental, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos negativos do uso dessas espécies nos modelos de restauração. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto ecológico e silvicultural do uso e colheita de eucalipto consorciado com espécies arbóreas nativas para a restauração da Mata Atlântica. Avaliamos três experimentos implantados nos estados da Bahia e Espírito Santo, os quais adotaram o eucalipto como espécie pioneira comercial, utilizada para gerar renda no primeiro ciclo de corte (em torno de 4 a 5 anos) e ser então removida da floresta em restauração. Em geral, o uso do eucalipto nesses experimentos foi menos prejudicial do que o esperado. Não houve influência negativa do consórcio de eucalipto com espécies nativas, em comparação com plantios exclusivos de espécies nativas, na sobrevivência e crescimento de espécies nativas madeireiras, bem como na regeneração natural de espécies nativas no sub-bosque dos plantios. Nós avaliamos também os impactos da exploração da madeira do eucalipto em dois desses experimentos, onde verificamos que a operação de colheita do eucalipto gera danos nas árvores nativas plantadas e uma abertura significativa do dossel florestal (considerando que o eucalipto representa 50% dos indivíduos plantados e 90% da área basal nos modelos avaliados), porém esses danos já foram parcialmente minimizados em apenas quatorze meses após a colheita. Assim, concluímos que para as condições ambientais avaliadas, o uso do eucalipto em modelos de restauração florestal não prejudicou o desenvolvimento das árvores de espécies nativas plantadas em consórcio e não prejudicou a expressão da regeneração natural, o que torna seu uso válido para essas condições. Mais estudos são necessários, no entanto, para que se acompanhe as trajetórias sucessionais de modelos de restauração florestal a médio e longo prazo, a fim de validar a recomendação do seu uso a partir de bases científicas mais consolidadas.
The reduction of forest cover and the intensive agricultural use of the soil result in the necessity of adopting expensive restoration interventions, which restrict the expansion of this activity and the mitigation of the impacts of human activities on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Thus, the exploitation of wood in restoration forests may be an alternative for the economic viability of this activity. Particularly noteworthy are the opportunities offered by the exploitation of short rotation exotic tree species, which anticipate the profit obtained from restoration and may contribute to the amortization of implantation costs. However, even though the intercropping with exotic trees is authorized by the current environmental legislation as a method for forest restoration, little is known concerning the possible negative effects of the use of these species in restoration models. This research aimed to evaluate the ecological and silvicultural impacts of the use and harvest of Eucalyptus temporarily mixed with native tree species in the restoration of the Atlantic Forest. We evaluated three experiments in the states of Bahia and Espírito Santo, which used Eucalyptus as a commercial pioneer species to generate income after the first rotation (around 4-5 years) and then removed from the system. Eucalyptus had no negative influence over native species\' survival and growth when compared to pure native species plantations, as well as over natural regeneration of native species in the understory. We also evaluated the impacts of harvesting Eucalyptus in two of these three experiments and found that the Eucalyptus harvesting operation causes significant damage to planted native trees and results in opening of the forest canopy (considering that Eucalyptus represents 50% of the individuals planted and 90% of the basal area), but these damages were partially minimized within only 14 months after harvesting. Thus, we conclude that for the environmental conditions evaluated, the mixture with Eucalyptus in this alternative forest restoration approach did not affect the development of native tree species neither the expression of natural regeneration, which makes its use valuable. Further studies are necessary, however, to follow the succession trajectories of forest restoration models in the medium and long runs, to validate the recommendation of their use with more consolidated scientific basis.

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Campoe, Otávio Camargo. "Efeito de práticas silviculturais sobre a produtividade primária líquida de madeira, o índice de área foliar e a eficiência do uso da luz em plantios de restauração da Mata Atlântica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-25072008-122441/.

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Os objetivos do estudo foram identificar o melhor modelo de restauração pela manipulação da composição florística e práticas silviculturais, e compreender como este melhor desenvolvimento é explicado pelos fatores que controlam o uso e a eficiência do uso da luz pelo dossel florestal. Com esta fundamentação foi instalado em 2004, na Estação Experimental de Anhembi/ESALQ/USP, o ensaio \"Modelos de restauração de áreas degradadas da Mata Atlântica visando o seqüestro de carbono\", com 20 espécies nativas e oito sistemas de restauração florestal, baseados em um delineamento fatorial 23, com três fatores, e dois níveis por fator: i) Composição florística, com maior (67%) ou menor (50%) percentagem de pioneiras; ii) Espaçamento de plantio (3x1m e 3x2m); e iii) Manejo silvicultural, com manejo usual (maior estresse ambiental) e manejo máximo (minimização do estresse ambiental), referentes ao controle da matocompetição e fertilização. Em todos os tratamentos, até os 42 meses, foram determinados: produtividade primária líquida de madeira (PPLM), com base em inventários semestrais, determinação da densidade básica da madeira e fator de forma de todas as espécies, índice de área foliar (IAF, com calibração de fotos hemisféricas), radiação fotossinteticamente ativa interceptada (RFAI, de postos meteorológicos e o IAF), eficiência do uso da luz (EUL=PPLM/RFAI) e o conteúdo de nitrogênio no dossel. Em relação ao fator Composição, as proporções de 50% ou 67% de pioneiras foram equivalentes, em todas as idades, para PPLM, IAF e EUL. Em relação ao fator Espaçamento, o plantio mais adensado (3x1m) propiciou maior estoque de biomassa aos 42 meses, comparativamente ao espaçamento 3x2m (13,0 Mg.ha-1 versus 10,3 Mg.ha-1), devido às suas maiores produtividades até os 24 meses. Porém, as PPLMs de ambos os espaçamentos não diferiram estatisticamente a partir dos 36 meses (5,5 Mg.ha-1ano-1). A maior produtividade do espaçamento 3x1m foi diretamente relacionada ao seu maior índice de área foliar entre os 36 e 42 meses, comparativamente ao espaçamento 3x2m (0,98 m2m-2 versus 0,71 m2m-2). Em relação ao fator Manejo, o manejo máximo proporcionou aumento de 4 vezes na biomassa de madeira aos 42 meses, comparativamente ao manejo usual (18,6 Mg.ha-1 versus 4,6 Mg.ha-1). Este maior estoque foi explicado por maiores IAFs (1,34 m2m-2 versus 0,34 m2m-2), levando a maiores produtividades primárias de madeira (8,5 Mg.ha-1ano-1 versus 2,4 Mg.ha-1ano-1, aos 42 meses). A interação Espaçamento x Manejo foi significativa para as três variáveis de estudo: IAF, EUL, e PPLM, mostrando que as respostas dos espaçamentos 3x1m e 3x2m à aliviação do estresse ambiental são distintas, e que o espaçamento 3x2m requer uma silvicultura mais intensiva para expressar sua máxima produtividade. Finalmente, a PPLM mostrou-se altamente relacionada com o IAF no verão (36 meses) (r2=0,96), sendo que a incorporação do conteúdo de nitrogênio no dossel elevou ainda mais tal relação (r2=0,99), evidenciando o alto potencial de utilização destas duas variáveis como diagnóstico da qualidade e produtividade de florestas de restauração. Assim, para as condições deste estudo o melhor modelo seria: Composição com 50%:50% de pioneiras:não-pioneiras, espaçamento 3x2m, e necessariamente, manejo máximo, com controle da matocompetição das gramíneas (Brachiaria decumbens) e fertilização.
The purpose of this study was to indentify the most appropriated restoration model by manipulating floristic composition and silvicultural practices, and to understand how the best development was explained by the factors that controls light use and light use efficiency at the canopy. A \"Restoration models for Atlantic Forest disturbed lands aiming carbon sequestration\" experiment was installed in 2004 using 20 Brazilian woody species and 8 forest restoration systems, in a factorial 23 design, with 3 factors and two levels per factor: i) Floristic composition with 67% and 50% of pioneer species; ii) Plant spacing (3x1m e 3x2m); and iii) Silvicultural management with usual (higher environmental stress level); and maximum (lower environmental stress level) silvicultural practices due to weed control and fertilization. Wood net primary production (WNPP), based on inventory surveys and wood density of all 20 species, leaf area index (LAI, with hemispherical pictures), absorbed photossintetically active radiation (APAR, on meteorological stations and LAI), light use efficiency (LUE=WNPP/APAR) and canopy nitrogen content was measured or estimated up to 42 months-old. The floristic composition proportion, with 50% and 67% of pioneers, were statistically equivalent, in all ages, for WNPP, LAI and LUE. The 3x1m spacing provided larger biomass stock at age of 42 months, comparatively to the 3x2m planting (13.0 Mg.ha-1 versus 10.3 Mg. ha-1), due a higher productivity until 24 months. However, WNPP of both spacing were equivalent after 36 months (5.5 Mg.ha-1year-1). The higher productivity of the 3x1m spacing was directly related to its greater leaf area index comparatively to the 3x2m spacing (0,98 m2m-2 versus 0.71 m2m-2). The maximum silvicultural practices provided a 4-fold increase on wood biomass at age 42 months, comparatively to the usual practices (18.6 Mg.ha-1 versus 4.6 Mg.ha-1). This larger stock was explained by a higher LAI (1.34 m2m-2 versus 0.34 m2m-2) leading to higher WNPP (8.5 Mg.ha-1year-1 versus 2.4 Mg. ha-1year-1, at 42 months). The Spacing x Management interaction was significant for LAI, LUE and WNPP, meaning that 3x2m and 3x1m spacing had distinct responses to environmental stress levels, showing that 3x2m depends on intensive silvicultural practices to express its maximum productivity. Finally, the WNPP was strongly related to LAI during summer months (at 36 months) (r2=0,96), and this relationship increased by the inclusion of canopy nitrogen content, showing that these two variables have a potential to be used to evaluate forest restoration quality and productivity. Thus, for the study conditions, the best model was: Composition 50%:50% of pioneer:non-pioneer species, 3x2m spacing, and the maximum silvicultural practices, with total weed control (Brachiaria decumbens) and fertilization.

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Bizuti, Denise Teresinha Gonçalves. "É possível reverter a degradação do solo provocada pela mineração de bauxita por meio da restauração florestal?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-23012017-100122/.

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A mineração é uma das atividades antrópicas mais impactantes aos recursos naturais, e que pode afetar profundamente a resiliência dos ecossistemas em função do elevado nível de degradação do solo e da paisagem. Diante disso, muitas áreas mineradas não são efetivamente recuperadas a ponto de restabelecer parte relevante da biodiversidade e dos serviços ambientais perdidos com a mineração. No entanto, novos métodos de restauração ecológica têm gerados resultados promissores mesmo em situações de degradação tão intensa como as de mineração, o que permitiria rever os níveis mínimos de qualidade ambiental exigidos de áreas que foram mineradas e que precisam passar por um processo de recuperação como forma de mitigação dos impactos causados e cumprimento de demandas legais de compensação ambiental. Assim, o objetivo geral desse estudo é avaliar a recuperação física, química e microbiológica do solo em áreas de mineração de bauxita em processo de recuperação ambiental. Avaliamos inicialmente a restauração do solo em minas de bauxita localizadas em Poços de Caldas-MG, tendo como objetivo contextualizar a melhoria do solo através de vários parâmetros químicos, físicos e microbiológicos em áreas recém-mineradas, em restauração de diferentes idades e remanescentes de floresta nativa. Encontramos que a restauração florestal foi eficiente em desencadear um processo de recuperação do solo, que resultou no restabelecimento, em poucos anos, de características químicas, físicas e microbiológicas já bem similares às do ecossistema de referência. Em seguida, avaliamos a recuperação dos teores de fósforo no solo pela restauração de florestas tropicais em minas de bauxita, e obtivemos como principais resultados a recuperação de importantes frações de P no solo, parte relevante da produção de serapilheira e da estrutura da floresta ao longo da trajetória sucessional nas jovens áreas restauradas após a mineração. A restauração ecológica mostrou-se capaz de restaurar rapidamente importantes atributos do solo, evidenciando o potencial da abordagem de restauração ecológica para mitigar os impactos ambientais negativos da mineração. Dessa maneira, destaca-se que políticas públicas voltadas para a mitigação de danos ambientais causados pela mineração podem exigir níveis mais elevados de qualidade ambiental em áreas de recuperação de minas, protegendo os interesses coletivos envolvidos na mediação de interesses entre empresas e sociedade.
Mining is one of the human activities with the highest impact in natural resources. It can profoundly affect the resilience of ecosystems due to the high level of soil degradation and landscape alteration. Thus, many mined areas are not effectively recovered enough to restore important part of biodiversity and ecosystem services lost. However, new ecological restoration methods showed promising results even in such intense degradation situations such as mining. Thus, it is needed to review the minimum levels of environmental quality required for areas that have been mined and need to recovered to mitigate the impacts and compliance with legal demands of environmental compensation. Thus, the general objective of this study is to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbiological soil in bauxite mining areas under ecological restoration. We initially evaluated soil restoration in bauxite mines located in the county of \"Poços de Caldas\", aiming to contextualize soil improvement through various chemical, physical and microbiological parameters in newly mined areas, restoration of different ages and remaining native forest. We found that forest restoration was effective in triggering a soil recovery process, which resulted in the recuperation, in a few years, of the chemical, physical and microbiological characteristics already very similar values to the references. We then evaluated the recovery of soil phosphorus for the restoration of tropical forests in bauxite mines, and obtained as main results the recovery of important fractions of soil P, litter production and forest structure along the successional trajectory in young restored areas after mining. Ecological restoration proved to be able to quickly restore important soil properties, showing the potential of ecological restoration approach to mitigate the negative environmental impacts of mining. Thus, it is emphasized that public policies to mitigate environmental damage caused by mining may require higher levels of environmental quality in mining recovery areas, protecting the collective interests involved in the mediation of interests between business and society.

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Wissmann, Ross B. "The Christian ministry : case studies of preachers of the Churches of Christ in Bicol, Philippines." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5919.

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This thesis examines the challenges faced by the ministers of religion in Churches of Christ (Restoration Movement) in Bicol, Philippines. The goal is to do theology from below, not from above, as pastoral ministry must come from the experience of those who practice it, not from textbooks. The pastoral perspectives of the dilemmas that the ministers raise are heard, observed, documented, and then reflected upon. To do this, case studies of four preachers are used and the mga problema that they present are explored with them. As a result, first, I introduce some of those challenges which are perplexing on the ground level and which appear to be under-researched in serious theological circles, especially in an Asian context. Second, I hope that these case studies can be used to stimulate reflection in ministerial and spiritual formation. Third, I document some of the theology and methodology of the Churches of Christ, particularly as practiced in the Philippines. Chapter 1 explores the dichotomy between the perceived satisfaction in the pastoral ministry with the crisis of role and identity. In particular, issues such as forced exits and stress are presented while baptism and preaching are scrutinized. Chapter 2 centres on the conundrums experienced in planting a new church and being the lone planter. Chapter 3 examines three challenges–the task of ministering in a home congregation, the issue of accreditation in ministerial training, and how the minister can be a success and grow the church. Never far from the thoughts and actions of any of the Bicolano ministers is the problema of poverty, so Chapter 4 considers some of the Filipino, personal, and spiritual complexities of poverty, delineates a number of factors that need to be taken into consideration in any effort to overcome this malady and concludes with a particular reference to ministry.

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Gervasio, Jennifer Eiben. "The politics of planting : gardening in England from the Restoration through the Glorious Revolution /." 2000. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9965080.

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"Enrichment planting of native species in Hong Kong." 2002. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891064.

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Chan, Fong Fiona.
Thesis submitted in: October 2001.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-178).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.v
Table of Contents --- p.vi
List of Tables --- p.ix
List of Figures --- p.x
List of Plates --- p.xi
List of Appendices --- p.xii
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- The problems --- p.3
Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual framework --- p.10
Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the study --- p.13
Chapter 1.5 --- Significance --- p.14
Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.15
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.17
Chapter 2.2 --- Ecological rehabilitation --- p.19
Chapter 2.3 --- Definition of exotic and native species --- p.20
Chapter 2.4 --- Forest degradation --- p.21
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Present situation of tropical forests --- p.21
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Plantation history in Hong Kong --- p.22
Chapter 2.5 --- Disturbances and rehabilitation strategies --- p.24
Chapter 2.6 --- The role of plantation --- p.25
Chapter 2.7 --- Exotic tree species versus native tree species --- p.28
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- THE STUDY AREA
Chapter 3.1 --- Location --- p.33
Chapter 3.2 --- Climate --- p.35
Chapter 3.3 --- Geology --- p.37
Chapter 3.4 --- Soils --- p.38
Chapter 3.5 --- Vegetation --- p.38
Chapter 3.6 --- Planting designs and management --- p.42
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.44
Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.47
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.47
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Soil texture --- p.49
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Bulk density and porosity --- p.49
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Penetration resistance --- p.50
Chapter 4.2.5 --- Soil reaction and conductivity --- p.50
Chapter 4.2.6 --- Organic carbon --- p.50
Chapter 4.2.7 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) --- p.51
Chapter 4.2.8 --- Mineral nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate nitrogen) --- p.51
Chapter 4.2.9 --- Total phosphorus --- p.51
Chapter 4.2.10 --- Available phosphorus --- p.52
Chapter 4.2.11 --- Exchangeable cations --- p.52
Chapter 4.2.12 --- Exchangeable A1 and H --- p.52
Chapter 4.3 --- Data processing and statistical analysis --- p.53
Chapter 4.4 --- Results and discussion --- p.53
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Physical properties --- p.54
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Conductivity --- p.57
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Soil reaction and exchangeable acidity --- p.57
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Organic matter --- p.61
Chapter 4.4.5 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen and mineral nitrogen --- p.63
Chapter 4.4.6 --- C:N ratio --- p.65
Chapter 4.4.7 --- Total and available phosphorus --- p.65
Chapter 4.4.8 --- Nutrient cations --- p.67
Chapter 4.4.9 --- Comparison with other disturbed sites --- p.69
Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.72
Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- SURVIVAL AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.75
Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.83
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.83
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Data processing and statistical analysis --- p.85
Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.85
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Survival rate --- p.85
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Growth performance between trial plots --- p.96
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Growth performance among species --- p.100
Chapter 5.3.4 --- Plantation management and species selection --- p.109
Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.113
Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- FOLIAR COMPOSITION OF SPECIES
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.116
Chapter 6.2 --- Methodology --- p.121
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Foliage sampling --- p.121
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Chemical analysis --- p.123
Chapter 6.2.2.1 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) --- p.123
Chapter 6.2.2.2 --- Total phosphorus and cation nutrients --- p.123
Chapter 6.2.3 --- Data processing and statistical analysis --- p.124
Chapter 6.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.124
Chapter 6.3.1 --- Foliage composition of existing vegetation --- p.124
Chapter 6.3.2 --- Foliage composition of planted species --- p.131
Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.143
Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION
Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.146
Chapter 7.2 --- Implications of the study --- p.151
Chapter 7.2.1 --- Silviculture involving native species --- p.151
Chapter 7.2.2 --- Screening of species --- p.154
Chapter 7.2.3 --- Native forest succession --- p.156
Chapter 7.2.4 --- Potentials of native legumes --- p.158
Chapter 7.3 --- Limitation of the study --- p.159
Chapter 7.4 --- Suggestions for future study --- p.161
REFERENCES --- p.165
APPENDICES --- p.179

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McCallum, Kimberly Peta. "Clumped planting arrangements can improve the ecological function of revegetated eucalypt woodlands." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/117733.

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Revegetation is a key conservation activity in areas that have been extensively cleared and is undertaken in the hope it will prevent further species losses, mitigate land degradation and return functional ecosystems to degraded areas. Although revegetation has the potential to achieve these outcomes, the field is still relatively young and actively developing in terms of standards and best practice. As a result, the long-term viability, functionality and resilience of many re-planted systems remains uncertain. There have been calls for revegetation to move towards more ecologically informed designs and one way to achieve this is for plantings to mimic the composition and structure of natural vegetation. However, the outcomes of failing to undertake such practice is still poorly understood. The spatial arrangements of plants are central to natural communities and influence the majority of ecological processes that occur. Consequently, the position of plants within revegetated sites may affect the long-term viability and resilience of these restored systems. Despite this, planting arrangements are rarely considered an important feature of revegetated communities, especially for variables other than overall planting density and this may limit the ecological value of revegetated communities. The primary aim of this thesis was to examine how planting arrangements influence the ecological processes occurring within revegetated sites, with a focus on reproduction in woodland systems. I first review the available literature and synthesise information from natural ecosystems, plantation communities, and experimental plantings to identify ways plant arrangements may influence the ecological function of revegetated systems and highlight key knowledge gaps. The data chapters of my thesis then evaluate how planting arrangement influences pollination, seed production, plant mating patterns and patterns of gene flow in a revegetated eucalypt woodland in southern Australia. Following this, I document the arrangement of plants within remnant eucalypt woodlands and identify key features that can potentially be incorporated into revegetation design if projects seek to re-create more natural woodland plant arrangements. I found that plant arrangements have the potential to influence a range of ecological processes, from those at the individual plant level (survival, growth), the population and community level (pollination, seed dispersal) and the ecosystem level more generally (habitat provision, erosion). My experimental results support these expectations and although plant reproduction was highly variable, the spacing between conspecifics and the degree of aggregation influenced seed production and plant mating patterns in the Eucalyptus species studied, whereas population abundance had little influence. Taken together, these findings suggest that woodland revegetation should consider not only the number of each species to be planted, but also the fine-scale arrangement (conspecific spacing, aggregation) of those species, if reproductively productive populations are to be established. One way to achieve this is to re-create more natural plant arrangements, where aggregation is common and large distances between conspecifics are rare. The challenge is now to find ways to effectively incorporate spatially designed revegetation into the planning and planting phases of revegetation and then monitor the outcomes of this approach.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, 2018

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Teuscher, Miriam. "Ecological impacts of biodiversity enrichment in oil palm plantations." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0028-868C-2.

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SCHICKEROVÁ, Petra. "Revitalizace veřejné zeleně a vytvoření klidových zón v obci Adamov." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-202603.

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This thesis is focused on the revitalization of public green areas in the municipality Adamov, near České Budějovice in area "Babský vrch". This work is divided into two parts, the first part is literature review, which is generally discusses history of the landscape, the landscape structure, the notion of a revitalized green, the planting and about aftercare of course. The first part of this thesis is finished with a chapter about use of the subsidy policy in this area. The second part is focused on the project itself, therefore revitalization of public green area. In this part are new planting of green area, which is followed aftercare, as well as the creation of quiet zones for citizens of Adamov.

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Gérard, Anne. "Experimental biodiversity enrichment in an oil-palm plantation." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002B-7CF1-5.

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Die großflächige Umwandlung von tropischen Wäldern hat zu dramatischen Verlusten von Biodiversität und assoziierten Ökosystemdienstleistungen und –funktionen geführt. Indonesien ist ein besonders schwerwiegendes Beispiel für den Verlust von Waldflächen und Biodiversität. Landumnutzungen, in starkem Maße durch den Anbau von Ölpalmen vorangetrieben, stellen eine erhebliche Bedrohung für die außergewöhnlich hohe Biodiversität des Landes dar. Landwirtschaftssysteme, wie Agroforstsysteme, können hingegen genutzt werden, um die Biodiversität und Ökosystemfunktionen in von Ölpalmen dominierten Landschaften zu erhöhen. In Regionen, in denen Ölpalmplantagen bereits die Landschaft dominieren, kann diese Erhöhung nur durch systematische Renaturierung erfolgen. Die zugrunde liegenden ökologischen und soziökonomischen Prozesse und damit verbundene Beschränkungen und Kompromisse von Renaturierungsmaßnahmen in von Ölpalmen dominierten Landschaften sind jedoch weitgehend unbekannt. Um diese Wissenslücke zu schließen, habe ich mit Kollegen aus Deutschland und Indonesien ein Langzeitexperiment zur Erhöhung der Biodiversität aufgebaut. Wir haben experimentell Bäume in Form von „Inseln“ in eine konventionelle Ölpalmplantage gepflanzt und hierbei systematisch die Flächengröße, das Diversitätslevel und die Artzusammensetzung variiert. Wir haben hierfür sechs multifunktionale heimische Baumarten ausgewählt. Auf der Fläche der Bauminseln haben wir einen Teil der Ölpalmen gefällt, um die Lichtverfügbarkeit für die gepflanzten Bäume durch eine reduzierte Ölpalmdichte zu erhöhen. In dieser Doktorarbeit stelle ich den Aufbau des Experiments vor und gebe einen breiten Einblick in anfängliche Auswirkungen des Experiments, indem ich ökologische Aspekte in Betracht ziehe, sowie Veränderungen hinsichtlich des Ernteertrags. Da die Zeit kurz nach der Pflanzung ein Nadelöhr für die Langzeitetablierung der Bäume darstellt, ist sie sehr kritisch, um die erwünschten Renaturierungserfolge in der Zukunft zu erzielen. Des Weiteren kann die Anfangszeit auch aus der Sicht der Landwirte eine entscheidende Hürde darstellen, da der Nutzen der Bauminseln erst lange Zeit nach ihrer Pflanzung entsteht. Zuerst beschreibe ich Umweltvariablen und biotische Charakteristika der den experimentellen Flächen assoziierten Vegetation, Invertebraten und Vögel vor der Errichtung des Experiments, sowie anfängliche Auswirkungen des Experiments auf die Fauna. Ein Jahr nach der Errichtung des Experiments hatten die Baumpflanzungen einen insgesamt positiven Effekt auf die Artengemeinschaften von Vögeln und Invertebraten in der Plantage. Die Größe der Bauminseln wirkte sich lediglich auf die Diversität und Abundanz von Invertebraten positiv aus, die somit auf kleinskalige Veränderungen reagierten. Ausgehend von diesen Ergebnissen erwarte ich einen weiteren Anstieg der Biodiversität und Ökosystemfunktionen in der Zukunft. Danach berichte ich über den Anwuchserfolg der Bäume und ermittle die wichtigsten Determinanten für den Wuchs und das Überleben der Bäume. Insgesamt sind die Bäume gut angewachsen, jedoch gab es große Unterschiede zwischen den Baumarten hinsichtlich relativer Höhenwachstums-, Dickenwachstums- sowie Überlebensraten. Arten mit hohen Wachstumsraten wiesen vorwiegend auch hohe Überlebensraten auf. Auf Versuchsflächenebene hatten Standortbedingungen, Flächengröße und Diversitätslevel der gepflanzten Bäume lediglich einen geringen Einfluss auf das mittlere Baumwachstum und die Überlebensrate. Auf Individuenebene habe ich signifikante Nachbarschaftseffekte festgestellt. Hohe benachbarte Bäume und die Distanz zu verbleibenden Ölpalmen begünstigten die Entwicklung der Bäume. Noch ist es zu früh zu entscheiden, welche der Baumarten sich generell am besten eignen, um Renaturierungsziele zu erreichen. Unterschiede in der anfänglichen Entwicklung liefern jedoch wichtige Informationen für eine zukünftige Bewertung der Arten. Zuletzt präsentiere ich Auswirkungen des Experiments auf den Ölpalmertrag. Nach zwei Jahren waren die Erträge pro Ölpalmindividuum erhöht, sowohl auf als auch direkt neben den Versuchsflächen. Die geschätzten Ertragsänderungen für die verschiedenen Flächengrößen unter Einbezug von Ernteverlusten durch gefällte Ölpalmen sowie Effekte auf benachbarte Ölpalmen deuten darauf hin, dass die erhöhten Ernteerträge insbesondere in großen Bauminseln mindestens das Fällen von Ölpalmen kompensiert haben. Diese Ergebnisse, die in der frühen Phase der Bauminseletablierung erzielt wurden, sind vielversprechend für die Erarbeitung nachhaltiger Managementoptionen für Ölpalmplantagen, die ökologische und ökonomische Funktionen in Einklang bringen. Die anfänglichen Auswirkungen waren stärker und insbesondere aus ökonomischer Perspektive profitabler als ich erwartet habe. Die Nachbarschaftseffekte und die Auswirkungen der experimentell veränderten Variablen waren bislang jedoch überwiegend schwach. Ich erwarte, dass diese Auswirkungen mit der Zeit stärker ausgeprägt sein werden. Durch Erkenntnisse, die aus zukünftigen Langzeitbeobachtungen des Experiments, das ich in dieser Doktorarbeit vorstelle, gewonnen werden, können Wissenslücken geschlossen werden. Somit kann die Ausarbeitung von Managementrichlinien für von Ölpalmen dominierten Landschaften ermöglicht werden, die sowohl ökologisch verbessert als auch ökonomisch lohnenswert sind. Diese Doktorarbeit stellt einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur generellen Beurteilung des Experiments dar, wodurch darüber hinaus auch neue Erkenntnisse für die Renaturierungswissenschaft gewonnen werden können.

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Belder, Donna. "Breeding and persistence of woodland birds in restoration plantings." Phd thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/203266.

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Habitat loss and fragmentation are major influences on the distribution and composition of ecological communities, and are also linked to a loss of agricultural productivity due to ecosystem degradation. As such, there is increasing impetus for the implementation of revegetation in fragmented agricultural landscapes worldwide. Restoration plantings are often intended to provide habitat for threatened fauna and restore ecosystem health. In Australia, loss of temperate woodland habitat has caused the decline of many woodland bird species. There have been numerous studies investigating how bird community richness and abundance is influenced by restoration plantings and other woodland patches in fragmented agricultural landscapes, but this "pattern-focused" research does not provide evidence that restoration plantings can support resident populations of woodland birds. This approach limits the ability of land managers and scientists to assess whether woodland patches provide suitable habitat for woodland birds, and therefore to effectively assess whether restoration plantings are fulfilling their fundamental purpose as a conservation strategy. In this thesis, I address this knowledge gap through an empirical research project undertaken in the South-west Slopes bioregion of New South Wales, Australia. The series of papers presented in this thesis examines the research questions in increasing detail, beginning with a comprehensive literature review that places the remaining chapters in context of the broad knowledge gap (Chapter 1), then recording evidence of breeding activity (Chapter 2), monitoring nest success and daily nest survival (Chapter 3), and examining the home ranges and annual survival of individually tagged woodland birds (Chapter 4). These papers collectively represent a detailed study of the responses of woodland birds to box-gum grassy woodland restoration plantings in a fragmented agricultural landscape. I offer management implications of each chapter's key findings in the relevant discussion sections, and conclude the thesis with a synthesis of applications and directions for future research on the topic.

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Carnovale, Daniela. "The effect of restoration plantings and plant genus on soil biota." Phd thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/163941.

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In south-eastern Australia, shelterbelts are often established to restore ecosystem services that have been altered due to agriculture. In this thesis I aim to: 1) improve understanding of how shelterbelts affect soil biotic communities and how time since establishment may influence soil biota, 2) investigate how dominant shelterbelt tree genera (Acacia and Eucalyptus) influence soil biota, and 3) explore how changes in dominant tree genera affect key ecosystem process such as decomposition rates, microbial community structure and enzyme activities associated with carbon degradation. This thesis is structured as a compilation of connected papers. Paper I assessed earthworm composition, diversity and biomass in three land use systems: native shelterbelts, agricultural pastures and native remnant woodland fragments. Earthworm communities differed significantly among systems; with abundance, biomass and diversity greatest under pasture. Within shelterbelts I saw a shift from high earthworm biomass and density to low values with increasing time after establishment. Soil edaphic variables did not correlate strongly with earthworm biomass or density, but were correlated with earthworm community composition. Overall, the introduction of shelterbelts was associated with a decline in density and biomass of earthworms, including a decrease in the relative abundance of exotic species. Paper II investigated how the presence of shelterbelts and time since their establishment affects soil microbial communities. There was no significant effect of site type on the F:B ratio, MBC, or on MBN. Fungal community composition in shelterbelts regardless of age, was significantly different to pasture and native remnants. There was no significant difference in bacterial community composition between young shelterbelts and pastures, while middle-aged and old shelterbelts differed to pasture communities. There was a significant difference in fungal and bacterial community composition between all shelterbelts and native remnants. There was no clear evidence that microbial communities in shelterbelts show trajectories that converge towards those observed in natural remnant patches. Paper III compared soil microbial communities beneath the dominant tree genera used in shelterbelts (Acacia, Eucalyptus) and those found in adjacent pastures. The ratio of fungi to bacteria was highest under Eucalyptus trees, but did not differ between Acacia and pasture. Both fungal and bacterial communities varied at different depths in the soil profile and across sampling periods. The dominant tree genus was a significant factor in observed differences in bulk soil bacterial and fungal communities compared to the surrounding pasture. The effect of tree genus on fungal communities was more pronounced than on bacterial communities. Fungal communities not only differed between shelterbelts and pastures, but also between Acacia and Eucalyptus dominated shelterbelts. These patterns were consistent at different soil depths. Paper IV examined decomposition, enzyme activities and bacterial and fungal community profiles using a reciprocal design (litter*dominant overstory genus). Litter bags with two mesh sizes (<2mm and >2mm) were used to exclude or allow access by soil macrofauna respectively. Bags were filled with either Eucalyptus, Acacia or an equal mix of Acacia and Eucalyptus litter. After 395 days, decomposition of Acacia litter faster than Eucalyptus or mixed litter treatments, irrespective of the overstory genus. Exclusion of macrofauna had no significant effect on variables measured, other than chitin-degrading N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) activity. Distinct fungal and bacterial communities occupied each litter type and this differed between dominant overstory genera. However, these changes did not coincide with short term differences in litter decomposition rate.

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Jones, Katherine D. "Factors affecting establishment and germination of upland prairie species of conservation concern in the Willamette Valley, Oregon." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29047.

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Identifying mechanisms that determine who lives and dies is the first step in developing successful restoration techniques for rare species and endangered habitats. We studied interactions that affect establishment of native plant forbs of conservation concern at the seedling stage to support the theoretical basis for restoration activities in Pacific Northwest prairies. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that seedling establishment is controlled by 1) competition with or 2) facilitation by existing vegetation and that the interaction is mediated in part by environmental stress. We direct-seeded or planted vegetative plugs of Lupinus oreganus, Castilleja levisecta, Erigeron decumbens, Iris tenax and Sidalcea malviflora ssp. virgata into 20 plots with a range of community compositions in high-stress upland prairies at each of three sites. We counted seedlings and estimated cover of plant functional groups as well as litter, bare soil and disturbance then used linear regression to test for effects of these factors on seedling establishment. We found evidence of indirect facilitation of grass on seedling establishment in the first year: higher accumulations of leaf litter increased seedling numbers at two sites. In the second year, there was evidence of facilitation by live vegetation and litter on seedlings at one site, but no net effect of either competition or facilitation at the other two sites. Overall, we found more evidence for positive interactions than we did for competition. In particular, litter appeared to have a positive effect on seedling establishment of L. oreganus and S. malviflora ssp. virgata. This is contrary to the common perception that litter inhibits plant establishment but supports the theory that facilitation is more common in high stress sites; practitioners should consider seeding into leaf litter at some sites. To support a robust approach to conservation and reintroduction of species with dormant seed, we characterized dormancy types and developed germination protocols for S. malviflora ssp. virgata and I. tenax. S. malviflora ssp. virgata has physical dormancy and may have physiological dormancy. Scarification followed by four weeks of cold moist stratification was effective in initiating germination. I. tenax has morphophysiological dormancy which is overcome by four weeks of warm moist stratification followed by 6-12 weeks of cold stratification. We also conducted a meta-analysis of experiments that tested pre-sowing seed scarification of L. oreganus and conclude that breaking physical dormancy prior to direct seeding does not support higher establishment relative to unscarified seeds in this species.
Graduation date: 2012

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Restoration planting'

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