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1
Craig, Michael D., Mark J. Garkaklis, Giles E. St J. Hardy, Andrew H. Grigg, Carl D. Grant, Patricia A. Fleming, and Richard J. Hobbs. "Ecology of the western bearded dragon (Pogona minor) in unmined forest and forest restored after bauxite mining in south-west Western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 55, no. 2 (2007): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo07002.
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Forest areas restored after mining typically take decades, or longer, before they resemble the original vegetation community. Understanding how fauna succession varies with plant succession requires detailed knowledge of an animal’s ecology. Knowledge of an animal’s ecology can also be used to predict faunal responses to management manipulations and enable techniques to be developed that accelerate the return of fauna to restored sites. We radio-tracked western bearded dragons (Pogona minor) in a mix of unmined forest sites and sites restored after bauxite mining, in the jarrah forest of south-west Western Australia, to determine critical resources and important microhabitats for dragons. Dragons were generalists – utilising a range of microhabitats – and adaptable, adjusting their microhabitat use depending on availability. Individuals also differed significantly in their microhabitat use and did not appear to have a defined home range. We concluded that the species would rapidly recolonise restored sites and that no modifications to current restoration practices were required to accelerate their return. Prescribed burning of restored areas could negatively affect this species but the effect would be short-term (<2 years). The approach used in this study could be used to develop management prescriptions that accelerate the return of late-successional species to restored sites.
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Turner, S. R., D. J. Merritt, C. C. Baskin, K. W. Dixon, and J. M. Baskin. "Physical dormancy in seeds of six genera of Australian Rhamnaceae." Seed Science Research 15, no. 1 (March 2005): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ssr2004197.
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Physical dormancy (PY) was identified in six genera representative of Australian Rhamnaceae and subsequently was broken, based on identification of key seed dormancy characteristics: (1) isolation and classification of embryo features; (2) imbibition experiments to determine the rate and amount of water uptake in seeds; and (3) determination of optimum temperature regimes for germination. All six species had relatively large spatulate embryos. Imbibition studies showed all species possessed PY (i.e. a water-impervious seed coat) that was broken by a hot-water treatment. Alleviation of PY resulted in high germination (<70%) at 7/18°C, temperatures similar to winter in south-west Western Australia. Germination was suppressed at higher temperatures and in the presence of light. The study adds information to our knowledge of seed dormancy in Australian Rhamnaceae, and highlights the benefits of understanding dormancy states in seeds prior to evaluating dormancy-release mechanisms on wild species used in restoration ecology and horticulture.
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Millar, Melissa A., David J. Coates, Margaret Byrne, Siegfried L. Krauss, Matthew R. Williams, Justin Jonson, and Stephen D. Hopper. "Pollen dispersal, pollen immigration, mating and genetic diversity in restoration of the southern plains Banksia." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 129, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 773–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa003.
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Abstract Evaluation of patterns of pollen dispersal, mating systems, population fitness, genetic diversity and differentiation in restoration and remnant plant populations can be useful in determining how well restoration activities have achieved their objectives. We used molecular tools to assess how well restoration objectives have been met for populations of Banksia media in the biodiversity hotspot of south-west Western Australia. We characterized patterns of pollen dispersal within, and pollen immigration into, two restoration populations. We compared mating system parameters, population fitness via seed weight, genetic diversity and genetic differentiation for restoration and associated reference remnant populations. Different patterns of pollen dispersal were revealed for two restoration sites that differed in floral display, spatial aggregation of founders and co-planted species. Proximity to remnant native vegetation was associated with enhanced immigration and more short-range pollen dispersal when other population variables were constant. Greater seed weights at remnant compared to restoration populations were not related to outcrossing rate. Equivalent mating system and genetic diversity parameters and low to moderate levels of genetic differentiation between restoration and remnant populations suggest pollinator services have been restored in genetically diverse restoration populations of local provenance B. media as early as four years from planting.
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Waters, C., G. Melville, and A. Grice. "Genotypic variation among sites within eleven Australian native grasses." Rangeland Journal 25, no. 1 (2003): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj03006.
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Eleven species of native grass were collected from 51 sites throughout western New South Wales and south-west Queensland. Approximately 10 whole plants of each species were collected from a site but not all species were collected from each site. Plants were grown in a common environment at Trangie in central western New South Wales and plant morphological and floristic characteristics measured. Data reported here are for observations made in the third year, by which time differences between populations were likely to be more genetic than environmental. Principal component and discriminant analyses revealed a strong relationship between site of origin and plant morphological characteristics, which explained between 61% and 93% of the variation within species. For all but one species, site was significantly correlated with these morphological characteristics. Site could be predicted from morphological characters with a success rate usually greater than 80%. These morphological characteristics must reflect genotypic differences among the collection from the different sites. We were unable to relate this variation to any of a range of site characteristics. Distance between sites could not be used as an indicator of morphological differences between populations. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of providing strong evidence for the existence of ecotypes and for obtaining appropriate seed sources for revegetation/restoration programs.
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Broadhurst, Linda, Margaret Byrne, Lyn Craven, and Brendan Lepschi. "Genetic congruence with new species boundaries in the Melaleuca uncinata complex (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 6 (2004): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04073.
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Uninformed management decisions have the potential to create significant problems for conservation programs. In the south-western corner of Australia where conservation initiatives are directed towards restoring large tracts of land degraded by broadscale clearing and increasing levels of dryland salinity, Melaleuca uncinata R.Br. (Myrtaceae) is a species complex of considerable interest for restoration. Although M. uncinata is morphologically uniform across most of southern mainland Australia, there is considerable variation in south-western Australia and a recent morphological evaluation has recognised 11 species. Phylogenetic patterns among populations of seven of these species were examined with nuclear RFLP loci to determine whether morphological and phylogenetic boundaries were congruent before the implementation of any broadscale revegetation programs. The phylogenetic analysis was congruent with the morphological assessment, and populations of different species, including those co-occurring at the same site, clustered according to their correct morphological assignment. Some genetic structuring associated with habitat preference was also evident within two of the species. The taxonomic resolution and knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships among the seven species will facilitate their further assessment for issues relevant to revegetation, such as provenance and local adaptation. It will also enable selection of appropriate germplasm in revegetation programs to maximise the genetic adaptation in restoration and minimise negative impact of plantings on remnant vegetation.
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Yates, Colin J., David A. Norton, and Richard J. Hobbs. "Grazing effects on plant cover, soil and microclimate in fragmented woodlands in south-western Australia: implications for restoration." Austral Ecology 25, no. 1 (February 2000): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01030.x.
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Campbell, Cherie Joy, Fiona Linda Freestone, Richard P. Duncan, Will Higgisson, and Sascha Jade Healy. "The more the merrier: using environmental flows to improve floodplain vegetation condition." Marine and Freshwater Research 72, no. 8 (2021): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf20303.
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Environmental flows are increasingly being used to restore degraded floodplain vegetation; however, the type of flow regime required for recovery to healthy condition can vary depending on the extent of degradation before restoration. Regulation of the River Murray has affected floodplain ecosystems at many locations, including Bottle Bend Reserve, in south-western New South Wales, Australia. Within Bottle Bend Reserve, tangled lignum (Duma florulenta) dominates sections of the higher floodplain elevations. Lignum is an important and widely distributed Australian shrub occurring in arid and semiarid river systems within the Murray–Darling and Lake Eyre Basins. In an effort to restore floodplain vegetation, three environmental flows were delivered to Bottle Bend Reserve between 2013 and 2016. Flows varied in magnitude, leading to a mosaic of different regimes across the area. Condition surveys were undertaken over 1 year, namely, before, during and after delivery of the September 2016 environmental flow. This study found that the greatest response occurred in lignum plants with no recent environmental water, although lignum plants with one or two recent environmental flows still responded relative to the control. Lignum was in a better condition at sites that received more environmental flows, demonstrating the value of increased frequency of flows in recovering vegetation health.
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Priddel, David, and Robert Wheeler. "An experimental translocation of brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) to western New South Wales." Wildlife Research 31, no. 4 (2004): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03050.
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A total of 85 brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) from Western Australia and two sites in South Australia were translocated to Yathong Nature Reserve (YNR) in western New South Wales in October 2001. Aerial baiting to control the introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes) had been undertaken on YNR since 1996. Thirty-one bettongs were fitted with radio-transmitters at the time of release, and two subsequently. Trapping took place at irregular intervals after the translocation. In all, 73% of telemetered bettongs died within the first six months; all were dead within 13 months. Eight bettongs died within the first eight days immediately following their release, due to causes other than predation. These eight all originated from St Peter Island (SPI), South Australia. A low incidence of breeding on SPI supports the belief that this source population was in poor condition and unsuited for translocation. Overall, 19 of the 33 telemetered bettongs were killed by predators: 14 (74%) by feral house cats (Felis catus), two (11%) by birds, and three (16%) by predators, which, although they could not be fully identified, were not foxes. One month after release, surviving bettongs weighed less than they did at the time of their release (mean decrease in mass = 9.7%, range 2.6–22.4%, n = 11). Within two months of their release most had regained any lost mass (mean change in mass since release = –0.3%, range –5.9 to 10.5%). Food resources on YNR appeared sufficient to sustain adult brush-tailed bettongs, despite a period of severe drought. Small pouch young present at the time of release were subsequently lost. Females gave birth and carried small pouch young (up to 50 mm), but no young-at-foot were recorded. Bettongs did not disperse further than 10 km from their release site. Overall, 50% of aerial-tracking locations were no further than 3.2 km from the release site, and 92% no further than 7.0 km. This experimental translocation of brush-tailed bettongs failed due to predation by cats. It demonstrated that foxes were no longer a threat to wildlife on YNR and identified cats as the major impediment to the restoration of locally extinct fauna.
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Craig, Michael D., Angela M. Benkovic, Andrew H. Grigg, Giles E. St J. Hardy, Patricia A. Fleming, and Richard J. Hobbs. "How many mature microhabitats does a slow-recolonising reptile require? Implications for restoration of bauxite minesites in south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 59, no. 1 (2011): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo10046.
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If we are to accelerate the recolonisation of restored areas by slow-recolonising species, we must provide suitable microhabitats at appropriate densities. Previous research in south-western Australia has shown that Napoleon’s skink (Egernia napoleonis) rarely recolonises restored areas. We trapped Napoleon’s skink in restoration and unmined forest to confirm the species was late successional. We also radio-tracked six skinks in unmined forest, to determine types and characteristics of used microhabitats, and estimated home ranges to determine required microhabitat densities, with the aim of accelerating skink recolonisation of restored areas. All tracked skinks used logs and hollow-bearing trees. Used logs were larger, and used trees were larger and taller than random samples, probably because large logs and trees were more likely to contain cracks and hollows that provide a refuge from predators. Extrapolations from home-range estimates indicated that a minimum of four logs ha–1 are required in restored areas to facilitate recolonisation by skinks, with skink densities likely to increase with log densities. Our study demonstrated that not all fauna will naturally recolonise restored areas and management of these areas is required to provide suitable habitat for late-successional species. Our approach could potentially be applied to other ecosystems or species.
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Pedler, Reece D., Rebecca S. West, John L. Read, Katherine E. Moseby, Michael Letnic, David A. Keith, Keith D. Leggett, Sharon R. Ryall, and Richard T. Kingsford. "Conservation challenges and benefits of multispecies reintroductions to a national park – a case study from New South Wales, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 4 (2018): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17058.
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Species reintroductions into predator-controlled areas are an increasingly used conservation tool. Typically, ecological outcomes of such projects (e.g. recruitment, predation) are the focus but seldom necessary legislative, policy, social and institutional processes required for establishing large projects. This particularly applies to protected areas, managed by governments for conservation. Reintroductions are recommended for a third of threatened Australian vertebrates, with the New South Wales Government boldly embarking on a 2013 initiative to return locally extinct mammals to three protected areas. We detail the legislative, policy, social and institutional processes required for one of these sites, Wild Deserts, in Sturt National Park. Seven locally extinct species, including the greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis), western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville), golden bandicoot (Isoodon auratus), greater stick-nest rat (Leporillus conditor), crest-tailed mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda), western quoll (Dasyurus geoffroii) and burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur) will be reintroduced into two exclosures. The scale of the project required identification of an appropriate location, satisfaction of statutory requirements for major infrastructure in a national park, assessments of potential ecological costs and benefits, engagement of the national park agency and other stakeholders (Traditional Owners, other government agencies, neighbours), and staff training to meet government agency requirements. We outline the resourcing, costs and benefits of such a project on government-managed land along with lessons learnt for similar large-scale restoration and reintroduction projects. Future projects would benefit from understanding legislative and policy frameworks and the need for transparency, while maximising efficiencies.
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Koch, John M., Alex M. Ruschmann, and Tim K. Morald. "Effect of time since burn on soil seedbanks in the jarrah forest of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 8 (2009): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt09101.
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Bauxite is mined in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Sm.) forest of south-western Australia and 700–800 ha each year are rehabilitated by mining companies. As well as broadcasting seeds and planting, the mine restoration relies heavily on the natural soil seedbank as a means of reinstating plant diversity after mining. The natural soil seedbank is a large but highly variable resource, both spatially and temporally. In the present study, we used 32 sites paired across burn boundaries to determine changes in soil seedbanks due to time since burn. At each site, we took one hundred 100-cm2 soil samples down to 5-cm depth and recorded germinable seeds. The mean total seedbank over all sites was 472 seeds m–2 (90–1210 seeds m–2). Five months after a spring burn, there was a significant decrease in the seedbank of legumes, compared with unburnt sites, probably due to germination in spring immediately after burning. Non-legumes (mostly non-heat-responsive species) did not show this decrease. One year after burning, there was a significant reduction in the total seedbank, presumably due to germination of most species in the winter following the burn. Legumes and non-legumes both showed this decrease. There was a recovery of the soil seedbank by 3 years after burning. This recovery was associated with higher densities of species from the families Apiaceae, Rhamnaceae (Trymalium ledifolium Fenzl), Stylidiaceae, Rutaceae, Centrolepidaceae and Sterculiaceae (Lasiopetalum floribundum Benth.). These families represent annuals, herbaceous species and small perennial shrubs. The recovery was likely due to vigorous flowering, and seed set by seedlings and sometimes resprouts following the burn. Once recovered, the soil seedbank stayed reasonably consistent up to 22 years after burning. Soils stripped 1 year after burning may contribute less plant density and diversity to rehabilitated areas. There is no evidence that the soil seedbank significantly decreases in the longer term with increasing time since burning up to 22 years. The community composition of the soil seedbank was strongly affected by geographical location, with sites closer to each other having similar composition. Only sites 1-year-since burn showed changes in the community composition due to burning.
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Davis, Jenny A., Megan McGuire, Stuart A. Halse, David Hamilton, Pierre Horwitz, Arthur J. McComb, Ray H. Froend, Michael Lyons, and Lien Sim. "What happens when you add salt: predicting impacts of secondary salinisation on shallow aquatic ecosystems by using an alternative-states model." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 6 (2003): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02117.
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Alternative-states theory commonly applied, for aquatic systems, to shallow lakes that may be dominated alternately by macrophytes and phytoplankton, under clear-water and enriched conditions, respectively, has been used in this study as a basis to define different states that may occur with changes in wetland salinity. Many wetlands of the south-west of Western Australia are threatened by rapidly increasing levels of salinity as well as greater water depths and permanency of water regime. We identified contrasting aquatic vegetation states that were closely associated with different salinities. Salinisation results in the loss of freshwater species of submerged macrophytes and the dominance of a small number of more salt-tolerant species. With increasing salinity, these systems may undergo further change to microbial mat-dominated systems composed mostly of cyanobacteria and halophilic bacteria. The effect of other environmental influences in mediating switches of vegetation was also examined. Colour and turbidity may play important roles at low to intermediate salinities [concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) <10 000 mg L–1]; however, coloured or turbid wetlands are rarely found at intermediate to high salinities (>10 000 mg L–1 TDS). The role of nutrients remains largely unquantified in saline systems. We propose that alternative-states theory provides the basis of a conceptual framework for predicting impacts on wetlands affected by secondary salinisation. The ability to recognise and predict a change in state with changes in salinity adds a further tool to decision-making processes. A change in state represents a fundamental change in ecosystem function and may be difficult to reverse. This information is also important for the development of restoration strategies. Further work is required to better understand the influence of temporal variation in salinity on vegetation states and probable hysteresis effects.
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Cole, Ian, Ian D. Lunt, and Terry Koen. "Effects of soil disturbance, weed control and mulch treatments on establishment of Themeda triandra (Poaceae) in a degraded white box (Eucalyptus albens) woodland in central western New South Wales." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 5 (2004): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04010.
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Temperate grassy woodlands are endangered ecosystems in Australia, and many degraded remnants are in desperate need of understorey restoration. This experiment compared the effects of soil disturbance, weed control and mulch treatments on establishment of the original dominant grass, Themeda triandra Forssk., in a degraded white box (Eucalyptus albens Benth.) woodland at Cowra in central New South Wales (NSW). Awned Themeda seeds were surface-sown into replicated plots treated as follows: soil scalping, soil disturbance (by ripping), herbicide (simazine) application and retention of natural mulch. Scalping combined with soil disturbance best promoted Themeda establishment (47.8% after 40 days and 28% after 518 days), and also reduced broadleaf-herb densities. By contrast, scalping without soil disturbance had the worst effect on Themeda establishment (5.2% after 40 days and 4.5% after 518 days). Disturbance significantly enhanced Themeda establishment and decreased the density of annual grasses and the basal cover of non-Themeda species. By contrast, the retention of 500–800 kg of natural surface mulch had no apparent effect on Themeda establishment. Contrary to expectations, simazine reduced the density and basal cover of all species, including Themeda, which is normally resistant to this herbicide. All combinations of the mulched, disturbed and herbicide treatments (i.e. all treatments except scalping) gave similar results, ranging from 10.7 to 22.0 Themeda plants m–2 after 518 days. These results suggest that Themeda stands can be established in degraded box woodlands by using awned seed materials, with minimal seedbed preparation and simple sowing techniques. Further studies are required to determine whether established swards can resist weed invasion in the absence of ongoing weed management, and whether establishment success varies with soil conditions and landscape position.
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HOBBS, RICHARD J., and LYN ATKINS. "Spatial variability of experimental fires in south-west Western Australia." Austral Ecology 13, no. 3 (September 1988): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1988.tb00977.x.
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Cooper, C. E., P. C. Withers, P. R. Mawson, S. D. Bradshaw, J. Prince, and H. Roberston. "Metabolic ecology of cockatoos in the south-west of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 1 (2002): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00067.
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This study examined the metabolic ecology of six cockatoo taxa endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. As the availability of food is one factor that may influence the abundance and distribution of these cockatoos, we document here their baseline energy requirements and feeding patterns. Evaporative waterloss was also measured as this may correlate with the aridity of the species’ environment. Basal metabolic rate was significantly lower at 0.62 ± 0.13 mL O2 g–1 h–1 for the inland red-tailed black cockatoo than 1.11 ± 0.16 mL O2 g–1 h–1 for the forest red-tailed black cockatoo, but there was no significant difference in metabolic rate between the two white-tailed black cockatoos (0.86 ± 0.18 for Carnaby’s and 0.81 ± 0.11 mL O2 g–1 h–1 for Baudin’s) or the two corellas (0.95 ± 0.12 for Butler’s and 0.70 ± 0.04 mL O2 g–1 h–1 for Muir’s). There were no significant differences between the two white-tailed black cockatoos, and between the two corellas, with respect to evaporative water loss. The inland red-tailed black cockatoo had a significantly lower rate of evaporative water loss (0.44 ± 0.07 mg g–1 h–1) than the forest red-tailed black cockatoo (0.70 ± 0.06 mg g–1 h–1), which is presumably an adaptation to its more arid habitat. The total energy content of assorted native and introduced food items that form significant proportions of the diets for these cockatoos varied from only 0.17 kJ for a 9-mg Emex australis seed to 63.9 kJ for a 3-g Banksia attenuata nut. The energy content of each food item and the estimated daily energy requirements of the cockatoos enabled the calculation of the numbers of nuts/cones/seeds required by each species for a day, which ranged from 11 B. attenuata nuts for a Carnaby’s cockatoo to 3592 Persoonia longifolia seeds for a forest red-tailed black cockatoo.
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Hart, J. M., and M. J. Henwood. "Brachyscias (Apiaceae): a new genus from south-west Western Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 12, no. 2 (1999): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb98002.
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The new monotypic genus Brachyscias (Apiaceae) isdescribed from south-west Western Australia.Brachyscias verecundus J.M.Hart & M.J.Henwoodshowsclosest affinities to the endemic genusChlaenosciadium,but differs from this genus in itspossession of glabrous, ternately divided leaves, its foliaceous involucralbracts and bracteoles (with no whorl of bracts around flowers between therays) and by its nectaries being adnate to the styles. The undulate surfacetexture of the fruit of Brachyscias further separates itfrom Chlaenosciadium.
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Cresswell, GR, and JL Peterson. "The Leeuwin Current south of Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 44, no. 2 (1993): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9930285.
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Satellite images as well as data collected in situ were used to follow the seasonal changes of the Leeuwin Current south of Western Australia (WA) in 1986-87. The current has two major sources: salty subtropical water from west of WA, and fresher tropical water from north of WA. In summer, the tropical waters are excluded by the strong equatorward wind stress. In autumn and winter, this wind stress is reduced and tropical waters flood southward to dominate the flow. Nevertheless, salty subtropical water is entrained en route, and so, whatever the season, the Leeuwin Current is more saline than the 'local' subantarctic waters off southern WA. From a research vessel, observations were made on the current and one of its offshoots in June 1987. The Leeuwin Current had a maximum surface speed of more than 1 m s-1 just beyond the shelf edge. Its warm, low-salinity surface core rode on a sheath of higher-salinity subtropical water that it had entrained upstream. The first survey of the offshoot showed it to be 50 km across and 130 m deep (for water warmer than 17�C), and it extended 200 km seaward (as deduced from a satellite image). Velocities in the offshoot ranged up to 1 m s-1 southward and 1 m s-1 north-eastward on the western and eastern sides, respectively. Richardson numbers were, in places, as low as 0.25. On a second survey two days later, the offshoot was found to have pinched off and the remnant bulge on the edge of the parent stream to have moved 30 km eastward. The flow around this bulge reached 1.6 m s-'. The offshoot/bulge was possibly first formed in April, and it kept its identity at least until August. During this time, it moved eastward at speeds between 2 and 15 km day-1. In June, the offshoot was estimated to contain water equivalent to five days' transport of the parent current.
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Sherwood, John E., Jim M. Bowler, Stephen P. Carey, John Hellstrom, Ian J. McNiven, Colin V. Murray-Wallace, John R. Prescott, et al. "The Moyjil site, south-west Victoria, Australia: chronology." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 130, no. 2 (2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs18005.
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An unusual shell deposit at Moyjil (Point Ritchie), Warrnambool, in western Victoria, has previously been dated at 67±10 ka and has features suggesting a human origin. If human, the site would be one of Australia’s oldest, justifying a redetermination of age using amino acid racemisation (AAR) dating of Lunella undulata (syn. Turbo undulatus) opercula (the dominant shellfish present) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of the host calcarenite. AAR dating of the shell bed and four Last Interglacial (LIG) beach deposits at Moyjil and Goose Lagoon, 30 km to the west, confirmed a LIG age. OSL analysis of the host sand revealed a complex mixing history, with a significant fraction (47%) of grains giving an early LIG age (120–125 ka) using a three-component mixing model. Shell deposition following the LIG sea-level maximum at 120–125 ka is consistent with stratigraphic evidence. A sand layer immediately below the shell deposit gave an age of ~240 ka (i.e. MIS 7) and appears to have been a source of older sand incorporated into the shell deposit. Younger ages (~60–80 ka) are due to bioturbation before calcrete finally sealed the deposit. Uranium/thorium methods were not applicable to L. undulata opercula or an otolith of the fish Argyrosomus hololepidotus because they failed to act as closed systems. A U–Th age of 103 ka for a calcrete sheet within the 240 ka sand indicates a later period of carbonate deposition. Calcium carbonate dripstone from a LIG wave-cut notch gave a U–Th age of 11–14 ka suggesting sediment cover created a cave-like environment at the notch at this time. The three dating techniques have collectively built a chronology spanning the periods before and after deposition of the shell bed, which occurred just after the LIG sea-level maximum (120–125 ka).
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Cochrane, HR, G. Scholz, and AME Vanvreswyk. "Sodic soils in Western Australia." Soil Research 32, no. 3 (1994): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940359.
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Sodic soils are common throughout Western Australia, particularly in the south-west agricultural area where they occur mainly as duplex or gradational profiles. Soils with sodic properties are dominant in 26% of the state; saline-sodic sediments and soils in intermittent streams, lakes and estuarine plains occupy a further 5%. Sodic soils are moderately common throughout the south and western portion of the rangeland areas (38% of the state). The south-west coastal sands and the desert and rangeland soils to the north and east of the state are rarely sodic. Although sodicity has been recognized as a discrete problem in W.A. soils since the 1920s, the extent and severity of sodicity has been satisfactorily described only for small areas of the state and most land managers are unaware of the role sodicity plays in limiting the productivity of their soils. Sodicity is implicated in a diversity of problems for both agricultural and non-agricultural uses of Western Australian soils. Subsoil impermeability is probably the most widespread of these, but no comprehensive, quantitative assessment of the influence of exchangeable sodium on subsoil properties has been undertaken. Topsoil sodicity is much less extensive but can severely restrict land productivity, particularly on sandy loam and finer textured soils which set hard when dry. The physical behaviour of Western Australian topsoils cannot usefully be predicted from measurements of exchangeable sodium alone because soils differ so greatly in their response to changing exchangeable sodium. Some remain structurally stable at ESP values >15 while others are so 'sodium-sensitive' that they exhibit highly dispersive behaviour at ESP values as low as 2%. Land values over much of the dryland farming and pastoral areas of W.A. do not justify sustained use of amendments which would reduce soil exchangeable sodium contents. Efficient management of sodic soils in these areas must rely on the prevention of degradation and the use of biological and physical means to maintain adequate soil physical properties. Effective restoration of degraded sodic soils, however, often does require application of inorganic amendments in combination with tillage to initiate structural recovery. Sodicity is currently not considered to be a problem at any of the three main irrigation areas in W.A., but all have sodic soil within their potentially irrigable lands, which may limit their future expansion.
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King, DR, AJ Oliver, and SH Wheeler. "The European Rabbit Flea, Spilopsyllus Cuniculi, in South-Western Australia." Wildlife Research 12, no. 2 (1985): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850227.
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Spilopsyllus cuniculi, a vector of myxomatosis, was introduced by various methods at several sites in the south-west of Western Australia in May 1969 for the biological control of rabbits. It spread rapidly and within 14 months all rabbits collected within about 5 km of one of the release sites were infested with fleas. Further introductions of the flea during the past decade have resulted in a wide distribution for it throughout the south-west of the state. Flea numbers fluctuate seasonally and are highest in reproductively active female rabbits in winter and spring. Since the introductions of the flea, the timing of epizootics of myxomatosis has changed and their effect on rabbit populations has increased.
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Peacock, D. E. "Historical accounts of the numbat Myrmecobius fasciatus from south-west Western Australia." Australian Mammalogy 28, no. 1 (2006): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am06012.
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The numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus ) was formerly widespread across most of southern Western Australia, South Australia and western New South Wales. It delined in the early 1900's, possibly due to foxes, cats, or an epizootic. Protection through control of foxes and cats, and translocation, has resulted in several populations being re-established at sites of historical distribution.
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Lindsay, Michael D. A., Andrew Jardine, Cheryl A. Johansen, Anthony E. Wright, Susan A. Harrington, and Philip Weinstein. "Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) fauna in inland areas of south-west Western Australia." Australian Journal of Entomology 46, no. 1 (February 2007): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.2007.00581.x.
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Phillips, Ryan D., Gary Backhouse, Andrew P. Brown, and Stephen D. Hopper. "Biogeography of Caladenia (Orchidaceae), with special reference to the South-west Australian Floristic Region." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 4 (2009): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08157.
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Caladenia contains 376 species and subspecies, of which almost all are endemic to temperate and southern semiarid Australia. Eleven species occur in New Zealand, 10 of which are endemic, and one species is widely distributed in eastern Australia and the western Pacific. Only three species occur in both south-western and south-eastern Australia. At subgeneric level, Drakonorchis is endemic to the South-west Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR), Stegostyla to eastern Australia and New Zealand, whereas three subgenera, Calonema, Phlebochilus and Elevatae occur on both sides of the Nullarbor Plain. Subgenus Caladenia is primarily eastern Australian but also extends to the western Pacific. The largest subgenera (Calonema and Phlebochilus) have radiated extensively, with Calonema exhibiting a greater concentration of species in more mesic parts of the SWAFR than Phlebochilus. Within the SWAFR, the major biogeographic division within Caladenia follows the 600-mm isohyet. Within rainfall zones, biogeographic districts for Caladenia correlate with a combination of underlying geology and surface soils. Areas of high endemism contain diverse edaphic environments. Climatic and edaphic requirements are likely to be key drivers of rarity in Caladenia, although these parameters may be acting in concert with mycorrhizal and pollinator specificity.
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Lullfitz, Alison, Margaret Byrne, Lynette Knapp, and Stephen D. Hopper. "Platysace (Apiaceae) of south-western Australia: silent story tellers of an ancient human landscape." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 130, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa035.
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Abstract High gene flow and a population structure corresponding to human rather than geographical drivers are likely to be genetic patterns of human-dispersed plant taxa. We examined variation in geographical structure and gene flow estimates based on three non-coding regions of plastid DNA in three south-west Australian members of the Platysace genus to identify whether a human influence on dispersion of utilized taxa was detectable. Edible tubers of Platysace deflexa and Platysace trachymenioides have been harvested historically by Noongar traditional owners, whereas Platysace effusa has no known cultural significance. We found differences between utilized and non-utilized taxa, particularly when considered against the generally complex phylogeographical patterning in south-west Australian plant taxa. Platysace effusa showed a pattern of high population divergence, low gene flow and multiple refugia, consistent with a long evolutionary history, past climatic oscillations and persistence in a highly fragmented landscape. In contrast, higher gene flow estimates, less divergence between populations and common haplotypes in P. deflexa and in P. trachymenioides over the south-eastern part of its range are consistent with anthropogenic influences. This study contributes to the understanding of human influences on south-west Australian plant taxa that have been present since the late Pleistocene, but to date have received little scientific attention.
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Halse, S. A., J. K. Ruprecht, and A. M. Pinder. "Salinisation and prospects for biodiversity in rivers and wetlands of south-west Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 6 (2003): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02113.
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Saline water was common in south-west Western Australian aquatic systems prior to land-clearing because most streams and wetlands were ephemeral and evapo-concentrated as they dried, and there were high concentrations of stored salt in groundwater and soil profiles. Nevertheless, a 1998 review of salinity trends in rivers of south-west Western Australia showed that 20-fold increases in salinity concentrations had occurred since clearing in the medium-rainfall zone (300–700 mm). More recent data confirm these trends and show that elevated salinities have already caused substantial changes to the biological communities of aquatic ecosystems. Further substantial changes will occur, despite the flora and fauna of the south-west being comparatively well adapted to the presence of salinity in the landscape. Up to one-third of wetland and river invertebrate species, large numbers of plants and a substantial proportion of the waterbird fauna will disappear from the wheatbelt, a region that has high biodiversity value and endemism. Increased salinities are not the only threat associated with salinisation: increased water volumes, longer periods of inundation and more widespread acidity are also likely to be detrimental to the biota.
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Lambkin, KJ. "Revision of the Australian scorpion-fly genus Harpobittacus (Mecoptera : Bittacidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 8, no. 4 (1994): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9940767.
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Harpobittacus Gerstaecker is the largest of the six genera of Australian Bittacidae. Adults occur in eastern, south-eastern and south-western Australian eucalypt woodland and coastal heathland during spring and summer and sometimes autumn. The genus contains 11 species, which are diagnosed in the present revision: H. australis (Klug) [= australis rubripes Riek, syn. nov., = corethrarius (Rambur), = intermedius (Selys-Longchamps)] (south-east Australia, including Tasmania); H. albatus Riek, stat. nov. (= limnaeus Smithers, syn. nov.) (coastal eastern Australia); H. christine, sp. nov. (inland south-east Queensland); H. tillyardi Esben-Petersen ( = nigratus Navás) (coastal eastern Australia); H. rubricatus Riek (inland south-east Australia); H. scheibeli Esben-Petersen (= brewerae Smithers, syn. nov.) (inland and coastal eastern Australia); H. septentrionis, sp. nov. (coastal north Queensland); H. nigriceps (Selys-Longchamps) (mainland south-east Australia); H. similis Esben-Petersen, H. quasisimilis, sp. nov., and H. phaeoscius Riek (all south-west Western Australia). Cladistic analysis has produced the following hypothesis of relationships: (((australis (albatus christine)) (tillyardi rubricatus)) ((similis quasisimilis) ((scheibeli septentrionis) (nigriceps phaeoscius))). Immediate sister-species show little or no overlap in their geographic distributions.
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Butcher, Ryonen, and Jennifer A. Chappill. "A revision of the Sphaerolobium fornicatum complex (Leguminosae: Mirbelieae) from south-west Western Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 17, no. 5 (2004): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb04017.
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In this paper the Sphaerolobium fornicatum Benth. complex is revised. The name S.�fornicatum is correctly applied to collections with very slender stems and opposite phyllotaxis from near the south coast of Western Australia and two new, closely allied species, S.�calcicola R.Butcher and S.�hygrophilum R.Butcher, are described and distinguished from S.�fornicatum. A morphometric study shows that these three taxa are distinct and a UPGMA classification and MDS ordination of selected specimens is presented. Illustrations, distribution maps and full descriptions of the taxa within this complex are provided, together with a taxonomic key to these and other species of Sphaerolobium possessing distinctly black-punctate calyces.
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Briggs, BG, LAS Johnson, and SL Krauss. "The species of Alexgeorgea, a Western Australian genus of the restionaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 3, no. 4 (1990): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9900751.
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The three species of Alexgeorgea Carlquist are revised, including A. ganopoda L. Johnson & B. Briggs, a newly described rare species of the Mt Frankland–Bow River region of the south-west of Western Australia.
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Gouws, Gavin, Barbara A. Stewart, and Savel R. Daniels. "Phylogeographic structure of a freshwater crayfish (Decapoda:Parastacidae:Cherax preissii) in south-western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 57, no. 8 (2006): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf05248.
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Although phylogeographic patterns of freshwater decapods elsewhere in Australia are well documented, little is known of the phylogeography and biogeography of the endemic freshwater fauna of south-western Australia. Here, the phylogeographic structure of a freshwater crayfish, Cherax preissii Erichson, 1846, was investigated to determine contemporary and historical patterns of gene flow and to examined evolutionary and biogeographical scenarios. Allozyme and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial DNA data were collected from 15 populations, sampled across the known C. preissii distribution. Both markers revealed a clear distinction and separation among populations occurring in the north-western and southern portions of the distribution. Inferences of allopatric fragmentation and molecular dating attributed the divergence of the aquatic fauna of these regions to periods of Pliocene–Pleistocene aridity. Connectivity appeared to be greater within each of these regions. Evidence suggested contemporary, but not ongoing, gene flow, particularly within the southern region. This was possibly facilitated by dispersal during pluvial Pleistocene periods or drainage connectivity during episodic marine regressions. The divergence and distributions of these lineages parallels patterns seen in other freshwater crayfish of the region. More explicit investigation of these and further fine-scale phylogeographic studies may contribute to the understanding of biogeography and evolution in the south-west, and may further refine currently recognised biogeographical regions.
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Growns, IO, and JA Davis. "Effects of forestry activities (clearfelling) on stream macroinvertebrate fauna in south-western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 6 (1994): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940963.
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The effects of forestry activities on macroinvertebrate community structure were examined in the headwaters of Carey Brook in the south-west of Australia. The fauna at four sites on an upland stream that ran through a logging coupe were compared, before and after clearfelling, with the fauna at four nearby undisturbed sites. Mean species richness and mean total abundance declined at the treatment sites relative to the control sites after the commencement of clearfelling activities. The composition of the macroinvertebrate fauna in the disturbed stream changed in comparison with that in the undisturbed sites after logging started but returned to the pre-logging composition after winter and spring rains had stopped. The observed changes in the macroinvertebrate fauna occurred during the periods of high loads of suspended inorganic solids at the treatment sites. The possible reasons for the observed results are discussed.
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Davis, Robert A., Leonie E. Valentine, Michael D. Craig, Barbara Wilson, Wesley J. Bancroft, and Marnie Mallie. "Impact of Phytophthora-dieback on birds in Banksia woodlands in south west Western Australia." Biological Conservation 171 (March 2014): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.01.027.
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Wheeler, SH, and DR King. "The European Rabbit in South- Western Australia II. Reproduction." Wildlife Research 12, no. 2 (1985): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850197.
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'The reproduction of the European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), at two intensive study sites in south-western Australia is compared with reproductive data from rabbits taken throughout the coastal and inland districts of the south-west region. South-western Australia has hot, arid summers and cool wet winters. Rabbit breeding in the region is characteristic of that in Mediterranean climates, with a winter breeding season which begins when pastures germinate with the initial winter rainfall (April-May) and ceases when the pastures dry out at the end of the year. Unseasonal cyclonic rain can promote pasture growth in summer, leading to limited breeding. At all times of year there were some fertile males, with fewest at the height of summer, followed by an increase before the winter breeding season. Near the coast, male fertility increased more rapidly than further inland. At our two study sites at Cape Naturaliste (on the coast) and Chidlow (55 km inland) the pattern was similar to that in the coastal district. Production of kittens was greater near the coast than further inland, because near the coast there was a high early peak in incidence of pregnancy, a second peak late in the year, and litters remained large throughout the breeding season. In the inland district, the early incidence of pregnancy was lower, there was no second peak, and litter sizes fell at the end of the year. Female reproduction at Cape Naturaliste was typical of that in the coastal district, but that at Chidlow was typical of the inland. The second peak of pregnancy at Cape Naturaliste was due to intensive breeding by subadults born earlier in the year. The differences in female reproduction and productivity between the coastal and inland districts are probably because pasture growth begins earlier and is better in the more fertile coastal areas than in the inland. That nutrition is better for rabbits in the coastal areas than in the inland is reflected in higher growth rates of kittens at Cape Naturaliste than at Chidlow. It is postulated, on the basis of the literature and the results of our studies, that the factor which determines whether rabbits will breed is the presence of growing vegetation, and that the intensity of breeding is influenced by a seasonal cycle in fertility.
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Paterson, H. L., B. Knott, A. J. Koslow, and A. M. Waite. "The grazing impact of microzooplankton off south west Western Australia: as measured by the dilution technique." Journal of Plankton Research 30, no. 4 (February 1, 2008): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbn004.
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Fulton, Graham R. "Owl survey of the Peel–Harvey Estuary in south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 2 (2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo17027.
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Little is known of owls in south-western Australia compared with the owls of southern and eastern Australia. Surveys of forest owls in the south-west are almost completely lacking. This study sought to determine the abundance and detectability of owls immediately around the Peel–Harvey Estuary in south-western Australia. The southern boobook (Ninox boobook) and the masked owl (Tyto novaehollandiae) were the only owls detected (n = 23 and n = 1 respectively), although the nocturnal tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides) was detected from unelicited calls on three occasions. Southern boobooks were found to be common in this area though they are reported to be in decline in south-eastern and inland Australia. Their detectability was significantly greater in August (late winter) than at other times through unelicited calls; otherwise, there were no detections in winter. A variety of small mammals were detected during the surveys, including: a little red flying-fox (Pteropus scapulatus), a western ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus occidentalis), 19 southern brown bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus), 4 common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), 21 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), a black rat (Rattus rattus), 2 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and 22 microbats.
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Cochrane, J. A., S. Barrett, L. Monks, and R. Dillon. "Partnering conservation actions. Inter situ solutions to recover threatened species in South West Western Australia." Kew Bulletin 65, no. 4 (December 2010): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12225-010-9233-0.
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Lowrie, Allen, and John G. Conran. "A revision of the Drosera omissa /D. nitidula complex (Droseraceae) from south-west Western Australia." TAXON 56, no. 2 (May 2007): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.562024.
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Plucinski, M. P., W. L. McCaw, J. S. Gould, and B. M. Wotton. "Predicting the number of daily human-caused bushfires to assist suppression planning in south-west Western Australia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 4 (2014): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13090.
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Data from bushfire incidents in south-west Western Australia from the Departments of Parks and Wildlife and Fire and Emergency Services were used to develop models that predict the number of human-caused bushfires within 10 management areas. Fire incident data were compiled with weather variables, binary classifications of day types (e.g. school days) and counts of the number of fires that occurred over recent days. Models were developed using negative binomial regression with a dataset covering 3 years and evaluated using data from an independent year. A common model form that included variables relating to fuel moisture content, the number of recent human-caused bushfires, work day (binary classification separating weekends and public holidays from other days) and rainfall was applied to all areas. The model had reasonable fit statistics across all management areas, but showed enough day-to-day prediction variability to be of practical use only in the more densely populated management areas, which were dominated by deliberate ignitions. The findings of this study should be of interest to fire managers in Mediterranean climatic regions where a variety of practices are used to manage wildfires.
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Hnatiuk, RJ, and BR Maslin. "Phytogeography of Acacia in Australia in Relation to Climate and Species-Richness." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 4 (1988): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880361.
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This paper reports on the kinds of geographic patterns encountered in the distribution of Australian species of Acacia and on some climatic correlates of these patterns. The analyses were based on distribution data of 837 species mapped on a 1° x 1.5° grid. The area of highest density of species was the south-west corner of the continent, especially adjacent to the major boundary separating the Arid Zone from the more humid South West Botanical Province. The second major centre of richness occurred in eastern Australia south of the Tropic of Capricorn along the topographically heterogeneous Great Dividing Range. Secondary centres of species-richness occurred in northern and north-eastern Australia, a number of rocky tablelands of the Arid Zone and in western Victoria. The principal species-poor areas were located in sandy and some riverine areas of the Arid Zone, in temperate forests of Tasmania and in coastal areas of the north of the continent. The geographic patterns of each section of Acacia, when combined with those of species density, highlighted the tropical (section Juliflorae) v. temperate areas (sections Phyllodineae, Pulchellae, Botrycephalae and Alatae). The numerical classification of grids resulted in the recognition of eight major Acacia areas, arranged under four Acacia regions: (1) South-west; (2) Eastern, comprising a southern and a northern area; (3) Northern, comprising an eastern and a western area; (4) Central, comprising a south-east, a central and a north-west area. A discriminant function analysis indicated that precipitation was more important than temperature in distinguishing between areas. Discussion of the potential evolutionary significance of these findings and brief comparison with other biogeographic studies are given.
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Henderson, RJF. "Studies in Euphorbiaceae A.L.Juss., sens. lat. I.* A revision of Amperea Adr. Juss. (Acalyphoideae Ascherson, Amphereae Muell. Arg.)." Australian Systematic Botany 5, no. 1 (1992): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9920001.
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The genus Amperea Adr. Juss. contains eight species, six of which are confined to the south-west of Western Australia. The seventh occurs only in central Australia while the eighth ranges from central Queensland to Tasmania and extends to the south-east of South Australia. A. simulans, from Western Australia, is described as new, and A. xiphoclada var. papillata and A. xiphoclada var. pedicellata from New South Wales are recognised as new varieties; A. xiphoclada var. pedicellata is probably now extinct. Lectotypes are chosen for A. micrantha and A. volubilis. All species are described in detail and a key to identify them is provided. The diagnostic relevance of a range of attributes of the genus is reviewed as is its classificatory history.* The first of a projected series of revisions of genera traditionally included in Stenolobeae Benth., and others related to them, which are intended to form the basis of future Flora of Australia accounts.
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Scott, JK, and PB Yeoh. "The Rediscovery and Distribution of Rumex drummondii (Polygonaceae) in South-Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 43, no. 4 (1995): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9950397.
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Rumex drummondii Meisn., a south-western Australian endemic vascular plant species recorded from widely separated localities, had not been collected for 46 years and was considered possibly extinct. The methods developed from search theory, which has been used for finding lost people or objects, were applied to finding R. drummondii, starting from previous records. Eleven populations of the species were discovered within a 50 km radius in the Kalgan River and Manypeaks region. A disjunct population of six plants was found in 1992 in a parking area at a crossing of the Moore River, 480 km north north west of the others, but had disappeared by 1994. Surveys in the Gingin Brook and Moore River region and between Kalannie and Kulja, another disjunct record, failed to find further plants. The species occupies temporarily wet depressions, lake edges and roadside excavations and dam edges protected from grazing by sheep; habitats also occupied by congeneric weedy species. The species occurs on road verges and farmland and is known from one nature reserve. The rediscovery of R. drummondii enables it to be included in the assessment of potential biological control agents for related weed species in the genera Emex and Rumex.
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King, DR, and SH Wheeler. "The European Rabbit in South-Western Australia. I. Study Sites and Population Dynamics." Wildlife Research 12, no. 2 (1985): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850183.
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Descriptions are given of 2 study sites in the south-west of Western Australia, on which rabbit numbers were monitored. Breeding seasons began in March or April, with the onset of winter rain, and rabbit numbers peaked in October-December, followed by a fall over the non-breeding period in summer. Winter epizootics of myxomatosis, which were spread by Spilopsyllus cuniculi, caused severe declines in rabbit numbers at both sites. Summer epizootics at one site before the introduction of the flea as a biological control agent, and rabbit mortality during these, was lower than in the winter epizootics.
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JUPP, T. "The status of cockatoos in south-west Western Australia and conservation efforts by Perth Zoo." International Zoo Yearbook 37, no. 1 (January 2000): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2000.tb00709.x.
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Smith, G. T., and L. A. Moore. "Patterns of Movement in the Western Long-billed Corella Cacatua pastinator in the South-west of Western Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 92, no. 1 (March 1992): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9920019.
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Sherwood, John E., Ian J. McNiven, and Laurie Laurenson. "The Moyjil site, south-west Victoria, Australia: shells as evidence of the deposit’s origin." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 130, no. 2 (2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs18006.
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Characteristics of marine shellfish and other species found in a Last Interglacial (LIG) shell deposit at Point Ritchie (Moyjil) at Warrnambool in south-western Victoria have been compared to those from modern and LIG natural beach deposits, Holocene Aboriginal middens and modern Pacific Gull (Larus pacificus) middens. The research was aimed at determining whether properties such as shell speciation, size or taphonomy could identify the mechanism responsible for formation of the Moyjil deposit. Marine species found in the Moyjil deposit resemble those found in both Aboriginal and Pacific Gull middens and are non-discriminatory for the two types. Taphonomic properties such as wear and breakage pattern of opercula of the dominant species, Lunella undulata (syn. Turbo undulatus), are non-diagnostic because of post-depositional erosion and transport effects in the available specimens. The size of L. undulata opercula show clear bias toward larger individuals, in common with Aboriginal and seabird middens, when compared to natural shell deposits. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) of the size distributions shows a greater similarity of the Moyjil deposit to the two seabird middens than the two Aboriginal middens. Small individuals (operculum L. undulata as well as smaller shellfish species are absent from the seabird middens studied, but they are present in Aboriginal middens and in the Moyjil deposit. Overall, we conclude that shell properties alone are not sufficient to distinguish which predator collected the shellfish occurring in the deposit.
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Dundas, Shannon J., Peter J. Adams, and Patricia A. Fleming. "First in, first served: uptake of 1080 poison fox baits in south-west Western Australia." Wildlife Research 41, no. 2 (2014): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13136.
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Context In Western Australia, baits containing 1080 poison are widely used to control the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) for fauna conservation. Despite long-term (15–17 years) baiting programs, bait uptake by target and non-target species is largely unknown, but affects baiting efficacy. Aims We examined bait uptake of 1080-poisoned fox baits laid according to current practice at seven riparian sites in the northern jarrah forest (of south-west Western Australia). There, intensive baiting regimes have been implemented for the protection of quokka (Setonix brachyurus) populations. Methods Over 9 months, 299 Probait® baits were monitored regularly to determine their persistence, and, at 142 of these, Reconyx HC500 remote cameras were used to identify the species taking baits. To compare bait uptake with species presence at these sites, we calculated an activity index for each species from the number of passes of animals in front of the cameras. Key results The species taking baits was identified for 100 of the baits monitored with cameras, and, because of multiple species taking baits, 130 bait take incidents were recorded in total. The fate of 40 of the baits was not discernible and two baits were not removed. In all, 99% of baits monitored by cameras were taken by non-target species and quokkas took 48% of them. The majority of baits (62% of the total 299 monitored) were taken before or on the first night of deployment, and 95% of baits had been taken within 7 days. With the exception of feral pigs, which took more baits than predicted from their activity index at these sites, baits were taken in proportion to the activity index of species. Foxes were present at four of the seven sites, but only one fox was observed taking a bait. Conclusions The high level of uptake of baits by non-target animals reflects their diversity and abundance at these sites, but also significantly reduces the availability of baits to control foxes. Implications Strategies to reduce non-target bait uptake and increase bait availability for foxes are required.
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Andersen, Nils Møller, and Tom A. Weir. "The Gerrine Water Striders of Australia (Hemiptera: Gerridae): Taxonomy, Distribution and Ecology." Invertebrate Systematics 11, no. 2 (1997): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it95047.
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Water striders or pond skaters belonging to the subfamily Gerrinae are common inhabitants of various types of fresh water throughout eastern and northern Australia. The present paper deals with the 13 species (in 5 genera) known from Australia. Redescriptions or descriptive notes, illustrations, and keys to adults and nymphs of all species are provided and their distributions recorded and mapped.Tenagogerris pallidusand T. femoratus (both from Northern Territory and Western Australia), Tenagogonus australiensis (Queensland), Limnometra ciliodes (Queensland, Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya), and Limnogonus fossarum gilguy (Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Indo-Malayan Archipelago, and West Pacific to Samoa and Tonga) are described as new. Limnometra poliakanthinaNieser & Chen is synonymised with L. cursitans (Fabricius) and Hydrometra australis Skuse (= Limnometra skusei Torre-Bueno) with Limnogonus luctuosus (Montrouzier). The evolution and zoogeography of Australian water striders are discussed. Finally, we discuss the ecology of the gerrine water striders of Australia in relation to our present knowledge about habitats, phenology, wing polymorphism, and association between species.
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Lis, Jerzy A. "A revision of Australian species of the genus Macroscytus Fieber (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae)." Insect Systematics & Evolution 29, no. 4 (1998): 459–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631298x00078.
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AbstractA revision of Australian species of the genus Macroscytus Fieber is presented, including descriptions of eight new species: M. annulipoides (Queensland), M. arnhemicus (Queensland, Northern Territory), M. australoides (South Australia), M. bisetosus (Queensland), M. glaberrimus (Queensland), M. minimus (Queensland), M. monteithi (Queensland), and M. pseudaustralis (Western Australia). M. dilatatus (Signoret, 1881) is synonymized with M. piceus (West-wood, 1837). A key for the determination of all Australian species of the genus is provided.
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Wheeler, M. A., and M. Byrne. "Congruence between phylogeographic patterns in cpDNA variation in Eucalyptus marginata (Myrtaceae) and geomorphology of the Darling Plateau, south-west of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 1 (2006): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05086.
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Phylogeographic patterns in the cp genome of Eucalyptus marginata Don ex Sm., a species common in the mesic region of south-western Australia, were investigated by using RFLP analysis. The chloroplast diversity was structured into two geographically distinct lineages and nested clade analysis inferred historical fragmentation as the major influence on the phylogeographic pattern. The lineages were separated along the geomorphological boundary of the Darling Scarp, which separates the Coastal Plain from the Darling Plateau. The divergence between the lineages is consistent with uplifting of the Darling Plateau in the late Neogene. Further geographic structuring in haplotype distributions was evident in the forest lineage on the Darling Plateau, where one sublineage was present in the central forest region and another was restricted to the south-eastern region. The level of divergence between these sublineages was similar to that between divergent lineages that have been identified in comparative phylogeographic studies of cpDNA variation in three species widespread throughout south-western Australia. In these species, divergence was attributed to the influence of significant changes in climatic oscillations across the semi-arid region during the mid-Pleistocene. The divergence identified in this study indicates that the influence of climatic change was widespread throughout south-western Australia, including the mesic, higher-rainfall region.
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Hamilton, LJ. "Statistical features of the Oceanographic area off south-western Australia, obtained from Bathythermograph data." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 4 (1986): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860421.
Full textAbstract:
A statistical analysis has been made of 26 years of bathythermograph (BT) data to 1980 for the south-west Australian area bounded by 30-35�s. and 110-115�E., a region influenced by the Leeuwin Current. The data indicate that a surface mixed layer exists all year round, with average depth 55 m and standard deviation 37 m. All but 2% of BT casts show a mixed-layer depth (MLD) less than 150 m. MLD are deepest in mid-year, particularly from July to September. Sea surface temperatures (SST) are significantly related to temperature values down to 200 m depth, especially in mid-year, for both eastern and western parts of the area separated by 113�E. Correlations of MLD with SST are significant only in the western part, and then only from January to March, and April to June. Long-term horizontally averaged temperature fields are broadly related through the water column from the surface to 200 m. All results indicate that, especially in mid-year, SST fields are related to subsurface temperature fields, which may be representative of flow structure. Seasonal differences exist between the eastern and western areas, caused by the Leeuwin Current.
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Read, J., P. Copley, and P. Bird. "The distribution, ecology and current status of Pseudomys desertor in South Australia." Wildlife Research 26, no. 4 (1999): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97051.
Full textAbstract:
Recent surveys have shown that the desert mouse (Pseudomys desertor), which was once considered to be rare in South Australia, is relatively widespread throughout the north-west of the State. However, historical localities in the Flinders Ranges and Nullarbor Plain were not matched with contemporary records, suggesting a range contraction to the central desert regions. Habitat preferences were determined from 78 captures at 41 sites, which revealed that samphire, sedge and nitrebush habitats, along with spinifex grassland, were favoured. A high tolerance to high rabbit numbers, mining activity, moderate cattle grazing pressures and cohabitation with Mus domesticus was evident. Pseudomys desertor is sometimes diurnal, possibly as a result of the time-consuming and regular foraging requirements of its folivorous diet. High mortality rates, resulting from prolonged exposure to predators, and lack of complex deep burrow systems are offset by its high fecundity and ecological plasticity. We consider that P. desertor is secure in the north-western arid zone of South Australia.