Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ressources marines – Exploitation – Guyane'
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Gomes, Hélène. "Gestion écosystémique et durabilité des pêcheries artisanales tropicales face aux changements globaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Guyane, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022YANE0004.
Full textGlobal changes induce high pressure on marine ecosystems, biodiversity and fisheries. In thatregard many scientists advocate the use of an ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM).However, the operationalization of such an ecosystem-based approach remains challenging. Thisthesis gives insight into the operationalization of EBFM for tropical coastal fisheries. To achievethat we propose a multi-species, multi-fleet and multi-criteria model of intermediate complexity(MICE), taking into account the impacts of global changes. The model is calibrated for theGuyanese small-scale coastal fishery. At local scale, global warming, the increase of populationand the variations of mangrove surface are considered as the main drivers of global changes.From the calibrated model, several fishing management strategies and environmental scenariosare compared in the long-run. In this context, the first results published (chapter 3) show thedetrimental impact of climate change on both marine biodiversity and fishery production. Thispaper also highlights the major role of ecological competition between species. Then, in thechapter 4, by comparing the bio-economic results obtained under each fishing managementstrategy, this research demonstrates the interest of Ecoviability strategies in terms ofsustainability and ecologico-economic reconciliation. The last results displayed in this thesis, inchapter 5, underline the positive impact of mangrove on ecologico-economic sustainability of thecoastal fishery, even if it is insufficient to balance the negative impact of warming. Beyond theseresults, this thesis brings a series of important transverse contributions. First, methodologically,this research permits to show the benefits of MICE to operationalize EBFM. Then, by highlightingthe major ecological factors of the ecosystem with on the one hand the interaction ofcompetition and on the other hand the environmental filters, the work sheds light on theecological complexities necessary for the EBFM. Finally, by evaluating and comparing theecologico-economic performances of several fishing strategies, this research permits to outlinepolicy recommendations to move towards the sustainability of the Guyanese coastal fishery andtowards EBFM, in the face of global changes
Willemez, Alix. "Exploitation durable des ressources énergétiques et minérales marines : aspects juridiques." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D016/document.
Full textThe exploitation of terrestrial energy and mineral resources is limited by the rapid increase of the world's population. It was only after the Second World War that States realised that they had to control the ocean in order to extract its resources. 1982 marks the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The maritime are: was then divided into zones, over which coastal States most often had rights. This division allowed for a better exploitation of maritime resources. In the territorial sea, for example, States could set up electricity production systems from renewable sources. Further, in the exclusive economic zone, States could allow the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons. Finally, on the continental shelf, the evolution of technology will soon allow us to exploit marine mineral resources. The central question is whether it is possible to exploit these resources in a sustainable way without destroying the marine environment. The protection of the environment cannot exist without a strong and applied legislation. It must be a bulwark against the actions of companies or States that have little regard for the long-term impact of their actions. The ocean, immense, with invisible and mysterious bottoms, is vulnerable. Its protection can only take place when the general public, States and companies understand its importance for the survival of Humanity. It is the duty of the men and women of law to render this protection effective
Gondeaux, Evelyne. "Elaboration d'une stratégie d'analyse des activités halieutiques des flottilles artisanales côtières : approche méthodologique appliquée au cas du MOR-BRAZ." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX22076.
Full textOuld, Mohamed Vall Mohamed. "Etude de la dynamique des systèmes d'exploitation et de l'écobiologie de la reproduction de trois Mugilidés : Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758), Liza aurata (Perugia, 1892) et Mugil capurii (Risso,1810) : analyse de leurs stratégies d'occupations des secteurs littoraux mauritaniens et de leurs possibilités d'aménagement." Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE4116.
Full textAbeidna, Mohamed. "Les ressources biologiques de la mer et le développement en Mauritanie." Nice, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NICE0030.
Full textBour, William. "Biologie, écologie, exploitation et gestion rationnelle des trocas (Trochus niloticus L. ) de Nouvelle Calédonie." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20022.
Full textDesmonts, Jean-René. "État côtier et développement durable : entre exploitation et protection environnementale : Les conflits d'usage en mer." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN0002.
Full textOver the last few years the sea has known a multiplication of its modes of exploitation. From now on, marine areas must be shared between the traditional users (fishing, marine cultures, sea traffic) and the new users of the sea (industrial activities, leisure), to whom is added an environmental use. Conflicts which arise from this competition in the use of these fragile environments require an intervention which needs to be increased and renewed by public authorities. Arbitration between these activities involves research by the authorities of a balance between the exploitation and the environmental protection of the sea. Despite recent reforms, the study of different administrations in charge of the sea has pointed out that the dispersed skills lead to the inefficient management of conflicts of use. Solutions are possible to optimize the organization and coordination in the State's policies on maritime affairs. These conflicts are then considered in connection with the regulation of the different activities. Preventing these conflicts of use requires that planned marine activities may be integrated into a management approach of the sea and the coast and improved by more effective tools and better coordination. However, after consultation, the development of European and national integrated maritime policies, applied at relevant scales, provide a better overall shared management of the sea. Finally, the resolution of these conflicts implies that civil society and the courts are more involved in the process and have to specialize
Anoh, Kouassi Paul. "Pêche, aquaculture et développement en Côte d'Ivoire." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT3001.
Full textProkop, Ingrid. "La gestion des ressources marines en perliculture dans la zone pacifique : au Japon, en Australie et en Polynésie française, les leçons de l'expérience japonaise." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA070049.
Full textEven though Japan is the first country to have produced cultured pearls with corporate names like Mikimoto and Tasaki becoming synonymous with the pearl industry itself, little academic work bas been done on the subject with even fewer Works being available in occidental languages. The traditional image of Japanese women divers gathering pearls from the seabed is dismantled in the face of a Japanese industry based on the latest techniques in biotechnology and generating tens of billions of yen per year. Japan's position at the center of the world pearl business bas faded due essentially to the structure of the Japanese pearl industry itself. A structure, reflecting Japan's monopoly of production and distribution, focused almost uniquely on production with an over emphasis on the akoya pearl is being forced to restructure to one recognising competitive production from abroad, a diversification of pearl products and vigorous attention to marketing and distribution in the global economy. The decline in akoya pearl production resulting from a high mortality rate of the pearl oyster reminds us that this industry is dependant upon the maintenance of a marine environment at its optimal natural condition. Production stability is inextricably connected to both the regulation of access to the sea and to the competing alternative usages of the sea which in some cases have brought about degradation of the marine environment. There is a need to readapt the whole pearl industry to a new paradigm: pearl culture is a unique process irrevocably demanding total respect for natural boundaries in the marine environment so as to produce what the market is asking for : quality pearls
Goñi, Nicolas. "Habitat et écologie trophique du germon (Thunnus alalunga) dans l'Atlantique Nord-Est : variabilité, implications sur la dynamique de la population." Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU3033.
Full textHabitat and trophic ecology of albacore (Thunnus alalunga) in the North-East Atlantic were studied through (1) the analysis of annual catch per unit of effort (CPUE), (2) sonic tracking and echosounding, (3) stomach content analysis and (4) fat content measurements. The vertical habitat of smaller individuals appears shallower, and limited by the seasonal thermocline in the case of age-2 albacore. An important geographical variability of the diet is shown, and suggests a possible geographical variability in the associated feeding behaviour. Stomach repletion appears higher, and ability to store energy lower and more variable in smaller individuals, which suggests higher energetic needs for these individuals. These results have implications on three aspects regarding the exploitation and assessment of the population: - a variability in the catchability of age-2 albacore, related to the variability of their thermal vertical habitat, can induce an important fishing mortality when their thermal habitat favours high catchabilty levels, and introduce a bias in the stock assessment if the environmental influences on catchability are not taken into account. - a geographical variability of albacore catchability by trolling and baitboat, related to the geographical variability of their feeding behaviour, could also introduce a bias in CPUE standardization. - a higher natural mortality in smaller individuals, due to important energetic needs related to their growth and to their physiological restrictions
Pahor, Sandra. "L'accès des états en développement aux ressources de la zone en droit international public : évolutions contemporaines." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0566.
Full textIn 1982, part XI of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea assigned the mineral resources of the area to a common heritage of mankind. Stemming from controversial negociations, the regime aims at ensuring a fair participation of all states to activities in the area. Notwithstanding a period of turmoil during the entry into force of the convention, ISA managed to produce an impressive legal corpus including a set of three regulations of exploration forming a « Mining Code ». Thirty six years after the signature of the convention, ISA is nowadays in a turning point in so far as an exploitation regulation is being developed. Yet, this new phase leads us to assess the evolutions that have come into being since the entry into force of the convention. In what extent part XI’s original ambition has been realized? The practice developed by the ISA, complemented by the 2011 ITLOS advisory opinion, shows that the regime’s initial goals have not died. Nevertheless, they are confronted to new political realities and new stakes associated with the increasing maritimisation of economic activities. The monopolization of the area’s resources, the implementation of a fair and equitable benefit sharing mecanism or the supervision of states sponsoring persons and entities are so many challenges that the ISA has to face. The relevance of the initial goals is especially questioned in light of environmental considerations. It is not excluded, in this respect, that the states’ willingness to proceed to mineral extraction will face ecological constraints. At this stage however, the impact on the common heritage of mankind concept’s purposes remains unclear
Hajj, Ahmad El. "L'aquifère carbonate karstique de Chekka (Liban) et ses exutoires sous-marins : caractéristiques hydrogéologiques et fonctionnement." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20210.
Full textStudied for a long time, Chekka submarine springs in Lebanon are presented as being among the most important known undersea resources. Never questioned, the first estimates proposed an average flow of 6 m3/s, among them at least 2. 5 m3/s for the main spring during low flow. New technologies developed in France to study submarine springs; their functioning and their aquifer were applied to these springs within the framework of a European project "MEDITATE". The main perennial spring was instrumented for monitoring its flow, salinity, temperature and pressure. First data indicate a minimum flow of approximately 60 l/s of brackish water during low flow. Its functioning is typically karstic, with wide variations of the flow, salinity and temperature of water. During low flow, high salinity is the consequence of sea water intrusion in karst conduits. Many water sites in the area, among them littoral and submarine springs were monitored for theit geochemical characteristics. The hydrogeological basin was delimited: the rivers Asfour and Jaouz undergo losses in their crossing of upper Cretaceous limestone, reaching, according to the season, several m3/s on the whole. Terms of the hydrological balance of spring recharge basin gave an average flow of fresh water 2. 15 m3/s on the whole, in agreement with direct flow measurements during low flow. These first conclusions question the possibility of direct exploitation of these submarine springs. A permanent monitoring of the main submarine spring is required in a monitoring network of the whole aquifer to provide a sustainable exploitation of that important resource
Galano, Lucie. "Montpellier et sa lagune : histoire sociale et culturelle d'un milieu naturel (XIe-XVe)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30005/document.
Full textMy studies are on the management of the Bas Languedoc’s lagoon during the Middle Ages and particularly the interaction between the town of Montpellier and its hinterland. My research shows the many jurisdictions of the waters and shores and how the overlords share the rights related to the management of this area. I also study the conditions of the operation of the ponds (fishing, hunting, salt farming and navigation)
Walker, Emily. "De la trajectoire des prédateurs à la cartographie de leurs proies : estimation spatiale de l'activité des senneurs et des thonidés dans l'Océan indien." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00552183.
Full textLevasseur, Olivier. "Les usages de la mer dans le Trégor du XVIIIème siècle." Rennes 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN20045.
Full textRasolofonirina, Richard. "Reproduction et développement de l'holothurie comestible Holothuria scabra (Jaëger, 1833) (Holothroidea :Echinodermata)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211154.
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Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie animale
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Driard, Cyril. "Les établissements littoraux de la province romaine de Lyonnaise : Contribution à l'étude de l'habitat dispersé et de l'exploitation des ressources maritimes sur les côtes de l'Atlantique et de la Manche dans l'Antiquité." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR2024/document.
Full textWith a coastline of at least 3000 kilometers, the Roman province of Lugdunensis is the most maritime area of the Gallic territories. This thesis deals with the occupation of the coastal countryside, dotted with villae, farms and craft workshops, between the 1st and 5th centuries AD. The main objective is to understand how the rural areas were managed and how roman society adapted to and transformed this landscape. This study also addresses the question of the dissemination of “villae maritimae” along the Atlantic coast. Themes covered included the organisation of Roman coastal settlements and their architectural influences, the role of farms in the management and exploitation of marine resources, and lastly, the types of products produced. The archaeological information available for use is extensive although dated, difficult to exploit, and as a such the analysis suffers. However, several recent surveys and excavations have allowed for the collection of new data about Roman salting and fish sauce workshops in western Gaul. Atlantic Coast and English Channel
Leleu, Kevin. "Suivi et évaluation de la pêche professionnelle au sein d'une Aire Marine Protégée : protocoles d'enquêtes et indicateurs de pression et d'impact. Application au Parc Marin de la Côte Bleue." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4011.
Full textThe overexploitation of fishery resources has led to a major fisheries crisis. In this context, artisanal fisheries, and in particular small-scale coastal fisheries, appear as relevant alternatives for a sustainable use of coastal resources. But the diversity of fishing gears and targeted species diversity make it difficult to assess this important component of the commercial fishery. Hence, the activity of small-scale artisanal fishing remains poorly known in the Mediterranean Sea and few studies focus on an assessment of this activity at the scale of a Marine Protected Area (MPA). MPAs are yet more and more used as management tools for these fisheries, as protection effects and targeted access regulations may benefit to commercial fishers. As many MPAs are going to be established in the short term, it seems necessary for managers and for scientists, to have indicators to monitor the artisanal small-scale coastal fishing activity within an MPA, and to estimate the effects of MPA management on this activity. A field protocol was defined and implemented between July 2009 and June 2010 within the Parc Marin de la Côte Bleue (PMCB), a French Mediterranean MPA including two marine reserves of different age and size. The collected data allowed identifying seven main métiers within the PMCB, and characterizing them by group of target species, type of gear, fishing grounds and fishing periods. Fishing effort and catch were estimated. In the Côte Bleue area, 3 512 fishing trips and 4645 fishing operations were performed by 30 active boats during the studied period, for a total of 10 300 km of immersed nets
Trystram, Clément. "Écologie trophique de poissons prédateurs et contribution à l'étude des réseaux trophiques marins aux abords de La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0032/document.
Full textThe general aim of this Ph.D thesis is to analyse the feeding relationship between the different predators of multiple habitats. Carried out between January 2012 and December 2014 in collaboration with the fishing stakeholders, the sampling focused on species of commercial interest or interacting with fisheries (bycatches and depredators). Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes ratio and stomacal content analysis were used to determine the organic matter they depend on, their interspecific relationships and the factors influencing their diets. Results show a wide disparity between species caught in shallow water and the deep ones. Despite their association with the benthic environment, deepwater species (100-600m) indirectly rely on surface primary production through their vertically migrating prey. This dependence on mesopelagic organism induce consequently a high dietary overlap between pairwise species, although alleviated by their presence in different bathymetric areas. Shallow species are split into three distinct diet categories along a shore-offshore gradient. Tiger shark are likely to form an homogeneous population composed with generalist individuals conversely to bull sharks which are forming an assorted population of individuals specialized on different resources. Those results tend to promote an habitat-focused approach, more suitable for the management of deepwater species, whereas a species-focused approach would rather be more effective for shallow, highly mobile species
Bourdaud, Pierre. "Impact of a landing obligation on coupled dynamics ecosystem-fishers : individual-based modelling approach applied to Eastern English Channel." Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0474/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to anticipate the effects if the EU Landing Obligation (LO) implemented since the beginning of 2015 in the Eastern English Channel (EEC). To achieve these objectives, it was planned to : i) better understand seasonal spatial distribution of commercial species using on-board commercial vessels observation data, ii) compare them with the final scale fishing effort distribution of EEC bottom otter trawlers (OTB), and iii) develop an individual-based model of fleet-dynamics, DSVM, to be integrated within the ecosystem model OSMOSE to simulate a LO. The usefulness of on-board observation data was proved for a main part of a species sample, using validation from the literature and a geostatistical indicator. Then the comparison of fine scale fishing effort provided an improvement of the quantification of effective fishing effort and emphasized the importance of cuttlefish and red mullet for the global distribution of EEC OTB. In addition, the targeting intensity of OTB was quantified in October using a newly-developed indicator, and demonstrated the attractiveness of the same species, but also the constraint of low cod quota for fishers. Results of the OSMOSE-DSVM coupling show that the LO would have short-term negative effects on fishers' revenue, induced by a large reallocation of their fishing effort to avoid quota over-shooting, but would be profitable in the medium-term. However, the LO would induce an increase of the predatory pressure operated by cod and withing on the other species, which would not improve the overall ecosystem health