Academic literature on the topic 'Resposibility'

The paper shows areas of CSR included in corporate strategy, including particularly philanthropy, which may be pursued by an external organisation. It also presents areas of corporate social responsibility, providing a background for the results of the analysis of secondary data concerning the importance of CSR for enterprise. The procedure for creating a CSR strategy is explained and the possibilities of pursuing philanthropic tasks by an external organisation are shown. Using own research (the analysis of websites of 125 corporate foundations in Poland in 2015 and the results of the survey of 46 managers from corporate foundations), author present ways of delegating philanthropic tasks to corporate foundations and how the tasks are accomplished. This article is intended for researchers studying CSR and also for company managers who think about philanthropy.

P Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh Good Corporate Governance (GCG) terhadap Islamic Corporate Social Responsibility (ICSR) pada Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis data dengan memanfaatkan aplikasi SmartPLS dan menerapkan teknik Structure Equation Model (SEM). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dan kuantitatif dengan data sekunder, di mana populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 13 Bank Umum Syariah (BUS) yang ada di Indonesia proporsi Komisaris Independen, jumlah rapat Dewan Komisaris, proporsi Komite Audit, jumlah rapat Komite Audit pada Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia dalam periode waktu selama 5 tahun (2014-2020). Penelitian ini menghasilkan penemuan yang menarik di antaranya adalah bahwa terdapat pengaruh positif signifikan proporsi Dewan Komisaris Independen terhadap Islamic Corporate Social Responsibility (ICSR). Juga terdapat pengaruh positif signifikan ukuran Dewan Komisaris terhadap Islamic Corporate Social Responsibility (ICSR). Namun, tidak terdapat pengaruh ukuran Komite Audit terhadap Islamic Corporate Sosial Resposibility (ICSR), serta tidak berpengaruh jumlah rapat Komite Audit terhadap Islamic Corporate Sosial Resposibility (ICSR).

Kualitas karakter dan kompetensi dari generasi muda merupakan fondasi penting suatu negara. Sebagai generasi muda, mahasiswa diharapkan berperan sebagai manusia tangguh yang memiliki kemampuan dan akhlak mulia, agen perubahan, penjaga nilai-nilai di masyarakat, memiliki kekuatan moral dan menjadi kontrol sosial. Bonus demografi di Indonesia meneguhkan pentingnya pendidikan karakter pada generasi muda. Dalam upaya menempatkan kembali peran perguruan tinggi sebagai wadah dalam membangun karakter sesuai UU no. 12 Tahun 2012 dan Konferensi Unesco tentang Perguruan Tinggi tahun 2009, maka kajian ini menawarkan pendekatan pembentukan karakter mahasiswa dengan dilandasi sifat altruisme, yaitu Personal Social Responsibility (PSR) bagi mahasiswa dan mengoptimalkan pengabdian masyarakat sebagai salah satu dari Tridarma perguruan tinggi. Kajian ini mengelaborasi pengimplementasian sinergi PSR dengan Pengabdian Masyarakat, serta peluang pengembangan nilai-nilai karakter bangsa melalui kegiatan PSR tersebut. Implementasi dari program PSR dilakukan minimal dua kali selama masa kuliahnya. Pemilihan program PSR disesuaikan dengan minat probadi dan minat yang disesuaikan dengan bidang studi yang diambil. Nilai-nilai karakter yang dapat dikembangkan adalah toleransi, bersahabat/komunikatif, peduli lingkungan, peduli sosial, tanggung jawab, dan kreatif.

The employer’s views have been sought on the quality of the National University of Lesotho (NUL) programmes in relation to addressing the concept of social responsibility. The employers’ views were sought through observing the quality of performance of the NUL graduates at the workplace and at the community engagements. The NUL designed programmes that are expected to address the societal needs, hence the reason why it is important to find out whether the programmes that prepared the graduates for the workplace have a successful outcome. A total of 150 employers in the Lesotho Ministries of Education and Training as well as Local Government and chieftainship in three of the ten districts of Lesotho formed the sample of the study. A two part questionnaire with four point likert scale of strongly agree and strongly disagree; highly satisfied and highly dissatisfied was designed to find out information on the employers’ perceptions on the performance of the NUL graduates in relation to social responsibility. Frequency counts analysis with descriptive statistics was employed to indicate the results of the study. Research results confirmed that the NUL programmes have deficiencies in moulding all graduates with competence in social responsibility. It was observed that there were graduates that have achieved the social responsibility skills, but there are those graduates who still require further training on the issue of social responsibility. It is therefore recommended that the NUL should periodically review its programmes in order to prepare a well rounded graduate that could be a community developer.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan (corporate social resposibility) yang dilihat dari beberapa faktor, yaitu: ukuran dewan direksi, umur perusahaan, dan kepemilikan saham publik pada perusahaan go public yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2014-2018. Studi ini juga menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh ukuran dewan direktur, umur perusahaan, dan kepemilikan saham publik terhadap corporate social responsibility disclosure. Sampel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah perusahaan go publik yang terdaftar di Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) untuk periode 2014-2018. Jumlah perusahaan yang dijadikan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 22 perusahaan, dengan periode pengambilan data yang digunakan selama 5 (lima) tahun pengamatan, dan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Metode ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan sampel yang representatif sesuai dengan kriteria yang ditentukan oleh peneliti. Jenis data yang digunakan yaitu data sekunder berupa laporan tahunan (annual report) perusahaan dan data laporan keberlanjutan perusahaan (sustainability report). Berdasarkan hasil pengujian yang menggunakan regresi linier berganda, dapat disimpulkan bahwa: (1) ukuran dewan direksi berpengaruh signifikan dan negatif terhadap corporate social responsibility disclosure ; (2) umur perusahaan tidak berpengaruh terhadap corporate social responsibility disclosure; dan (3) kepemilikan saham publik tidak berpengaruh terhadap corporate social resposibility disclosure. Kata Kunci: ukuran dewan direksi, umur perusahaan, dan kepemilikan saham publik, corporate social responsibility disclosure

Abstract Title: The environmental responsibility of CSR in different companies Date: 2016-05-26 Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 ECTS Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors: Maja Lindqvist    Nathalie Johansson    Rebecka Thörnblom                 1993-03-23         1992-06-24                  1991-06-12 Examiner: Jimmy Röndell Tutor: Magnus Linderström Keywords: CSR, corporate social responsibility, sustainable development, environmental responsibility Pages: 36 Research question: How does these companies differ in their responsibility and work regarding the environmental aspect of CSR?  Purpose: The purpose with this study is to examine how the audited companies are working to maintain a sustainable environment, and what similarities and differences there are between them. Method: The study is based on a qualitative method with a deductive approach, to transparently create an ambiguous empirical basis of the respondents’ perspective. The theory is based on what is considered relevant information for this research. The study’s empirical work is based on four semi-structured interviews with a total of five respondents from three different companies, selected through a goal-oriented selection. The study achieved a reliability through the use of credible sources and databases. All parts are taken in consideration for the preparation of the analysis and the conclusion which are completing this study. Conclusion: It is possible to discern that service companies focus on reducing their environmental footprint by minimizing their business traveling, which means that they have a relatively small environmental impact. The manufacturing company is unlike the other companies in this study, because they are bound to environmental laws and have more established environmental strategies within the company because of its big environmental impact.
Sammanfattning Titel: Miljöansvaret inom CSR hos olika företag Seminariedatum: 2016-05-26 Nivå: Kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi, 15 hp Institution: Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, EST, Mälardalens Högskola Författare: Maja Lindqvist    Nathalie Johansson    Rebecka Thörnblom                    1993-03-23          1992-06-24                 1991-06-12 Examinator: Jimmy Röndell Handledare: Magnus Linderström Nyckelord: CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility, hållbar utveckling, miljöansvar Sidantal: 36 Frågeställning: Hur skiljer sig företagens ansvarstagande och arbete kring miljöaspekten inom CSR? Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur de granskade företagen arbetar för att upprätthålla en hållbar utveckling inom miljö, samt vilka skillnader och likheter det finns mellan dessa. Metod: Studien är uppbyggd på en kvalitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats, för att med öppenhet skapa en mångtydig empiri utifrån respondenternas perspektiv. Teorin grundas i vad som ansetts vara relevant information inom forskningsområdet. Studiens empiri är baserad på fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med totalt fem respondenter från tre olika företag, som valts ut genom ett målstyrt urval. Studien har uppnått en tillförlitlighet genom användandet av trovärdiga källor och databaser. Samtliga delar tas i beaktning under framställandet av analys och slutsats som avslutar studien. Slutsats: Det går att urskilja att tjänsteföretagen arbetar mer med att minska sin miljöpåverkan av sina tjänsteresor vilket innebär att de har en relativt liten miljöpåverkan. Företaget som är ett tillverkningsföretag har till skillnad från de andra företagen lagförda miljödirektiv vilket etablerar tydligare och mer strukturerade strategier inom företaget på grund av dess stora miljöpåverkan.

This research begins and ends with a concern for the environment, in particular with unease about current constitutions of the organisation/environment relationship. This thesis explores the discourse of organisational sustainable development examining organisational representations of sustainable development and 'sustainable organisations'. How a group of New Zealand organisations have come to (re)present sustainable development and how they have come to (re)present themselves in relation to sustainable development within a set of reports is analysed. The analysis aims to problematise the discourse and challenge such constitutions by opening out the debate surrounding the 'meaning' of sustainable development within this organisational context. The research considers the role of organisational reporting in creating and maintaining organisational legitimacy, something which is underplayed in the current literature. The thesis makes a contribution to both theoretical development and analytical method through elucidating sustainable development and sustainable development reporting from a discourse perspective. Discourse (in particular the influences of Foucault and Laclau and Mouffe) both frames and informs the analysis. The discourse of organisational sustainable development is examined through an analysis of an archive of organisational reports and the context of which they are a part. The archive consists of 220 organisational reports (both annual and standalone) from member organisations of the New Zealand Business Council for Sustainable Development from 1992-2003. The texts which make up the archive were selected as they represent 'important texts' in the discursive debate surrounding organisational sustainable development. Six themes employed in the discourse when representing sustainable development are identified. These themes are: 1) enlightened self-interest and the business case; 2) organisational sustainable development as a balancing act; 3) organisational sustainable development as necessary and important; 4) being sustainable: a responsibility and/or obligation; 5) the challenge and opportunity of organisational sustainable development; and 6) sustainable development: a new or old concept. Overall, 'organisational sustainable development' represents a reweaving of the discourse of organisations and accounting and the discourse of sustainable development. 'Organisational sustainable development' is shown to be organisationally focused, and generally does not challenge the traditional rational economic objectives of these organisations. Representations of 'sustainable organisations' within the texts are analysed to show how organisational identities are constructed in relation to sustainable development. Five representations are recognised; 1) 'sustainable organisations' as providers; 2) organisations as leaders in sustainable development; 3) 'sustainable organisations' as responsible and committed; 4) 'sustainable organisations' as protectors; and 5) 'sustainable organisations' as accountable and transparent. How the process and practice of 'sustainability' reporting serves in constituting the identity of 'sustainable organisations' is underscored. Potential effects of such discourse are acknowledged. The hegemonic potential of the discourse is recognised along with an identification of the ideologically-laden assumptions embedded within the texts. In reflecting on the discourse and its effects, the thesis concludes on a pessimistic note regarding the form of sustainable development articulated and the unchallenging nature of this form of sustainable development on the current structures of organisations and organising.

Background: Over the years, businesses have come under the microscope as consumers and other stakeholders such as employees, environmentalist and journalists investigate any wrongdoings. Investors are also aware of the damages caused by organizations that are only concerned with profit maximization, and now they are diverging their investment to more sustainable companies. To overcome internal and external pressure, companies are accepting the responsibilities they have towards the society, environment, and shareholders. However, the journey of becoming responsible and environmentally sustainable is long and it often requires organizational change. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is now known to most public and private firms. Over the decades, scholars have come up with various definitions for CSR which are often complex and diverse. Therefore, there is a need to understand how companies implement CSR rather than if they should implement it (Smith, 2003). The conceptualization of CSR, understanding what motivates towards CSR and how it is implemented within the organizations has attracted the attention of scholars (Maon, Lindgreen, & Swaen, 2010) Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to assess organisations journey to become sustainable companies using a developmental stage model, in this case the Consolidative model and to find empirical support the usefulness of this model as an assessment tool. Method: To achieve the purpose of this study, a qualitative method along with an abductive approach is used. Eight semi-structured interviews are used for collecting primary data while peer-reviewed articles and books are used to build the theoretical framework. Conclusion: Empirical findings support that the consolidative mode is useful in assessing the sustainability journey of organizations. No organization is found to be in the first three stages that are the dismissing, self-protecting, and compliance seeking stages. Pressure from stakeholders, personal values, beliefs and the desire to be competitive are what motivates organizations to work with CSR despite their small size.

The geographical distance between home and workplace is present and increases within modern society. Along with changing economic structures and technological developments it has increased the spatial division of labour and changed the pressure on global, regional and local markets. Regional development strategies today emphasize on more mobile, flexible and larger geographical labour markets to improve matchmaking between jobs and labour force to reach and obtain development. Commuting has therefore increased and is often promoted as a positive solution for involved individuals and the regional society at large. Although, the notion and benefits of such regional development strategies have been questioned as commuting involves a consideration between economic and social circumstances and effects on all involved household members. The social and economic effects on commuting households in Umeå enlarged local labour market region have therefore been studied in and investigated in this thesis. Empirical data has been collected through qualitative interviews with four commuting households with different home-work locations and commuting situations. Results of this study goes in line with previous studies and pictures how commuting is a strategy to obtain or maintain desired living conditions within desired location when the local labour opportunities are limited. Commuting households therefore gain “quality of life” and labour opportunities. But, the economic benefits are reduced by transport costs and reduction of labour hours, and the social consequences of reduced time in the home environment effects relations between family members and the division of household responsibilities’. This study have also broaden the understanding of commuting effects and showed that shorter commuting distance also hold social and economic implications for commuting households.

Idag är 45 procent av den arbetande befolkningen kvinnor. Dock harandel kvinnor i chefspositioner inte ökat. Detta eftersom kvinnor ihögre utsträckning avbryter karriären av familjeskäl. Studienundersökte om kvinnor upplevde att barnafödande och jämställdfördelning av ansvaret i hushållsarbete och barnomsorg haftinverkan på karriärutveckling. Undersökning har utgångspunkt i tvåområden; hemmet och arbetsliv. Kvalitativa intervjuer med åttakvinnor var grunden för datainsamling. Respondenterna hade enledande- eller chefsposition. Resultatet av en tematiskinnehållsanalys visade att ett jämställt hem med lika ansvar kan bidratill kvinnors karriärsutveckling. Respondenterna ambitioner omhögre lön och bättre arbetsposition ersattes med önskan om flexiblaarbetstider och möjligheten att jobba hemma vid behov efter de fickbarn. Statistiken som visar att ojämn fördelning avföräldraledigheten skulle ha en inverkan i kvinnors karriärutvecklingkan inte bekräftas i denna studie. Studien lyfter fram jämställdhetmellan könen genom att se på arbetsfördelningen i hemmet.Keywords: career, female managers, work and private life balance,home responsibility, equality

L'increment de l'atenció en la investigació en la relació entre les avaluacions dels empleats de les activitats socialment responsables de les seves empreses i les seves reaccions a aquestes avaluacions ha portat a certes inconsistències en els conceptes i perspectives teòriques utilitzades per entendre aquesta relació. Aquesta tesi busca aclarir algunes ambigüitats existents en la literatura actual i pretén ampliar la nostra comprensió de la relació reunint corrents incongruents que es troben en la literatura. La dissertació es basa en tres assajos, cadascun dels quals intenta aclarir un aspecte únic de la relació entre les avaluacions per part dels empleats de la responsabilitat social empresarial (RSE) i les seves reaccions respecte a les mateixes empreses. El primer assaig té com a objectiu sintetitzar les diverses construccions que s’han utilitzat en la literatura anterior per captar les avaluacions dels empleats del comportament socialment responsable de les seves empreses. L’assaig conclou amb la identificació de cinc avaluacions conceptualment diferents que els empleats fan mitjançant l’anàlisi de factors exploratoris i confirmatoris i utilitza el modelatge d’equacions estructurals per identificar l’estructura d’interrelacions entre aquestes diferents avaluacions. El segon assaig explora les perspectives teòriques que s’han utilitzat en la literatura per explicar per què els empleats responen a les activitats socialment responsables de les seves empreses. L'assaig recull idees tant de la teoria de la justícia organitzativa com de la teoria de la identitat social per desenvolupar un marc que incorpori idees des de les dues perspectives. L'assaig conclou que la millora de l'efectivitat laboral té una influència més gran com a mecanisme de mediació entre la percepció dels empleats de la RSE i les reaccions dels empleats a la mateixa RSE. L’últim assaig presenta una explicació teòrica alternativa per a la relació entre les percepcions dels empleats de la RSE i les seves actituds envers l’empresa, basada en la idea de consistència cognitiva, mitjançant la teoria de l’equilibri de les actituds. Una explicació de la relació basada en un desig de consistència cognitiva permet que la relació entre les avaluacions de la RSE dels empleats i les seves actituds cap a l'empresa flueixin en totes dues direccions. Mitjançant un entorn experimental, en l’assaig es presenten proves a la bidireccionalitat de la relació.
El aumento de la investigación centrada en la relación entre las evaluaciones de los empleados de las actividades socialmente responsables de sus empresas y sus reacciones a estas evaluaciones ha llevado a ciertas inconsistencias en los constructos y perspectivas teóricas utilizados para comprender dicha relación. Esta disertación busca aclarar algunas ambigüedades existentes en la literatura actual, y expandir nuestra comprensión de la relación al reunir corrientes incongruentes encontradas en la literatura. La disertación se basa en tres ensayos, cada uno de los cuales intenta aclarar un aspecto único de la relación entre las evaluaciones de los empleados sobre la responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE) y sus reacciones hacia sus empresas. El primer ensayo tiene como objetivo sintetizar las diversas construcciones que se han utilizado en la literatura anterior para captar las evaluaciones de los empleados sobre el comportamiento socialmente responsable de sus empresas. El ensayo concluye con la identificación de cinco evaluaciones conceptualmente distintas que los empleados realizan mediante análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, y utiliza modelos de ecuaciones estructurales para identificar la estructura de las interrelaciones entre estas distintas evaluaciones. El segundo ensayo explora las perspectivas teóricas que se han utilizado en la literatura para explicar por qué los empleados responden a las actividades socialmente responsables de sus empresas. El ensayo reúne ideas tanto de la teoría de la justicia organizativa como de la teoría de la identidad social para desarrollar un marco que incorpore ideas desde ambas perspectivas. El ensayo concluye identificando que la mejora del significado del trabajo tiene el mayor efecto en términos del mecanismo de mediación entre las percepciones de los empleados de la RSC y las reacciones de los empleados a dicha RSC. El último ensayo presenta una explicación teórica alternativa para la relación entre las percepciones de los empleados sobre la RSC y sus actitudes hacia la empresa, basada en la idea de consistencia cognitiva, utilizando la teoría del equilibrio de actitudes. Una explicación de la relación basada en un deseo de consistencia cognitiva permite que la relación entre las evaluaciones de RSE por parte de los empleados y sus actitudes hacia la empresa fluya en cualquier dirección causal. Utilizando un entorno experimental, en el ensayo se presentó evidencia de la bidireccionalidad de dicha relación.
Increased research focus on the relationship between employee evaluations of the socially responsible activities of their firms and their reactions to these evaluations has led to certain inconsistencies in the constructs and theoretical lenses used to understand the relationship. This dissertation seeks to clarify some ambiguities existing in current literature, and seeks to expand our understanding of the relationship by bringing together incongruent streams found within literature. The dissertation is based on three essays, each of which attempts to clarify a single aspect of the relationship between employees’ evaluations of corporate social responsibility and their reactions towards their firms. The first essay aims to synthesize the diverse constructs that have been used in prior literature to capture employees’ evaluations of their firms’ socially responsible behavior. The essay concludes by identifying five conceptually distinct evaluations that employees make using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and uses structural equation modelling to identify the structure of interrelationships among these distinct evaluations. The second essay explores the theoretical lenses that have been used in literature to explain why employees respond to the socially responsible activities of their firms. The essay brings together insights from both organizational justice theory and social identity theory to develop a framework that incorporates ideas from both perspectives. The essay concludes by identifying the enhanced job meaningfulness has the largest effect size in terms of the mediating mechanism between employee perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and employee reactions to CSR. The last essay presents an alternative theoretical explanation for the relationship between employee perceptions of CSR and their attitudes towards the firm, based on the idea of cognitive consistency, using the balance theory of attitudes. An explanation of the relationship based on a desire for cognitive consistency allows for the relationship between employee evaluations of CSR and their attitudes towards the firm to flow in either causal direction. Using an experimental setting, evidence for the bi-directionality of the relationship was presented in the essay.

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The concept of sustainable tourism underwent a series of transformations until it came to the present proposal that all kinds of tourism may have sustainability as an objective. The subject of the present survey is the kind of hotel business known as resorts, which has been traditionally viewed as socially unsustainable. And its objective is to explore the ways in which this segment of the hotel industry has been responding to the new, wider concept of sustainable tourism. To achieve this objective, a two-dimensional survey was carried out. The first one provided a framework to assess the understanding of the concept of sustainable tourism by the beach resorts in Brasil. It also explored the ways in which this concept has been operationalized by those resorts management. The second dimension of the survey further explored these issues in a group of resorts located in the northern coast of Bahia (Praia do Forte Ecoresort and Costa do Sauípe Complex) as well the perception of their impact by the local communities. The results show that the resorts have a good understanding of the concept of sustainable tourism but they have difficulties operationalizing it. In addition to a lack of information and support, the resorts do not have management tools to promote sustainability, although it is a part of the strategic policies of all of them. Therefore, the survey evidenced a wide gap between speech and practice concerning tourism sustainability. Although the resorts are interested in integrating the local communities into their businesses, their actions are typically punctual and assistencialist resulting in small – if any – positive changes in the living conditions of the local communities. As is common in other industries, the resorts’ involvement with sustainability is separated from the business operations and, in spite of their concern, the results for the social aspect of sustainability are insignificant. The case studies showed that the results achieved by the Praia do Forte Ecoresort are the closest to the aspirations of the communities that search their development through tourism. In spite of some significant initiatives by the Costa do Sauípe Complex, up to these days, its performance can not be considered successful in terms of the social dimension of sustainability. The survey identified some variables that seem to affect the results of the resorts’ incentives to promote the social dimension of sustainability in the communities where they are located.
O conceito de turismo sustentável passou por uma série de transformações até chegar à proposta atual em que se crê que todo tipo de empreendimento pode ter como objetivo a sustentabilidade. Os empreendimentos hoteleiros conhecidos como resorts – vistos, tradicionalmente, como uma forma de hospedagem insustentável do ponto de vista social - foram escolhidos como objeto desta pesquisa que tem como objetivo explorar como este segmento da indústria hoteleira vêm respondendo à nova proposta inclusiva do conceito de turismo sustentável. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa em duas dimensões. A primeira buscou fornecer um panorama geral sobre o entendimento do conceito de turismo sustentável e a forma como este conceito vêm sendo operacionalizado pelos resorts de praia do Brasil. Explorou, ainda, as formas como este conceito vêm sendo operacionalizado pelos resorts. A segunda dimensão da pesquisa buscou aprofundar essas questões num grupo de resorts localizados no litoral norte da Bahia – Praia do Forte Ecoresort e Complexo Costa do Sauípe – bem como verificar os impactos percebidos pelas comunidades locais. Os resultados demonstram que os resorts têm uma boa noção do conceito de turismo sustentável, mas apresentam dificuldades na operacionalização do mesmo. Além da falta de informação e apoio, os resorts não possuem instrumentos gerenciais que incentivem a busca da sustentabilidade, apesar desta questão estar presente nas diretrizes estratégicas de todos eles. Sendo assim, a pesquisa demonstrou uma grande distância entre o discurso e a prática na busca pelo turismo sustentável. Percebe-se que os resorts, apesar de interessados em incluir as comunidades no empreendimento, praticam de maneira mais freqüente ações pontuais e assistencialistas que resultam em pouca – ou nenhuma – mudança positiva nas condições de bem-estar das comunidades. Assim, como é comum acontecer em outros setores, o envolvimento dos resorts com a sustentabilidade se dá de forma separada dos negócios o que faz com que as iniciativas - a despeito da preocupação de muitos empreendimentos– apresentem resultados marginais na dimensão social da sustentabilidade. Nos estudos de caso, identificou-se que o Praia do Forte Ecoresort apresenta resultados mais próximos daqueles desejados pelas comunidades que contam com o turismo para alcançar o desenvolvimento. Apesar de algumas iniciativas significativas do Complexo Costa do Sauípe este, até o momento, não apresenta uma atuação que possa ser caracterizada como bem sucedida no que se refere à dimensão social da sustentabilidade.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In the context of recent decades, it was observed that the residence order was commonly given to the mother, and to the father only in exceptional cases. To the male parent it usually remained the right to biweekly "visits" and the child s financial support. This resulted in disencouraging the strengthening of the paternal-filial relationship. Thus, the aim of the thesis was to question whether the judicial decisions concerning the child arrangements order would effectively meet the child's best interest. Moreover, it questioned if these decisions are able to break the conflictual dynamics. The hypothesis is that in matters relating to family law and, more precisely, in the conflicts involving children and teenagers, the court decision is not the most appropriate way. The choice of the subject is justified given that currently the parental roles are no longer so strictly defined, with the women entering the labour market and, in parallel, the father's search for a more active role in their children's lives. Therefore, given the breakdown of the relationship of the parents, it must be chosen a family arrangement, covering the constitutional principles of the best interests of the child and responsible parenthood. This thesis was based in legislative, doctrinal and jurisprudential analysis, as well as a substantial part of its research conducted in England, where significant changes relating to parental responsibility have occured in recent years, which may be relevant to Brazil. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of using other means, not only the court for the maintenance and strengthening of emotional bonds due to the transformation of that nuclear family. In this sense, conflict mediation and collaborative practice can greatly assist parents in such troubled times that is the disruption of the relationship. This is another approach that seeks to focus on the responsibility of parents and common interests, rather than on the logic of seeking to blame the responsible for the relationship breakdown. Moreover, the mere enactment of laws on child arrangements order without a systemic change that involves society and the State will not provide representative advances
Na conjuntura das últimas décadas, observava-se que a guarda dos filhos era comumente determinada à mãe e ao pai somente em casos excepcionais. Ao genitor masculino cabia o direito quinzenal de visitas e o pagamento da pensão alimentícia. Isso acabava desestimulando o fortalecimento da relação paterno-filial. Diante disso, o objetivo da tese foi questionar se as decisões judiciais relativas à guarda dos filhos vão, efetivamente, ao encontro do melhor interesse da criança. E mais, se essas decisões são capazes de romper a dinâmica de conflito. A hipótese é que nas questões relativas ao Direito de Família e, mais precisamente, nos conflitos envolvendo crianças e adolescentes, a sentença judicial não é o caminho mais adequado. Justifica-se a escolha do tema, tendo em vista que atualmente os papéis parentais já não estão mais tão definidos, havendo a inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho e, paralelamente, a busca do pai por uma participação mais ativa na vida de seus filhos. Por isso, diante da ruptura do relacionamento dos genitores, é preciso escolher um arranjo familiar que contemple os princípios constitucionais do melhor interesse da criança e da paternidade responsável. Essa tese contou com a apreciação normativa, doutrinária e jurisprudencial, além de pesquisas realizadas na Inglaterra, onde mudanças expressivas relativas à autoridade parental ocorreram nos últimos anos, as quais, este trabalho argumenta, podem ser relevantes para o Brasil. Os resultados desse estudo demonstram a importância da utilização de outros meios, que não somente o judicial, para a manutenção e fortalecimento dos laços afetivos diante da transformação do núcleo familiar. Nesse sentido, a mediação de conflitos e as práticas colaborativas podem auxiliar sobremaneira os genitores no período tão conturbado que é o rompimento do relacionamento. Trata-se de uma outra abordagem que procura focar na responsabilização dos pais e nos interesses comuns, ao invés da lógica de procurar culpados pelo término do relacionamento. Ademais, a simples promulgação de leis sobre a guarda dos filhos, sem uma mudança sistêmica que passe pela sociedade e pelo Estado, não proporcionará avanços representativos

The search for the best mechanism for the protection of civilians especially when they are caught up in violent conflict has been an international discourse for decades now. Article 2(7) of the United Nations (UN) Charter prohibits the intervention of the UN or other member states in other states’ domestic affairs. States have used this principle of non-intervention to wade off attempts by other member states to intervene when the civilian population is at risk. Much as the principle of non-intervention exists, it can be argued that it is more honoured in the breach. States and regional actors have intervened in situations where there have been flagrant and widespread killings of civilians. Often times, these interventions have been justified as being premised on the humanitarian intervention principle. The UN in its 60th Summit in 2005 adopted the principle of responsibility to protect. The principle recognises that it is the primary responsibility of the state to protect its people. It argues however, that where the state is unable or unwilling to protect the civilians, the responsibility shifts to the international community to protect the civilians. This thesis analyses the concept and its application to the Darfur conflict. It looks at the challenges envisaged in its application. The central argument of the thesis is that the government of Sudan is unable and unwilling to protect the civilians caught up in the conflict and hence, the international community should assume the responsibility shirked xiii by the Khartoum government. The thesis however, recognises that since the norm is a new one, it might take a while before being actualised.