Academic literature on the topic 'Responsive/Strategic Regulations Theory'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Responsive/Strategic Regulations Theory.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Responsive/Strategic Regulations Theory"
1
Heraghi, Ines Shili, and Ezzeddine Zouari. "Strategic Behaviors in Sustainable Development." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 5, no. 4 (October 2016): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2016100103.
Full textAbstract:
As part of the extension of the recent theoretical work from several sociopolitical approaches such as stakeholder and neo institutional, theory. This paper studies the strategic behavior of banks in sustainable development in the context of the Tunisian banking sector. The main mode of data collection is the questionnaire survey. Using a sample of 20 banks from Tunisia. Employing two different test method; crisscross sorting and scoring. According to the results of neoclassic theory, the authors' research showed that socially responsible behavior present a response to legal constraints (laws, regulations), normative constraints (professional and industry standards) or cognitive cultural constraints (mimetic behavior). Consequently, banks in the context of reputational risk adhere to these practices, recognized as relevant and appropriate to the expectations of stakeholders. Results released showed that Tunisian banks have an adaptive behavior in SD and on CSR, which affirms the works of Jeucken (2001) (Kolk et al. 2001) and (Peeters 2003) and Serre, Gendron and Ramboarisata (2008).
2
Benjamin, Lisa. "The Responsibilities of Carbon Major Companies: Are They (and Is the Law) Doing Enough?" Transnational Environmental Law 5, no. 2 (October 2016): 353–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102516000194.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTransnational carbon major companies are responsible for over 30% of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions and exert tremendous influence over future global climate trajectories. Yet, they are not governed through top-down, stringent emissions limits, but are instead regulated largely by disclosure-only domestic requirements and market-based or voluntary corporate social responsibility mechanisms. Through an examination of the requirements of domestic laws such as the United Kingdom (UK) Climate Change Act 2008 and the UK Energy Act 2013, as well as the environmental and sustainability reports produced under the UK Companies Act 2006 (Strategic Report and Directors’ Report) Regulations 2013, this article analyzes the regulatory requirements placed on carbon majors, and the climate change pledges and emissions of five UK-based carbon majors: BP, Royal Dutch Shell, BG Group, National Grid, and Centrica. The article concludes that the efforts to curb emissions in these carbon major entities are being subverted by company law, company theory and commercial norms such as shareholder wealth maximization.
3
Junianto, Yusuf. "BUFFER ANALYSIS OF THE REACH OF PASSPORT ISSUING SERVICES USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) APPLICATIONS (CASE STUDY OF YOUR KUALANAN PASSPORT SERVICE UNIT)." TEMATICS: Technology ManagemenT and Informatics Research Journals 2, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/tematics.v2i2.106.
Full textAbstract:
The government organizes public services in the immigration sector in terms of issuing passports through the Directorate General of Immigration which has the responsibility of carrying out immigration functions and determining service standards for each Technical Service Unit owned. In providing public services, the TPI Medan Special Class I Immigration Office is responsible for four districts and two cities covering Langkat Regency, Deli Serdang Regency, Serdang Bedagai Regency, Karo Regency, Medan City and Binjai City. With a large enough working area, it is necessary to establish an Office Work Unit or Passport Service Unit as an effective and efficient way to carry out immigration functions and to bring services closer to the public.
The establishment of an Office Work Unit (UKK) and a Passport Service Unit (ULP) based on the workload of the Technical Implementing Unit is very broad so it is necessary to establish an Office Work Unit and Passport Service Unit to optimize immigration functions to the community. The aim is that every community can get the fulfillment of service needs in accordance with the laws and regulations governing the delivery of public services. In the framework of establishing an Office Work Unit (UKK) and Passport Service Unit (ULP), it is necessary to determine a strategic location and can be reached by the community so that it can achieve its maximum function.
The Kualanamu Passport Service Unit is located in the Kualanamu Airport area, which is located in Beringin District. Therefore, this study aims to analyze strategic locations in determining the location of ULPs. In order to analyze the location and range of services, a spatial buffering analysis was carried out as well as theories that were considered relevant, such as the theory of Von Thunen, Weber and Christaller. From the spatial analysis process carried out, it can be seen that a strategic location in the formation of ULPs so that the range of services provided can meet the needs of the community.
4
Mohanty, Mahamaya. "Assessing sustainable supply chain enablers using total interpretive structural modeling approach and fuzzy-MICMAC analysis." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 29, no. 2 (March 12, 2018): 216–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-03-2017-0027.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to model the enablers of an integrated logistics. The integration is accounted for incorporating sustainability, thereby aiming in its theory building. Existing models have focused on enablers of sustainable supply chain independently which lacks a holistic view in understanding the integrated logistics for sustainable supply chain. Design/methodology/approach An extensive literature review, expert opinion from both industry and academia based on questionnaire survey, is conducted to find the relevant enablers. The modeling of these enablers is done using total interpretive structural modeling (TISM). Finally, TISM along with its respective fuzzy-matriced impact croises multiplication applique (fuzzy-MICMAC) analysis is depicted. Findings The result of the survey and TISM model with its respective fuzzy-MICMAC has been used to evolve the mutual relationships among the important enablers of integrated logistics of consumer durables. The strategic factors obtained from TISM are integration and collaboration in the supply chain, vehicle type, and capacity; reduction in average length of haul; and real-time information system. Route selection and scheduling, reduction of fuel consumption, customer relationship management, green technology, cost reduction, etc., are some of the operational factors. Sustainable environment performance is obtained as the performance factor. Fuzzy-MICMAC is more responsive than the traditional MICMAC analysis. Research limitations/implications The study has limitation for the development of a conceptual framework for integrated logistics in uncertain environments. So it can be extended by combining soft computing methodologies. There is a lack of mathematical quantification of the proposed model where the enablers of sustainability can be measured. Practical implications The study on integrated logistics for sustainable supply chain is itself a new area to be explored, as very few studies on this relevant topic exist. The research concentrates on TISM for the integrated logistics and the movement of consumer durables through different distribution channels of a supply chain. The study has implications for practitioners, academicians, and policy makers. For practitioners, it provides a list of strategic factors, operational factors, and performance factors. For academicians, this methodology can be opted to conduct an exploratory study by identifying the essential enablers. For policy makers, the regulations can be developed using the above model. Originality/value It is an effort to model the important enablers and establish sustainability in integrated logistics of consumer durables.
5
Fazarusda, Azka, and Heni Indrayani. "STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI PELAYANAN PUBLIK MELALUI E-GOVERNMENT DI PUSAT PENGELOLAAN PENGADUAN MASYARAKAT (P3M) KOTA SEMARANG." Jurnal Ilmiah Media, Public Relations, dan Komunikasi (IMPRESI) 1, no. 1 (April 25, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/impresi.v1i1.41147.
Full textAbstract:
<p><em>Public services is a service that provided by the government to the community. In general, the public services deliver the benefit to the people in a particular society or community. Semarang city government contribute the public services in the form of management of public complaints responsible by Community Complaints Management Center (P3M) as a part of Diskominfo. P3M is optimize the various media channels or e-Government such as Instagram, Twitter, WhatsApp, Telegram, Web and SMS. Meanwhile, to advance the media channel to maximize the communication, people tend to use WhatsApp to convey the complaint. According to data on the Diskominfo Semarang city there are 515 complaints which status has not been in the process of the total complaint 2558 in January to August 2019. The aims of this study is to determine the public services communication strategy by e-Government. This research is used a paradigm of constructivism, qualitative research methods with a case study approach. This study uses social systems theory and political system models. The results of the study showed that there was an attachment between the political system in P3M, namely </em><em>“Lapor Hendi” System and the social system theory. Lapor Hendi is a non-bulkhead service that is a public service communication strategy between the government and the community. Communities in the Semarang City area are free to give complaints, suggestions and criticisms to the government directly. The stages of e-Government communication strategies begin with fact finding, namely the filtering of complaints that are followed up. Second, planning based on the legal basis, namely mayor regulations, work plan planning and strategic plans. Third, action and communication e-Government, namely the optimization of media channels by S4PN and the report system system. Finally, the evaluation shows that there are many complaints from the public through media channels or e-Government and become the material for the next City Government policy strategy</em><em></em></p>
6
Sidiq, Gazali. "PEMBENTUKAN PERATURAN DAERAH PERSPEKTIF GENDER (ANALISIS TERHADAP PEMBENTUKAN PERATURAN DAERAH PERSPEKTIF GENDER DI PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT KURUN WAKTU 2013-2016)." Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari'ah dan Masyarakat 19, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v19i1.2776.
Full textAbstract:
The main problem for seeking the substance of legislation includes technical operational policies that are sensitive and responsive to various problems in society, including the issue of gender inequality practical and strategic steps to create and realize legislation whose content is sensitive and responsive to gender so that everything the problems and aspirations of the community can be accommodated in a form of regulation that is also gender responsive. Integrating gender perspective into legislation to realize prosperity. The aim is envisioned by the wider community. The legislation can be in the form of a law along with its implementing regulations and regional regulations along with the implementing regulations.
Keywords : Hakam, Pengadilan Agama, Mahkamah Syar’iyyah.
7
Hassan, Mostafa Kamal. "Risk regulations and disclosure in the United Arab Emirates: An institutional theory analysis." Corporate Ownership and Control 8, no. 4 (2011): 514–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv8i4c5art5.
Full textAbstract:
The paper aims at exploring the social, political and economic forces underlying the development and the deployment of risk disclosure regulations in the United Arab (UAE). It synthesizes an institutional theory framework in order to link the UAE institutional environment to the UAE corporations’ practices associated with risk disclosure. Drawing on DiMaggio and Powell’s (1983) notions of “isomorphic mechanisms”, Meyer and Rowan’s (1977) notions of “sagacious conformity” and Oliver’s (1991) notion of “strategic choice”, the paper explores the legitimation processes behind risk disclosure regulations in the UAE and, at the same time, reveals how managers put into effect and deploy these regulations. The paper relies, primarily, on the discourse analysis of textual data published in legislations, newspapers articles and annual reports published by some of the UAE corporations listed in Abu Dhabi and Dubai financial markets. The paper finds that the UAE institutional context - mainly the country’s aspiration to join global security markets, regulatory framework and accountancy profession activities - excretes pressures on individual corporations to put into effect risk disclosure regulations. In response, the UAE corporations adopt risk regulations as a “strategic disclosure” or as Oliver (1991) calls a “strategic choice” that enables those corporations to communicate a positive image to wider stakeholders. The paper adds to the literature relating to the institutional development behind risk disclosure and the disclosure management literature in emerging economies countries
8
Battista, James Coleman. "Strategic Political Support for Term Limits." American Review of Politics 25 (July 1, 2004): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2004.25.0.119-136.
Full textAbstract:
I create a simple formal model of support for term limits which predicts that respondents in districts represented by the other party should more strongly favor term limits. An additional layer of theory predicts that weak Democrats and strong Republicans should be most responsive to the incentives illustrated in the formal model. Using the 1992, 1994, and 1998 National Election Studies, I find support for both of these hypotheses.
9
Nippa, Michael, Sanjay Patnaik, and Markus Taussig. "MNE responses to carbon pricing regulations: Theory and evidence." Journal of International Business Studies 52, no. 5 (March 17, 2021): 904–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00403-8.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper develops theory suggesting that, relative to purely domestic firms, multinational enterprises (MNE) have greater incentives and strategic and operational means to respond to expanding carbon emissions constraints. We test our resulting hypotheses with data on changes in carbon emissions by over 6,000 industrial plants during Phase 2 (2008–2012) of the European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme. We find that MNE maintain: (1) consistent carbon reductions across institutional contexts, and (2) an overall carbon performance edge over domestic firms. The carbon performance gap between MNEs and domestic firms narrowed, however, in host countries transitioning towards more stringent market regulatory systems. By demonstrating that the effects of national and international carbon regulations on firm behavior interact in important ways with each other and with firm characteristics, this paper deepens understanding of how institutions are likely to shape the ongoing energy transition towards a low-carbon economy.
10
Dahl, John Magnus R. "Visual argumentation in political advertising." Journal of Argumentation in Context 4, no. 3 (December 31, 2015): 286–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.4.3.02dah.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, political advertisements in Norway are characterized as an argumentative activity type, following the pragma-dialectal theory of argumentation. Drawing on insights from political theory, marketing theory, Norwegian media regulations and empirical research into Norwegian political communication the conventions of the activity type are discussed. It is also explained how these conventions influence the arguer’s strategic maneuvering.
Books on the topic "Responsive/Strategic Regulations Theory"
1
Giles, Cynthia. Next Generation Compliance. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197656747.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Nearly everyone accepts as gospel two assumptions: compliance with environmental rules is good, and enforcement is responsible for making compliance happen. Both are wrong. In fact, serious violations of environmental regulations are widespread, and by far the most important driver of compliance results is not enforcement but the structure of the rule itself. In Next Generation Compliance: Environmental Regulation for the Modern Era, Cynthia Giles shows that well-designed regulations deploying creative strategies to make compliance the default can achieve excellent implementation outcomes. Poorly designed rules that create many opportunities to evade, obfuscate, or ignore will have dismal performance that no amount of enforcement will ever fix. Rampant violations have real consequences: unhealthy air, polluted water, contaminated drinking water, exposure to dangerous chemicals, and unrestrained climate-forcing pollution. They also land hardest on already overburdened communities—that’s why Next Gen and environmental justice are tightly linked. The good news is there are tools to build much better compliance into regulations, including many tested strategies that can be the building blocks of programs that withstand the inevitable pressures of real life. Next Generation Compliance shows how regulators can avoid the compliance calamities that plague far too many environmental rules today, a lesson that is particularly urgent for regulations tackling climate change. It has an optimistic message: there are ways to ensure reliable results, if regulators jettison incorrect assumptions and design rules that are resilient to the mess and complexity of the real world.
2
Falk, Bareket, and Raffy Dotan. Temperature regulation. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Under all but the most extreme environmental heat conditions, children control their body temperature (at rest and during exercise) as well as adults. Children, however, use a different thermoregulatory strategy. Compared with adults, children rely more on dry heat dissipation and less on evaporative cooling (sweating). Their larger skin surface-area relative to mass does put children at increasing disadvantage, relative to adults, as ambient temperatures rise above skin temperature. Similarly, they become increasingly disadvantaged upon exposure to decreasing temperatures below the thermo-neutral zone. Like adults, children inadvertently dehydrate while exercising in hot conditions and are often hypohydrated, even before exercise, and their core temperature rises considerably more than adults in response to a given fluid (sweat) loss, which may put them at higher risk for heat-related injury. However, epidemiological data show rates of both heat- and cold-related injuries among children and adolescents as similar or lower than at any other age.
3
Henry G, Burnett, and Bret Louis-Alexis. Part II Key Risks and Disputes Associated with International Mining Projects, 10 Environmental and Social Disputes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757641.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the principal manifestations of social and environmental risks facing mining companies, emphasizing those resulting in international arbitration disputes. Environmental disputes can arise when mining companies fail to abide by environmental norms and regulations; or when these norms or regulations changes during the life of a mining project. Mining companies responsible for environmental contamination or pollution may be responsible for the cleanup of pollution to land or water supplies and to compensate victims of pollution. It is therefore imperative for mining companies to identify the environmental risks associated with their operations and to ensure that they strictly comply with applicable regulations. Social disputes may arise when two or more stakeholders in a project disagree about the material (economic) or immaterial (political, strategic, moral, religious, environmental, etc.) implications of access to and use of natural resources; it is very important to distinguish between discrete conflictual episodes that will necessarily occur in connection with large natural resource projects, and structural differences between stakeholders which can lead to the project’s demise.
4
Blisse, Holger, and Detlev Hummel. Raiffeisenbanks and Volksbanks for Europe. Edited by Jonathan Michie, Joseph R. Blasi, and Carlo Borzaga. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.013.28.
Full textAbstract:
Co-operative banks have become an important part of the national banking systems in Europe since their creation as member-based organizations in the middle of the nineteenth century. They act together with their central institution(s) within a federal structure. Today, as a result of the crisis of financial markets, European regulation tends to prefer the type of a banking corporation. Co-operative banks, Volksbanks as well as Raiffeisenbanks, and their federal structure seem to be put under pressure to transform and to merge. As a result the number of banks (institutional diversity) and the diversity of banks’ legal forms decreases. This chapter recalls various phases of the history of the development of co-operative banks in Germany, concentrates on the switch from member-based to customer-oriented banks, and analyses strategies to reactivate a meaningful membership and to reposition these banks as responsible institutions for local and social problems.
5
Buetefisch, Cathrin M., and Leonardo G. Cohen. Use-dependent changes in TMS measures. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0018.
Full textAbstract:
Adult brains maintain the ability to reorganize throughout life. Cortical reorganization or plasticity includes modification of synaptic efficacy as well as neuronal networks that carry behavioural implications. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows for the study of primary motor cortex reorganization in humans. Motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes change in response to practice. This article gives information about the effect of practice on TMS measures such as motor-evoked potential amplitudes, motor maps, paired-pulse measures, and behavioural measures. These changes may be accompanied by down-regulation of activity in nearby body part representations within the same hemisphere and in homonymous regions of the opposite hemisphere, mediated by interhemispheric interactions. There is evidence pointing towards the influence of practice on a distributed network of cortical representations within regions of cerebral hemispheres. This has lead to the formulation of intervention strategies to enhance the training effects by cortical or somatosensory stimulation in health and disease.
6
Goligorsky, Michael S., Julien Maizel, Radovan Vasko, May M. Rabadi, and Brian B. Ratliff. Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0221.
Full textAbstract:
In the intricate maze of proposed mechanisms, modifiers, modulators, and sensitizers for acute kidney injury (AKI) and diverse causes inducing it, this chapter focuses on several common and undisputable strands which do exist.Structurally, the loss of the brush border, desquamation of tubular epithelial cells, and obstruction of the tubular lumen are commonly observed, albeit to various degrees. These morphologic hallmarks of AKI are accompanied by functional defects, most consistently reflected in the decreased glomerular filtration rate and variable degree of reduction in renal blood flow, accompanied by changes in the microcirculation. Although all renal resident cells participate in AKI, the brunt falls on the epithelial and endothelial cells, the fact that underlies the development of tubular epithelial and vascular compromise.This chapter further summarizes the involvement of several cell organelles in AKI: mitochondrial involvement in perturbed energy metabolism, lysosomal involvement in degradation of misfolded proteins and damaged organelles, and peroxisomal involvement in the regulation of oxidative stress and metabolism, all of which become defective. Common molecular pathways are engaged in cellular stress response and their roles in cell death or survival. The diverse families of nephrotoxic medications and the respective mechanisms they induce AKI are discussed. The mechanisms of action of some nephrotoxins are analysed, and also of the preventive therapies of ischaemic or pharmacologic pre-conditioning.An emerging concept of the systemic inflammatory response triggered by AKI, which can potentially aggravate the local injury or tend to facilitate the repair of the kidney, is presented. Rational therapeutic strategies should be based on these well-established pathophysiological hallmarks of AKI.
7
Rushton, Cynda Hylton, ed. Moral Resilience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619268.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Suffering is an unavoidable reality in healthcare. Not only are patients and families suffering but also the clinicians who care for them. Commonly the suffering experienced by clinicians is moral in nature, in part a reflection of the increasing complexity of health care, their roles within it, and the expanding range of available interventions that challenge their moral foundations. Moral suffering is the anguish that arises occurs in response to moral adversity that challenges clinicians’ integrity: the inner harmony that arises when their essential values and commitments are aligned with their choices and actions. The sources and sequelae of moral distress, one type of moral suffering, have been documented among clinicians across specialties. Transforming their suffering will require solutions that expanded individual and system strategies. Moral resilience, the capacity of an individual to restore or sustain integrity in response to moral adversity, offers a path forward. It encompasses capacities aimed at developing self- regulation and self-awareness, buoyancy, moral efficacy, self-stewardship and ultimately personal and relational integrity. Whether it involves gradual or profound radical change clinicians have the potential to transform themselves and their clinical practice in ways that more authentically reflect their character, intentions and values. The burden of healing our healthcare system is not the sole responsibility of individuals. Clinicians and healthcare organizations must work together to transform moral suffering by cultivating the individual capacities for moral resilience and designing a new architecture to support ethical practice. Used worldwide for scalable and sustainable change, the Conscious Full Spectrum approach, offers a method to solve problems to support integrity, shift patterns that undermine moral resilience and ethical practice, and leverage the inner potential of clinicians and leaders to produce meaningful and sustainable results that benefit all.
8
George, Erika. Incorporating Rights. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199941483.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Incorporating Rights: Strategies to Advance Corporate Accountability examines existing and emerging advocacy strategies that could conceivably close a global governance gap that puts human rights at risk and places commercial actors at risk of becoming complicit in human rights abuses when conducting business in emerging market economies and complex environments. Corporate codes of conduct, sustainability reporting, and selected multistakeholder initiatives are presented as the building blocks of a system of soft law that could solidify to become binding baseline standards for better business practices. This book explains the conditions that have given rise to constructive change as well as those methods and mechanisms with promise for ensuring that business enterprises incorporate human rights considerations into business operations. This book explores how capital and consumer markets could provide an additional or alternative form of enforcement to promote responsible business conduct. It provides accounts of the creation of industry sector regulatory instruments and governance institutions arising from allegations of corporate complicity in human rights abuses. It examines how corporate social responsibility initiatives could close the governance gap and how codes of conduct could come to regulate like real rules. This book argues that regulation through information is essential to ensure that corporate conduct will be informed by human rights considerations and implemented consistent with respect for human rights. Where concerned consumers and investors exercise preferences for products that are not associated with abuse and have access to information on corporate performance and risks posed to human rights, there is potential to change corporate conduct. Societal expectations are increasing and evolving.
9
Radcliffe, Elizabeth S. Hume, Passion, and Action. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199573295.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
David Hume’s theory of action is well known for several provocative theses, including that passion and reason cannot be opposed over the direction of action. In Hume, Passion, and Action, the author defends an original interpretation of Hume’s views on passion, reason, and motivation that is consistent with other theses in Hume’s philosophy, loyal to his texts, and historically situated. This book challenges the now orthodox interpretation of Hume on motivation, presenting an alternative that situates Hume closer to “Humeans” than many recent interpreters have. Part of the strategy is to examine the thinking of the early modern intellectuals to whom Hume responds. Most of these thinkers insisted that passions lead us to pursue harmful objects unless regulated by reason; and most regarded passions as representations of good and evil, which can be false. Understanding Hume’s response to these claims requires appreciating his respective characterizations of reason and passion. The author argues that Hume’s thesis that reason is practically impotent apart from passion is about beliefs generated by reason, rather than about the capacity of reason. Furthermore, the argument makes sense of Hume’s sometimes-ridiculed description of passions as “original existences” having no reference to objects. The author also shows how Hume understood morality as intrinsically motivating, while holding that moral beliefs are not themselves motives, and why he thought of passions as self-regulating, contrary to the admonitions of the rationalists.
Book chapters on the topic "Responsive/Strategic Regulations Theory"
1
Uwayezu, Ernest, and Marie Jeanne Nyiransabimana. "Tenure-responsive zoning regulations for better gender equality in land management in Kigali City, Rwanda." In Land governance and gender: the tenure-gender nexus in land management and land policy, 193–206. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247664.0016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The passage of land management rules promoting gender equality in land ownership and formal registration of individuals' land rights in the framework of enhancing de jure tenure security is not enough. This is evidenced by the urban development regulations that infringe upon these rights and become a factor for land deprivation. This chapter stresses on the significance of the following strategies which can be applied in Kigali city development processes to curb these problems: (1) The participatory and integrated planning which requires the direct engagement of all landowners/users, particularly women, poor and vulnerable groups in land use planning, especially in crafting and implementing the local development plans; (2) The promotion of the mixed land use which can spur an urbanism that does not decimate social relations between the existing landowners and their living spaces and prevent the livelihood disruption. This can be achieved through the creation of the suitable residential blocks that enable the integration of the poor and low-income people, including women, in the urban development. For this to happen the minds of policy makers and urban planners implementing Kigali city master or development plans should be preoccupied with tackling the questions relating to who gets what and where in relation to land use allocation. It is a matter of their willingness to adopt these strategies which are repeatedly highlighted in the policies, laws and regulations related to land management in the country. In this way, the planning can be concerned not only with zoning regulations which are tenure security responsive, not only with respect to the land use that various income categories can benefit from but also to gender equality in the enjoyment the individual property rights.
2
Flew, Terry, and Fiona R. Martin. "Introduction." In Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business, 1–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95220-4_1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractOver the past decade the study of internet governance and platform regulation has evolved into a new, socially engaged regulatory field. This chapter introduces regulatory debates surrounding the rise of digital communications platforms and their similarities to media companies. It considers the growth of regulatory activism in response to platformisation and the ‘techlash’, disputes about platform companies’ intermediary liability, and their resistance to legal controls. The chapter also explores the distinction between regulation and governance strategies, emphasising the challenges of self-regulation. It introduces core concerns of the contributors including: how we might address platforms’ dire impact on public interest journalism; how we can develop coherent, transparent, and convergent regulatory frameworks for tackling platform power; how we might analyse and monitor platforms’ new datafied, participatory advertising operations; how we can foster local content and conceive the politics of discoverability in an age of global streaming services; why platforms might have more in common with telecommunications than media companies, and, fundamentally, why governments’ early support for platform self-regulation and governance has shifted in response to political and economic transformations.
3
Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene. "Land governance and gender for a tenure-responsive future." In Land governance and gender: the tenure-gender nexus in land management and land policy, 234–40. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247664.0019.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The application of land governance and gender at the local everyday level in countries around the world should mean making concrete changes in the tenure gender nexus in land management and land policy governance. This means that achieving sustainability by using land governance to enable gender equality in land management and land requires recognizing that women and gender diverse people are not in the same take-off position as men in land access and security of land tenure. Collectively, the chapters in this book point to the need to rethink theory and practice of land governance and gender, aligning the tenure gender nexus in land management and land policy to respond to the needs of people in their societies. On this basis, this book has generated academic and practical knowledge in various areas that are essential for achieving success, including: access to land; gender-based structural inequality; governance of land and natural resources in an era of instability; community-based tenureresponsive planning; tenure-responsive zoning regulations for gender equality; changing customary tenure and laws; balanced rural and urban development; Islamic land governance and gender equality; and pandemic liveability and reverse migration. The book raises awareness of some of these issues and stimulates new research from across disciplines and sectors.
4
Hays, Dirk B., Ilse Barrios-Perez, and Fatima Camarillo-Castillo. "Heat and Climate Change Mitigation." In Wheat Improvement, 397–415. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_22.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractHigh temperature stress is a primary constraint to maximal yield in wheat, as in nearly all cultivated crops. High temperature stress occurs in varied ecoregions where wheat is cultivated, as either a daily chronic metabolic stress or as an acute episodic high heat shock during critical periods of reproductive development. This chapter focuses on defining the key biochemical processes regulating a plant’s response to heat stress while highlighting and defining strategies to mitigate stress and stabilize maximal yield during high temperature conditions. It will weigh the advantages and disadvantages of heat stress adaptive trait breeding strategies versus simpler integrated phenotypic selection strategies. Novel remote sensing and marker-assisted selection strategies that can be employed to combine multiple heat stress tolerant adaptive traits will be discussed in terms of their efficacy. In addition, this chapter will explore how wheat can be re-envisioned, not only as a staple food, but also as a critical opportunity to reverse climate change through unique subsurface roots and rhizomes that greatly increase wheat’s carbon sequestration.
5
Hernandez-Torres, Francisco, Lara Rodriguez-Outeiriño, Lidia Matias-Valiente, Estefania Lozano-Velasco, Diego Franco, and Amelia Aranega. "miRNAs and Muscle Stem Cells." In Muscular Dystrophy - Research Updates and Therapeutic Strategies. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92851.
Full textAbstract:
Skeletal muscle represents between 30 and 38% of the human body mass. Both the maintenance and repair of adult muscle tissue are directed by satellite cells (SCs). SCs are located beneath the basal lamina of the skeletal muscle myofiber. They are quiescent for most of their life but, in response to physiological stimuli or muscle trauma, they activate, proliferate, and enter the myogenic program via generating myogenic progenitors (myoblasts) that fuse to existing myofibers or de novo myofibers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play a critical role in regulating muscle regeneration and stem cell behavior. In this chapter, we review the pivotal role in the regulation of SC quiescence, activation, and differentiation in the context of muscular dystrophies.
6
Baldwin, Robert, and Martin Cave. "Impacts on the Ground." In Taming the Corporation, 70–103. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836186.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Regulators have to ensure their activities will actually influence behaviour on the ground. This chapter looks at the possible enforcement methods and the impacts these tend to have on interested parties. It outlines how to choose the least intrusive intervention styles that are acceptable. Positive regulatory enforcement demands attention to the stage at which interventions are made and to opportunities to encourage firms’ capacities to comply voluntarily with regulations. Enforcement actions revolve around two key issues—who to go after and what to do to change behaviour. Risk-based regulation offers a way of prioritizing targets for attention but is infused with qualitative judgements and does not assist greatly on choices of intervention strategy. Collectively, ‘compliance’, ‘deterrence’, and ‘responsive’ approaches do not go so far as the GRID approach in combining attention to two needs: matching intervention tools to firm-types and taking on board both the levels of risks and their volatility.
7
Roberts, Alasdair. "Laws, Organizations, Programs, and Practices." In Strategies for Governing, 55–58. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501714405.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter assesses state institutions. Much scholarly effort has been invested in the definition of institution; some definitions are quite abstract. There is nothing wrong with such definitions, but as one scholar has observed, they might be “a little too general to be terribly helpful.” Four particular kinds of institutions are of interest when one discusses the architecture of the state. The first are laws. These are general rules of conduct that dictate how people and organizations inside and outside of the state should behave. One variant is constitutional or basic law, which provides the framework for the operation of the state. Another variant is statute law, which typically consists of rules generated by legislative assemblies. A third variant is subordinate legislation, which usually consists of regulations or rules made by executives and bureaucrats under authority granted by statutes. Organizations make up the second form of institution that is critical to the architecture of modern states. Organizations are responsible for implementing programs, a third important type of institution in the modern era. Lastly, there are informal practices that are so firmly established that they can be counted as institutions, even though these practices may not be recognized in law and may even be inconsistent with law.
8
Goldberg, David E. "Marketing and Managing Jim Crow." In The Retreats of Reconstruction. Fordham University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823272716.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 3 examines the political strategies white business owners and marketing agents employed in response to the black consumer activism of the late 1880s and early 1890s. Beginning in 1893, white authorities developed a Jim Crow strategy built around a defense of market values and public propriety, necessary regulations that they believed would prevent a wholesale disintegration of core capitalist principles and Victorian assumptions of respectability. In doing so, they attempted to make the segregation debate about political economy instead of race, castigating black consumer activism as a disruptive social act that threatened the popularity and financial growth of the region.
9
Aji Prasetya, Rahmad, and Devyani Diah Wulansari. "The Role of Immune Checkpoints in Cancer Progression." In Regulatory T Cells [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105628.
Full textAbstract:
Immune checkpoint proteins are like two-faced swords that first act as gatekeepers of the immune system to protect the host from tissue damage. In contrast, these proteins can corroborate cancer progression by inhibiting tumor-specific immune responses. Here, we summarized the regulation and signaling cascade of immune checkpoints molecules (PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4, TIM3, TIGIT, LAG3, and BTLA), including their role in providing co-inhibitory signals for regulating T-cell response. The involvement of immune checkpoint molecules to drive cancer growth is elaborated with explanations about various anticancer strategies, such as (1) the overexpression of immune checkpoints in cancer cells, immune cells, or the surrounding environment leading to incapabilities of the tumor-specific immune response, (2) immune checkpoints interference to metabolic pathways then deplete nutrients needed by immune cells, (3) the interaction between immune checkpoints and regulatory T cells. Lastly, future challenges of immune checkpoint inhibitors are discussed briefly to get insight into their applicability in the clinical setting.
10
Almond, Glen W., and Sara D. Hough. "Nutritional strategies to boost immune function in pigs." In Optimising pig herd health and production, 207–42. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2022.0103.07.
Full textAbstract:
Our understanding of porcine nutrition and immunity has increased dramatically over the last two decades. For the vast majority of nutrients, researchers attempted to demonstrate the potential to improve immunity in pigs. The use of lipopolysaccharide to stimulate the immune system often was used to evaluate the influence of nutrition; however, all pathogens are not created equal and there is considerable variation within a single pathogen, let alone within a disease category. We need to learn more about how each antigen interferes with metabolism, and disease challenges are likely multi-factorial, which makes it challenging to plan for each disease-related scenario. Environmental regulations are becoming stricter and these regulations vary from country to country. Hence, some of the nutrients, which provided alternatives to antibiotic therapies, face more obstacles for practical, on-farm use. This chapter is not intended to review all nutrients, nor the complete immune response, but rather to provide select examples of nutrient strategies to boost immune function.
Conference papers on the topic "Responsive/Strategic Regulations Theory"
1
ZHOU, HONG, and JUN-GUO QIAO. "ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION INVESTMENT AND BUSINESS PERFORMANCE OF ENTERPRISES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION." In 2021 International Conference on Management, Economics, Business and Information Technology. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/dtem/mebit2021/35636.
Full textAbstract:
The 11th Five-Year Plan of China has established obligatory targets for main pollutant emissions while the completion of the targets has been associated with the achievements of local officials. With the full implementation of this plan, many enterprises began to take forward-looking environmental protection strategies to cope with the increasingly stringent environmental regulations. Most of the existing literature have systematically studied the impact of environmental regulation from the perspective of industry or region, but they have not considered the dynamic response of enterprises to environmental regulation. The research on the economic consequences of enterprises adopting forward-looking environmental protection strategies for environmental protection investment at the micro level is relatively insufficient. This paper uses the data of China's listed manufacturing companies from 2011 to 2017 to study the effect of environmental protection investment on their business performance of enterprises. The results show that environmental protection investment has a positive cumulative effect on company’s business performance, especially in non-state-owned enterprises. Based on this conclusion, this paper puts forward relevant policy suggestions to promote enterprises to implement forward-looking environmental protection strategy and gain competitive advantage.
2
D. Weerakkody, Niranjala. "More Dominant in their Inactivity: Consumer Response and the Adoption of Digital TV in Australia." In 2003 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2686.
Full textAbstract:
After much hesitation, discussion, and power brokering, Australia adopted digital TV for its Free-to air broadcasting on January 1, 2001. However, by December 2002, only a few thousand homes had adopted the technology. This paper examines the implementation and regulation of digital TV in Australia from the point of view of the ‘established base’ the new technology will replace, theories on diffusion and innovation of new technologies, and the Justification Model, which sees technology choice as social gambling. It then evaluates the various protectionist regulations and limitations imposed on the technology to safeguard the various stakeholders, the implementation strategies used, lack of digital content, marketing efforts, negative media coverage, and the economic realities of the technology, and argues that if consumers reject the technology altogether, it would lead to Australia missing the future applications of digital technology and the opportunity to address the issue of the ‘digital divide’ in the 21st century.
3
BERMANIS, Raimonds, Inga STRAUPE, and Andra ZVIRBULE. "EUROPEAN UNION FRAMEWORK FOR FORESTRY SUPPORT AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN LATVIA." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.177.
Full textAbstract:
The Paper covers an analysis of most significant European Union (EU) legal acts regulating financial support granted for private forestry over the period of 2014-2020, coherence to support measures implemented in Latvia for a certain period. The review consists of two main legal acts from the EU - Forest Strategy for forests and the forest-based sector and the EU regulation No. 1305/2013 of the European Parliament and the Council on support for rural development by the European Agriculture Fund for Rural development, while from the national perspective, the review was prepared for Latvia’s Rural development programme (NRDP) for the period 2014-2020 and national regulations issued by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia. The paper focuses on the support measures intended to foster and develop forestry sector, evaluating priorities and expected results laid down in the EU documents, versus measures implemented in Latvia through the NRDP 2014-2020, related to national regulations and rules of the responsible state authorities. The analysis contains several groups of measures applicable for private forestry: 1) Information, advice, knowledge and efficiency; 2) Forestry activities; 3) Investments in forestry; 4) Nature care. Not all the measures which may be introduced according to the EU regulations No. 1305/2013 were implemented for private forestry support in Latvia, also several in the NRDP 2014-2020 affordable measures were not introduced practically till November 2017, but regarding those which have already been implemented, their impact on forestry development should be further estimated.
4
Laramie, Olivia, Alexander Colby, Hailey Pensky, Samantha Doonan, and Julie Johnson. "Responsible Vendor Training as a Macro-Level Prevention Tool– A Case Study of the Massachusetts Cannabis Industry." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.19.
Full textAbstract:
As of March 2022, adult-use cannabis is legal in 18 states and medical-use is legal for certain patients in 37 states. Unlike the illicit market(s), legal market(s) present new opportunities to embed public health strategies in varying levels of policy and regulation, such as Public Awareness Campaigns or Responsible Vendor Training (RVT). Using the Social Ecological Model (SEM) as a guiding framework, we conceptualize state-implemented public health strategies as operating at the macro-level through public policy or regulations, and interacting within and across varying social environments to impact individual behaviors. Macro-level prevention and intervention tools that aim to reduce and prevent adverse cannabis outcomes, such as developing cannabis use disorder and cannabis impaired driving, are imperative to more safely implement cannabis legalization. RVT programs are an under-studied, yet critical macro- level intervention, in many new cannabis industries that sell varying cannabis products with both known and unknown effects on the human body. RVT programs, operated by varying education providers and curriculums, are trainings provided to cannabis industry employees (“agents”) involved in the handling and sale of cannabis. Training may include, but is not limited to, learning the law and regulations, identifying fake identification cards (IDs), health effects of cannabis, and other public health and safety practices. At the implementation level, RVT training may affect individual change by shaping industry employees’ perceptions of their role in order to better support public health, clarifying the latest research on health effects, and roleplaying judgement-free strategies to provide public health education. Currently, 31 states have RVT programs, however, Massachusetts is currently the only state with both legalized adult-use and medical markets that mandates an RVT program by regulation [935 CMR 500 and 935 CMR 501]. As of February 2022, Massachusetts certified 22 RVT program vendors and trained 10,142 out of 23,772 (42.7%) agents in the medical and adult-use workforce. RVT programs have the potential to counteract potential unsafe cannabis use behaviors following cannabis legalization implementation. However, the effectiveness of RVT programs is largely unknown. Guided by the SEM, this presentation will take a holistic view of the overlapping social environments surrounding an individual, to assess the potential of RVT programs operating at the macro-level to interact across social levels, including meso- and individual-levels, in order to prevent adverse outcomes (Bronfenbrenner, 1977). This presentation provides a theoretical model and potential quantifiable metrics of study for researchers to better assess RVT program effectiveness. To reduce potential health and safety risks of cannabis legalization, policymakers and regulators can embed varying public health strategies in legal cannabis markets, including RVT programs. It is imperative that research assist policymakers and regulators to assess the effectiveness of current RVT programs to ensure RVT program(s) have the intended public health outcomes, in order to facilitate evidence-based cannabis policy in these new and emerging cannabis markets.
5
Deuel, L. E., and G. H. Holliday. "Evolution of Oil and Gas Waste/Soil Remediation Regulations." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80460.
Full textAbstract:
The meaningful United States regulation of onshore oil and gas field waste/soil commenced in the mid 1980’s in response to a series of state, federal, industry and international initiatives. Most initiatives centered on the design, construction and operation of earthen pits used in the exploration and production of oil and gas (E&P). Prior to this time, earthen pits were constructed as needed by the operator and used in all phases of E&P activity. Chief concerns of the regulators were focused on what had gone into pits historically, what was going into them currently and was the E&P exemption excluding high volume E&P wastes from the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations justified. Several investigations, including the comprehensive field study by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1987, determined E&P wastes are ostensibly non-hazardous. EPA concluded regulation of E&P wastes under RCRA Subtitle C was not necessary. To this day there is no U. S. federal regulatory program with exclusive jurisdiction over exempt E&P wastes. Other studies, primarily industry and academic, focusing on land limiting constituents, management practices and pit closure strategies revealed sodium salts and petroleum hydrocarbon in the form of diesel range organics were the primary limiting constituents. One state, Louisiana, adopted the technical aspects of these studies and developed a comprehensive regulation known as Statewide Order 29-B, which was based on the concept of limiting constituents and defined post closure performance standards. These standards limited salinity, sodicity, total metals and total petroleum hydrocarbon (oil & grease) with values varying with respect to landform, land use and closure technique. Other states have adopted some of the concepts and criteria advanced under 29-B but none are as comprehensive. Obviously there is a need to control what goes into pits and how pits should be closed. The industry would best be served by adopting the concepts and standards set forth in the Louisiana 29-B regulation. A few of the provisions could be changed to make it more palatable to industry without sacrificing the protection afforded human and animal health, safety and the environment. Internationally, particularly countries in South America embraced USEPA protocol for testing characteristically hazardous wastes, but 1) without the framework to handle the relatively large volume of non-hazardous E&P waste generated and 2) no regulations or protocols for on-site waste management. Several operators, although partners with state owned oil companies, on their own volition, applied the concepts and standards under Louisiana’s 29-B to rainforests in South America and rice paddies in Indonesia. Canada and European oil and gas producing countries have developed stringent standards not based on science, which favor costly treatment technologies. Generally, these countries prohibit cost effective on-site waste management and closure techniques. This paper traces the evolution of waste/soil remediation within the United States and internationally. We trace the progress as a function of time; the impetus for regulation; and probable future controls.
6
Buchanan, Cara F., Elizabeth Voigt, Christopher S. Szot, Joseph W. Freeman, Pavlos P. Vlachos, and M. Nichole Rylander. "Development of a 3D Microfluidic Culture Model to Study the Effect of Shear Stress on Tumor Angiogenesis." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53910.
Full textAbstract:
Current in vitro studies of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis are limited by the use of static 2D culture systems or 3D models that poorly reflect the pathological tumor microenvironment. While these systems have provided insight into tumor-inherent mechanisms of neovascularization, they are unable to couple local cellular response with specific biochemical and mechanical cues [1]. Interstitial flow plays an important role in regulating tumor growth; however, there are currently no in vitro cell culture models specifically designed to investigate the effect of fluid shear on tumorigenesis. By integrating tissue-engineering strategies with microfluidics and particle image velocimetry, we have developed a 3D in vitro cell culture model that allows the relationship between shear stress and tumor-endothelial cell cross-talk to be monitored. This research strategy will greatly improve our understanding of shear-stress mediated angiogenesis.
7
Nazari, Morad, Oleg A. Bobrenkov, and Eric A. Butcher. "Feedback Control of Periodic Delayed Systems." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12127.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, three control strategies based on Chebyshev spectral collocation and the Lyapunov-Floquet transformation (LFT) are explored for regulation control of linear periodic time delayed systems. In previous studies, control design based on Chebyhev spectral continuous time approximation (CSCTA) has been demonstrated for the delayed systems and the LFT has been utilized for the control of time-periodic non-delayed systems. However, the combined use of CSCTA and reduced LFT (RLFT) has thus far not been investigated for their application in control design for delayed periodic systems. The delayed Mathieu equation is used as an illustrative example, and the closed-loop response of the system and the control effort are investigated for all three control strategies.
8
Liu, Lanbin, and Yufei Ma. "An Intelligent On-Off Regulation Method by Predicting the Valve On-Time Ratio in District Heating." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6530.
Full textAbstract:
Good room temperature control is beneficial for user thermal comfort and health. It also helps reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions inside the buildings. However, there are certain limitations with the current thermostatic valves commonly used in central heating systems, especially the ones used in China, since they cannot satisfactorily adjust room temperatures. In response to such problems, an intelligent on-off regulation method is presented in this paper. The room temperature can be maintained by controlling the valves according to the on-time ratio predicted by this method. The on-time ratio is predicted for each cycle, and the current ratio is decided by checking a 6-order fuzzy-control table with room temperature deviations in the last step, as well as room temperature set points. The design of the fuzzy-control table as a major factor that may affect the controlling effect is also discussed. A proper controlling cycle and optimal controlling table have been worked out. Finally, this paper discusses the application effectiveness of this strategy. Results show that the room temperature can be maintained in the range of set point ±0.5°C using this method in different conditions. It is fair to say that this method is a stable, reliable and advanced controlling method with accurate control.
9
McDonald, Dale B. "Locally Precise Response Surface Models for the Generalization of Controlled Dynamic Systems and Associated Performance Measures." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62099.
Full textAbstract:
This treatment demonstrates the utility of response surface models (RSMs) as predictive, companion tools which aid in the development of harvesting (control) strategies applicable to predator-prey dynamic systems. To this end a control algorithm is derived that considers the regulation of a predator-prey natural resource while considering revenue for commercial ventures and regulatory agencies. Numerical simulations provide the mechanism to quantify performance measures associated with control algorithms, yet complicated problems require that all “tools” available be considered. Complex problems may be more tractable when simulation results are combined with alternate, continuous models exhibiting predictive capacities. For this reason, RSMs are appealing; analytic evaluation of the state, the gradient, and the Hessian matrix is possible. From these models we may glean valuable information linked to the gathered data revealing information about the “true nature” of the ecological system. Therefore, we propose to create RSMs based on scattered data obtained from the ordinary differential equation (ODE) dynamic system model. These response surface models are constructed using radial basis functions (RBFs); RSMs so created have the desirable property of matching the objective function value exactly at each sampled data point. Furthermore, they have the ability to interpolate to any desired point throughout the parameter space. This is powerful as the “objective function” may be any function of critical importance to the analyst which in this treatment is the predator biomass time rate of change (ODE) itself. This has the immediate implication of providing a single ODE model, with a “locally” or even perhaps a “globally” precise nature. Since such models are constructed from scattered data, which is consistent with what would be collected from field measurements, a further connection of theory to practice is realized. It will be shown that these RSMs provide greater insight into ecological systems, with special emphasis on parameter estimation.
10
Gokhale, Manoj, Bhaskar Tamma, and Roy J. Primus. "Integration of System and Detailed CFD Models for IC Engine Applications." In ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine and Rail Transportation Divisions Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2003-0748.
Full textAbstract:
Stringent IC engine tailpipe emission regulations are being enforced worldwide. To meet the emission norms various emission reduction strategies are explored in conjunction with the fuel consumption improvements. To achieve these goals, modeling of engine system for combustion and emission plays a major role in minimizing the development cost and time. The successful application of combustion and emission modeling depends on the response, accuracy and run-time of the models being used. System level models are generally used to study and optimize the full IC engine system. These models have low runtime (2–10 mins) but are limited in their ability to describe and respond to the geometry and physics of complex fluid dynamics, combustion and emissions. Detailed CFD models are used for these areas but have long runtimes (8–40 hours). The procedure for developing and calibrating commercially available system and in-cylinder CFD software models are explained. Also the integration of these models to minimize the overall runtimes is described in detail.
Reports on the topic "Responsive/Strategic Regulations Theory"
1
Whitham, Steven A., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Post-transcriptional Regulation of Host Genes Involved with Symptom Expression in Potyviral Infections. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593391.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding how RNA viruses cause disease symptoms in their hosts is expected to provide information that can be exploited to enhance modern agriculture. The helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) protein of potyviruses has been implicated in symptom development. Previously, we demonstrated that symptom expression is associated with binding of duplex small-interfering-RNA (duplex-siRNA) to a highly conserved FRNK amino acid motif in the HC-Pro of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). This binding activity also alters host microRNA (miRNA) profiles. In Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), which infects the model plant Arabidopsis, mutation of the FRNK motif to FINK was lethal providing further indication of the importance of this motif to HC-Pro function. In this continuation project, our goal was to further investigate how ZYMV and TuMV cause the mis-expression of genes in cucurbits and Arabidopsis, respectively, and to correlate altered gene expression with disease symptoms. Objective 1 was to examine the roles of aromatic and positively charged residues F164RNH and K215RLF adjacent to FR180NK in small RNA binding. Objective 2 was to determine the target genes of the miRNAs which change during HC-Pro expression in infected tissues and transgenic cucumber. Objective 3 was to characterize RNA silencing mechanisms underlying differential expression of host genes. Objective 4 was to analyze the function of miRNA target genes and differentially expressed genes in potyvirus-infected tissues. We found that the charged K/R amino acid residues in the FKNH and KRLF motifs are essential for virus viability. Replacement of K to I in FKNH disrupted duplex-siRNA binding and virus infectivity, while in KRLF mutants duplex-siRNA binding was maintained and virus infectivity was limited: symptomless following a recovery phenomenon. These findings expanded the duplex-siRNA binding activity of HC-Pro to include the adjacent FRNK and FRNH sites. ZYMV causes many squash miRNAs to hyper-accumulate such as miR166, miR390, mir168, and many others. Screening of mir target genes showed that only INCURVATA-4 and PHAVOLUTA were significantly upregulated following ZYMVFRNK infection. Supporting this finding, we found similar developmental symptoms in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing P1-HC-Pro of a range of potyviruses to those observed in miR166 mutants. We characterized increased transcription of AGO1 in response to infection with both ZYMV strains. Differences in viral siRNA profiles and accumulation between mild and severe virus infections were characterized by Illumina sequencing, probably due to the differences in HC-Pro binding activity. We determined that the TuMV FINK mutant could accumulate and cause symptoms in dcl2 dcl4 or dcl2 dcl3 dcl4 mutants similar to TuMV FRNK in wild type Arabidopsis plants. These dcl mutant plants are defective in antiviral defenses, and the results show that factors other than HC-ProFRNK motif can induce symptoms in virus-infected plants. As a result of this work, we have a better understanding of the FRNK and FKNH amino acid motifs of HC-Pro and their contributions to the duplex-siRNA binding functions. We have identified plant genes that potentially contribute to infectivity and symptoms of virus infected plants when they are mis-expressed during potyviral infections. The results establish that there are multiple underlying molecular mechanisms that lead viral pathogenicity, some dependent on HC-Pro. The potential benefits include the development of novel strategies for controlling diseases caused by viruses, methods to ensure stable expression of transgenes in genetically improved crops, and improved potyvirus vectors for expression of proteins or peptides in plants.
2
Horwitz, Benjamin, and Barbara Gillian Turgeon. Secondary Metabolites, Stress, and Signaling: Roles and Regulation of Peptides Produced by Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthetases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696522.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Fungal pathogens of plants produce a diverse array of small molecules. Often referred to as secondary metabolites because they were thought to be dispensable for basic functions, they may indeed have central roles as signals for the fungal cell, and in interactions with the host. We have identified more than a dozen genes encoding nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NPS) in Cochliobolusheterostrophus, the agent of southern corn leaf blight. The aim of this project was to identify roles of these genes in stress responses and signaling. The first objective was to test a complete collection of C. heterostrophus nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-encoding gene deletion mutant and wildtype (WT) strains for sensitivity to various agents of oxidative (ROS) and nitrosative (RNOS) stress, in vitro. The second objective and next step in this part of the project was to study the relevance of sensitivity to ROS and RNOS in the host pathogen interaction, by measuring the production of ROS and RNOS in planta, when plants are inoculated with wild type and mutant strains. A third objective was to study expression of any genes shown to be involved in sensitivity to ROS or RNOS, in vitro and in planta. Another objective was to determine if any of the genes involved in oxidative or nitrosative stress responses are regulated by components of signal transduction pathways (STP) that we have identified and to determine where mechanisms overlap. Study of the collection of nps mutants identified phenotypes relevant for virulence, development and oxidative stress resistance for two of the genes, NPS2 and NPS6. Mutants in genes related to RNOS stress have no virulence phenotypes, while some of those related to ROS stress have reduced virulence as well as developmental phenotypes, so we focused primarily on ROS stress pathways. Furthermore, the identification of NPS2 and NPS6 as encoding for NRPS responsible for siderophore biosynthesis lent a new focus to the project, regulation by Fe. We have not yet developed good methods to image ROS in planta and work in this direction is continuing. We found that NPS6 expression is repressed by Fe, responding over the physiological Fe concentration range. Studying our collection of mutants, we found that conserved MAPK and G protein signal transduction pathways are dispensable for Fe regulation of NPS6, and initiated work to identify other pathways. The transcription factor SreA is one candidate, and is responsible for part, but not all, of the control of NPS6 expression. The results of this project show that the pathogen contends with oxidative stress through several signaling pathways. Loss of the siderophore produced by Nps6 makes the fungus sensitive to oxidative stress, and decreases virulence, suggesting a central role of the ability to sequester and take up extracellular iron in the host-pathogen interaction. Siderophores, and manipulation of Fe levels, could be targets for new strategies to deal with fungal pathogens of maize and other plants.
3
Or, Etti, Tai-Ping Sun, Amnon Lichter, and Avichai Perl. Characterization and Manipulation of the Primary Components in Gibberellin Signaling in the Grape Berry. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592649.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Seedless cultivars dominate the table grape industry. In these cultivars it is mandatory to apply gibberellin (GA) to stimulate berry development to a commercially acceptable size. These cultivars differ in their sensitivity to GA application, and it frequently results in adverse effects such as decreased bud fertility and increased fruit drop. Our long term goals are to (1) understand the molecular basis for the differential sensitivity and identify markers for selection of sensitive cultivars (2) to develop new strategies for targeted manipulation of the grape berry response to GA that will eliminate the need in GA application and the undesirable effects of GA on the vine, while maintaining its desirable effects on the berry. Both strategies are expected to reduce production cost and meet growing consumer demand for reduced use of chemicals. This approach relies on a comprehensive characterization of the central components in the GA signaling cascade in the berry. Several key components in the GA signaling pathway were identified in Arabidopsis and rice, including the GA receptors, GID1s, and a family of DELLA proteins that are the major negative regulators of the GA response. GA activates its response pathway by binding to GID1s, which then target DELLAs for degradation via interaction with SLY, a DELLA specific F-box protein. In grape, only one DELLA gene was characterized prior to this study, which plays a major role in inhibiting GA-promoted stem growth and GA-repressed floral induction but it does not regulate fruit growth. Therefore, we speculated that other DELLA family member(s) may control GA responses in berry, and their identification and manipulation may result in GA-independent berry growth. In the current study we isolated two additional VvDELLA family members, two VvGID1 genes and two VvSLY genes. Arabidopsis anti-AtRGA polyclonal antibodies recognized all three purified VvDELLA proteins, but its interaction with VvDELLA3 was weaker. Overexpression of the VvDELLAs, the VvGID1s, and the VvSLYs in the Arabidopsis mutants ga1-3/rga-24, gid1a-2/1c-2 and sly1-10, respectively, rescued the various mutant phenotypes. In vitro GAdependent physical interaction was shown between the VvDELLAs and the VvGID1s, and GAindependent interaction was shown between the VvDELLAs and VvSLYs. Interestingly, VvDELLA3 did not interact with VvGID1b. Together, the results indicate that the identified grape homologs serve as functional DELLA repressors, receptors and DELLA-interacting F-box proteins. Expression analyses revealed that (1) VvDELLA2 was expressed in all the analyzed tissues and was the most abundant (2) VvDELLA1 was low expressed in berries, confirming former study (3) Except in carpels and very young berries, VvDELLA3 levels were the lowest in most tissues. (4) Expression of both VvGID1s was detected in all the grape tissues, but VvGID1b transcript levels were significantly higher than VvGID1a. (5) In general, both VvDELLAs and VvGID1s transcripts levels increased as tissues aged. Unfertilized and recently fertilized carpels did not follow this trend, suggesting different regulatory mechanism of GA signaling in these stages. Characterization of the response to GA of various organs in three seedless cultivars revealed differential response of the berries and rachis. Interestingly, VvDELLA3 transcript levels in the GA-unresponsive berries of cv. Spring blush were significantly higher compared to their levels in the highly responsive berries of cv. Black finger. Assuming that VvDELLA2 and VvDELLA3 are regulating berry size, constructs carrying potential dominant mutations in each gene were created. Furthermore, constitutive silencing of these genes by mIR is underway, to reveal the effect of each gene on the berry phenotype.
4
Sionov, Edward, Nancy Keller, and Shiri Barad-Kotler. Mechanisms governing the global regulation of mycotoxin production and pathogenicity by Penicillium expansum in postharvest fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7604292.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The original objectives of the study, as defined in the approved proposal, are: To characterize the relationship of CreA and LaeA in regulation of P T production To understand how PacC modulates P. expansumpathogenicity on apples To examine if other secondary metabolites are involved in virulence or P. expansumfitness To identify the signaling pathways leading to PAT synthesis Penicilliumexpansum, the causal agent of blue mould rot, is a critical health concern because of the production of the mycotoxinpatulin (PAT) in colonized apple fruit tissue. Although PAT is produced by many Penicilliumspecies, the factors activating its biosynthesis were not clear. This research focused on host and fungal mechanisms of activation of LaeA (the global regulator of secondary metabolism), PacC (the global pH modulator) and CreA (the global carbon catabolite regulator) on PAT synthesis with intention to establish P. expansumas the model system for understanding mycotoxin synthesis in fruits. The overall goal of this proposal is to identify critical host and pathogen factors that mechanistically modulate P. expansumgenes and pathways to control activation of PAT production and virulence in host. Several fungal factors have been correlated with disease development in apples, including the production of PAT, acidification of apple tissue by the fungus, sugar content and the global regulator of secondary metabolism and development, LaeA. An increase in sucrose molarity in the culture medium from 15 to 175 mM negatively regulated laeAexpression and PAT accumulation, but, conversely, increased creAexpression, leading to the hypothesis that CreA could be involved in P. expansumPAT biosynthesis and virulence, possibly through the negative regulation of LaeA. We found evidence for CreAtranscriptional regulation of laeA, but this was not correlated with PAT production either in vitro or in vivo, thus suggesting that CreA regulation of PAT is independent of LaeA. Our finding that sucrose, a key ingredient of apple fruit, regulates PAT synthesis, probably through suppression of laeAexpression, suggests a potential interaction between CreA and LaeA, which may offer control therapies for future study. We have also identified that in addition to PAT gene cluster, CreA regulates other secondary metabolite clusters, including citrinin, andrastin, roquefortine and communesins, during pathogenesis or during normal fungal growth. Following creation of P. expansumpacCknockout strain, we investigated the involvement of the global pH regulator PacC in fungal pathogenicity. We demonstrated that disruption of the pH signaling transcription factor PacC significantly decreased the virulence of P. expansumon deciduous fruits. This phenotype is associated with an impairment in fungal growth, decreased accumulation of gluconic acid and reduced synthesis of pectolytic enzymes. We showed that glucose oxidase- encoding gene, which is essential for gluconic acid production and acidification during fruit colonization, was significantly down regulated in the ΔPepacCmutant, suggesting that gox is PacC- responsive gene. We have provided evidence that deletion of goxgene in P. expansumled to a reduction in virulence toward apple fruits, further indicating that GOX is a virulence factor of P. expansum, and its expression is regulated by PacC. It is also clear from the present data that PacC in P. expansumis a key factor for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as PAT. On the basis of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis and physiological experimentation, the P. expansumΔlaeA, ΔcreAand ΔpacCmutants were unable to successfully colonize apples for a multitude of potential mechanisms including, on the pathogen side, a decreased ability to produce proteolytic enzymes and to acidify the environment and impaired carbon/nitrogen metabolism and, on the host side, an increase in the oxidative defence pathways. Our study defines these global regulatory factors and their downstream signalling pathways as promising targets for the development of strategies to fight against this post-harvest pathogen.
5
Meir, Shimon, Michael S. Reid, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Amnon Lers, and Sonia Philosoph-Hadas. Molecular Studies of Postharvest Leaf and Flower Senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592657.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Original objectives: To understand the regulation of abscission by exploring the nature of changes of auxin-related gene expression in tomato (Lycopersicon esculatumMill) abscission zones (AZs) following organ removal, and by analyzing the function of these genes. Our specific goals were: 1) To complete the microarray analyses in tomato flower and leaf AZs, for identifying genes whose expression changes early in response to auxin depletion; 2) To examine, using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), the effect of silencing target genes on ethylene sensitivity and abscission competence of the leaf and flower AZs; 3) To isolate and characterize promoters from AZ-specific genes to be used in functional analysis; 4) To generate stable transgenic tomato plants with selected genes silenced with RNAi, under the control of an AZ-specific promoter, for further characterization of their abscission phenotypes. Background: Abscission, the separation of organs from the parent plant, results in postharvest quality loss in many ornamentals and other fresh produce. The process is initiated by changes in the auxin gradient across the AZ, and is triggered by ethylene. Although changes in gene expression have been correlated with the ethylene-mediated execution of abscission, there is almost no information on the initiation of the abscission process, as the AZ becomes sensitized to ethylene. The present project was focused on elucidating these early molecular regulatory events, in order to gain a better control of the abscission process for agricultural manipulations. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Microarray analyses, using the Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip®, revealed changes in expression, occurring early in abscission, of many genes with possible regulatory functions. These included a range of auxin- and ethylene-related transcription factors (TFs), other TFs that are transiently induced just after flower removal, and a set of novel AZ-specific genes. We also identified four different defense-related genes, including: Cysteine-type endopeptidase, α- DOX1, WIN2, and SDF2, that are newly-associated with the late stage of the abscission process. This supports the activation of different defense responses and strategies at the late abscission stages, which may enable efficient protection of the exposed tissue toward different environmental stresses. To facilitate functional studies we implemented an efficient VIGS system in tomato, and isolated two abscission-specific promoters (pTAPG1 and pTAPG4) for gene silencing in stable transformation. Using the VIGS system we could demonstrate the importance of TAPGs in abscission of tomato leaf petioles, and evaluated the importance of more than 45 genes in abscission. Among them we identified few critical genes involved in leaf and flower abscission. These included: PTRP-F1, PRP, TKN4, KNOTTED-like homeobox TF, KD1, and KNOX-like homeodomain protein genes, the silencing of which caused a striking retardation of pedicel abscission, and ERF1, ERF4, Clavata-like3 protein, Sucrose transporter protein, and IAA10 genes, the silencing of which delayed petiole abscission. The importance of PRPand KD1 genes in abscission was confirmed also by antisense–silencing using pTAPG4. Experiments testing the effects of RNAi silencing of few other genes are still in progress, The analysis of the microarray results of flower and leaf AZs allowed us to establish a clear sequence of events occurring during acquisition of tissue sensitivity to ethylene, and to confirm our hypothesis that acquisition of ethylene sensitivity in the AZ is associated with altered expression of auxin-regulated genes in both AZs. Implication, both scientific and agricultural: Our studies had provided new insights into the regulation of the abscission process, and shaded light on the molecular mechanisms that drive the acquisition of abscission competence in the AZ. We pointed out some critical genes involved in regulation of abscission, and further expanded our knowledge of auxin-ethylene cross talk during the abscission process. This permits the development of novel techniques for manipulating abscission, and thereby improving the postharvest performance of ornamentals and other crops.
6
Coplin, David, Isaac Barash, and Shulamit Manulis. Role of Proteins Secreted by the Hrp-Pathways of Erwinia stewartii and E. herbicola pv. gypsophilae in Eliciting Water-Soaking Symptoms and Initiating Galls. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580675.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Many bacterial pathogens of plants can inject pathogenicity proteins into host cells using a specialized type III secretion system encoded by hrpgenes. This system deliver effector proteins, into plant cells that function in both susceptible and resistant interactions. We have found that the virulence of Erwinia stewartii(Es; syn. Pantoea stewartii) and Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae (Ehg, syn. Pantoea agglomerans), which cause Stewart's wilt of corn and galls on Gypsophila, respectively, depends on hrpgenes. The major objectives of this project were: To increase expression of hrpgenes in order to identify secreted proteins; to identify genes for proteins secreted by the type-III systems and determine if they are required for pathogenicity; and to determine if the secreted proteins can function within eukaryotic cells. We found that transcription of the hrp and effector genes in Es and Ehg is controlled by at least four genes that constitute a regulatory cascade. Environmental and/or physiological signaling appears to be mediated by the HrpX/HrpY two component system, with HrpX functioning as a sensor-kinase and HrpY as a response regulator. HrpYupregulateshrpS, which encodes a transcriptional enhancer. HrpS then activates hrpL, which encodes an alternate sigma factor that recognizes "hrp boxes". All of the regulatory genes are essential for pathogenicity, except HrpX, which appears only to be required for induction of the HR in tobacco by Es. In elucidating this regulatory pathway in both species, we made a number of significant new discoveries. HrpX is unusual for a sensor-kinase because it is cytoplasmic and contains PAS domains, which may sense the redox state of the bacterium. In Es, a novel methyl-accepting protein may function upstream of hrpY and repress hrp gene expression in planta. The esaIR quorum sensing system in Es represses hrp gene expression in Es in response to cell-density. We have discovered six new type III effector proteins in these species, one of which (DspE in Ehg and WtsE in Es) is common to both pathogens. In addition, Es wtsG, which is a homolog of an avrPpiB from P. syringae pv. pisi, and an Ehg ORF, which is a homolog of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola AvrPphD, were both demonstrated to encode virulence proteins. Two plasmidborne, Ehg Hop proteins, HsvG and PthG, are required for infection of gypsophilia, but interestingly, PthG also acts as an Avr elicitor in beets. Using a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase (cyaA) reporter gene, we were successful in demonstrating that an HsvG-CyaA fusion protein can be transferred into human HeLa cells by the type-III system of enteropathogenic E. coli. This is a highly significant accomplishment because it is the first direct demonstration that an effector protein from a plant pathogenic bacterium is capable of being translocated into a eukaryotic cell by a type-III secretion system. Ehg is considered a limiting factor in Gypsophila production in Israel and Stewart’s Wilt is a serious disease in the Eastern and North Central USA, especially on sweet corn in epidemic years. We believe that our basic research on the characterization of type III virulence effectors should enable future identification of their receptors in plant cells. This may lead to novel approaches for genetically engineering resistant plants by modifying their receptors or inactivating effectors and thus blocking the induction of the susceptible response. Alternatively, hrp gene regulation might also provide a target for plant produced compounds that interfere with recognition of the host by the pathogen. Such strategies would be broadly applicable to a wide range of serious bacterial diseases on many crops throughout the USA and Israel.
7
Whitham, Steven A., Amit Gal-On, and Tzahi Arazi. Functional analysis of virus and host components that mediate potyvirus-induced diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7591732.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The mechanisms underlying the development of symptoms in response to virus infection remain to be discovered in plants. Insight into symptoms induced by potyviruses comes from evidence implicating the potyviral HC-Pro protein in symptom development. In particular, recent studies link the development of symptoms in infected plants to HC-Pro's ability to interfere with small RNA metabolism and function in plant hosts. Moreover, mutation of the highly conserved FRNK amino acid motif to FINK in the HC-Pro of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) converts a severe strain into an asymptomatic strain, but does not affect virus accumulation in cucurbit hosts. The ability of this FINK mutation to uncouple symptoms from virus accumulation creates a unique opportunity to study symptom etiology, which is usually confounded by simultaneous attenuation of both symptoms and virus accumulation. Our goal was to determine how mutations in the conserved FRNK motif affect host responses to potyvirus infection in cucurbits and Arabidopsis thaliana. Our first objective was to define those amino acids in the FRNK motif that are required for symptoms by mutating the FRNK motif in ZYMV and Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Symptom expression and accumulation of resulting mutant viruses in cucurbits and Arabidopsis was determined. Our second objective was to identify plant genes associated with virus disease symptoms by profiling gene expression in cucurbits and Arabidopsis in response to mutant and wild type ZYMV and TuMV, respectively. Genes from the two host species that are differentially expressed led us to focus on a subset of genes that are expected to be involved in symptom expression. Our third objective was to determine the functions of small RNA species in response to mutant and wild type HC-Pro protein expression by monitoring the accumulation of small RNAs and their targets in Arabidopsis and cucurbit plants infected with wild type and mutant TuMV and ZYMV, respectively. We have found that the maintenance of the charge of the amino acids in the FRNK motif of HC-Pro is required for symptom expression. Reduced charge (FRNA, FRNL) lessen virus symptoms, and maintain the suppression of RNA silencing. The FRNK motif is involved in binding of small RNA species including microRNAs (miRNA) and short interfering RNAs (siRNA). This binding activity mediated by the FRNK motif has a role in protecting the viral genome from degradation by the host RNA silencing system. However, it also provides a mechanism by which the FRNK motif participates in inducing the symptoms of viral infection. Small RNA species, such as miRNA and siRNA, can regulate the functions of plant genes that affect plant growth and development. Thus, this binding activity suggests a mechanism by which ZYMVHC-Pro can interfere with plant development resulting in disease symptoms. Because the host genes regulated by small RNAs are known, we have identified candidate host genes that are expected to play a role in symptoms when their regulation is disrupted during viral infections. As a result of this work, we have a better understanding of the FRNK amino acid motif of HC-Pro and its contribution to the functions of HC-Pro, and we have identified plant genes that potentially contribute to symptoms of virus infected plants when their expression becomes misregulated during potyviral infections. The results set the stage to establish the roles of specific host genes in viral pathogenicity. The potential benefits include the development of novel strategies for controlling diseases caused by viruses, methods to ensure stable expression of transgenes in genetically improved crops, and improved potyvirus vectors for expression of proteins or peptides in plants.
8
Cairo, Jessica, Iulia Gherman, and Paul Cook. The effects of consumer freezing of food on its use-by date. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ret874.
Full textAbstract:
The current Food Standards Agency consumer guidance states that consumers can freeze pre-packed food right up to the “use-by” date and, once food has been defrosted, it should be consumed within 24 hours. This strategic review has collated relevant data to determine whether there is an increased risk in relation to freezing ready-to-eat and non-ready-to-eat foods on the use-by date compared to the day before the use-by date. The review has focused on how the shelf-life of a food is determined and the effects of freezing, thawing and refrigeration on foodborne pathogens, including Bacillus spp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. In the UK, food business operators are responsible for setting the safe shelf-life of a food which, in practice, should take into consideration the consumer habits, as well as the factors affecting shelf-life, such as food product characteristics, food processing techniques, transport, retail and domestic food storage temperatures, and type of packaging. Some countries, such as Ireland, New Zealand and Canada specifically recommend including safety margins within shelf lives. This is used to maintain brand integrity because it ensures that the food is consumed in its optimum condition. The FSA has collaborated with other organisations in the production of several guidance documents; however, there is no explicit requirement for the consideration of a margin of safety when setting shelf-life. There is also no legal requirement in the UK to consider a safety margin when setting shelf-life. According to regulations, pathogens should not be present in sufficient levels to cause foodborne illness on the use-by date, as food should still be safe to eat on that day. Given that these requirements are met, the risk assessed in this report arises from the processes of freezing, thawing and subsequent refrigerated storage for a further 24 hours, and the potential for these to increase pathogen levels. In this review, it was found that there is a risk of additional growth of certain pathogens during the refrigerated storage period although the impact of freezing and thawing on the extent of this growth was not readily evident. This risk would relate specifically to ready-to-eat foods as cooking of non-ready-to-eat foods after defrosting would eliminate pathogens. This report explores the potential issues related to consumer freezing on the use-by date and identifies additional information or research required to understand the risks involved. Overall, there is little evidence to suggest a significant change in risk between consumers freezing ready-to-eat food on the use-by date compared to freezing the food on the day before the use-by date. Specific areas that merit further research include the risks due to low temperature survival and growth of L. monocytogenes. There is also a lack of research on the effects of freezing, defrosting and refrigeration on the growth and toxin production of non-proteolytic C. botulinum, and the growth of Salmonella during domestic freezing and thawing. Finally, more information on how food business operators set shelf-life would enable a better understanding of the process and the extent of the safety margin when determining shelf-life of ready-to-eat and non-ready-to-eat foods.
9
Ron, Eliora, and Eugene Eugene Nester. Global functional genomics of plant cell transformation by agrobacterium. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7695860.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to carry out a global functional genomics analysis of plant cell transformation by Agrobacterium in order to define and characterize the physiology of Agrobacterium in the acidic environment of a wounded plant. We planed to study the proteome and transcriptome of Agrobacterium in response to a change in pH, from 7.2 to 5.5 and identify genes and circuits directly involved in this change. Bacteria-plant interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for protection against new stressful conditions. The interaction of bacteria with their hosts has been previously studied by genetic-physiological methods. We wanted to make use of the new capabilities to study these interactions on a global scale, using transcription analysis (transcriptomics, microarrays) and proteomics (2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry). The results provided extensive data on the functional genomics under conditions that partially mimic plant infection and – in addition - revealed some surprising and significant data. Thus, we identified the genes whose expression is modulated when Agrobacterium is grown under the acidic conditions found in the rhizosphere (pH 5.5), an essential environmental factor in Agrobacterium – plant interactions essential for induction of the virulence program by plant signal molecules. Among the 45 genes whose expression was significantly elevated, of special interest is the two-component chromosomally encoded system, ChvG/I which is involved in regulating acid inducible genes. A second exciting system under acid and ChvG/Icontrol is a secretion system for proteins, T6SS, encoded by 14 genes which appears to be important for Rhizobium leguminosarum nodule formation and nitrogen fixation and for virulence of Agrobacterium. The proteome analysis revealed that gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), a metabolite secreted by wounded plants, induces the synthesis of an Agrobacterium lactonase which degrades the quorum sensing signal, N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), resulting in attenuation of virulence. In addition, through a transcriptomic analysis of Agrobacterium growing at the pH of the rhizosphere (pH=5.5), we demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) a well-studied plant signal molecule important in plant defense, attenuates Agrobacterium virulence in two distinct ways - by down regulating the synthesis of the virulence (vir) genes required for the processing and transfer of the T-DNA and by inducing the same lactonase, which in turn degrades the AHL. Thus, GABA and SA with different molecular structures, induce the expression of these same genes. The identification of genes whose expression is modulated by conditions that mimic plant infection, as well as the identification of regulatory molecules that help control the early stages of infection, advance our understanding of this complex bacterial-plant interaction and has immediate potential applications to modify it. We expect that the data generated by our research will be used to develop novel strategies for the control of crown gall disease. Moreover, these results will also provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches that will use genetic manipulations to improve bacterial-plant interactions, leading to more efficient DNA transfer to recalcitrant plants and robust symbiosis. These advances will, in turn, contribute to plant protection by introducing genes for resistance against other bacteria, pests and environmental stress.
10
Finkelshtain, Israel, and Tigran Melkonyan. The economics of contracts in the US and Israel agricultures. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695590.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Research Objectives 1) Reviewing the rich economic literature on contracting and agricultural contracting; 2) Conducting a descriptive comparative study of actual contracting patterns in the U.S. and Israeli agricultural sectors; 3) Theoretical analysis of division of assets ownership, authority allocation and incentives in agricultural production contracts; 4) Theoretical analysis of strategic noncompetitive choice of agricultural production and marketing contracts, 5) Empirical studies of contracting in agricultural sectors of US and Israel, among them the broiler industry, the citrus industry and sugar beet sector. Background Recent decades have witnessed a world-wide increase in the use of agricultural contracts. In both the U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many crops, fruits, vegetables and livestock commodities. The increased use of agricultural contracts raises a number of important economic policy questions regarding the optimal design of contracts and their determinants. Even though economists have made a substantial progress in understanding these issues, the theory of contracts and an empirical methodology to analyze contracts are still evolving. Moreover, there is an enormous need for empirical research of contractual relationships. Conclusions In both U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many agricultural commodities. In the U.S. more than 40% of the value of agricultural production occurred under either marketing or production contracts. The use of agricultural contracts in Israel is also ubiquitous and reaches close to 60% of the value of agricultural production. In Israel we have found strategic considerations to play a dominant role in the choice of agricultural contracts and may lead to noncompetitive conduct and reduced welfare. In particular, the driving force, leading to consignment based contracts is the strategic effect. Moreover, an increase in the number of contractors will lead to changes in the terms of the contract, an increased competition and payment to farmers and economic surplus. We found that while large integrations lead to more efficient production, they also exploit local monopsonistic power. For the U.S, we have studied in more detail the choice of contract type and factors that affect contracts such as the level of informational asymmetry, the authority structure, and the available quality measurement technology. We have found that assets ownership and decision rights are complements of high-powered incentives. We have also found that the optimal allocation of decision rights, asset ownership and incentives is influenced by: variance of systemic and idiosyncratic shocks, importance (variance) of the parties’ private information, parameters of the production technology, the extent of competition in the upstream and downstream industries. Implications The primary implication of this project is that the use of agricultural production and marketing contracts is growing in both the US and Israeli agricultural sectors, while many important economic policy questions are still open and require further theoretical and empirical research. Moreover, actual contracts that are prevailing in various agricultural sectors seems to be less than optimal and, hence, additional efforts are required to transfer the huge academic know-how in this area to the practitioners. We also found evidence for exploitation of market powers by contactors in various agricultural sectors. This may call for government regulations in the anti-trust area. Another important implication of this project is that in addition to explicit contracts economic outcomes resulting from the interactions between growers and agricultural intermediaries depend on a number of other factors including allocation of decision and ownership rights and implicit contracting. We have developed models to study the interactions between explicit contracts, decision rights, ownership structure, and implicit contracts. These models have been applied to study contractual arrangements in California agriculture and the North American sugarbeet industry.