Journal articles on the topic 'Responsible soybean meal'

Experiments were undertaken to investigate the influence of dietary sulphur, calcium and altered anion-cation balance on the response of chicks fed soybean or canola meal diets.The addition of supplemental sulphur to a semi-purified soybean meal diet resulted in a marked decrease in feed intake and weight gain. Additional dietary calcium helped to alleviate the depression caused by excess dietary sulphur. Plotting dietary meq (ranging from −3.7 to +13.4) against weight gain suggested that anion–cation balance was responsible, in part, for the responses noted. Supplementing a canola meal semi-purified diet with sulphur, calcium and a mixture of potassium and sodium carbonate to alter diet anion–cation balance by 0, 10 and 20 meq confirmed that the interaction noted with dietary sulphur and calcium supplementation of soybean and canola meals diets is caused in large part by changes in anion–cation balance of the diet. Thus the present data confirm previous suggestions that part of the growth depression noted with canola meal supplemented diets is due to its high sulphur content and thus an altering of anion–cation balance. Key words: Broilers, canola meal, acid base balance, sulphur, sodium, calcium, potassium

Foliar blight of soybean is one of the major fungal diseases. Rhizoctonia solani isolated from soybean growing in tarai regions of Uttarakhand. Six isolates of R. solani has been characterized on the basis of cultural and physiological nature such as colony diameter, growth, colour and sclerotia formation were recorded. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was found best for growth and development. Two isolates (Lakhimpur and Pantnagar) covered the whole plates (90 mm) in 48 hrs. However, maximum number of sclerotia and weight was recorded on Czapek Dox agar medium. Overall radial growth supporting is recorded Corn Meal Agar Medium. Varied range of temperatures i.e. 10, 15, 25, 30, 35 and 400C was tested and found better growth of different isolates of R. solani at 10 - 400C, with an optimum growth temperature at 300C. Isolates were grown on five broth media (Asthana & Hawkers, Potato Dextrose Agar, Czapek’s Dox Agar, Corn Meal Agar and Richards Agar) for fresh, dry weight and oat meal broth culture filtrates of all isolates was used in phytotoxic effects. It recorded that maximum fresh and dry weight was observed on corn meal agar medium. The maximum reduction in radical and plumule length of germinating seeds were recorded in Haldichaur isolate.

Cereals and soybean are the main components of pig diets. Unfortunately, feed materials are often contaminated with fungi and their metabolites, which pose a potential threat to human and animal health. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of cultural methods and quantitative PCR for detecting fungi and their metabolites in pig diets, and to determine which plant components are responsible for mycotoxin contamination of feed. The presence of mycotoxin-producing fungi of the genera Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus and their metabolites was determined in pig diets with different inclusion levels of various cereals and transgenic soybean meal. Six farm-made complete diets containing locally produced feed materials and imported soybean meal were investigated. The presence of the following fungi in pig diets was determined by microscopic observations of fungal cultures and by qPCR: trichothecene-producing Fusarium spp. (Tri5 gene), Penicillium verrucosum (rRNA) and Aspergillus ochraceus (PKS gene). The concentrations of mycotoxins (ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEA)), trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin (T-2)) were analysed by HPLC. The results of the qPCR analysis demonstrated that the presence of DNA of mycotoxin-producing fungi and mycotoxins in pig diets was correlated with the inclusion levels of transgenic soybean meal and various cereals. The above correlation was validated by an analysis of Spearman’s rank correlation between the content of transgenic soybean meal and various cereals vs mycotoxin concentrations and the amount of DNA of toxin-producing fungi in pig diets. A significant positive correlation was found between: the percentage content of soybeans vs the concentrations of DON (R=0.93), trichothecenes (R=0.76) and T-2 (R=0.64), the percentage content of barley vs the concentrations of DON (R=0.50) and T-2 (R=0.49), the percentage content of triticale vs OTA levels (R=0.47), the percentage content of oats vs ZEA levels (0.50). A correlation was also noted between the percentage content of soybeans and the amount of DNA of trichothecene-producing Fusarium spp. (R=0.96). The results of this study indicate that pig diets are significantly contaminated with toxin-producing fungi and their metabolites, and that the quantification of DNA of mycotoxin-producing fungi is a reliable indicator of mycotoxin contamination of feed. Our findings can contribute to reducing the costs of analyses that should be routinely performed to minimise the entry of mycotoxins into the food chain.

The effect of removal of soluble nutrients from soybean meal (SBM) and meat meal (MM) on in situ disappearance of dry matter (DMD) and nitrogen (ND) was measured. All feeds were rinsed with pH 6 buffer (R) without or with subsequent extraction with buffer at pH 5 (5) or pH 7 (7). Feeds were incubated in the rumen of heifers fed diets containing 20 or 80% concentrate (20%C and 80%C, respectively). Ruminal pH was higher (P < 0.05) in heifers fed the 20%C diet than in animals receiving the 80%C ration, while ruminal ammonia concentration tended to be greater with the 80%C diet. In situ DMD and ND were linearly related to incubation time (P < 0.01) with little indication of a quadratic effect of time. In situ ND of feeds extracted at pH 7 was greater (P < 0.05) than ND of feeds extracted at pH 5, but no interaction of diet and extraction pH or feed and extraction pH was apparent. Hence, altered protein solubility due to varied ruminal pH would not appear to be responsible for differences in ND with the different diets. In situ DMD and ND of both feedstuffs were greater (P < 0.01) with the 20%C than the 80%C diet. Hence, differences in microbial types or activities rather than chemical characteristics of the substrate are probably responsible for greater proetein loss with the lower concentrate diet. Key words: In situ, dry matter disappearance, nitrogen disappearance, soybean meal, meat meal

Using alternative feedstuffs can be a feasible measure to reduce swine production cost. GuarPro F-71 (GP71), a newly developed guar meal product, is considered as a potential protein source for pigs. This preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the effects of GP71 inclusion in feed on growth performance and nutrient metabolism of growing pigs. Sixty crossbred barrows (31.9±1.84 kg body weight (BW)) were allotted to one of five dietary treatments in a completely randomised experiment design, with four pens/treatment and three pigs/pen. Diet 1 was a maize- and soybean-based basal control diet formulated to meet NRC recommendations. GP71 was used to replace 25, 50, 75, and 100% soybean meal in diet 1 (on an equivalent crude protein (CP) basis) to generate diets 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Crystalline amino acids were used to balance the essential amino acid concentrations across the five diets. Inclusion of GP71 quadratically reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P=0.01) with no observed clinical signs of unhealthiness of pigs. The blood plasma concentrations of six metabolites, including urea nitrogen, total protein, albumin, glucose, total cholesterol and total triglycerides, were not affected (P>0.30), indicating that the pigs’ metabolic utilisation of nutrients was not compromised. The cubic effect (P<0.05) of dietary GP71 inclusion on G:F ratio suggested that the level of soybean meal replacement (up to 75% soybean meal) did not negatively affect feed efficiency in pigs. In short, the feed intake reduction due to the dietary GP71 inclusion was, if not solely, responsible for the average daily gain (ADG) and final BW reduction. This study suggested that using GP71 to replace soybean meal up to 75% (on an equivalent CP basis) can negatively affect ADFI and ADG, but not feed efficiency, in growing pigs. The reasons for the ADFI and ADG reduction need to be understood in future research.

Abstract Using alternative feedstuffs can be a feasible measure to reduce swine production cost. GuarPro F-71, a newly developed guar meal product, is considered as a potential protein source for pigs. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary GuarPro F-71 inclusion on growth performance and nutrient metabolism of growing pigs. Sixty crossbred barrows (31.9 ± 1.84 kg BW) were allotted to 5 dietary treatments according to a completely randomized experiment design with 4 pens/treatment and 3 pigs/pen. Diet 1 was a corn-and-soybean-meal based diet with nutrient composition following NRC (2012) recommendations. GuarPro-71 was used to replace 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of soybean meal (on equivalent CP basis) in Diet 1 to generate Diets 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Crystalline amino acids were used to balance the essential amino acid concentrations across the 5 diets. Dietary inclusion of GuarPro-71 reduced ADFI (P < 0.01), whereas no clinical signs of unhealthiness of pigs were observed. The magnitude of ADFI reduction showed linear but also quadratic relationships (P < 0.05) with the GuarPro-71 inclusion rate. The blood plasma concentrations of six metabolites (urea nitrogen, total protein, albumin, glucose, total cholesterol, and total triglycerides) were not affected (P > 0.30), indicating that the pigs’ metabolic utilization of nutrients was not compromised. The cubic effect (P < 0.05) of dietary GuarPro-71 inclusion on the G:F suggests that the level of soybean meal replacement up to 75% by GuarPro-71 did not negatively affect feed efficiency in pigs. In short, the feed intake reduction due to the dietary GuarPro-71 inclusion should be, if not solely, responsible for the ADG and final BW reduction. Overall, this study suggests that the dietary inclusion of GuarPro-71 can negatively affect ADFI and ADG in growing pigs. The reason for the ADFI reduction warrants further investigation.

Aedes aegypti is the vector of Dengue disease, responsible for 20,000 deaths/year worldwide. Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis - Bti releases selective and effective toxins (crystal proteins) against A. aegypti larvae. We present a low cost bioprocess for toxin production, accomplished by a selected Brazilian strain Bti (BR-LPB01) and employment of low cost substrates. Soybean meal and sugarcane molasses lead to high toxic effectiveness after 2L bioreactor fermentation (LD50=26ng/mL), near to the reference strain IPS82 (LD50=17.3 ng/mL). The pH ranged between 5.8 and 7.0 during the exponential growth period and between 7.0 and 8.4 during the stationary phase, with low activity. Thus, control of foam and pH 7.0 were started and proved to be crucial for high activity. It was verified that the fermentation could be discontinued after 20 hours, when the highest activity was present.

Synergy1, a prebiotic composed of Inulin and Oligofructose (1 : 1). Soybean meal is a natural source of isoflavones. The objective was to investigate the effects of feeding Synergy1 and SM on the incidence of azoxymethane- (AOM-) induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Fisher 344 male rats. Rats (54) were randomly assigned to 9 groups (n=6). Control group (C) was fed AIN-93G and treatment groups Syn1 and SM at 5% and 10% singly and in combinations. Rats were injected with two s/c injections of AOM at 7 and 8 weeks of age at 16 mg/kg body weight and killed at 17 weeks by CO2asphyxiation. Colonic ACF enumeration and hepatic enzyme activities were measured. Reductions (%) in total ACF among treatment groups fed combinations were higher (67–77) compared to groups fed singly (52–64). Synergistic mechanisms among phytochemicals may be responsible suggesting protective role in colon carcinogenesis with implications in food product development.

Replacement of fishmeal (FM) with alternative plant proteins, especially soybean meal (SBM), can cause a diarrhea-like symptom in rainbow trout (RBT), characterized by very fine fecal particles. These fines do not settle out in raceway effluent for collection and can contribute to pollution of receiving waters. In this study, two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 examined effects of nine protein sources (sardine meal, menhaden meal, soy protein concentrates (SPC) (three types), SBM (regular and high protein), corn protein concentrate (CPC), and poultry by-product meal (PBM)) on fecal particle size distribution. Results showed that all five soy-based diets produced feces in RBT having 75.7–89.3% fines and only about 1.0% large particles, while the remaining four diets yielded feces having a balanced particle size distribution. Oligosaccharides present naturally in soy products, thought to contribute fecal fines, were not correlated to fecal particle size classes. Instead, high crude fiber content in soy-based diets was found to be responsible for unbalanced fecal particle distribution in RBT. Experiment 2 examined if improvements in formulation could reduce the negative effect of soy-based ingredients. Eight practical diets (FM, SPC, SPC + 0.3% guar gum, PBM + CPC, PBM + CPC + 20 or 30% SPC, and PBM + CPC + 20 or 30% SPC + 0.3% guar gum) were formulated to contain 40% protein and 20% lipid. Results showed that diets containing mixtures of PBM, CPC, and 20% or 30% SPC plus guar gum produced trout feces with the highest percentage of large particles and lowest of fines, while the diet containing SPC alone (56%) plus guar gum resulted in trout feces having the highest content of mid-size particles. It was concluded that crude fiber in soy protein products (SBM and SPC) caused undesirable fecal particle profiles in RBT, and the addition of guar gum could significantly alleviate this negative effect.

A total of 672 male 7-day-old broiler chicks were used in a 14-day cage study to evaluate the interactive effects of dietary protein source and exogenous protease on nutrient digestibility and intestinal physiology. Birds were fed a common starter diet from Days 0 to 7 and switched to experimental diets from Days 7 to 21. Four corn-based dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with factors being two major sources of protein [soybean meal (SBM) or canola meal] and diets offered with or without exogenous protease. Bodyweight gain and gain:feed were higher (P < 0.001) in the diets based on SBM than in the diets based on canola meal and protease was more effective (P < 0.05) in enhancing performance in SBM-based diets. Ileal nitrogen digestibility was increased (P < 0.01) by protease use in diets based on both major protein sources. However, ileal digestible energy was increased (P < 0.05) by protease only in the SBM-based diet resulting in an interaction between diet protein source and exogenous protease. Jejunal villus height tended to be higher (P = 0.07) in birds fed diets based on SBM and protease use increased (P < 0.05) crypt depth only in the SBM-free diets resulting in a significant interaction between protein source and protease use. Patterns of gene expression in jejunal tissue suggested that both dietary protein source and exogenous protease influence the expression of genes responsible for mucin secretion, amino acid transport and immune functionality in an age-dependent manner. It can be concluded that SBM may be a more suitable protein source for young broiler chickens than canola meal and that use of canola meal as a major source of dietary protein may have negative implications for performance, nitrogen digestibility and gut health. However, exogenous protease appears to be more compatible with substrates presented by SBM than is the case for canola meal based on advantages conferred in nutrient digestibility and performance. The beneficial effects of exogenous protease may be linked both to enhanced protein and energy digestibility and improved gut morphological characteristics, secretory and absorptive dynamics and immune resilience.

Forty multiparous Outaouais ewes were used to investigate the effects of number of suckling lambs (2 versus 3) and type of feed supplement in grass silage-based diets on ewe and lamb performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Isonitrogenous and isoenergetic supplements were either a mixture of beet pulp and soybean meal (BP) or a commercial concentrate (CO). Dietary treatments continued from 28 d prepartum until 42 d postpartum. Milk yield was measured weekly. Dietary treatments and number of suckling lambs had no effect (P > 0.10) on DM intake. Feeding BP resulted in similar milk yield for ewes nursing twin (TW) and triplet (TR) lambs, and feeding CO resulted in higher milk yield for ewes nursing TW compared to those nursing TR; this resulted in a significant interaction (P = 0.08) between diet and the number of suckling lambs. Dietary treatments and number of suckling lambs had no effect (P > 0.10) on milk composition. Loss of body weight was greater (P < 0.01) for ewes nursing TR than for those nursing TW, while there was no difference (P > 0.10) between ewes fed BP and those fed CO. Body weight at birth and on day 42, and ADG of TW were greater (P < 0.01) than those of TR, but type of supplement had no effect on lamb performance. Intake of DM was below requirements of ewes nursing TW. These data suggest that DM intake is not responsible for all differences observed in milk yield. Factors such as greater body weight loss could have contributed to increased milk yield. Feeding BP compared to CO may have contributed to maintain similar milk yield for ewes nursing TW and TR, but lamb growth was limited by milk yield as less milk was available per lamb for TR compared to TW. Key words: Ewes, lambs, lactation, beet pulp

Ingestion of a meal results in gastrointestinal (GI) hyperemia and is associated with systemic and paracrine release of a number of peptide hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Systemic administration of CCK octapeptide inhibits a subset of presympathetic neurons of the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM) that may be responsible for driving the sympathetic vasomotor tone to the GI viscera. The aim of this study was to determine whether endogenous release of CCK and/or 5-HT also inhibits CCK-sensitive RVLM neurons. The effects of intraduodenal administration of the secretagogues sodium oleate (SO) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) on circulating levels of CCK and 5-HT were examined. In separate experiments, the discharge rates of barosensitive, medullospinal, CCK-sensitive RVLM presympathetic vasomotor neurons were recorded after rapid intraduodenal infusion of SO-SBTI or water. Alternatively, animals were pretreated with the CCK1 receptor antagonists devazepide and lorglumide or the 5-HT3 antagonist MDL-72222 before SO-SBTI administration. Secretagogue infusion significantly increased the level of circulating CCK, but not 5-HT. SO-SBTI significantly decreased (58%) the neuronal firing rate of CCK-sensitive RVLM neurons compared with water (5%). CCK1 receptor antagonists did not reverse SO-SBTI-induced neuronal inhibition (58%), whereas the 5-HT3 antagonist significantly attenuated the effect (22%). This study demonstrates a functional relation between a subset of RVLM presympathetic vasomotor neurons and meal-related signals arising from the GI tract. It is likely that endogenously released 5-HT acts in a paracrine fashion on GI 5-HT3 receptors to initiate reflex inhibition of these neurons, resulting in GI vasodilatation by withdrawal of sympathetic tone.

A 6-wk feeding trial was conducted with whey protein concentrate (WPC) to compare its feeding value when unfermented (U), fermented (F) or fermented and neutralized whey protein concentrate (FN) when added to diets of piglets weaned at 3–4 wk of age. The different WPC were incorporated at the rate of 33.9%, on a dry matter basis, in isonitrogenous and isocaloric corn-soybean meal diets. The 84 crossbred piglets used in this trial were penned on slatted floors, in groups of four, and fed the diets as slurries twice daily. Piglets fed U and F grew faster than piglets fed FN. They also had higher dry matter intake, less diarrhea and tended to have better feed to gain ratios. The amount of sodium hydroxide needed for the neutralization of FN might have been responsible for the lower performance observed with this product. Although piglets fed F had looser feces than those fed U, little difference, if any, in growth or other performance parameters was observed between the two groups. Mortality rate was 11% for piglets fed FN, 7% for those fed F, but was nil for piglets fed U; necroscopied piglets had colibacillosis. Results indicated no advantage for weaned piglets of reducing the lactose level of whey protein concentrate by fermentation following ultrafiltration. Key words: Piglets, whey protein, fermentation, growth, diarrhea

Abstract Muscle growth requires a constant supply of free amino acids (AAs) from blood stream. Thus, a balanced blood plasma AA profile is critical for optimizing the growth performance of pigs. This research was conducted to study how dietary lysine restriction affects the plasma AA profile in growing pigs. Twelve crossbred young barrows (initial BW 22.6 ± 2.04 kg) were individually penned in an environment controlled barn. Pigs were assigned to one of the two dietary treatments according to a completely randomized experiment design (n = 6). Two corn- and soybean meal-based diets containing 0.65% (Diet I, lysine-deficient) and 0.98% (Diet II, lysine-adequate) standardized ileal digestible lysine were fed to the pigs. The growth performance of pigs with parameters including ADG, ADFI, and G:F was measured for the 8 week feeding trial. At the end of the trial, jugular vein blood was collected and the plasma samples were obtained for AA analysis using HPLC methods. Data were statistically analyzed using Student’s t-test. As expected, the ADG of Diet I pigs was lower (P &lt; 0.01) than Diet II pigs, and so was G:F (P &lt; 0.05) since there was no difference in ADFI between the two groups. In terms of plasma free AAs, the concentrations of lysine, methionine, leucine, and tyrosine were lower (P &lt; 0.05), while the concentration of b-alanine was higher (P &lt; 0.01), in Diet I vs. Diet II pigs. The concentrations of other AAs were not different (P &gt; 0.05) between the two groups. It can be concluded that besides lysine, the reduced plasma supply of methionine, leucine, and tyrosine is all responsible for the reduced ADG and G:F in pigs fed the lysine-deficient diet. Whether or not the increased plasma concentration of b-alanine in lysine-deficient pigs can reduce the occurrence of PSE pork warrants further investigation.

The survival of the mycobiota on pod and stem debris of soybean produced in a no-tillage system with cover crops of alfalfa, canola, rye, or wheat or with no cover was studied during 1994 and 1995. Fiberglass mesh bags containing pods and stems were assayed every 28 to 31 days to determine the isolation frequency of fungi. Over 90% of the 11,906 isolates obtained were members of the Deuteromycotina. The most common genera isolated were Alternaria, Cercos-pora, Colletotrichum, Epicoccum, Fusarium, and Phoma. Alternaria spp. had the greatest isolation frequencies and constituted 40% of the total cultures. Numbers of total fungi (all fungi isolated) on sampling dates in 1994 were similar to the totals in 1995. In May 1994, the mean isolation rates for many of the fungal species were significantly lower (P = 0.05) in several of the cover crops, but no consistent pattern could be determined. Common soybean pathogens isolated included Colletotrichum spp., Diaporthe spp., and Cercospora kikuchii. Fusarium graminearum, which is responsible for several diseases of maize and wheat, was commonly isolated during this study. Of the Diaporthe spp. (anamorph Phomopsis spp.), 87% were identified as D. phaseolorum var. sojae. Colletotrichum spp. were identified as C. truncatum in 85% of the isolates, C. destructivum (teleomorph Glomerella glycines) in 12%, and both species in 3%. Cercospora kikuchii was more commonly isolated from pods than from stem tissue, and Colletotrichum spp. occurred more frequently on stems. Isolation frequencies of Diaporthe spp. were greater in May of both years than in the preceding months. These results show that no-tillage soybean debris harbors numerous fungi pathogenic to soybean, and producers who grow soybeans continuously may find more disease in this crop and lower yields. Fungi that attack crops such as maize and wheat were commonly isolated from soybean debris in both years, and a no-tillage rotation which includes maize or wheat could result in increased disease in these crops. Isolation frequencies of the fungi from cover crops varied with the sampling date, but no consistent patterns could be determined for a particular cover crop or fungal species. This is the first detailed study of survival rates of soybean, maize, and wheat pathogens that overwinter on soybean debris in a no-tillage system.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield is responsive to changes in plant population and row spacing. The objective of this study was to compare some agronomic traits of soybean cultivated in two different row spaces in a field in St Pauls, NC. Among the traits, total seed weight showed the highest level of variation than others in both 25 cm (97.31%) and 50cm (60.23%) row space. The lowest co-efficient of variation, 5.06% at 25 cm and 11.54% at 50 cm were found for days to flowering. Mean value showed that plants grown in 25 cm row space have a higher 100-seed and total seed weight than those grown in 50 cm row space. Plants grown in 50 cm row space had a slightly increased mean plant height compared to those grown on 25 cm. Plants grown in 50 cm row space had greater pod and seed numbers compared to those grown on 25 cm. Comparisons of the agronomic parameters between 25 and 50 cm row space employed by two-tailed t test (type 2; α = 0.05) showed that there are significant differences in days to germination, days to flowering, number of seeds, and total seed weight between plants grown in 25 cm vs. 50 cm row space; while plant height and number of pods were not differ significantly. However, further research may reveal a system for soybeans cultivation in the future which would increase the probability of obtaining maximum yields with narrow rows.

The head kidney is a key organ that plays a fundamental role in the regulation of the fish immune response and in the maintenance of endocrine homeostasis. Previous studies indicate that the supplementation of exogenous dietary components, such as krill meal (KM), soybean meal (SM), Bactocell® (BA), and butyrate (BU), can have a significant effect on the immune function of the head kidney. The aim of this study was to investigate the differential effect of these four dietary ingredients on the transcriptional profiles of the head kidney of the Atlantic salmon. This study revealed that just a small number of genes were responsive to the feeding regime after a long-term (12 weeks) treatment, and evidenced that the most significant alterations, both in terms of the number of affected genes and magnitude of changes in gene expression, were detectable in the BU- and KM-fed groups compared with controls, while the SM diet had a nearly negligible effect, and BA had no significant effects at all. Most of the differentially expressed genes were involved in the immune response and, in line with data previously obtained from pyloric caeca, major components of the complement system were significantly affected. These alterations were accompanied by an increase in the density of melanomacrophage centers in the KM- and SM-fed group and their reduction in the BU-fed group. While three types of dietary supplements (BU, KM, and SM) were able to produce a significant modulation of some molecular players of the immune system, the butyrate-rich diet was revealed as the one with the most relevant immune-stimulating properties in the head kidney. These preliminary results suggest that further investigations should be aimed towards the elucidation of the potential beneficial effects of butyrate and krill meal supplementation on farmed salmon health and growth performance.

The main factor associated with decreaes in soybean yield in Rio Grande do Sul is the irregular distribution of precipitation and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the major responsible for the precipitation variability. The aim of this work was to analyze the relationship between climatic indicators associated with ENSO and soybean yield in the State. Series of soybean yield from 87 municipalities were evaluated between 1984 and 2013. These series were ordered in three groups of similar behavior (high, medium and low yield). The mean profiles of these groups were correlated with indices for Sea Surface Temperature anomalies in the Niño 3.4 region, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) with differents lags. SOI and MEI showed higher correlations with yield in periods of higher water requirement of the crop. El Niño episodes have beenassociated with increased yield and in situations of neutrality and La Niña, the influence of the phenomenon is less evident. In addition, the absence of a significant correlation in the time of preparation of the crop and in the beginning of the plantation evidences the necessity of including new indices in the discussions of agricultural planning in the State.

ABSTRACT The climatic conditions along the cycle are the main factors responsible for the final production of any crop. This study aimed to evaluate the current conditions and the effects of climate change scenarios on the yield of soybean grown in the Matopiba region, located between the states of Tocantins, south and northeast of Maranhão, south of Piauí and west of Bahia, Brazil. The AquaCrop model of FAO, version 5.0, was calibrated with data of 2014 and validated with those of 2016, using climate, soil and crop management parameters collected in two experimental campaigns conducted between June and October in 2014 and 2016 in Palmas, TO, Brazil. The performance of the model was evaluated using the following statistical indicators: prediction error (PE), coefficient of determination (R2), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (EF) and Willmott’s index of agreement (d). It was verified that the AquaCrop model underestimates soybean grain yield under severe water stress conditions throughout the growing cycle. The increase in CO2 concentration and in the air temperature, projected by the climate models HadGEM2-ES and MIROC5 under the scenario of stabilization (RCP 4.5) and the scenario of progression (RCP 8.5), have contributed to the increase in soybean yield by the end of this century.

Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) epidemics in soybean, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, are currently responsible for annual yield reductions in the United States of up to 1 million metric tons. In-season disease management is largely dependent on chemical control but its efficiency and cost-effectiveness depends on both the chemistry used and the risk of apothecia formation, germination, and further dispersal of ascospores during susceptible soybean growth stages. Hence, accurate prediction of the S. sclerotiorum apothecial risk during the soybean flowering period could enable farmers to improve in-season SSR management. From 2014 to 2016, apothecial presence or absence was monitored in three irrigated (n = 1,505 plot-level observations) and six nonirrigated (n = 2,361 plot-level observations) field trials located in Iowa (n = 156), Michigan (n = 1,400), and Wisconsin (n = 2,310), for a total of 3,866 plot-level observations. Hourly air temperature, relative humidity, dew point, wind speed, leaf wetness, and rainfall were also monitored continuously, throughout the season, at each location using high-resolution gridded weather data. Logistic regression models were developed for irrigated and nonirrigated conditions using apothecial presence as a binary response variable. Agronomic variables (row width) and weather-related variables (defined as 30-day moving averages, prior to apothecial presence) were tested for their predictive ability. In irrigated soybean fields, apothecial presence was best explained by row width (r = −0.41, P < 0.0001), 30-day moving averages of daily maximum air temperature (r = 0.27, P < 0.0001), and daily maximum relative humidity (r = 0.16, P < 0.05). In nonirrigated fields, apothecial presence was best explained by using moving averages of daily maximum air temperature (r = –0.30, P < 0.0001) and wind speed (r = –0.27, P < 0.0001). These models correctly predicted (overall accuracy of 67 to 70%) apothecial presence during the soybean flowering period for four independent datasets (n = 1,102 plot-level observations or 30 daily mean observations).

The oil content of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) seeds is a polygenic and complex trait that is responsive to environmental effects that occur during plant development. Our objective was to study the seed oil content of soybeans developed under diverse photoperiod and temperature conditions. Three parental inbred lines with classic (BR-13, FT-2 and BR85-29009) and one with long juvenile flowering type (OCEPAR 8) and the F2, F3, and F9 generations derived from all possible crosses between them (including reciprocals) were sowed in September 27th, October 20th and December 17th in 1993 in Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil (between 23o08'47" and 23o55'46" latitude S). The October and December sowing dates are within the period the varietal research personnel recommend for sowing soybeans in Paraná State. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among sowing dates, among advanced inbred lines, and the sowing date x inbred line interaction. Seed oil content increased from September to October and decreased from October to December in all materials, but the reduction was greater in FT-2 and OCEPAR 8 among the parentals. The additive genetic variance (D) or additive variance among linked genes (D1) was significant for all crosses and sowing dates. Genotype x micro-environment interactions were important in some crosses. The additive [d] effects were greater in September and October, and the additive x additive interaction [i] was important in October among the mean genetic parameters. Significant dominance effects [h] were more frequent in December and October, often in direction of the increased seed oil content. The heritability estimates ranged from 15 to 43%, with the highest values obtained in September. The prediction of cross potential to generate higher seed oil inbred lines indicated that selection is likely to be successful in most crosses. The highest proportion of inbred lines with seed oil percentage above the standard (lines with more than 22% seed oil content) was for BR85-29009 x OCEPAR 8 in September, FT-2 x OCEPAR 8 in October, and in BR85-29009 x OCEPAR 8 and BR-13 x OCEPAR 8 in December.

Survival of the charcoal rot pathogen (Macrophomina phaseolina) in soybean (Glycine max) on residual root systems was studied over a 2-year period. Root segments colonized by M. phaseolina were placed into fiberglass-mesh bags and buried at depths of 0, 7.6, and 25.4 cm in a Marietta fine sandy loam soil in field microplots. Samples for year 1 and year 2 were buried in October 1999 and 2000, respectively, and sampled every 2 months over a 14-month period. Mean percent frequencies from both years for M. phaseolina showed a decreased linear trend over time from 91% before burial to 24.7% 2 months later, 10.3% at 6 months, and 0.3% after 14 months. Tissues were degraded in the June samplings of both years and this degradation was believed to be partially responsible for the reduced survival of M. phaseolina. Mean isolation frequencies were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater at the 0-cm depth than at 7.6 and 25.4 cm across all sampling dates. Other fungi which were present in the preliminary assay, including Fusarium spp. and those in the Phomopsis/Diaporthe complex, also declined by the end of the study. Trichoderma spp. was isolated at significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater frequencies and a significant positive linear trend over time. It is possible that Trichoderma spp. were involved in direct tissue degradation and nutrient depletion of the root segments, or may have acted as a mycoparasite, reducing the survival of the pathogen M. phaseolina and other associated fungi. Results from this study indicate that farm practices which increase residue destruction immediately after harvest or those that enhance Trichoderma spp. populations may directly or indirectly lower the relative longevity of soilborne pathogens, including M. phaseolina.

The soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, is the most economically important pathogen of soybean in Missouri. Knowledge of the nematode's distribution and ability to adapt to resistant varieties is important for determining crop losses and establishing research priorities. No previous surveys of Missouri have provided reliable population density and phenotypic diversity data; therefore, we conducted a random survey to obtain both. Two samples from each of 200 fields were collected; 392 samples were processed for extractions of cysts and eggs. Two hundred and forty seven (63%) of the samples had detectable cyst nematode populations, which ranged from 15 to 149,700 eggs per 250 cm3 of soil. The lowest average population densities were observed in the east-central region of Missouri (2,260 eggs per 250 cm3 of soil), and the highest were observed in the northeast (9,238 eggs per 250 cm3 of soil), but among the eight regions sampled, mean population densities did not differ significantly. These population densities were potentially responsible for losses worth over $58 million in 1999 in Missouri. Race tests were conducted on populations from 183 samples. In order of frequency, races 3, 1, and 2 accounted for 86% of H. glycines populations. Nearly 60% of the populations were virulent (able to produce females) on plant introduction (PI) 88788, which is the source of resistance for most H. glycines-resistant cultivars. More than a third of the populations were virulent on cv. Peking, another common resistance source. Very few populations were virulent on PI 90763 or PI 437654, suggesting that these sources of resistance should be exploited more frequently.

Serial sowing date studies were used to examine the response of a diverse range of soybean genotypes to sowing date in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA). The aim was to explore the scope to improve the flexibility for rotating irrigated summer soybean crops with winter cereals by broadening the range of potential sowing dates. Serial sowings of diverse genotypes were made in small plots at intervals of ~7 days (2006–07) or 10 days (2007–08) from late November to late January (2006–07) or mid-February (2007–08) and the dates of flowering and maturity recorded. Simple linear models relating rate of development towards flowering to photo-thermal variables indicated that large differences in time to flowering between genotypes, sowing dates, and years could be explained in terms of differences in genotype sensitivity to mean photoperiod and/or mean daily temperature between sowing and flowering. In general, warmer temperatures hastened and longer days delayed flowering, consistent with quantitative short-day photoperiodic response. The earliest flowering genotypes were insensitive to the prevailing photoperiods, and their smaller variations in time to flower over sowing dates and years were related to temperature. Conversely, later flowering genotypes were progressively more sensitive to photoperiod, with flowering occurring later and being more responsive to sowing date. In both seasons, late maturing genotype × sowing date combinations suffered cold temperature damage and frosting. For those genotype × sowing date combinations that were physiologically mature before the first frost, crop duration was a linear function (r2 = 0.86**) of time to flowering. In 2007–08, measurements were also made at maturity of total standing dry matter (TDM), seed yield, and seed size. For those genotype × sowing date combinations that matured before the first frost, TDM was largely a linear function (r2 = 0.83**) of crop duration, while seed yield was strongly related (r2 = 0.86**) to TDM. Exposure to cold temperatures before physiological maturity reduced seed size and harvest index. Using the generalised relations developed in these studies, it was concluded that commercial yields may be possible for irrigated soybean crops in the MIA sown in December or possibly later. These options are evaluated in greater detail in the companion paper, using large-scale agronomic trials of a subset of adapted genotypes.

Головною метою досліджень було створення скоростиглих і високоврожайних сортів сої для всіх зон України з високою технологічністю, тривалістю періоду веґетації 80–95 днів, урожайністю насіння 3,0–4,0 т/га, вмістом протеїну 40–43 %, вмістом жиру 22–26 %. Для створення сортів і впровадження їх у Полтавській, Харківській, Сумській, Дніпропетровській областях використано джерела адаптивності до лімітуючих факторів (шляхом гібридизації) з метою оцінки на посухостійкість, стійкість проти хвороб, до кислих ґрунтів і комплексу кліматичних чинників. Базуючись на довготривалому практичному досвіді в селекції сої, методом гібридизації джерел адаптивності до стресових чинників довкілля виведено скоростиглий сорт з підвищеним базовим потенціалом – Авантюрин. Сорт занесено до Державного реєстру сортів рослин, придатних для поширення в Україні. Представлено окремі вимоги до елементів агротехніки даного сорту. Soybean, its uses, genetic potential, customer and processer requirements are considered in the study. Growth of soybean demand has been stated. Ways of increasing soybean output in Ukraine in accordance with climatic zones of Ukraine are defined. Thereafter, ways and perspectives of formation of soybean variety resources in the country are considered. A great number of various soybean varieties, most of which with narrow environmental and geographical adaptation have been recorded into the State Register of plant varieties adaptable to distribution in Ukraine. According to the modern requirements soybean variety has to be high-yield, adaptive, possess high genetic potential and appropriate degree of resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors as well. The part of early ripening high-yielding soybean varieties has been growing. This crop is an excellent preceding crop for winter wheat. Nowadays the variety is a mean of yield growth as well as a factor of increasing economic efficiency of production. The main research objective was to select early ripening and high-yield soybean varieties for all zones of Ukraine with high processability degree, the duration of vegetation period of 80–95 days, seed yield of 3.0–4.0 t/hа, protein content of 40–43 % and fat content of 22–26 % as well. In order to select and introduce the varieties in Poltava, Kharkiv, Sumy and Dnipropetrovs’k regions sources of adaptability to limiting factors (by hybridization) have been used with the aim to estimate drought-resistance, disease resistance, resistance to acid soil and complex of climatic factors as well. Field and laboratory-field experiments, phenological observations have been carried out in accordance with the State Standards of Ukraine and methodical recommendations of the state variety trial. Morphological and biological characteristics during the vegetation period have been described according to the unified classifier of the kind Glycine. Early ripening variety with increased basic potential has been selected by the method of hybridization of adaptability sources to stress environmental factors on the basis of many years' practical experience in the soybean selection field. Avantiuryn variety has been recorded into the State Register of plant varieties adaptable to distribution in Ukraine. Some requirements to the agrotechnics elements have been given. Plant height is 71–90 centimeters. Height of attachment of bottom bean is 12–15 сm. Weight of 1000 seeds is 180–200 grams. Protein content of seed is 38 %, fat content is 22 %. Potential grain yield in the conditions of Ukraine is 3.0–3.5 t/hа. The variety is characterized by increased adaptability to unfavourable growing conditions including growing on acid soil (pH 4.5–5.5). The variety grown for grain production is resistant to lodging and bean splitting. The variety is resistant to bacterial and virus diseases and slightly damaged by pests. Agrotechnics of Avantiuryn variety is standard. Seeding rate is 550–650 thousand germinable seeds per one hectare. The variety is well responsive to fertilization and presowing seed inoculation with biological preparations. This variety is recommended to be grown for grain production in Steppe and Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Size equality of seed is 95 %.

Low-gradient agricultural areas prone to in-field flooding impact crop development and yield potential, resulting in financial losses. Early identification of the potential reduction in yield from excess water stress at the plot scale provides stakeholders with the high-throughput information needed to assess risk and make responsive economic management decisions as well as future investments. The objective of this study is to analyze and evaluate the application of proximal remote sensing from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) to detect excess water stress in soybean and predict the potential reduction in yield due to this excess water stress. A high-throughput data processing pipeline is developed to analyze multispectral images captured at the early development stages (R4–R5) from a low-cost UAS over two radiation use efficiency experiments in West–Central Indiana, USA. Above-ground biomass is estimated remotely to assess the soybean development by considering soybean genotype classes (High Yielding, High Yielding under Drought, Diversity, all classes) and transferring estimated parameters to a replicate experiment. Digital terrain analysis using the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) is used to objectively compare plots more susceptible to inundation with replicate plots less susceptible to inundation. The results of the study indicate that proximal remote sensing estimates above-ground biomass at the R4–R5 stage using adaptable and transferable methods, with a calculated percent bias between 0.8% and 14% and root mean square error between 72 g/m2 and 77 g/m2 across all genetic classes. The estimated biomass is sensitive to excess water stress with distinguishable differences identified between the R4 and R5 development stages; this translates into a reduction in the percent of expected yield corresponding with observations of in-field flooding and high TWI. This study demonstrates transferable methods to estimate yield loss due to excess water stress at the plot level and increased potential to provide crop status assessments to stakeholders prior to harvest using low-cost UAS and a high-throughput data processing pipeline.

The optimum conditions necessary for preparing a bleaching earth (BE) with maximum bleaching power (BP) towards soybean oil (SO) and cottonseed oil (CSO) were investigated. BEs were obtained by H2SO4 activation of a white calcium bentonite (CaB) sample from the Kütahya region of Turkey. After drying for 4 h at 105 °C, the CaB samples were activated by heating their acidic aqueous suspensions for 6 h at 97 °C, the acid content of the dry bentonite/acid mixture being varied in the 0–70% mass range. The respective specific surface area (S) and specific nanopore volume (V) of the BEs were determined from nitrogen adsorption/desorption data obtained at −196 °C. For natural CaB, the values of S and V were 44 m2/g and 0.11 cm3/g, respectively. These values attained a maximum of 135 m2/g and 0.30 cm3/g for the BE sample prepared employing 40% H2SO4 for acid activation. Interestingly, the maximum BP was not associated with the maximum S and V values. The optimum values for the percentage H2SO4, S and V for attaining the maximum BP were 20%, 100 m2/g and 0.17 cm3/g, respectively. The mean nanopore radius (r) of each BE was calculated using the corresponding S and V values. Nanopores with a mean radius in the range 3.5–5.5 nm, which was close to the diameter of the coloured pigment, were found to be mostly responsible for the BP towards SO and CSO. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the value of r was more effective than the S and V values of BEs in the bleaching of vegetable oils. Adsorption of a pigment onto a BE was found to depend not only on the physicochemical interaction between the pigment molecule and the BE surface, but also on the mean nanopore size.

Abstract. Pasture and croplands play an important role in Brazil’s economic and political scenarios, once its PIB (Raw Internal Product) is mainly based on what is exported from the rural production, such as meat and soybean, and government, with its regulations, is part-responsible for the establishment and maintaining of the conditions so that the trades can go well. In addition, these two types of land use correspond together to aprox. one third of the country extension. Moreover, frequently lands occupation is subject of discussion concerning its potential use for the reason of conflicts including Brazilian traditional communities, landless people and big farmers. Considering it, mapping pasture and croplands accurately is crucial for the country administration, in both economic and political spheres. Certainly, remote sensing is the very manner to tackle this issue, although this may not be an easy task due to the spectral similarity between these patterns. This work, hence, aims to distinct pasture from croplands in an experimental subset area of Brazilian Cerrado biome, using remote sensing metric images derived from one-year time series of the Landsat 8 products. In order to achieve this goal, we utilized six bands of the OLI sensor and calculated seven metrics, attaining a compiled dataset with 42 layers. We performed an object-based supervised classification with the Random Forest algorithm, considering both spectral and geometrical attributes. Results showed global accuracy of 80%, with Kappa index of 0.6, and the potential time series have in separating targets spectrally similar.

In an attempt to avoid serious problems that can affect the efficiency of refueling ground-operated vehicles and aircraft during military operations, the Armed Forces of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) are introducing the use of a unique fuel for both air and land use. The fuel that has been selected is the F-34, similar to Jet A-1, which is used in civil aviation, in order to replace diesel fuel in many applications. It has to be mentioned that tests performed with this fuel, which is kerosene type on the high frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) have shown that such fuel is responsible for severe wear. This very high wear is related to the very low lubricity of aviation fuel. Having the idea to improve the lubricity of aviation fuel to the level of fuels used in compression ignition engines (diesel fuel), seven N,N-Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) fatty acid amides were formulated from various vegetable oils (sunflower oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, tobacco seed oil, coconut oil, used frying oil), and they were evaluated as lubricity improvers of the aviation fuel. The required tribological measurements for lubricity rating were carried out by employing ISO 12156-1 test method on an HFRR instrument. The test conditions during the measurements were in the range of 55% to 58% for the relative humidity and 24 °C for the temperature. The results from the tribological measurements showed that all N,N-Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) fatty acid amides used were rated as efficient in order to provide an acceptable mean wear scar diameter (below 460 μm) at concentrations from 150 to 300 ppm. Additive concentrations below 150 ppm did not improve the lubricity at the required level. The increase of N,N-Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) fatty acid amides at concentrations over 300 ppm did not have any significant decrease in the wear scar diameter. A comparison between the N,N-Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) fatty acid amides showed that those formulated by non-polyunsaturated oils like olive oil and coconut oil seem to have better lubricity improver characteristics.

Eating habits develop during the first years of a child's life, children learn what, when, and how much to eat through direct experience with food and by observing the eating habits of others. The aim of this study is to get a clear picture of the Eating program Healthy, starting from the planning, implementation, supervision, and evaluation as a case study of nutrition education; to get information about the advantages, disadvantages and effects of implementing a healthy eating program for children. This research was conducted through a case study with qualitative data analysed using Miles and Huberman techniques. Sample of children in Ananda Islāmic School Kindergarten. The results showed the Healthy Eating program could be implemented well, the diet was quite varied and could be considered a healthy and nutritious food. The visible impact is the emotion of pleasure experienced by children, children become fond of eating vegetables, and make children disciplined and responsible. 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<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span><span lang="pt-BR">O abacaxi é um fruto que pertence à família das bromeliáceas. Pode ser cultivado em qualquer região de clima tropical. É bem aceito em todo o mundo, tanto na sua forma natural quanto industrializado. Os países que mais se destacam na produção desta fruta são os Estados Unidos, o Brasil, a Malásia, Taiwan, México e as Filipinas. Este fruto de sabor adocicado e ácido é responsável pela obtenção da bromelina, enzima encontrada em diferentes partes do abacaxizeiro, sendo encontrada nas folhas, caules, suco do fruto, cascas e resíduos industriais. A bromelina se destaca não só por fazer parte do conjunto das proteases como também pela sua variedade de aplicações que vem desde as áreas farmacêuticas, de alimentos até a de cosméticos. Pode-se mencionar seu uso no amaciamento de carnes, na clarificação de cervejas, na fabricação de queijos, no preparo de alimento</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span><span lang="pt-BR"><span>s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span><span lang="pt-BR"><span> dietéticos, no pré-tratamento de soja, no tratamento do couro, na indústria têxtil, no tratamento da lã e da seda. O Brasil possui trabalhos de pesquisa sobre obtenção de bromelina, no entanto necessita ainda de muitas informações a respeito desta; assim, este artigo de revisão busca trazer informações que irão auxiliar pesquisas futuras acerca desta enzima.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span><strong><span style="color: #00000a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span>Termos para indexação</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #00000a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span>: </span></span></span></span></strong><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span>abacaxi, bromelina, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: #00000a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span>r</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span>esíduos agroindustriais, proteases</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p lang="en-US" align="center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span><strong>The use of residues from pineapple juice agro-industries for the production of bromelain</strong></span></span></p><p lang="en-US" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span><span style="color: #000000;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span>Pineapple is a fruit that belongs to the family of bromeliads. Can be grown in any tropical climate region. It is well accepted throughout the world, both in its natural form as industrialized. The countries that stand out in the production of this fruit are the United States, Brazil, Malaysia, Taiwan, Mexico and the Philippines. This sweet tasting fruit and acid is responsible for obtaining the bromelain, an enzyme that is found in different parts of the pineapple plant, found in the leaves, stems, fruit juice, peel and industrial waste. Bromelain stands out not only to be part of the group of proteases in addition to its variety of applications coming from pharmaceutical areas, from food to cosmetics. It may be mentioned its use in softening meat, the clarification of beers in cheesemaking, in the preparation of dietetic foods, pre-treatment of soybeans in the treatment of leather, textile, wool and the treatment of silk. Brazil has some research papers to obtain bromelain, however still needs a lot of information about this, so this review article seeks to provide information which will assist us in future research.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p lang="en-US" align="left"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span><strong><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span>Index terms</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">: </span></strong><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span>pineapple, bromelain, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span>a</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span>gro-industrial waste, proteases </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

Green gram (Vigna radiata) is considered the chief legume in Pakistan. Thus, current study was conducted to examine the ameliorating effect of phytohormones pre-treatments under salt stress on proteome profile of green gram by sodium-dodecyl-sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The soluble green gram seedlings proteins were resolved on 4% stacking and 12% resolving gels. The SDS-PAGE resolved 24 polypeptide bands ranging from 200 to 17kDa. Among these, 12 out of 24 bands of proteins were essentials house-keeping or growth proteins of green grams. While, 120, 114.6, 51.8, 29.1, and 22.8 kDa bands were over-expressed under 50 to 350mM salt with phytohormones treatments. The others 104.5 kDa, 99.8 kDa, 95.3 kDa, 91.0 kDa, 55 kDa, 46 kDa, and 17kDa bands were related to the GAᴣ, IAA, and SA induced tolerance. Overall 120 kDa, 114.6 kDa, 104.5 kDa, 99.8, 95.3 kDa, 51.8 kDa, 29.1 kDa and 22.8kDa bands were first time identified in the current study. The information retrieved from NCBI protein database, the resolved peptides were principally belonging to 7S and 8S vicilin, 2S, 8S, 11S, and 16.5S globulins. It is determined that seed priming with SA enhanced tolerance in green gram by rapidly synthesizing stress alleviating peptides.Key word: Cluster analysis, dendrogram, mungbean, salt stress, SDS-PAGEINTRODUCTIONVarious world-wide health concerning organization recommended the use of high graded plant protein such as legumes to prevent the risk of metabolic disorder (Hou et al., 2019). Legumes are most important protein crop on the earth. Among the legumes, the green gram is the major pulses. Its seeds are rich in superior quality storage protein, which account 85% of the total protein while, another 15% have not been broadly studied (Yi-Shen et al., 2018). The soluble storage protein comprises of 60% globulins, 25% albumin and 15% prolamins. Globulins are further divided into 3.4% basic-type (7S), 7.6% legumin-type (11S), and 89% vicilin-type (8S) (Mendoza et al., 2001; Itoh et al., 2006). Other than proteins, the green gram seeds also contain starch, fiber, phenolic compound, saponins, vitamins, calcium zinc, potassium, folate, magnesium, manganese and very low in fat that made it meager man’s meat (Hou et al., 2019). It is also a good source of green manure and fodder (El-Kafafi et al., 2015). Its root has ability to fix 30 to 50 Kg/ha atmospheric nitrogen in the soil which is essential for maintaining soil fertility (Chadha, 2010). The green gram is the valuable and the major Rabi pulse crop of Pakistan. Its cultivation area in 2016-2017 was about 179,000 hectares with seed yield of 130,000 tones. In comparison during 2017-2018, it was cultivated on 161,800 hectares land with 118,800 tones seed yield (GOP, 2018). One of the reasons of this 9% decrease in both land and productivity is the shortage of irrigated land due to soil salinity. The salinity induce oxidative bust in the mungbean cells, caused by responsive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical. The ROS create hindrance in various metabolic processes of plant via interacting with macromolecules like proteins (Alharby et al., 2016). However, phytohormones like gibberellic acid (GAᴣ), indole acetic acid (IAA), and salicylic acid (SA) take part in the biosynthesis of salt tolerance proteins under salinity. These salt tolerance proteins acclimate plants under salinity stress. Application of biotechnology plays a significant role in agriculture (Khan et al., 2017). Therefore, production of particular proteins under salt stress is a specific response of cell which can be analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). SDS-PAGE is the simple, valid, and cost-effective biochemical marker (Mushtaq et al., 2018). This marker has been widely used to determine the extent of evolutionary variations in crops (El-Kafafi et al., 2015).OBJECTIVES The present study was directed first time with the aim to investigate the toxic effect of sodium chloride (0-350 mM) and stress acclimation by pre-treatment of GAᴣ, IAA, and SA on the proteome profile of NM-92 cultivar of a Pakistani green gram.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe present study was replicated thrice in the plant laboratory of Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, and University of Karachi. The seeds of mung bean cultivar NM-92 were acquired from National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad. These freshly collected 15 seedsˉ1 treatment / replication were divided into two sets. The first was named as sodium chloride (SC) stress treatments were imbibed in sterile distilled water (DW) whereas, second set soaked in gibberellic acid (GAᴣ) (BDH Chemicals, England), indole acetic acid (IAA) (Fluka, Switzerland), and salicylic acid (SA) (J.T. Baker, Holland) in the separate beaker for 24 hours under dark condition. After 24 hours, given ample time to both the sets at room temperature. After recovery, all 20 treatments were sown in the 150 X 30 mm sized petri-dishes containing 0, 50, 150, 250, and 350 millimolar (mM) sodium chloride solution (Fisher Scientific, UK) for 72 hours.Protein extraction: Protein extraction was done by taking 0.3g of seedlings in an ice chilled mortar and crushed by adding 600µL 0.2 M Tris-HCl buffer having pH 7.5 contained 5% SDS (w/v) and 5% 2-mercaptoethanol (v/v). The homogenate was incubated at 0oC for 30 min., boiled in the water bath for 3 min. at 100oC. Samples were centrifuged in Heraeus Biofuge D-37520, Germany for 30 min. at 8000 rpm. The protein supernatant was saved at below 0°C for quantitative and qualitative determination with minor modifications. The total soluble protein content of the samples was estimated via “Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) standard curve” and explicit in µg protein milligramˉ1 fresh weight of mung seedlings.Bovine serum albumin standard curve (2000 μg/mL): Total protein standard curve was made by dissolving 0.05g of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in 25mL of distilled water. Ten serial dilutions were made from 0.1 mL to 1mL by BSA solution then performed Lowry. A standard curve of total proteins was plotted by taking BSA absorbance at Y-axis and 2000 μg BSA / mL at X-axisSample preparation for SDS-PAGE: For qualitative assessment of total proteins; the 35μL of saved protein supernatant was combined with 15μL of sample diluting buffer (SDB). The SDB was made up of 0.0625 M Tris-HCl pH 6.8 with 2% of SDS, 10% of glycerol, 0.003% of bromophenol blue dye and 5% of 2-mercaptoethanol. Boil the 50μL protein SDB supernatant at 100oC in water bath for 3 min., centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 4 min. The supernatant was loaded on SDS-PAGE gel with the given formulae. The SDS- PAGE: Total proteins were fractionated via SDS-PAGE with 4% stacking and 12% resolving gel. The resolving gel of 12% was made by taking 6mL solution A, 1.8 mL 3 M Tris 1 M HCl buffer pH 8.8, 144μL 10% SDS, 5.74 mL sterile distilled water, 720μL 1.5% ammonium persulphate (APS) in deionized water and 10μL TEMED. While, stacking was composed of 1.25mL of solution A, 2.5mL of 0.5M Tris 1M HCl buffer pH 6.8, 100μL 10% SDS, 1.8 mL of distilled water, 500μL 1.5% APS and 12μL TEMED. Solution A was prepared by conjoining 30% acrylamide and 0.8% N, N’-methylene-bisacrylamide in deionized water. To avoid polymerization in the beaker; the prepared solution was quickly poured into the 3 mm thick gel plates after adding TEMED. The stacking was lined over resolving gel, then combs were inserted between the gel plates of SCIE-PLAS TV-100 separation system, UK, and allowed to polymerize for ½ an hour. After polymerization gel was placed in the tank which were filled with Tris-Glycine buffer (electrode buffer) pH 8.4 then combs were removed. The electrode buffer contained 0.3% Tris, 1.41% Glycine and 0.1% SDS in 2000mL d/w. The gel was pre-run for 15 min. at 60 volts and 120 mA currents. The prepared SDS-PAGE samples were loaded in wells with BlueStepTM Broad Range Protein Marker, AMRESCO, USA as standard and run at 60 volts & 120 mA for about 45 min. When samples entered in resolving gel, and then gave 100 volts and 200 mA currents for around 2.5 hours. Furthermore, electrophoresis was carried out at a constant watt.The Gel was washed with 30% ethanol on Uni Thermo Shaker NTS-1300 EYELA, Japan at the constant shaking for 30 min. Then gels were placed in 10% glacial acetic acid in 50% methanol solution (Fixative) for 24 hours. SDS Gel was stained until protein bands were visible thereat placed as 5% of Methanol in 7.5% acetic acid glacial solution to destain the bands background. SDS-PAGE stain composed of 0.125% coomassie brilliant blue R-250 dissolved in 40% of Methanol and 7% acetic acid glacial solution. The stain was stirred on Magnetic stirrer & hot plate M6/1, Germany for 6-10 hours before used. Photographs were taken by Sanyo digital camera VPC-T1284BL and bands were scored through numbering pattern. Gels preserved in 10% acetic acid solution at 4°C.Interpretation of bands and data analysis: The total soluble protein bands relative mobility calculated by below formulae and Dendrogram was constructed via SPSS v. 20Where,F=(Migrated distance of protein band)/(Migrated distance of dye front)Slop=(Log MW of protein marker lower limit band–log〖MW of protein marker upper limit band )/(RF protein marker lower limit band –RF of protein marker upper limit band)RESULTS:The total soluble proteins extracted from green gram were perceived by SDS-PAGE Blue StepTm broad range biochemical markers. The protein-based marker was used to evaluate the toxic effect of sodium chloride along with pre-treatments of GAᴣ, IAA, and SA on proteome assay. In the current work, seedlings total soluble proteome resolved 24 polypeptide bands ranging from 200 to 17.1 kDa were recognized by using SDS-PAGE. The figure 1 showed Dendrogram assay, which classified the 20 treatments of SC, GAᴣ, IAA and SA into two major clusters where, the cluster I was the largest one (figure 1). Cluster I consisted of 15 treatments that further divided into I-A, and I-B. The pre-treatments of SC50+SA, SC150+SA, SC250+SA, and SC350+IAA were grouped together into C-1 of sub-cluster I-A. The C-2 of sub-cluster I-A, pre-treatment SC350+SA was most diverse among 20 treatments. The C-1 treatments showed 99% homology when compared with each other while, it was 97% similar with C-2. The sub-cluster I-B comprised another 10 treatments, SC0+GAᴣ, SC50+GAᴣ, SC150+GAᴣ, SC250+GAᴣ, SC350+GAᴣ, SC0+IAA, SC50+IAA, SC150+IAA, SC250+IAA, and SC0+SA that were also 99% similar for total proteins. Sub-cluster I-B pre-treatments was exhibiting 94% homology with the sub-cluster I-A. The second cluster was the smallest one that was divided into two sub-clusters, II-A and II-B. The II-A was comprised of SC50, SC150, and SC250 while, sub-cluster II-B consisted of SC0 and SC350. Within each sub-cluster, pre-treatments expressed 99% homology whereas, II-A was 97 different from II-B. Furthermore, cluster I showed 75% similarities with cluster II (figure 1). The seedlings storage proteome profile of green gram was shown in table 1.The results showed that 120kDa, 114.6 kDa, 51.8 kDa, 29.1 kDa and 22.8 kDa proteins bands were not induced at 0 mM SC, GAᴣ, IAA, and SA. The table 1 depicted the presence of 120 kDa and 114.6 kDa bands only at 350 mM SC level with all phytohormones treatments. Similarly, 51.8 kDa protein bands were appearing at 150SC, 250SC and 350SC stress with phytohormones. Based on the information collected from the NCBI protein database, this peptide was related to the 8S globulin alpha subunits. The two other, 7S globulins sub-units having 29.1kDa and 22.8 kDa molecular weights bands were synthesized under 50mM, 150mM, 250mM, 350mM SC stress with phytohormones. Concerning protein polypeptide of molecular weight 104.5 kDa, 99.8 kDa, 91.0 kDa, 55.0 kDa, and 46.0 kDa, those were induced by GAᴣ, IAA and SA at 0 to 350 mM SC. While, 17kDa protein band was appearing in SA, and IAA treated samples and 95.3kDa band was only present in SA treatment. Other 12 protein bands were present in all treatments proved as house-keeping proteins of green gram (table 1).DISCUSSIONThe SDS-PAGE profiling for proteome is the reliable and applied biochemical approach that has been used as biochemical marker in various crop differentiation, and characterization. In the current study, first time SDS-PAGE was utilized to investigate the impact of GAᴣ, IAA, and SA pre-soaking on green gram under salt toxicity. The salt toxicity adversely affects all seed, seedling, and plant metabolic process (Parveen et al., 2016). At salt toxicity, the endogenous GAᴣ, IAA, and SA levels markedly decrease (El-Khallal et al., 2009). In such condition, exogenous application of GAᴣ, IAA, and SA enhance seedlings survival rate by increasing synthesis of seed storage proteins. Likewise, our Dendrogram characterization based on 20 treatments showed significant diversity under 0 to 350 mM SC stress. The salicylic acid treatments were grouped together except SC0+SA treatment, exhibiting a close relationship, which proved its acclimating role under salt stress. These findings will help plant breeder toward enhancing food quality and quantity of green gram in future breeding programme on saline sodic land.The SDS-PAGE assay revealed 200. kDa, 109.4 kDa, 77 kDa, 68 kDa, 49 kDa, 38 kDa, 33 kDa, 26 kDa, 24 kDa, 22 kDa, 21 kDa and 19 kDa fractions as essential green gram proteins. Among these, 68 kDa, 49 kDa, 33 kDa, 26 kDa, 24 kDa and 21 kDa peptides were seed biotinylated isoform protein (Riascos et al., 2009), putative NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit H (Gostinčar et al., 2019), heat shock protein 33 (Hamidian et al., 2015), globulin protein, seed coat / maturation protein (Dhaubhadel et al., 2005), and protein for dimerization. While, 22 kDa proteins belonged to the class of prolamin alpha zein Z1C1_2, Z1C1_4, and Z1C1_8 precursors, and 19kDa peptide was related with Z1A1_2, Z1A2_2, and Z1B_6 precursors (Miclaus et al., 2011). Further, the 91 kDa peptide is sucrose synthase SS1 protein, and 77kDa protein is the NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (Wang et al., 2004). Also, the phosphatase-associated two other proteins having 46 and 55 kDa molecular weight were reported earlier in Mucuna pruriens. Hameed et al. (2012) and Malviya et al. (2008) found 55 and 46kDa peptides as 7S vicilin small sub-units and 17kDa as 11S globulins sub-unit in the studied Vigna radiata. Some other molecular weight proteome such as 68 kDa and 49kDa are 7S vicilin, 33kDa is 8S vicilin, 38 and 26kDa 8S globulins, 24kDa 11S globulins, and 22kDa 16.5S globulins. These proteins required for germination and seed establishment of green gram plant (Hameed et al., 2012).The vast accumulation of 23kDa and 22kDa peptides under salt stress by salicylic acid, were reported previously in the mangrove Bruguiera parviffora and Zea mays (El-Khallal et al., 2009). Correspondingly, El-Kafafi et al. (2015) reported the presence of 115kDa, 23kDa, and 22kDa bands in the salt tolerant lines of green gram. These proteomes induced under salt stress may play a pivotal part in the stress acclimation and osmotic adjustment. Similarly, the induction of 104 kDa and 100kDa MW polypeptide by SC stress in the salt tolerant genotypes of green gram indicated the functional role of phytohormones in various metabolic and defense response El-Kafafi et al. (2015); Alharby et al. (2016), El-Khallal et al. (2009), Qados (2010). Ali et al. (2007), Alharby et al. (2016), and El-Kafafi et al. (2015) observed 17kDa, 26kDa, 33kDa and 77kDa bands involving in salt tolerance and can be considered as a positive biochemical marker for salt stress. Further, 26 kDa MW peptide also functions as osmotin under the salt stress that involved in enhancing the accumulation of glycine betaine and proline in the cells. Hence, proteome assay of green gram showed that GAᴣ, IAA, and SA could regulate the expression of salt stress proteins that are anticipated to play a crucial part in the salt tolerance mechanism. Likewise, the involvement of phytohormones in the induction of changes in the proteome profile pattern was attributed to their part in managing cell division by regulating some genes of apical meristems.CONCLUSIONFinally, the results revealed the presence of the ten new bands with MW of 200kDa, 120 kDa, 114.6 kDa, 109.4kDa, 104.5kDa, 99.8kDa, 95.3kDa, 51.8kDa, 29.1kDa and 22.8kDa have not reported previously under salt stress with phytohormones treatments in green gram. Furthermore, it was observed that phytohormones alleviate the negative impact of salt stress on green gram by enhancing synthesis of salt defense polypeptides. Hence, higher accumulation of proteins was observed in salicylic acid treated seedlings. Thus, present work recommended the pre-soaking of phytohormones to overcome the toxic impact of sodium chloride on green gram. Further research is needed on a biomolecular level to reveal the mechanism of signalling pathways under sever salt stress.CONFLICT OF INTERESTBoth authors have declared that no disagreement of interest regarding this research.REFERENCES Alharby, H. F., E. M. Metwali, M. P. Fuller and A. Y. Aldhebiani, 2016. The alteration of mRNA expression of sod and gpx genes, and proteins in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) under stress of Nacl and/or ZnO nanoparticles. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 23(6): 773-781.Ali, A., M. Mageed, I. Ahmed and S. Mariey, 2007. Genetic and molecular studies on barley salt tolerance. In: African crop science conference proceedings. pp: 669-682.Chadha, M., 2010. Short duration mungbean: A new success in South Asia. Asia-Pacific association of agricultural research institutions.Dhaubhadel, S., K. Kuflu, M. C. Romero and M. Gijzen, 2005. A soybean seed protein with carboxylate-binding activity. 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Comparative seed storage protein profiling of mung bean genotypes. Pakistan jouranl of botany, 44(6): 1993-1999.Hamidian, M., J. Hawkey, K. E. Holt and R. M. Hall, 2015. Genome sequence of Acinetobacter baumannii strain d36, an antibiotic-resistant isolate from lineage 2 of global clone 1. Genome announced, 3(6): e01478-01415.Hou, D., L. Yousaf, Y. Xue, J. Hu, J. Wu, X. Hu, N. Feng and Q. Shen, 2019. Mung bean (vigna radiata l.): Bioactive polyphenols, polysaccharides, peptides, and health benefits. Nutrients, 11(6): 1238.Itoh, T., R. N. Garcia, M. Adachi, Y. Maruyama, E. M. Tecson-Mendoza, B. Mikami and S. J. A. C. S. D. B. C. Utsumi, 2006. Structure of 8sα globulin, the major seed storage protein of mung bean. Acta crystallographica section D: Biological crystallography, 62(7): 824-832.Khan, F. F., K. Ahmad, A. Ahmed and S. Haider, 2017. Applications of biotechnology in agriculture-review article. World journal of biology biotechnology, 2(1): 139-142.Malviya, N., S. Nayak and D. Yadav, 2008. Characterization of total salt soluble seed storage proteins of grain legumes using sds-page. Bulletin de ressources phytogénétiques(156): 50.Mendoza, E. M. T., M. Adachi, A. E. N. Bernardo and S. Utsumi, 2001. Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) wilczek] globulins: Purification and characterization. Journal of agricultural food chemistry, 49(3): 1552-1558.Miclaus, M., J.-H. Xu and J. Messing, 2011. Differential gene expression and epiregulation of alpha zein gene copies in maize haplotypes. PLoS genetics, 7(6).Mushtaq, F., S. A. Jatoi, S. S. Aamir and S. U. Siddiqui, 2018. Genetic variability for morphological attributes and seed protein profiling in chili (Capsicum annuum L.). Pakistan jouranl of botany, 50(4): 1661-1668.Parveen, A.-u.-H. M., J. Akhtar and S. M. Basra, 2016. Interactive effect of salinity and potassium on growth, biochemical parameters, protein and oil quality of soybean genotypes. Pakistan journal of agricultural sciences, 53(01): 69-78.Qados, A., 2010. Effect of arginine on growth, nutrient composition, yield and nutritional value of mung bean plants grown under salinity stress. Nature, 8: 30-42.Riascos, J., W. Burks, L. Pons, A. Weissinger and S. Weissinger, 2009. Identification of a soybean seed biotinylated protein as a novel allergen. Journal of allergy cinical Immunology, 123(2): S24.Wang, S. Y., J. H. Wu, T. Ng, X. Y. Ye and P. F. Rao, 2004. A non-specific lipid transfer protein with antifungal and antibacterial activities from the mung bean. Peptides, 25(8): 1235-1242.Yi-Shen, Z., S. Shuai and R. FitzGerald, 2018. Mung bean proteins and peptides: Nutritional, functional and bioactive properties. Food nutrition research, 62.

Soybean in Colombia is constituted, like corn, as the main raw material for the production of balanced concentrates for animal feeding. The national soybean production satisfies only 7.0% of the demand for poultry-swine chain, with imports in 2014 of 363501 tons of grain and 1018256 tons of soybean meal. Currently, in Colombia, soybean is only produced in the Orinoquia region, mainly in the high plains and foothills and is part of the rice-corn-soy rotation system for the colonization of native savannas. In order to promote cultivation which allows the occupation of 500000 potentially hectares in the foothills with new varieties beyond current and meet domestic demand, Corpoica is responsible for the plant breeding. As a result of a research in plant genetic resources during nine years (2006-2014), the study of a group of elite soybean genotypes on two contrasting regions: high plains and foothills. In addition, main components analysis per genotype-location interaction were determined for L-189 genotype identified with specific adaptation to the foothills and the highest experimental yield of 2660 k.ha-1, superior in more than half a ton to the yield obtained by the control varieties (P-34 and Superior 6); with traits which bring competitive advantages such as a larger number of pods per plant (56) and smaller seeds (15.2g), besides an acquired tolerance to the Cercospora sp. pathogen.

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess the effect of dried fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) in diets for sows on blood redox and immunological parameters, taking into account the physiological period (pregnancy or lactation) and age (primiparous vs multiparous sows). The experiment also aimed to determine how FRSM administered to pregnant sows, affect the antioxidant and immune systems of piglets. The animals were divided to 4 groups of 15 animals each. Control groups of primiparous (CG) and multiparous sows (CS) received a standard diet for pregnant or lactating sows. Experimental groups of primiparous (EG) and multiparous sows (ES) received feed with a 4% share of FRSM in place of soybean meal up to 100 day of gestation, 9% share of FRSM from 100 day of gestation to 7 day of lactation, and then again 4% share of FRSM until the end of lactation. In the blood plasma of pregnant sows fed diet with FRSM addition, higher FRAP value and vitamin C, uric acid (UA), immunoglobulin IgG content, lymphocytes (LYM) count and a lower content of malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), immunoglobulin IgM was noted than in the blood plasma of control sows. Both primiparous and multiparous lactation sows whose feed included FRSM had higher catalase (CAT) activity, higher FRAP, vitamin C, immunoglobulin IgG and IL-6 content, and lower UA content than the control sows. Piglets born to sows fed diet with FRSM addition had significantly higher FRAP values, vitamin C, IgG, and IL-6 content and white blood cells (WBC) count and lower MDA and UA content in the blood plasma than piglets born to sows from control group. Multiparous sows compared to primiparous sows had higher CAT activity, and higher vitamin C, LOOH, creatinine (CREAT), and IgM content. Elevated FRAP, and CREAT levels and reduced MDA content were also observed in the plasma of the multiparous sows compared to primiparous sows during lactation. Multiparous lactation sows compared to primiparous sows had lower WBC count, and IgG and IgM content. Piglets born to multiparous sows had higher FRAP values, LOOH content and IgA content while lower MDA content compared to piglets born to primiparous sows. The inclusion of dried fermented rapeseed meal in feed for sows significantly stimulates antioxidant processes in primiparous and multiparous sows and in their piglets. The inclusion of dried fermented rapeseed meal in the diet of sows stimulates antioxidant processes in primiparous and multiparous sows and in their piglets. This is responsible for stimulation of the immune system (increased LYM counts and IgG titres in the blood plasma). The improved antioxidant status in the plasma suggests that dried fermented rapeseed meal stimulated the immune system of pregnant and lactating sows and their new-born off spring.

Abstract Vanillin is the major component which is responsible for flavor and aroma of vanilla extract and is produced by 3 ways: natural extraction from vanilla plant, chemical synthesis and from microbial transformation. Current research was aimed to study bacterial production of vanillin from native natural sources including sewage and soil from industrial areas. The main objective was vanillin bio-production by isolating bacteria from these native sources. Also to adapt methodologies to improve vanillin production by optimized fermentation media and growth conditions. 47 soil and 13 sewage samples were collected from different industrial regions of Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad and Kasur. 67.7% bacterial isolates produced vanillin and 32.3% were non-producers. From these 279 producers, 4 bacterial isolates selected as significant producers were; A3, A4, A7 and A10. These isolates were identified by ribotyping as A3 Pseudomonas fluorescence (KF408302), A4 Enterococcus faecium (KT356807), A7 Alcaligenes faecalis (MW422815) and A10 Bacillus subtilis (KT962919). Vanillin producers were further tested for improved production of vanillin and were grown in different fermentation media under optimized growth conditions for enhanced production of vanillin. The fermentation media (FM) were; clove oil based, rice bran waste (residues oil) based, wheat bran based and modified isoeugenol based. In FM5, FM21, FM22, FM23, FM24, FM30, FM31, FM32, FM34, FM35, FM36, and FM37, the selected 4 bacterial strains produced significant amounts of vanillin. A10 B. subtilis produced maximum amount of vanillin. This strain produced 17.3 g/L vanillin in FM36. Cost of this fermentation medium 36 was 131.5 rupees/L. This fermentation medium was modified isoeugenol based medium with 1% of isoeugenol and 2.5 g/L soybean meal. ech gene was amplified in A3 P. fluorescence using ech specific primers. As vanillin use as flavor has increased tremendously, the bioproduction of vanillin must be focused.

Nutrition is the largest non-ownership cost associated with beef production. The beef industry's Standardized Performance Analysis (SPA) data on one million cows from 500 herds estimates that nutrition is responsible for 54% of total cash costs and 38% of total costs (Weaber, personal communication). Several options exist for astute managers intent on minimizing feed input costs. For example, if readily accessible and competitively priced, traditionally used byproducts such as soybean (SBM) or cottonseed meal, highly digestible fiber byproducts such as corn gluten feed (wet or dry; WCGF, DCGF), soybean hulls (SBH) and wheat middlings (WM) are a few of the many types available that efficient minded producers can use to reduce feed costs. Byproducts of this nature originate from various milling industries in which the grain or oilseed undergoes extensive processing to extract the starch or oil for human or industrial use. The annual production of WM, DCGF and WCGF, and SBH in the US approximates 7.4, 5.7 and 3.3 million tons, respectively. Other byproducts that are highly digestible include distillers dried grains, beet pulp and rice millfeed. In general, the protein and energy contents of these byproducts are complementary to lowquality forages and predominant forage-based growing rations when compared to traditional oilseed byproducts and grain. Historically, grain processing industries such as wheat flour mills have marketed their byproducts primarily to commercial feed companies. As a general rule, the processing center derives approximately 10 - 15% of gross revenues from byproducts destined for livestock feeding4,5 hardly a significant reason for allowing the production and/or demand of byproducts to drive the entire process. However, increasing production costs and declining margins along with the opportunity to add value to the purchased crop commodity has encouraged grain and oilseed processors to rapidly adopt the notion of pelleting and directly marketing the resulting byproducts to beef producers. Pelleting byproducts at many grain processing and oilseed extraction centers has effectively reduced dust pollution, short term on-site storage concerns and accelerated the acceptance of byproducts by livestock producers through ease of transport and enhanced storage characteristics.42 Several factors should be considered first before byproducts are incorporated into an existing feeding program. First, the location of the processing facility must be well within the marketing radius of other competitively priced feedstuffs. Second, the nutrient composition of the byproducts should complement the intended animal's nutrient requirements. Third, besides unit cost and availability, the nutrient composition of the byproduct should be relatively consistent from load to load. This review article will address the factors which affect nutrient utilization, feeding guidelines and storage concerns with byproducts of this nature.

The worldwide importance of soybean and the main limitations to crop yields. Because of its potential for large-scale production, soybean (Glycine max (L.) has excelled in the world agricultural economy as a major oilseed crop. At present, soybeans are grown primarily for oil extraction and for use as a high protein meal for animal feed. Soybean has a protein content of approximately 40% and an oil content of approximately 20%. This crop is currently being produced around the world. Indicate that to obtain increases in soybean yields, it is necessary to understand the interaction between cultivars and the production environment. Based on these factors, crop management can be adjusted to achieve proper development of plants in each production environment. Soybean is very responsive to environmental conditions, and the main climatic factors affecting its crop yields include the photoperiod, which influences the availability of full light, temperature and water availability. Although the effects of various environmental factors interfere with the performance of crops, water restriction is the main limiting environmental factor that contributes to the failure to obtain maximum soybean yields influencing the use of other environmental resources. Two-thirds of world food production through cultivation occurs under water stress. In this context and because of the prospect of global climate change, most crops will be exposed to negative impacts caused by drought.

AbstractAlthough numerous studies exist relating ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations to diet composition and animal performance, minimal information is available describing how VFA dynamics respond to diets within the context of the whole rumen environment. The objective of this study was to characterize how protein and fiber sources affect dry matter intake, rumen pH, fluid dynamics, fermentation parameters, and epithelial gene expression. Four diet treatments (soybean meal or heat-treated soybean meal and beet pulp or timothy hay) were delivered to 10 wethers. The soybean meals served as crude protein (CP) sources while the beet pulp and timothy hay represented neutral detergent fiber (NDF) sources. Feed intake, rumen pH, fluid pool size, and fluid passage rate were unaffected by treatment. Butyrate synthesis and absorption were greater on the beet pulp treatment whereas synthesis and absorption of other VFA remained unchanged. Both CP and NDF treatment effects were associated with numerous VFA interconversions. Expression levels of rumen epithelial genes were not altered by diet treatment. These results indicate that rumen VFA dynamics are altered by changes in dietary sources of nutrients but that intake, rumen environmental parameters, and the rumen epithelium may be less responsive to such changes.

Abstract Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the major component of plant storage lipids such as oils. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the final step of the Kennedy pathway, and is mainly responsible for plant oil accumulation. We previously found that the activity of Vernonia DGAT1 was distinctively higher than that of Arabidopsis and soybean DGAT1 in a yeast microsome assay. In this study, the DGAT1 cDNAs of Arabidopsis, Vernonia, soybean, and castor bean were introduced into Arabidopsis. All Vernonia DGAT1-expressing lines showed a significantly higher oil content (49% mean increase compared with the wild-type) followed by soybean and castor bean. Most Arabidopsis DGAT1-overexpressing lines did not show a significant increase. In addition to these four DGAT1 genes, sunflower, Jatropha, and sesame DGAT1 genes were introduced into a TAG biosynthesis-defective yeast mutant. In the yeast expression culture, DGAT1s from Arabidopsis, castor bean, and soybean only slightly increased the TAG content; however, DGAT1s from Vernonia, sunflower, Jatropha, and sesame increased TAG content &gt;10-fold more than the former three DGAT1s. Three amino acid residues were characteristically common in the latter four DGAT1s. Using soybean DGAT1, these amino acid substitutions were created by site-directed mutagenesis and substantially increased the TAG content.

Availability of adapted cultivars is needed for the development of soybean cultivation in upland soil in Lampung, Sumatra. Twelve advanced soybean breeding lines and two check varieties (Tanggamus and Wilis) were tested on upland soils of Lampung Province. The trials were conducted in the District of Tulangbawang, Central Lampung, East Lampung and South Lampung during the late rainy season of 2003/2004. Two sites were selected per district for a total of eight sites for the four districts. A split plot design with three replications was used within each location. Plot size was 2.4 m x 4.5 m, plant spacing of 40 cm between rows and 15 cm within a row, and two plants per hill. The mainplot was fertilizer: A= Low inputs (22.5 kg N, 27 kg P2O5, and 40 kg K2O per ha), and B=Medium inputs (22.5 kg N, 36 kg P2O5, 53 kg K2O and 0.56 t CaO per ha). The fertilizers were applied before planting. The subplots were 12 soybean breeding lines together with two check soybean varieties. Results showed that soybean yields were affected significantly by locations, fertilizers, breeding lines, location x fertilizer and location x breeding line interactions. Plant height was affected siginificantly by locations, fertilizers, breeding lines and location x breeding interaction. Pods per plant were affected by locations, fertilizers, location x fertilizer and location x breeding line interactions. All breeding lines and varieties were responsive to changing environments. Based on the smallest Pi parameter (the distance mean square between the cultivar’s response and the maximum response averaged over all locations), and the highest frequency of rank, three breeding lines, namely W3465-27-2 (released in 2004 as cv. Ratai), cv. Tanggamus and D3578- 3/K3911-66-3 were identified as wide adaptability genotypes with the yield potential of more than 2.4 t/ha with an average of 1.6 t/ha.

BioProtein® (BP) is a trademark for single cell (bacteria) protein, based on conversion of methane, with the addition of ammonia and oxygen, to a protein source. BP is produced by Norferm AS in Norway, and has been authorized by the EU as a protein source in animal feeds since 1995, for fattening pigs (8%), calves (8%) and salmon (19-33%). Significant immune effects were revealed in a toxicity study performed in rats fed a nucleic acid reduced BP product (NABP) and thereafter, similar, but less severe effects were also found after feeding with untreated BP. Additional studies confirmed increased mesenteric lymph node weights in cats and foxes. Due to the undesirable effects and also due to applications for extended use, BP has been assessed by the Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition (SCAN) and EU’s Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) in 1995, by SCAN in 2001 and 2003 and by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2005. The EU memberstates United Kingdom, France and Finland have also conducted assessments. The EU approval from 1995 remains unchanged. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority requested the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) to assess the risk of using BP as a protein source in feedingstuffs, both for the animal categories already authorized and for extended use to pet animals, chickens and pigs from weaning to slaughter. The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety was asked to consider all existing documentation. Based on all documentation enclosed with the request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority and published scientific articels, an opinion on the safety of BP assessed by the VKM panel on Animal Feed was published on 20 March 2006 (05/608-final-rev1). The Producer made a complaint regarding this opinion and claimed that not all documents on BP had been evaluated. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority then requested VKM to revise its opinion on the risk of using BP as a protein source in feedingstuffs, based on 17 documents previously not available to VKM, in addition to the 20 documents included in the opinion published on 20 March 2006. BP is composed of a protein with a somewhat different amino acid compostion compared with fish meal, but BP and fish meal have more similarities in amino acid content than soybean meal. BP has relatively high level of nucleic acids, phospholipids, lipopolysaccarides and minerals. Effect studies with BP have been conducted in rats/mice, pigs, chicken, cats, foxes, and salmon. Most of the concern regarding the side effects of BP in feed is related to the immune response. The main findings include changes in weight and morphology of mesenteric lymph nodes, followed by induction of specific antibodies. Histopathological examination after feeding with NABP also revealed changes in the intestines and several internal organs indicating systemic effects. The Producer claims that the immune response seen in BP-fed mice/rats is most likely a normal response to ingestion of large doses of a foreign antigen, and further, that oral tolerance towards this protein is induced over time. However, these interpretations are not adequately supported by the supplied documentation. A tendency towards adaption might be indicated in some of the studies, other results argue against tolerance induction. It is unclear whether the content of phospholipids, lipopolysaccarides, nucleic acids or the protein structure, or the combination of these compounds is responsible for the immunological changes observed. However, the particulate structure of BP has been shown to influence the observed immune response as the systemic immune response was avoided by ingestion of BP free of whole cells. The studies conducted in target species have not included adequate examinations of the immune effects from ingestion of BP. Concerning terrestrial species, no histopathological effects were revealed in the pig, chicken, cat or fox studies. However, increased mesenteric lymph nodes were reported in cats and foxes fed BP. In the remaining studies the main focus has been on production parameters; weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, metabolism of nutrients, observation of clinical health, and product quality. When the contents of amino acids were balanced, the inclusion of low levels of BP (9%) tended to stimulate growth in pigs and the same tendency was found in chicken with 6% BP. Higher feed levels of BP tended to cause a reduction in growth. In salmon, a dose dependent improvement of growth was reported in a short term experiment (8 weeks). However, in longer term experiments with salmon, depressed growth and increased liver weight were observed in freshwater at 19% BP with no-effect-level at 10%. In seawater studies, a tendency of reduced growth was found in salmon fed with 20% BP in the diet, and BP levels of 27% and higher levels resulted in significantly reduced body weight. Furthermore, levels of 27% BP and above in fish feed reduced specific immune responses, but increased lymphocyte response, and also tended to improve the survival after bacterial and viral infections. At 37% BP in the diet histopathological changes in the distal intestine, and reduced storage of glycogen and increased lipid deposition and liver weight were observed. No negative effects were seen in salmon in seawater at a feed level of 13.5% BP. The results indicate negative effects in salmon at BP levels in fish feed considerably lower than those currently approved (19 and 33%, in feed for salmon in fresh and sea water, respectively). To conclude, in terrestrial target species documented effects of BP include reduced weight gain and increased weight of mesenteric lymph nodes. In the more thoroughly studied species the rat, findings incluse histopathologic effects in mesenteric lymph nodes, changed humoral immune responses, increased weight of other lymphoid tissue (spleen), increased level of neutrophile granulocytes, and slight leakage of hepatic and renal tubuli enzymes. In terrestrial target species, 6% BP in the feed is considered to be the highest inclusion level not to cause such effects. The results from the rat studies show a similar no-effect-level. In salmon, reduced weight gain, liver storage effects, changed humoral and celluar immune responses and histopathological effects in the intestine are documented. A 10% level of BP in fish feed is the highest level tested without causing such effects. There are relatively few valid studies for the risk assessment of BP in target species, and the designs of the assessed studies are very variable. Thus, there are qualitative and quantitative uncertainties concerning the effects of BP in target species. The Panel on Animal Feed is of the opinion that an inclusion level of BP of 6% in the diets to terrestrial target animals and a 10% maximum inclusion level in salmon feed (both for fresh- and seawater stages) would reduce the risk of potentially adverse effects in the animals. The risk associated with the human consumption of products from animals fed on BP is considered negligible. However, the production of single cell protein for feed production represents a relatively new scientific approach which implies precautionary handling.

AbstractDuring the summer, the Midwest United States, which covers the main US corn belt, has a net loss of surface water as evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation. The net moisture gain into the atmosphere is transported out of the region to northern high latitudes through transient eddy moisture fluxes. How this process may change in the future is not entirely clear despite the fact that the corn belt region is responsible for a large portion of the global supply of corn and soybeans. We find that increased CO2 and the associated warming increases evapotranspiration. while precipitation reduces in the region leading to further reduction in precipitation minus evaporation (P-E) in the future. At the same time, the poleward transient moisture flux increases leading to enhanced atmospheric moistures export from the corn belt region. However, storm track intensity is generally weakened in the summer due to reduced north-south temperature gradient associated with amplified warming in the midlatitudes. The intensified transient eddy moisture transport as storm track weakens can be reconciled by the stronger mean moisture gradient in the future. This is found to be caused by the climatological low-level jet transporting more moisture into the Great Plains region due to the thermodynamic mechanism under warmer conditions. Our results, for the first time, show that in the future, the US Midwest corn belt will experience more hydrological stress due to intensified transient eddy moisture export leading to drier soils in the region.