Relevant bibliographies by topics / RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD'

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Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD"

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Ye, Jihong, Zhiqiang Zhang, and Xianming Liu. "A simplified multisupport response spectrum method." Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 11, no. 2 (June 2012): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11803-012-0114-4.

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Sabitov, A. F., and I. A. Safina. "Implementation of the Spectral Method for Determining of Measuring Instruments' Dynamic Characteristics." Devices and Methods of Measurements 11, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2020-11-2-155-162.

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The spectral method for establishing dynamic response of measuring instruments basically requires determining the amplitude spectrum of the signal in its informative part that includes the amplitude spectrum at zero frequency. The operating frequency range of existing low-frequency spectrum analyzers is above zero frequency that leads to an uncertainty in dynamic response of measuring instruments determined by the spectral method. The purpose of this paper is to develop a program for calculating the signal amplitude spectrum, starting from zero frequency, to implement a spectral method for determining the dynamic response of measuring instruments on computers equipped with the MatLab package.To implement the spectral method for determining the dynamic response of measuring instruments, we developed a program in the MatLab 2013b environment that determines the signal amplitude spectrum from zero Hertz. The program reads the source data from Excel tables and presents the calculated amplitude spectrum as a chart and a report table.It is shown that the developed program calculates the signal amplitude spectrum with a standard deviation of not more than 3.4 % in the frequency range of 0 to 10 rad/s. The calculated amplitude spectrum allows determining the time constant of first-order aperiodic measuring instruments with an uncertainty of not more than 0.166 % at any noise level, if their frequencies are outside the information part of the spectrum.We demonstrated the claimed advantage of the spectral method for determining dynamic response using the developed program by the example of a high-frequency noise in the transient response of some measuring instruments.
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Jin, Min Chao, Bao Fu Wang, Zhong Ren Feng, and Xiong Jiang Wang. "Seismic Response Analysis of Long Span Cable-Stayed Bridge by Response Spectrum Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1992–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1992.

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Based on response spectrum method, the seismic behavior of a long span cable-stayed bridge is investigated through three dimensional finite element model established by ANSYS. By calculating the cumulative effective mass factors of the bridge, the minimum number of modes used for modal superposition analysis is obtained. Design acceleration response spectrums under two probabilities are used in the analysis. The response spectrums are input in the bridge longitudinal direction, vertical direction, transverse direction and combined horizontal and vertical directions. Displacements and internal forces results show that vertical component of the ground motion greatly influences the response of the bridge and there is significant difference between the results of the two probabilities.
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Su, Cheng, Zhijian Huang, and Jianhua Xian. "A modified response spectrum method based on uniform probability spectrum." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 17, no. 2 (September 27, 2018): 657–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0485-7.

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Liu, Li, and Zhang. "Analysis of Offshore Structures Based on Response Spectrum of Ice Force." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110417.

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With the development of large-scale offshore projects, sea ice is a potential threat to the safety of offshore structures. The main forms of damage to bottom-fixed offshore structures under sea ice are crushing failure and bending failure. Referred to as the concept of seismic response spectrums, the design response spectrum of offshore structures induced by the crushing and bending ice failure is presented. Selecting the Bohai Sea in China as an example, the sea areas were divided into different ice zones due to the different sea ice parameters. Based on the crushing and bending failure power spectral densities of ice force, a large amount of ice force time-history samples are firstly generated for each ice zone. The time-history of the maximum responses of a series of single degree of freedom systems with different natural frequencies under the ice force are calculated and subsequently, a response spectrum curve is obtained. Finally, by fitting all the response spectrum curves from different samples, the design response spectrum is generated for each ice zone. The ice force influence coefficients for crushing and bending failure are obtained, which can be used to estimate the stochastic sea ice force acting on a structure conveniently in a static way. A comparison of the proposed response spectrum method with the Monte Carlo method by a numerical example shows good agreement.
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De Domenico, D., G. Falsone, and G. Ricciardi. "Improved response-spectrum analysis of base-isolated buildings: A substructure-based response spectrum method." Engineering Structures 162 (May 2018): 198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.037.

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Trifunac, Mihailo D. "Early history of the response spectrum method." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 28, no. 9 (September 2008): 676–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2007.10.014.

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Gupta, Ajaya K., and Jing-Wen Jaw. "Response spectrum method for nonclassically damped systems." Nuclear Engineering and Design 91, no. 2 (January 1986): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(86)90203-7.

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Li, Jing, and Xin Wang. "A Power Spectral Analysis Method for Wind-Induced Response of Flexible Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 1125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.1125.

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A relational expression of wavelet packet coefficients and power spectrum is derived based on the theories of wavelet packet analysis. The new expression is proposed to compute the power spectrum of wind-induced response of structures. Further, the approach is applied to the power spectral analysis of the response signals of a large-span roof structure, and the accuracy of spectral estimation for stochastic signals is verified.
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Guo, Xiao Yun, Jing Shan Bo, Ping Li, and Yu Dong Zhang. "Least Square Method to Calibrate Seismic Design Response Spectrum." Advanced Materials Research 378-379 (October 2011): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.378-379.358.

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Seismic design response spectrum is the basis of structure seismic design. Calibration of seismic design response spectrum is the main chain of structures’ seismic input determination. This paper proposes a new method of calibrating seismic design response spectrum. Based on summarizing the main form of calibrated seismic design response spectrum, which is related to the determination of the characteristic parameters of response spectrum, this paper advances least square fitting method based on coordinate transformation, and by comparing different calibrating methods, points out that least square fitting method is a simple and logical calibrating method.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD"

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Shrestha, Santosh. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD AND RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS IN SEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL FRAMES." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2561.

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Equivalent Lateral Force Method (ELF) and Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) are the two most popular methods of seismic design of structures. This study aims to present a comparative study of the two methods using hand-calculated approach as well as computer analysis according to ASCE 7-10 Standards. The two methods have been compared in terms of base shear and story forces by analyzing various models for different number of stories and different support conditions. It was found that ELF gives conservative results in comparison to RSA. This result was more obvious in case of four-story frames. Hence, for structures of increased elevation, the analysis from ELF may not be sufficient.
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Yang, Yan. "Nonstructural component field testing method for the evaluation of seismic demand incorporating floor response spectrum." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46567.

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Nonstructural component (NSC) failures due to earthquake events can cause significant economic losses and even life-threatening hazards to occupants. In order to mitigate nonstructural seismic damages, it is critical to assess the seismic force demand which can be utilized to optimize the design of the NSC, and/or to assess methods of rehabilitation on anchorages to enhance seismic strength. The existing design codes and standards provide guidelines to calculate the minimum lateral earthquake force for designing a new NSC. However, they do not reflect the in-service condition of an existing NSC, which can vary significantly from when it was first installed. This study is intended to develop an easy-to-implement methodology to assess the seismic force demand of an existing NSC under normal operation. The procedure of the proposed methodology includes two principle phases: 1) field modal identification testing and 2) floor response spectrum analyses using a 3D finite element model (FEM). The practicality of this methodology was assessed through a case study on the U.B.C Hospital Koerner Pavilion building. In this study, the focus is on the machinery and equipment that are critical for the operation of a hospital. During the experimental stage, the fundamental frequencies and damping ratios of eight NSCs were identified. In the second phase, the horizontal floor response spectra (FRS) were constructed from the linear time history analysis results performed on a FEM. Finally, the FRS is used to obtain the lateral seismic force of each NSC corresponding to its dynamic properties. These forces were then compared with those obtained using the NBCC 2010 code equation to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. Results from the case study provided evidence that the proposed method is overall a simple and effective tool for diagnosing the in-service modal properties of a NSC. The testing results can be easily applied in FRS analysis to obtain a more realistic nonstructural seismic force than that from the NBCC 2010 approach. The potential applications and limitations of the proposed methodology are also discussed in this dissertation to facilitate engineers to determine the suitability of this method to their specific projects.
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Kinali, Kursat. "Seismic Fragility Assessment of Steel Frames in the Central and Eastern United States." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14528.

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The Central and Eastern United States (CEUS) is a region that is characterized by low frequency-high consequence seismic events such as the New Madrid sequence of 18111812. The infrequent nature of earthquakes in the region has led to a perception that the seismic risk in the area is low, and the current building stock reflects this perception. The majority of steel-framed buildings in the CEUS were designed without regard to seismic loads. Such frames possess limited seismic resistance, and may pose an unacceptable risk if a large earthquake were to occur in the region. A key ingredient of building performance and seismic risk assessment is the fragility, a term that describes the probability of failure to meet a performance objective as a function of demand on the system. The effects of uncertainties on building seismic performance can be displayed by a seismic fragility relationship. This fragility can be used in a conditional scenario-based seismic risk assessment or can be integrated with seismic hazard to obtain an estimate of annual or lifetime risk. The seismic fragility analyses in this study focus on steel frames that are typical of building construction in regions of infrequent seismicity; such frames have received little attention to date in building seismic risk assessment. Current steel building stock in Shelby Co., TN has been represented by five code-compliant model frames with different lateral force-resisting systems, i.e., braced-frames, partially-restrained moment frames and a rigid moment frame. The performance of model frames under certain hazard levels was assessed using fragility curves. Different rehabilitation methods were discussed and applied. Results indicate that PR frames behave better than expected and rehabilitated frames perform quite well even under severe earthquakes.
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Badaoui, M'Hammed. "Influence de l'hétérogénéité géologique et mécanique sur la réponse des sols multicouches." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00462182.

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Dans cette thèse nous nous sommes intéressés à établir une formulation probabiliste pour l'analyse du comportement d'un sol multicouche avec des caractéristiques aléatoires. Deux grands axes sont traités : ?la consolidation primaire et ?la réponse sismique des sols multicouches ayant des caractéristiques aléatoires. Nous utilisons les simulations de Monte Carlo associées à des méthodes semi-analytiques adaptées aux sols multicouches avec une stratification horizontale. Nous avons aussi comparés les résultats obtenus à partir de cette formulation à ceux fournis par les règlements parasismiques suivants : RPA 99 (version 2003), UBC 97 et l'EC8. Cette étude a montré que les valeurs maximales des forces de cisaillement à la base des bâtiments variaient substantiellement en fonction de la variation de la hauteur du profil de sol ainsi que de son hétérogénéité pouvant atteindre un rapport relatif de l'ordre de 3 dans les cas les plus défavorables. Ce rapport peut également être inférieur à 1 conduisant à des structures moins économiques
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Dahl, Jason F. "Time Aliasing Methods of Spectrum Estimation." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2003. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd157.pdf.

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Navrátilová, Martina. "Nelineární dynamická analýza konstrukce zatížena seismickými účinky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227701.

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Diploma thesis compares the methods for the calculation of the response of structures with seismic loads. Linear and nonlinear analyses are used for the calculations. In the case of linear analysis response spectrum method is applied. For nonlinear analysis pushover method is used. These two methods are compared in programs AxisVM and RFEM on the examples of high-rise building and space frame.
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Čapičík, Martin. "Seismická analýza čerpadla 200-QHD." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231287.

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The main goal of this thesis is dynamic analysis of shaft of booster pump QHD-200. In the beginning we offer basic equations generally used in dynamics and common/possible methods for their solution. Then we focus on specific problems connected with rotor dynamics and using simple Laval rotor we show their mathematical interpretation. Based on given load as accelerogram we create response spectrum in different ways (using different methods) and compare their CPU time demand. In the next part we make three finite element models of different physical level. We perform modal analysis and comparison of eigen frequencies, mode shapes. In following chapter transient analysis was performed on all models. As load we use accelerogram. We evaluate translations in particular positions of model. After that, we decide whether or not gap between impeller and stator case will be erased. Finally we make assessment of force acting upon bearings.
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DITOLLA, ROBERT JOHN. "RANDOM VIBRATION ANALYSIS BY THE POWER SPECTRUM AND RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHODS (WHITE NOISE, FINITE-ELEMENT, VANMARCKE, DENSITY, NASTRAN)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183836.

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Determination of the stresses and displacements which occur in response to random excitations cannot be accomplished by traditional deterministic analysis methods. As the specification of the excitation and the response of the structure become more complex, solutions by direct, closed-form methods require extensive computations. Two methods are presented which can be used in the analysis of structures which are subjected to random excitations. The Power Spectrum Method is a procedure which determines the random vibration response of the structure based upon a frequency response analysis of a structural model. The Response Spectrum Method is a method which is based upon specified forces or displacements as a function of time. A derivation of each of the methods is presented and followed by comparisons of the results which were obtained for single and multiple-degree-of-freedom systems. Assumptions and limitations of the methods are discussed as well as their accuracy over ranges of frequency, damping and loading specification. As a direct application and comparison of the two methods, an analysis of the support system for the primary mirror of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) has been performed. In addition, a method for the evaluation of the critical damping in a single-degree-of-freedom structure is demonstrated.
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Wormell, Caroline Leslie. "Statistical properties of chaotic systems: from 1D maps to high dimensions." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22296.

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Many important physical systems, such as the Earth's climate, are chaotic: as such we would like (probabilistic) predictions of these systems into the far future. These systems' long-term statistical behaviour is mathematically encoded by various objects, which can be studied functional-analytically using the so-called transfer operator. While rigorous study of many simple, usually one-dimensional, chaotic systems is theoretically tractable, for more complex, high-dimensional systems it is not: as a result the statistical properties of simple chaotic systems are often used as models for those of more complex systems, an idea that has been partially formalised as the Gallavotti-Cohen chaotic hypothesis. To study these simple dynamical systems better, we will in the first part of this thesis rigorously develop efficient, powerful numerics for two classes of one-dimensional maps: uniformly expanding Markov maps, and intermittent maps. To do this, we harness the smooth structure of these problems, in particular by discretising transfer operators using spectral basis functions. We obtain highly accurate numerical estimates of statistical properties of these maps: later, we apply the methods profitably to a numerical continuation problem associated with more complex systems. In the second part of the thesis we investigate high-dimensional systems, focusing on the differentiability of the response of statistical properties to dynamical perturbations (linear response theory). Although there are rigorous examples of one-dimensional maps that do not have differentiable responses, it is commonly believed that complex, high-dimensional chaotic systems generally do. We examine this belief through a study of model classes of ``high-dimensional systems''. We provide a comprehensive picture of the response properties of these systems and give broadly-applicable criteria governing the response's differentiability. In particular, we find classes of maps that, despite being composed of microscopic subsystems with non-differentiable responses, obey linear response theory, and vice versa.
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Jakel, Roland. "Linear Dynamic System Analyses with Creo Simulate – Theory & Application Examples, Capabilities, Limitations –." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-225992.

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1. Einführung in die Theorie dynamischer Analysen mit Creo Simulate 2. Modalanalysen (Standard und mit Vorspannung) 3. Dynamische Analysen einschließlich Klassifizierung der Analysen; einige einfache Beispiele für eigene Studien (eine Welle unter Unwuchtanregung und ein Ein-Massen-Schwinger) sowie etliche Beispiele größerer dynamischer Systemmodelle aus unterschiedlichsten Anwendungsbereichen 4. Feedback an den Softwareentwickler PTC (Verbesserungsvorschläge und Softwarefehler) 5. Referenzen
1. Introduction to dynamic analysis theory in Creo Simulate 2. Modal analysis (standard and with prestress) 3. Dynamic analysis, including analysis classification, some simple examples for own self-studies (shaft under unbalance excitation and a one-mass-oscillator) and several real-world examples of bigger dynamic systems 4. Feedback to the software developer PTC (enhancement requests and code issues) 5. References
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Books on the topic "RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD"

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Response spectrum method in seismic analysis and design of structures. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990.

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Response spectrum method in seismic analysis and design of structures. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1992.

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P, Bezler, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Engineering., and Brookhaven National Laboratory, eds. Alternate modal combination methods in response spectrum analysis. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1990.

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F, Doyle James. Application of the spectral element method to acoustic radiation. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 2000.

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F, Doyle James. Application of the spectral element method to acoustic radiation. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 2000.

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Morante, R. Reevaluation of regulatory guidance on modal response combination methods for seismic response spectrum analysis. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering Technology, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1999.

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Kern, Koegel Lynn, ed. The PRT pocket guide: Pivotal response treatment for autism spectrum disorders. Baltimore: Brookes, 2012.

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Response Spectrum Method in Seismic Analysis and Design of Structures. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203740781.

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Response Spectrum Method in Seismic Analysis and Design of Structures. Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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Response Spectrum Method in Seismic Analysis and Design of Structures. CRC Press LLC, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD"

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Fischer, L. "Improved calculation algorithms for the response spectrum method." In Structural Dynamics, 531–34. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203738085-77.

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Sun, Rui, and Wanwan Qi. "Quantitative Evaluation of Four Kinds of Site Seismic Response Analysis Methods Using DTW." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 495–502. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1748-8_43.

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AbstractIn order to quantitatively evaluate the one-dimensional site seismic response analysis methods, this article selected 2418 ground motion records of Japan KiK-net strong-motion seismograph network and 2418 groups of acceleration response spectra calculated by DEEPSOIL, SHAKE2000, SOILQUAKE and SOILRESPONSE, and then` used the dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm to calculate the DTW distance between the measured acceleration response spectrum and the calculated acceleration response spectrum. The average DTW distance and change trend in different PGA ranges were compared and analyzed. The average DTW distance of the four methods in weak ground motion were similar, and in the strong ground motion, the average DTW distance of SOILRESPONSE was smaller than the other three methods. The DTW distance of the four methods increased with the increase of PGA, the growth rate of SOILRESPONSE was significantly lower than the other three methods. DTW distance can accurately and effectively reflect the difference between response spectrum, which provides a new method for quantitative evaluation of one-dimensional site seismic response analysis method.
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Blough, Jason R., James DeClerck, Charles VanKarsen, and David E. Soine. "Method to Predict the Shock Response Spectrum Shape from Frequency Response Functions." In Shock & Vibration, Aircraft/Aerospace, Energy Harvesting, Acoustics & Optics, Volume 9, 177–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54735-0_19.

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Wang, Haoqi, and Tomonori Nagayama. "Response Spectrum Method for Vehicle-Induced Bridge Vibration Serviceability Design." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 483–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93236-7_40.

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Dixit, Abhishek. "Comparative Seismic Analysis Between Elevated Circular Water Tanks Using Equivalent Static Method and Response Spectrum Method." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 373–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6969-6_33.

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Ravi Kiran, A., G. R. Reddy, and M. K. Agrawal. "Prediction of Fatigue-Ratcheting Failure of a Piping System Using Iterative Response Spectrum Method." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 205–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5693-7_15.

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Tan, Ping, Kui Yang, Jiajun Tan, and Wenzhi Zheng. "Complex Modal Shapes Superposition Response Spectrum Based Design Method for Seismically Isolated Structures in China." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 361–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21187-4_30.

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Thach, Pham Ngoc, and Shen Yang. "A Simplified Method for Estimating Target Displacement of Pile-Supported Wharf under Response Spectrum Seismic Loading." In Computational Structural Engineering, 281–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2822-8_32.

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Gao, Ang, Xiufeng Wu, Shiqiang Wu, Hongpeng Li, Jiangyu Dai, and Fangfang Wang. "Study on Wind Waves Similarity and Wind Waves Spectrum Characteristics in Limited Waters." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1220–35. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_107.

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AbstractWind waves is an important factor affecting navigation safety and water environment in limited waters such as lakes and bays. Wind wave spectrum represents the frequency domain features of wind waves and has always been the focus of research. Based on the field observation and flume experimental method, the system analysis of similarity of two kinds of situations, discussed nonlinear response of the relationship of the spectral shape parameter of balance field α, β and wind waves basic frequency between factors like wind speed, wind blowing fetch and water depth. By means of wind tunnel flume and prototype observation data of nonlinear regression analysis, The relation formulas of wind wave frequency prediction considering the comprehensive influence of wind speed, wind blowing fetch and water depth is established. Relevant research is of great significance for revealing the evolution characteristics of wind waves in limited waters and guiding navigation safety and water environment management.
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Bozdogan, Kanat Burak, and Duygu Ozturk. "A Hand Method for Assessment of Maximum IDR and Displacement of RC Buildings." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 9–29. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1748-8_2.

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AbstractMaximum displacement and the maximum interstorey drift ratio are the important factors for the measurement of the vulnerability of multistorey buildings. For this reason, in this paper a method was proposed to calculate the maximum displacement and maximum interstorey drift ratio (IDR) values. In this model, reinforced concrete multistorey structure was modeled as an equivalent flexural-shear frame. Maximum displacement and the maximum IDR were calculated according to the Equivalent Static Loads Method and The Response Spectrum Method using the continuum model and the results were tabulated. With the help of the obtained tables by this study, the maximum displacement and the maximum IDR of the regular multistorey structures can be calculated quickly and practically. The axial deformation of the vertical elements (columns and shear walls) were approximately considered in the study. The convergence of the presented method to the Finite Elements Method was investigated by two examples in the last part of the study.
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Conference papers on the topic "RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD"

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Lucchini, Andrea, Paolo Franchin, and Fabrizio Mollaioli. "A Spectrum-to-Spectrum Method for Calculating Uniform Hazard Floor Response Spectra." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65293.

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In codes’ provisions and design procedures for acceleration-sensitive nonstructural components, seismic demand is commonly defined by means of floor response spectra expressed in terms of pseudo-acceleration. Depending on the considered analysis method, floor response spectra may be derived from floors’ acceleration histories, based on structural response-history analysis, or calculated using a predictive equation from a given input ground motion spectrum. Methods for estimating floor response spectra that are based on the second alternative are commonly called spectrum-to-spectrum methods. The objective of this paper is to briefly review these methods, and to discuss the main assumptions they are based on. Both predictive equations from selected seismic codes and proposals from the literature are included in the review. A new probability-based method, recently developed by the Authors for generating uniform hazard floor response spectra, namely, floor response spectra whose ordinates are characterized by a given target value of the mean annual frequency of being exceeded, is also described. By using this method floor spectra are determined through closed-form equations, given the mean annual frequency of interest, the damping ratio of the spectra, the modal properties of the structure, and three uniform hazard ground spectra. The method is built on a proposal for a probabilistic seismic demand model that relates the ground spectral acceleration with the floor spectral acceleration, and is able to explicitly account for the ground motion variability of the nonstructural response. Results for a case study consisting of a service frame of a visbreaking unit in an oil refinery are presented to show the good predictive accuracy of the method with respect to exact uniform hazard floor response spectra obtained through a standard probabilistic analysis.
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Ly, B. L., and Y. An. "Response Spectrum Method for Submerged Structures." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61054.

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A submerged structure has virtual mass matrix in the inertial term and wet mass matrix in the driving term in the equation of motion, whereas a dry structure has the same mass matrix in these two terms. If a finite element code for dry structures is used to analyze a submerged structure, the results should be adjusted. Result for a Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) system is scaled by the ratio of wet mass to virtual mass. Results for a Multiple Degree of Freedom (MDOF) system are adjusted by scaling the Floor Response Spectra (FRS) at each modal frequency by a ratio of modal work done in that mode by the wet mass matrix to that by the virtual mass matrix. The adjustment factor can be estimated as a product of a ratio of participation factors and a ratio of modal masses. Both the participation factors and the modal masses are computed by using the wet mass matrix, and then by using the virtual mass matrix, respectively. This method provides an alternative way to assess the margin in the design based on the current FRS method that does not distinguish the difference between the two mass matrices. More studies should be carried out to implement this method in specific practical applications.
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Takayama, Yoshihiro, Ayaka Yoshida, Iriki Nobuyoshi, and Eiichi Maeda. "Floor Response Spectrum Method of Multiply Supported Piping System Assisted by Time History Analysis." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21134.

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Abstract The independent support motion response spectrum method (ISM) is currently used for seismic analysis to calculate the response of multiply supported piping with independent inputs of support excitations. This approach may derive considerable overestimation in the combination of group responses under the absolute sum rule of NUREG-1061 [1]. Then authors have developed an advanced method of the ISM approach named SATH (Spectrum Method Assisted by Time History Analysis). In the SATH method, both of floor response spectra and time histories of floor acceleration are used as independent inputs of support excitations. The group responses are summed with correlation coefficients which are calculated by considering each time history of modal response by independent inputs of support excitations. In this paper, the necessity of taking the effects of correlation coefficients for the group responses into account in the ISM approach is examined. The SATH method has advantage to derive a more realistic sum rule of the group responses and applicability for the actual design.
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Tamura, Ichiro, Takuma Iwamoto, Yusuke Minakawa, Naotomo Maruyama, and Masaki Tsuruki. "Inelastic Response Evaluation Method of Equipment Considering Peak Broadening of Response Spectrum." In ASME 2022 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-83745.

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Abstract In order to evaluate seismic responses considering the elasto-plastic properties of equipment and piping systems, nonlinear time history analyses are utilized. When the analyses are used for seismic evaluation of equipment and piping systems in nuclear power plants, it is required to consider the uncertainty in the frequencies owing to uncertainties in the material properties of the structure and soil. The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code of ASME indicates that the analysis using floor motions with different time intervals, where the time intervals are modified corresponding to the response spectrum broadening, is applicable. However, nonlinear time history analysis of inelastic models is relatively time-consuming compared to linear analysis, and conducting several analysis cases indicated in the Code might increase the burden of analytical work. Therefore, simplified method is desirable to consider the uncertainty in time history analysis. In this paper, a simplified method using inelastic response spectrum is developed to consider the uncertainty in time history analysis. The applicability of the developed method is investigated by comparing the results of parametric survey with those of the developed method.
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CHEN, H., Y. CHEN, and P. Tan. "RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD FOR THE DESIGN OF ISOLATED BUILDINGS." In The 16th World Conference on Seismic Isolation, Energy Dissipation and Active Vibration Control of Structures. Russian Association for Earthquake Engineering and Protection from Natural and Manmade Hazards, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37153/2686-7974-2019-16-999-999.

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Tamura, Ichiro, Michiya Sakai, Shinichi Matsuura, Ryuya Shimazu, Hiroaki Tamashiro, and Soichi Mabuchi. "Seismic Evaluation Method of Piping Systems by Inelastic Response Spectrum Analysis: Part 1 — Response Analysis." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93898.

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Abstract An inelastic response-spectrum-analysis method for multi-degree-of-freedom systems was proposed. The method has lower analysis loads and good outlook given by the inelastic response spectrum like the elastic response-spectrum-analysis method, and is not an equivalent-linearization method. We propose a seismic evaluation method of piping systems to conduct seismic design using the inelastic response-spectrum-analysis. In this paper, the inelastic analysis method of piping systems for the seismic evaluation method is proposed and applied to a benchmark analysis problem of a piping system vibration test. The analysis result is compared with the vibration test result of the piping system. They are consistent and applicability of the analysis to the piping system was confirmed.
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Taghavi, Shahram, and Eduardo Miranda. "Response Spectrum Method for Estimation of Peak Floor Acceleration Demand." In ATC and SEI Conference on Improving the Seismic Performance of Existing Buildings and Other Structures. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41084(364)58.

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Chen, Le-de, Kang Ding, and Zhi-jian Yang. "New method for spectrum correction of damped free vibration response." In 2009 International Conference on Information and Automation (ICIA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icinfa.2009.5205121.

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O’Leary, Michael, and William Godfrey. "Seismic Response Analysis and Design for Concrete Nuclear Structures: A Comparative Study of the Time History, Response Spectrum, and Equivalent Static Load Methods." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63314.

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A partially buried fixed-base finite element model of a typical safety-related nuclear structure is analyzed for earthquake loads by the time history method, the response spectrum method, and the equivalent static load method. The spectra-consistent artificial time histories are generated with seed time histories in accordance with Standard Review Plan 3.7.1: Seismic Design Parameters [1] with target spectra based on Regulatory Guide 1.60: Design Response Spectra for Seismic Design of Nuclear Power Plants [2]. The response spectrum analyses are performed with the same target spectra used in generating the artificial time histories. The equivalent static loads are based on the nodal zero period accelerations from the fixed-base time history analyses. The seismic responses in a column in the structure are combined using algebraic sum, square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS), and the 100-40-40 rule in accordance with Regulatory Guide 1.92: Combining modal responses and spatial components in seismic response analysis [3]. The equivalent static load method is applied according to ASCE 4-15: Seismic Analysis of Safety-Related Nuclear Structures [4]. The resulting design forces and required reinforcement for a column in the structure are compared for each method along with the corresponding computational demand.
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Li, Ruizhe, Liang Li, and Zhiqiang Chen. "A detector response model based ML-EM spectrum reconstruction method calibrated by XRF spectra." In 2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop (NSS/MIC/RTSD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2016.8069485.

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Reports on the topic "RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD"

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Bezler, P., J. R. Curreri, Y. K. Wang, and A. K. Gupta. Alternate modal combination methods in response spectrum analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6433723.

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Mazzoni, Silvia, Nicholas Gregor, Linda Al Atik, Yousef Bozorgnia, David Welch, and Gregory Deierlein. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Selecting and Scaling of Ground-Motion Records (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/zjdn7385.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 3 (WG3), Task 3.1: Selecting and Scaling Ground-motion records. The objective of Task 3.1 is to provide suites of ground motions to be used by other working groups (WGs), especially Working Group 5: Analytical Modeling (WG5) for Simulation Studies. The ground motions used in the numerical simulations are intended to represent seismic hazard at the building site. The seismic hazard is dependent on the location of the site relative to seismic sources, the characteristics of the seismic sources in the region and the local soil conditions at the site. To achieve a proper representation of hazard across the State of California, ten sites were selected, and a site-specific probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) was performed at each of these sites for both a soft soil (Vs30 = 270 m/sec) and a stiff soil (Vs30=760 m/sec). The PSHA used the UCERF3 seismic source model, which represents the latest seismic source model adopted by the USGS [2013] and NGA-West2 ground-motion models. The PSHA was carried out for structural periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 sec. At each site and soil class, the results from the PSHA—hazard curves, hazard deaggregation, and uniform-hazard spectra (UHS)—were extracted for a series of ten return periods, prescribed by WG5 and WG6, ranging from 15.5–2500 years. For each case (site, soil class, and return period), the UHS was used as the target spectrum for selection and modification of a suite of ground motions. Additionally, another set of target spectra based on “Conditional Spectra” (CS), which are more realistic than UHS, was developed [Baker and Lee 2018]. The Conditional Spectra are defined by the median (Conditional Mean Spectrum) and a period-dependent variance. A suite of at least 40 record pairs (horizontal) were selected and modified for each return period and target-spectrum type. Thus, for each ground-motion suite, 40 or more record pairs were selected using the deaggregation of the hazard, resulting in more than 200 record pairs per target-spectrum type at each site. The suites contained more than 40 records in case some were rejected by the modelers due to secondary characteristics; however, none were rejected, and the complete set was used. For the case of UHS as the target spectrum, the selected motions were modified (scaled) such that the average of the median spectrum (RotD50) [Boore 2010] of the ground-motion pairs follow the target spectrum closely within the period range of interest to the analysts. In communications with WG5 researchers, for ground-motion (time histories, or time series) selection and modification, a period range between 0.01–2.0 sec was selected for this specific application for the project. The duration metrics and pulse characteristics of the records were also used in the final selection of ground motions. The damping ratio for the PSHA and ground-motion target spectra was set to 5%, which is standard practice in engineering applications. For the cases where the CS was used as the target spectrum, the ground-motion suites were selected and scaled using a modified version of the conditional spectrum ground-motion selection tool (CS-GMS tool) developed by Baker and Lee [2018]. This tool selects and scales a suite of ground motions to meet both the median and the user-defined variability. This variability is defined by the relationship developed by Baker and Jayaram [2008]. The computation of CS requires a structural period for the conditional model. In collaboration with WG5 researchers, a conditioning period of 0.25 sec was selected as a representative of the fundamental mode of vibration of the buildings of interest in this study. Working Group 5 carried out a sensitivity analysis of using other conditioning periods, and the results and discussion of selection of conditioning period are reported in Section 4 of the WG5 PEER report entitled Technical Background Report for Structural Analysis and Performance Assessment. The WG3.1 report presents a summary of the selected sites, the seismic-source characterization model, and the ground-motion characterization model used in the PSHA, followed by selection and modification of suites of ground motions. The Record Sequence Number (RSN) and the associated scale factors are tabulated in the Appendices of this report, and the actual time-series files can be downloaded from the PEER Ground-motion database Portal (https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/)(link is external).
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Hoitink, Harry A. J., Yitzhak Hadar, Laurence V. Madden, and Yona Chen. Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568755.bard.

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Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.
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Hoitink, Harry A. J., Yitzhak Hadar, Laurence V. Madden, and Yona Chen. Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568746.bard.

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Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.
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Levisohn, Sharon, Mark Jackwood, and Stanley Kleven. New Approaches for Detection of Mycoplasma iowae Infection in Turkeys. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7612834.bard.

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Mycoplasma iowae (Mi) is a pathogenic avian mycoplasma which causes mortality in turkey embryos and as such has clinical and economic significance for the turkey breeder industry. Control of Mi infection is severely hampered by lack of adequate diagnostic tests, together with resistance to most antibiotics and resilience to environment. A markedly high degree of intra-species antigenic variation also contributes to difficulties in detection and control of infection. In this project we have designed an innovative gene-based diagnostic test based on specific amplification of the 16S rRNA gene of Mi. This reaction, designed Multi-species PCR-RFLP test, also amplifies the DNA of the pathogenic avian mycoplasmas M. gallisepticum (Mg) and M. synoviae (Ms). This test detects DNA equivalent to about 300 cfu Mi or either of the other two target mycoplasmas, individually or in mixed infection. It is a quick test, applicable to a wide variety of clinical samples, such as allantoic fluid or tracheal or cloacal swab suspensions. Differential diagnosis is carried out by gel electro-phoresis of the PCR amplicon digested with selected restriction enzymes (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism). This can also be readily accomplished by using a simple Dot-Blot hybridization assay with digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probes reacting specifically with unique Mi, Mg or Ms sequences in the PCR amplicon. The PCR/OLIGO test increased sensitivity by at least 10-fold with a capacity for rapid testing of large numbers of samples. Experimental infection trials were carried out to evaluate the diagnostic tools and to study pathogenesis of Mi infection. Field studies and experimental infection of embryonated eggs indicated both synergistic and competitive interaction of mycoplasma pathogens in mixed infection. The value of the PCR diagnostic tests for following the time course of egg transmission was shown. A workable serological test (Dot Immunobinding Assay) was also developed but there was no clear-cut evidence that infected turkeys develop an immune response. Typing of a wide spectrum of Mi field isolates by a variety of gene-based molecular techniques indicated a higher degree of genetic homogeneity than predicted on the basis of the phenotypic variability. All known strains of Mi were detected by the method developed. Together with an M. meleagridis-PCR test based on the same gene, the Multi-species PCR test is a highly valuable tool for diagnosis of pathogenic mycoplasmas in single or mixed infection. The further application of this rapid and specific test as a part of Mi and overall mycoplasma control programs will be dependent on developments in the turkey industry.
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Tiku, Sanjay, Amin Eshraghi, Aaron Dinovitzer, and Arnav Rana. PR-214-114500-R01 Fatigue Life Assessment of Dents with and without Interacting Features. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011540.

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The long-term integrity of a dented pipeline segment is a complex function of a variety of parameters, including pipe geometry, indenter shape, dent depth, indenter support, pressure history at and following indentation. In order to estimate the safe remaining operational life of a dented pipeline, all of these factors must be accounted for in the assessment. The current project provides pipeline operators with a methodology for assessing and managing dent fatigue, thus making it possible to prioritize response and remedial action(s) in an informed manner. The methodology allows the users to carry out dent ranking/prioritization and dent fatigue life assessment. In addition to the development of the plain dent fatigue life assessment methodology, dent weld and dent metal loss interaction criteria have been developed to ascertain their effect on the fatigue life of a dent. The dent assessment methodology utilizes dent shape information that can be derived from in-line inspection (ILI) data, operating pressure spectra and pipeline material grade. A three-level approach has been developed for assessing the fatigue life or cyclic pressure loading dependent fail-ure of pipeline dents. All three assessment levels draw upon information regarding pipeline operational, material and mechanical damage data. The assessment level selection and accuracy of the results are based upon the complexity of the features, the availability of required data and the level of detail and certainty in the input data. The three levels provide a range of alternatives for integrity management, where the appropriate method to use is dependent on the desired outcome and the available information.
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Viswanathan, Meera, Jennifer Cook Middleton, Alison Stuebe, Nancy Berkman, Alison N. Goulding, Skyler McLaurin-Jiang, Andrea B. Dotson, et al. Maternal, Fetal, and Child Outcomes of Mental Health Treatments in Women: A Systematic Review of Perinatal Pharmacologic Interventions. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer236.

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Background. Untreated maternal mental health disorders can have devastating sequelae for the mother and child. For women who are currently or planning to become pregnant or are breastfeeding, a critical question is whether the benefits of treating psychiatric illness with pharmacologic interventions outweigh the harms for mother and child. Methods. We conducted a systematic review to assess the benefits and harms of pharmacologic interventions compared with placebo, no treatment, or other pharmacologic interventions for pregnant and postpartum women with mental health disorders. We searched four databases and other sources for evidence available from inception through June 5, 2020 and surveilled the literature through March 2, 2021; dually screened the results; and analyzed eligible studies. We included studies of pregnant, postpartum, or reproductive-age women with a new or preexisting diagnosis of a mental health disorder treated with pharmacotherapy; we excluded psychotherapy. Eligible comparators included women with the disorder but no pharmacotherapy or women who discontinued the pharmacotherapy before pregnancy. Results. A total of 164 studies (168 articles) met eligibility criteria. Brexanolone for depression onset in the third trimester or in the postpartum period probably improves depressive symptoms at 30 days (least square mean difference in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, -2.6; p=0.02; N=209) when compared with placebo. Sertraline for postpartum depression may improve response (calculated relative risk [RR], 2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95 to 5.24; N=36), remission (calculated RR, 2.51; 95% CI, 0.94 to 6.70; N=36), and depressive symptoms (p-values ranging from 0.01 to 0.05) when compared with placebo. Discontinuing use of mood stabilizers during pregnancy may increase recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.2; N=89) and reduce time to recurrence of mood disorders (2 vs. 28 weeks, AHR, 12.1; 95% CI, 1.6 to 91; N=26) for bipolar disorder when compared with continued use. Brexanolone for depression onset in the third trimester or in the postpartum period may increase the risk of sedation or somnolence, leading to dose interruption or reduction when compared with placebo (5% vs. 0%). More than 95 percent of studies reporting on harms were observational in design and unable to fully account for confounding. These studies suggested some associations between benzodiazepine exposure before conception and ectopic pregnancy; between specific antidepressants during pregnancy and adverse maternal outcomes such as postpartum hemorrhage, preeclampsia, and spontaneous abortion, and child outcomes such as respiratory issues, low Apgar scores, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, depression in children, and autism spectrum disorder; between quetiapine or olanzapine and gestational diabetes; and between benzodiazepine and neonatal intensive care admissions. Causality cannot be inferred from these studies. We found insufficient evidence on benefits and harms from comparative effectiveness studies, with one exception: one study suggested a higher risk of overall congenital anomalies (adjusted RR [ARR], 1.85; 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.78; N=2,608) and cardiac anomalies (ARR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.17 to 4.34; N=2,608) for lithium compared with lamotrigine during first- trimester exposure. Conclusions. Few studies have been conducted in pregnant and postpartum women on the benefits of pharmacotherapy; many studies report on harms but are of low quality. The limited evidence available is consistent with some benefit, and some studies suggested increased adverse events. However, because these studies could not rule out underlying disease severity as the cause of the association, the causal link between the exposure and adverse events is unclear. Patients and clinicians need to make an informed, collaborative decision on treatment choices.
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