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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Apostolopoulos, Nikos C. Stretch Intensity and the Inflammatory Response: A Paradigm Shift. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96800-1.

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2

Schwartz, Carolyn E., and Mirjam A. G. Sprangers, eds. Adaptation to changing health: Response shift in quality-of-life research. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10382-000.

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3

Rangan, Subramanian. Do multinationals shift production in response to exchange rate changes?: Do their responses vary by nationality? Fontainebleau: INSEAD, 1997.

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4

Rangan, S. Do multinationals shift production in response to exchange rate changes? Do their responses vary by nationality? Evidence from 1977-1993. France: INSEAD, 1997.

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5

Creedy, John. Union wage responses to a shift from direct to indirect taxation. Melbourne: University of Melbourne,Dept. of Economics, 1988.

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6

I.S.P.C.K. (Organization), ed. One family under heaven: Response to paradigm shifts in ecumenism. Delhi: ISPCK, 2008.

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7

Canada, Atomic Energy of. Trivec monitoring of shaft excavation response at the underground research laboratory Pinawa, Manitoba. Ottawa, Ont: Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, 1989.

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8

Melton, C. E. Physiological responses to unvarying (steady) and 2-2-1 shifts: Miami International flight service station. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aviation Medicine, 1985.

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9

Martino, J. B. Long-term shaft excavation response recorded by Bof-Ex extensometers from 1988-1993 at the 324 and 384 instrumentation arrays. Pinawa, Man: AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1995.

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10

Mitchell, J. H. Long-term shaft excavation response recorded in 1988 by BOF-EX instrumentation at the underground research laboratory at the 324 and 384 arrays. Pinawa, Man: AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1990.

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11

Apostolopoulos, Nikos C. Stretch Intensity and the Inflammatory Response: A Paradigm Shift. Springer, 2019.

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12

(Editor), Carolyn E. Schwartz, and Mirjam A. G. Sprangers (Editor), eds. Adaptation to Changing Health: Response Shift in Quality-of-Life Research. American Psychological Association (APA), 2000.

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13

Frost & Sullivan., ed. U.S. men's personal care product markets: Manufacturers shift focus in resposne [i.e. response] to changing attitudes. Mountain View, CA: Frost & Sullivan, 1994.

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14

Shift work: Family impact and employer responses. Washington, D.C: BNA PLUS, 1992.

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15

Freeman, Jerrid P., Cari Keller, and Renee Cambiano. Higher Education Response to Exponential Societal Shifts. IGI Global, 2020.

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16

Freeman, Jerrid P., Cari Keller, and Renee Cambiano. Higher Education Response to Exponential Societal Shifts. IGI Global, 2020.

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17

Freeman, Jerrid P., Cari Keller, and Renee Cambiano. Higher Education Response to Exponential Societal Shifts. IGI Global, 2020.

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18

Freeman, Jerrid P., Cari Keller, and Renee Cambiano. Higher Education Response to Exponential Societal Shifts. IGI Global, 2020.

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19

Freeman, Jerrid P., Cari Keller, and Renee Cambiano. Higher Education Response to Exponential Societal Shifts. IGI Global, 2020.

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20

Freeman, Jerrid P., Cari Keller, and Renee Cambiano. Higher Education Response to Exponential Societal Shifts. IGI Global, 2020.

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21

Hussey, Karen, and Stephen Dovers. Managing Water for Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643098442.

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Australian water policy and management are undergoing rapid and immense change in response to drought, technological advances, climate change and demographic and economic shifts. The National Water Initiative and the 2007 Australian Government water policy statements propose a fundamental shift in how Australians will use and manage water in the future. The implementation of the national water policy presents many challenges – the creation of water rights and markets, comprehensive water planning, new legislative settings, community participation in water management, linking urban and rural water management, and more. Managing Water for Australia brings together leading social sciences researchers and practitioners to identify the major challenges in achieving sustainable water management, to consolidate current knowledge, and to explore knowledge gaps in and opportunities for furthering water reform.
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22

Songster, E. Elena. Rescuing the Panda from a Reforming China. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199393671.003.0007.

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The year 1976 was monumental for China with the loss of important state leaders, and a tragic earthquake. Amidst all of the government’s active response to a panda starvation scare demonstrates the importance of this animal to China. A repeat starvation scare in the mid-1980s creates an opportunity to trace the transformation of China from Mao Zedong era to the Deng Xiaoping era by juxtaposing the two panda-starvation scares. The responses to these two scares demonstrate a shift in the perception of nature from one of state ownership to one of popular ownership and illustrate the dramatic increase in international participation in the study of the panda and the efforts to preserve this national treasure.
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23

Näätänen, Risto, Teija Kujala, and Gregory Light. The Mismatch Negativity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198705079.001.0001.

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This book introduces the electrophysiological change-detection response of the brain called the mismatch negativity (MMN). MMN is elicited by any discriminable change in some repetitive aspect of ongoing auditory stimulation even in the absence of attention, causing an attentional shift to change, hence representing a response of vital significance to the organism. In addition, an analogous response is also elicited in the other sensory modalities and occurs in different species and in the different developmental stages from infancy to the old age. Importantly, MMN, reflecting the NMDA-receptor functioning, is affected in different cognitive brain disorders, providing an index of the severity of the disorder and effectiveness of remediating treatments.
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24

Pfeifer, Michael J. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036132.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter discusses the gaps in current American lynching historiography, noting that, while several recent studies of lynching have enhanced our understanding of the history of the rhetoric surrounding the term lynching, they have only peripherally addressed the very real practices of collective violence that the word actually connoted in particular times and places. In addition, the chapter provides a brief overview of American lynching, which arose in the early to mid-nineteenth century as a response to alterations in law and social values (the shift from a penology of retribution and deterrence to one centered on reform of the criminal, the rise of the adversarial system and aggressive defense lawyering, the shift from private to public criminal prosecution, and the professionalization of criminal justice) that occurred throughout the Anglo-American world.
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25

Hellmuth, Dorle. Counterterrorism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0036.

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This chapter assesses the strategic and doctrinal responses of Western Europe’s major powers and their armed forces to terrorism after the cold war. The chapter focuses on Europe’s ‘big three’, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, and examines the means, ends, and ways of military counterterrorism strategies and operations in these three countries. Select examples of medium and lesser powers include Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Denmark. Critical of the central role military force played in the US global war on terror after the 9/11 attacks, many European powers called for the need to utilize alternative instruments of statecraft. Over time, they adapted their counterterrorism approaches to reflect the new realities at home and abroad. This shift became particularly apparent after the emergence of the Islamic State inspired violent attacks in various European countries, drawing a more military-centric response from Europe’s great, medium, and lesser powers.
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26

Budolfson, Mark. Market Failure, the Tragedy of the Commons, and Default Libertarianism in Contemporary Economics and Policy. Edited by David Schmidtz and Carmen E. Pavel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199989423.013.22.

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Many political theorists take the phenomenon of market failure to show that arguments for libertarianism fail in a straightforward way. This chapter explains why the most common form of this objection depends on invalid reasoning, and why a more sophisticated examination of the relevant economics has led most contemporary economists and policy experts to a view that might be called Default Libertarianism, according to which the strong default for public policy—even in response to market failures—should be toward decentralized, pro-individual freedom policies that involve minimal government intervention in markets. Some experts (but by no means all) similarly believe that even in the face of substantial market failures, libertarian policies are generally best all things considered. This shift toward more libertarian policy represents an important change from the middle of the twentieth century. This chapter explains the structure of the arguments that have led to this shift.
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27

One family under heaven: Response to paradigm shifts in ecumenism. Delhi: ISPCK, 2008.

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28

One family under heaven: Response to paradigm shifts in ecumenism. Delhi: ISPCK, 2008.

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29

Kerrissey, Jasmine, Eve Weinbaum, Clare Hammonds, Tom Juravich, and Dan Clawson, eds. Labor in the Time of Trump. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501746598.001.0001.

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This book critically analyzes the right-wing attack on workers and unions in the United States and offers strategies to build a working-class movement. While President Trump's election in 2016 may have been a wakeup call for labor and the left, the underlying processes behind this shift to the right have been building for at least forty years. The book shows that only by analyzing the vulnerabilities in the right-wing strategy can the labor movement develop an effective response. The chapters examine the conservative upsurge, explore key challenges the labor movement faces today, and draw lessons from recent activist successes.
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30

Wang, Alex L. Climate Change Policy and Law in China. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0028.

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This chapter outlines China’s developing climate change response. The nation is the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases and the largest consumer of energy. China’s engagement in the international climate change negotiations can be divided into three phases: a ‘learning’ phase from 1989 to 1995; a shift toward more active participation between 1995 and 2007; and more comprehensive engagement on climate change domestically and internationally around the time of the UN Climate Conference in Bali in 2007. Shortly before the conference, Chinese authorities announced for the first time a comprehensive National Climate Change Program. It presented a range of existing policies created earlier to address other energy and environmental issues.
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31

Kay, Tamara, and R. L. Evans. Trade Politics prior to NAFTA. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847432.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 explores key political and economic conditions in North America that led to NAFTA’s negotiation and examines the relations between labor unions and environmental organizations in the years prior to its proposal when trade policy was dominated by a political elite. It begins with a discussion of trade in the 1930s, then moves into the 1970s when trade policy was not contested by activists. It then tracks the shift to trade liberalization policies, an erosion of legislative consensus around trade, and growing discontent among labor environmental activists leading into the late 1980s. Finally, the chapter examines the history of emerging labor-environmental coalitions in response to maquiladoras.
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32

Pstras, Leszek, and Jacek Waniewski. Mathematical Modelling of Haemodialysis: Cardiovascular Response, Body Fluid Shifts, and Solute Kinetics. Springer, 2019.

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33

Hovil, Lucy. Conflict, Displacement, and Refugees. Edited by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes, and Nahla Valji. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.22.

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This chapter examines the treatment of gender within the forced migration context. It addresses the gendered harms that occur through displacement and the gendered consequences for individuals, families and communities of displacement. It critiques the international community’s response to entrenched gender problems when responding to the plight of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs), and addresses the marginalization of gender as a relevant framework of analysis and practice for refugees and IDP’s. It shows the strengths as well as the fundamental flaws of existing gender analyses in refugee policy. The chapter suggests that a more comprehensive gender-sensitive approach can shift the paradigm of refugee protection more broadly, leading to greater protection for men and women fleeing persecution.
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34

Carse, Alisa, and Cynda Hylton Rushton. Moral Distress. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619268.003.0003.

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Moral distress, a response to moral adversity that imperils integrity under conditions of constraint, has been studied for more than three decades. The context of clinical practice, the complexities of healthcare, clinicians’ roles, and broader society, alongside exponential advances in technology and treatment, create circumstances that regularly imperil integrity. These circumstances create the conditions for burnout, disengagement, and imperiled patient care. Specifically, they foster powerlessness, frustration, anger, diminished moral responsiveness, disillusionment, and shame. The cumulative dynamic of moral distress results in myriad detrimental consequences affecting the bodies, emotions, minds, and souls of clinicians. Transforming these experiences requires a shift in orientation toward restoring and preserving integrity by cultivating capacities of moral resilience and strategies to foster systemic ethical practice.
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35

Horiguchi, Noriko J. The Devouring Empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190240400.003.0014.

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This chapter studies the impact of war, empire, and gender identity in shaping food values via the depictions of food and hunger in the works of famed novelist and poet Hayashi Fumiko (1903–1951). It argues that food and the act of eating serve as metaphors for the colonial and imperial relationships between Japan, its occupied territories, and its own occupation by US forces. In addition, Hayashi's attitudes toward national and imperial identity shift between her works. For instance, in Diary of a Vagabond (1929), the hungry heroine defies and critiques normative gender roles and middle-class values in her pursuits of work and food; as a war correspondent in 1938, however, Hayashi expressed patriotic attitudes in response to food scarcity and appeared to embrace prescribed gender roles.
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36

Mirowski, Philip, and Edward Nik-Khah. The Knowledge We Have Lost in Information. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190270056.001.0001.

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In contrast with conventional histories of “economic rationality,” in this book we propose that the history of modern microeconomics is better organized as the treatment of information in postwar economics. Beginning with a brief primer on the nature of information, we then explore how economists first managed their rendezvous with it, tracing its origins to the Neoliberal Thought Collective and Friedrich Hayek. The response to this perceived threat was mounted by the orthodoxy at the Cowles Commission, leading to at least three distinct model strategies. But the logic of the models led to multiply cognitively challenged agents, which then logically led to a stress on markets to rectify those weaknesses. Unwittingly, the multiple conceptions of agency led to multiple types of markets; and the response of the orthodoxy was to shift research away from previous Walrasian themes to what has become known as market design. But internal contradictions in the market design programs led to a startling conclusion: just like their agents, the orthodox economists turned out to be not as smart as they had thought. A little information had turned out to be a dangerous thing.
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37

Matesan, Ioana Emy. The Violence Pendulum. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510087.001.0001.

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What drives Islamist groups to shift between nonviolent and violent tactics? When do groups move away from armed action, and why do some organizations renounce violence permanently, while others only place it on hold temporarily? The Violence Pendulum answers these questions and offers a theory of tactical change that explains both escalation and de-escalation. The analysis traces the historical evolution of four key Islamist groups: the Muslim Brotherhood and al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya in Egypt, and Darul Islam and Jemaah Islamiyah in Indonesia. Drawing on a wide variety of archival materials, interviews, and reports, each chapter narrows in on critical turning points in each organization, and shows the factors that best explain whether the group legitimizes and resorts to violence and develops an armed wing. The book’s main contention is that Islamist groups alter their tactics in response to changes in the perceived need for activism, shifts in the cost of violent versus nonviolent resistance, and internal or external pressures on the organization. However, escalation and de-escalation are not simply mirror images of each other. Groups turn toward violence when their grievances escalate, when violent resistance is feasible and publicly tolerated, and when there are internal or external pressures to act. Organizations may renounce armed action when violence becomes too costly for the group, disillusionment eclipses the perceived need for continued activism, and leaders are willing to rethink the group’s the tactics and strategies.
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38

Holtzman, Benjamin. The Long Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843700.001.0001.

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The Long Crisis explores the origins and implications of one of the most significant developments across the globe over the last fifty years: the diminished faith in government as capable of solving public problems. Conventional accounts of the shift toward market and private sector governing solutions have focused on the rising influence of conservatives, libertarians, and the business sector. The Long Crisis, however, locates the origins of this transformation in the efforts of city-dwellers to preserve liberal commitments of the postwar period. New York faced an economic crisis beginning in the late 1960s that disrupted long-standing assumptions about the services city government could provide. In response, New Yorkers—organized within block associations, nonprofits, and professional organizations—embraced an ethos of private volunteerism and, eventually, of partnership with private business in order to save their communities from neglect. Local liberal and Democratic officials came over time to see such alliances not as stopgap measures, but as legitimate and ultimately permanent features of modern governance. The ascent of market-based policies was driven less by a political assault of pro-market ideologues than by ordinary New Yorkers experimenting with novel ways to maintain robust public services in the face of the city’s budget woes. Local people and officials, The Long Crisis argues, built neoliberalism from the ground up. These shifts toward the market would both exacerbate old racial and economic inequalities and produce new ones that continue to shape metropolitan areas today.
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39

Frankham, Richard, Jonathan D. Ballou, Katherine Ralls, Mark D. B. Eldridge, Michele R. Dudash, Charles B. Fenster, Robert C. Lacy, and Paul Sunnucks. Determining the number and location of genetically differentiated population fragments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783398.003.0010.

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The number and geographic location of genetically differentiated populations must be identified to determine if fragmented populations require genetic management. Clustering of related genotypes to geographic locations (landscape genetic analyses) is used to determine the number of populations and their boundaries, with the simplest analyses relying on random mating within, but not across populations. Evidence of genetic differentiation among populations indicates either that they have drifted apart (and are likely inbred) and/or that the populations are adaptively differentiated. The current response when populations are genetically differentiated is usually to recommend separate management, but this is often ill-advised. A paradigm shift is needed where evidence of genetic differentiation among populations is followed by an assessment of whether populations are suffering genetic erosion, whether there are other populations to which they could be crossed, and whether the crosses would be beneficial, or harmful.
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40

Schiller, Dan. Network Connectivity and Labor Systems. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038761.003.0001.

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This chapter discusses the impact of network connectivity on labor systems, arguing that the response to the recession of the 1970s was a profound one and eventually led to the crash of 2008. It explains how the early to mid-1970s brought forward information and communications technology (ICT) as the heart of capitalist development and situates this shift into networks within trends in production, finance, and U.S. military activity. It also examines what Kim Moody calls the “great transformation,” when a basement-to-attic redesign touched everything from the content of specific jobs to the technical division of labor within companies and entire industries, to the location of discrete and now increasingly isolable production systems. This “Great Transformation” is analyzed from two vantage points. The first concerns the labor process, the second, the wider commodity chains within which labor has been mobilized.
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41

Fox, Alistair. New Zealand Coming-of-age Films: Distinctive Characteristics and Thematic Preoccupations. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429443.003.0002.

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This chapter provides an overview of New Zealand coming-of-age films from the first feature film to be made on this theme, The God Boy (Murray Reece, 1976) to the most recent examples, Mahana (Lee Tamahori, 2016) and Hunt for the Wilderpeople (Taika Waititi, 2016), identifying trends and patterns in the evolution of this genre. Characteristic attributes are explored, such as the dialogue with national literature (of the 15 films examined in the book, all but four are adaptations); the universal tendency of filmmakers to update the setting to the time of their own childhood; the presence of personal projections and identifications in the films; the importance of the New Zealand landscape as a thematic element. Finally, the main thematic preoccupations are outlined, with a demonstration of how they shift over time in response to changing cultural and political circumstances.
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42

Hemodynamic and ADH responses to central blood volume shifts in cardiac-denervated humans. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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43

Lambert, David G. Mechanisms and determinants of anaesthetic drug action. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0013.

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This chapter is broken into two main sections: a general description of the principles of ligand receptor interaction and a discussion of the main groups of ‘targets’; and explanation of some common pharmacological interactions in anaesthesia, critical care, and pain management. Agonists bind to and activate receptors while antagonists bind to receptors and block the effects of agonists. Antagonists can be competitive (most common) or non-competitive/irreversible. The main classes of drug target are enzymes, carriers, ion channels, and receptors with examples of anaesthetic relevance interacting with all classes. There are many examples in anaesthesia where multiple interacting drugs are co-administered—polypharmacology. To give an example: neuromuscular blockade. Rocuronium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker acting as a competitive antagonist at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Rocuronium competes with endogenous acetylcholine to shift the concentration–response curve for contraction to the right. The degree of contractility is less for a given concentration of acetylcholine (agonist) in the presence of rocuronium. Using the same principle, the rightward shift can be compensated by increasing the amount of acetylcholine (as long as the amount of rocuronium presented to the receptor as an antagonist remains unchanged, its action can be overcome by increased agonist). Acetylcholine at the effect site is increased by acetylcholinesterase inhibition with neostigmine. One of the side-effects of neostigmine is that it acts as an indirect parasympathomimetic. In the cardiovascular system this would lead to muscarinic receptor-mediated bradycardia; these effects are routinely reversed by the competitive muscarinic antagonist glycopyrrolate.
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44

Rushdy, Ashraf H. A. After Injury. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851972.001.0001.

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After Injury explores the practices of forgiveness, resentment, and apology in three key moments when they were undergoing a dramatic change: early Christian history (for forgiveness), the shift from British eighteenth-century to Continental nineteenth-century philosophers (for resentment), and the moment in the 1950s postwar world in which ordinary language philosophers and sociologists of everyday life theorized what it means to express or perform an apology. The debates in those key moments have largely defined the contemporary study of these practices. The first premise of this book is that because these three practices are interlinked—forgiveness is commonly defined as a forswearing of resentment in response to an apology—it makes sense to study these practices together. The second premise is that each practice has a different historical evolution. It thus makes sense to identify a key moment to examine what is arguably the most important mutation in the evolution of each practice. After looking at the debates in those three key moments, After Injury takes up the important contemporary questions about each of the practices. For the practice of forgiveness, those questions center on whether forgiveness is possible, and what place it occupies in relation to retribution. For resentment, the questions involve the value and risks of holding on to what is admittedly the disabling emotion of resentment in order to affirm the injustice of the past. For the practice of apology, a key question is what to make of a shift from personal to collective, from private to public apologies.
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45

Hunt, Luke William. The Retrieval of Liberalism in Policing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190904999.001.0001.

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There is a growing sense that many liberal states are in the midst of a shift in norms—a shift that is happening slowly and for a variety of reasons relating to security. The Internet and tech booms—paving the way for new forms of electronic surveillance—predated the 9/11 attacks by several years, while the police’s vast use of secret informants and deceptive operations began well before that. The recent uptick in reactionary movements—movements in which the rule of law seems expendable—began many years after 9/11 and continues to this day. One way to describe this book is as an examination of the moral limits on modern police practices that flow from the basic legal and philosophical tenets of the liberal tradition. The central argument is that policing in liberal states is constrained by a liberal conception of persons coupled with particular rule-of-law principles. Part I consists of three chapters that constitute the book’s theoretical foundation, including an overview of the police’s law enforcement role in the liberal polity and a methodology for evaluating that role. Part II consists of three chapters that address applications of the theory, including the police’s use of informants, deceptive operations, and surveillance. The upshot is that policing in liberal societies has become illiberal in light of its response to both internal and external threats to security. The book provides an account of what it might mean to retrieve policing that is consistent with the basic tenets of liberalism.
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46

Braithwaite, Jeffrey, and Liam Donaldson. Patient Safety and Quality. Edited by Ewan Ferlie, Kathleen Montgomery, and Anne Reff Pedersen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198705109.013.16.

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Over the last 25 years we have learned how providers can fall short of their goals, and deliver care which is below expectations. In response, nations and the international community including the World Health Organization have developed strategies to tackle harm and improve the quality of care. Key approaches include strengthening management and leadership; designing improvement tools, models and approaches; enhancing teamwork, communication and local cultures; and leveraging opinion leaders and champions. A shift towards a systems perspective, factoring in the challenges of complexity and network characteristics, is evident. A safety-II approach, building on the naturally-occurring resilience of health systems, show much promise. But progress has been slow. We will need to be better at diffusing what we know works, scaling up localized, demonstrated successes, and supporting clinicians’ everyday capacities to succeed under varied conditions. Progress requires partnerships between politicians, policymakers, managers, clinicians, patients, researchers and other groups.
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47

Grove, M. Annette, and David F. Lancy. Cultural Models of Stages in the Life Course. Edited by Sally Crawford, Dawn M. Hadley, and Gillian Shepherd. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199670697.013.5.

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It is clear that societies differ with respect to their locally constructed, cultural, or ‘folk’ models of the life course. However, predictable transitions can be found as children progress through naturally occurring stages (walking, talking, gaining sense, puberty). Societies draw upon these predictable transitions to construct models of development. Ethnographic and historic records provide evidence of behavioural changes in children and the response of family members that signal a shift in the child’s status. Drawing on these data, we construct a broadly applicable cultural model of child development. This model coalesces around six life cycle stages, which correspond to evolutionary biologists’ analyses. This entry draws on a long-term project designed to develop an anthropological perspective on human development. Our database consists of archival accounts of childhood from nearly 1,000 societies, ranging from the Palaeolithic to the present and from every area of the world.
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48

Stuart, Mark, and Tony Huzzard. Unions, the Skills Agenda, and Workforce Development. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.12.

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This chapter explores the relationship between unions and skills at the workplace. We argue that the significance of the skills agenda is broadly concomitant with a shift in the labour process beyond mass production into newer trajectories, variously described as post-Fordism, post-industrialism, flexible specialization and new production concepts. Unions are increasingly equating their members’ learning (and skills) as much as with enhancing their employability as with broader emancipation or entry into a trade. Through focusing on the contrasting cases of the UK and Sweden we show how the recent pursuit of the skills agenda has gone hand in hand with a strategic reorientation of unions, in response to more challenging bargaining environments and a declining membership base. We also argue that different approaches by unions to skills can be explained not only by national and sectoral factors but also by agency and voice mechanisms.
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49

Mason, Peggy. Gaze Control. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0019.

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In addition to serving perception, gaze acts as a powerful social signal and mode of communication. Gaze is altered in several psychiatric diseases and impaired by a variety of central and peripheral lesions. Eye movements that serve to stabilize gaze include the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) and fixation, whereas eye movements that shift gaze include saccades, cancellation of the VOR, and smooth pursuit. The pontine horizontal gaze center and midbrain vertical gaze center connect to extraocular motoneurons and mediate all eye movements. Neural circuits involved in generating the VOR, horizontal saccades and saccade modulation are described in detail. Nystagmus consequent to unilateral labyrinthine damage is explained. Other forms of nystagmus including the optokinetic response are introduced. The role of internuclear interneurons in coordinating horizontal saccades and their failure in internuclear ophthalmalplegia are detailed. Finally, the mechanisms involved in fixation and smooth pursuit are briefly presented.
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Blokker, Niels. Reconfiguring the Un System of Collective Security. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0009.

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This chapter examines pacific settlement and collective security as the primary instruments of the United Nations for promoting and underwriting international security. It begins by focusing on the development of newer approaches to UN-centred collective security in the new millennium in response to increased security threats. The chapter discusses economic sanctions, consent-based peacekeeping, robust peace operations, the coercive responsibility to protect (R2P), and nuclear security. In particular, it considers the evolution of peacekeeping side by side with preventive diplomacy, as well as the increase in the number of UN operations after the end of the Cold War to resolve outstanding conflicts. It also evaluates the report prepared by Algerian diplomat Lakhdar Brahimi, chair of a high-level international panel appointed by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan to make recommendations for changes in UN peacekeeping. The chapter concludes by considering the shift from collective security to global governance.
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