Journal articles: 'Respiratory'

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Howard, Brittany E. "High-Risk Aerosol-Generating Procedures in COVID-19: Respiratory Protective Equipment Considerations." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 163, no. 1 (May 12, 2020): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599820927335.

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The correct selection and utilization of respiratory personal protective equipment is of the utmost importance in the current COVID-19 pandemic. This is especially true for health care workers exposed to high-risk aerosol-generating procedures, including otolaryngologists, ophthalmologists, neurosurgeons, maxillofacial surgeons, and laparoscopic surgeons. This communication provides a review of approved forms of respiratory protection and compares their characteristics, including surgical masks, N95 respirator, elastomeric respirators, powered air-purifying respirators, and controlled air-purifying respirators. For standard airborne precautions, N95 respirator are appropriate for respiratory protection. However, high-risk aerosol-generating procedures may create aerosolization of high viral loads that represent increased risk to health care workers. In these situations, enhanced respiratory protection with filters certified as 99, 100, or HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) may be appropriate.

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Hines, Stella E., Joanna Gaitens, Nora M. Mueller, Diego Molina Ochoa, Eseosa Fernandes, and Melissa A. McDiarmid. "Respiratory Protection Perceptions among Malian Health Workers: Insights from the Health Belief Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 3028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053028.

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Reusable respiratory protective devices called elastomeric respirators have demonstrated their effectiveness and acceptability in well-resourced healthcare settings. Using standard qualitative research methods, we explored the feasibility of elastomeric respirator use in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). We conducted interviews and focus groups with a convenience sample of health workers at one clinical center in Mali. Participants were users of elastomeric and/or traditional N95 respirators, their supervisors, and program leaders. Interview transcripts of participants were analyzed using a priori constructs from the Health Belief Model (HBM) and a previous study about healthcare respirator use. In addition to HBM constructs, the team identified two additional constructs impacting uptake of respirator use (system-level factors and cultural factors). Together, these framed the perceptions of Malian health workers and highlighted both facilitators of and barriers to respirator use uptake. As needs for respiratory protection from airborne infectious hazards become more commonly recognized, elastomeric respirators may be a sustainable and economic solution for health worker protection in LMIC.

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McKay, Roy T. "Respirator and Respiratory Protection." Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 39, no. 8 (August 1997): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199708000-00023.

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Fakherpour, Anahita, Mehdi Jahangiri, and Janis Jansz. "A systematic review of passing fit testing of the masks and respirators used during the COVID-19 pandemic: Part 1-quantitative fit test procedures." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (October 26, 2023): e0293129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293129.

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Background During respiratory infection pandemics, masks and respirators are highly sought after, especially for frontline healthcare workers and patients carrying respiratory viruses. The objective of this study was to systematically review fit test pass rates and identify factors influencing the fitting characteristics. Methods Potentially relevant studies were identified using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct during the COVID-19 pandemic from February 5, 2020, to March 21, 2023. The search strategy using the following keywords was conducted: Quantitative Fit Test, Condensation Nuclei Counter, Controlled Negative Pressure, PortaCount, Sibata, Accufit, Fit, Seal, Mask, Respirator, Respiratory Protective Device, Respiratory Protective Equipment, Protective Device, Personal Protective Equipment, COVID-19, Coronavirus, and SARS-CoV-2. The quality of the included studies was also assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results A total of 137 articles met the eligibility criteria. Fifty articles had a quality score of less than 7 (good quality). A total of 21 studies had a fit test pass rate of less than 50%. 26 studies on disposable respirators and 11 studies on reusable respirators had an FF of less than 50 and less than 200, respectively. The most influential factors include respirator brand/model, style, gender, ethnicity, facial dimensions, facial hair, age, reuse, extensive movement, seal check, comfort and usability assessment, and training. Conclusion 37.36% of the disposable respirator studies and 43% of the reusable respirator studies did not report fit test results. 67.86% of the disposable respirator studies had a fit test pass rate greater than 50%, and 35.84% of these studies had an FF greater than 100. Also, 85.71% of the reusable respirator studies had a fit test pass rate greater than 50%, and 52.77% of these studies had an FF greater than 1000. Overall, the fit test pass rate was relatively acceptable. Newly developed or modified respirators must undergo reliable testing to ensure the protection of HCWs. Subject and respirator characteristics should be considered when implementing fit testing protocols. An optimal fit test panel should be developed prior to respirator design, certification, procurement decisions, and selection procedures.

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Bien, Elizabeth Ann, Gordon Lee Gillespie, Cynthia Ann Betcher, Terri L. Thrasher, and Donna R. Mingerink. "Respiratory Protection Toolkit." Workplace Health & Safety 64, no. 12 (July 27, 2016): 596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079916657831.

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International travel and infectious respiratory illnesses worldwide place health care workers (HCWs) at increasing risk of respiratory exposures. To ensure the highest quality safety initiatives, one health care system used a quality improvement model of Plan-Do-Study-Act and guidance from Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) May 2015 Hospital Respiratory Protection Program (RPP) Toolkit to assess a current program. The toolkit aided in identification of opportunities for improvement within their well-designed RPP. One opportunity was requiring respirator use during aerosol-generating procedures for specific infectious illnesses. Observation data demonstrated opportunities to mitigate controllable risks including strap placement, user seal check, and reuse of disposable N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Subsequent interdisciplinary collaboration resulted in other ideas to decrease risks and increase protection from potentially infectious respiratory illnesses. The toolkit’s comprehensive document to evaluate the program showed that while the OSHA standards have not changed, the addition of the toolkit can better protect HCWs.

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Bischoff, Werner E., JoLyn Turner, Gregory Russell, Maria Blevins, Engy Missaiel, and John Stehle. "How well do N95 respirators protect healthcare providers against aerosolized influenza virus?" Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 40, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 232–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2018.326.

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AbstractN95 respirator masks are recommended for protection against respiratory viruses. Despite passing fit-testing 10% of N95 respirator users encountered breakthroughs with exposure to influenza virus compared to full protection provided by a powered air purifying respirator. The current recommendation of N95 respirators should be evaluated for endemic and emerging scenarios.

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Lam, Simon Ching, Joseph Kok Long Lee, Linda Yin King Lee, Ka Fai Wong, and Cathy Nga Yan Lee. "Respiratory Protection by Respirators: The Predictive Value of User Seal Check for the Fit Determination in Healthcare Settings." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 32, no. 4 (April 2011): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/659151.

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The N95 respirator is one type that is recommended by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to prevent inhalation of droplets that may act to transmit respiratory pathogens. However, the reliability of this respirator to prevent transmission is dependent on how well it is fitted to the wearer. For ill-fitting respirators, the average penetration by ambient aerosol was found to be 33%, compared with 4% for well-fitting respirators. Such penetration or leakage may be caused by the gap between the respirator and the wearer's face. Therefore, formal fit testing should be carried out prior to the use of N95 respirators. Quantitative fit testing measures “the adequacy of respirator fit by numerically measuring the amount of leakage into the respirator” using an electronic device.

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Hines, Stella E., Clayton H. Brown, Marc Oliver, Patricia Gucer, Melissa Frisch, Regina Hogan, Tracy Roth, James Chang, and Melissa McDiarmid. "Cleaning and Disinfection Perceptions and Use Practices Among Elastomeric Respirator Users in Health care." Workplace Health & Safety 68, no. 12 (August 19, 2020): 572–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079920938618.

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Background: Reusable elastomeric respirator use in health care may represent one solution to address N95 respirator shortages experienced during infectious disease outbreaks, but cleaning and disinfection requirements may limit their utility. Evidence of respirator cleaning and disinfection behaviors and practices by health care workers may inform guidance on reusable respirator use. Methods: Medical system elastomeric respirator users were surveyed about respirator cleaning and disinfection practices and perceptions via an electronic survey. Respondents were subsequently classified based on reported compliance with their assigned respirator use. To explore whether respirator cleaning and disinfection issues affected compliance with assigned device use, responses were compared between user groups and adjusted for covariates. Results: A total of 432 of 2,024 (21%) eligible elastomeric respirator users completed the survey. Most (>90%) reported that their respirator was clean, but only 52% reported that they always disinfect their respirators after use according to the hospital’s expected practice. Only 40 respondents (9%) reported regularly cleaning the respirator with soap and water, in accordance with manufacturer recommendations. Reporting of suboptimal decontamination practice was not associated with assigned device compliance, however, except among providers and respiratory therapists. Conclusion/Application to Practice: Although perceptions of cleanliness and adherence to expected decontamination practices during routine use did not appear to influence compliance with assigned respirator use overall, this did predict compliance among providers and respiratory therapists, both of whom have nonfixed workstations. Practical and effective strategies to assure easy access to and availability of clean reusable respiratory protective devices are needed to facilitate their use in health care respiratory protection programs.

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Schumacher, Jan, James Arlidge, Declan Dudley, Jennifer Van Ross, Francesca Garnham, and Kate Prior. "First responder communication in CBRN environments: FIRCOM-CBRN study." Emergency Medicine Journal 36, no. 8 (June 19, 2019): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2019-208413.

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IntroductionRecent terror attacks and assassinations involving highly toxic chemical weapons have stressed the importance of sufficient respiratory protection of medical first responders and receivers. As full-face respirators cause perceptual-motor impairment, they not only impair vision but also significantly reduce speech intelligibility. The recent introduction of electronic voice projection units (VPUs), attached to a respirator, may improve communication while wearing personal respiratory protection.ObjectiveTo determine the influence of currently used respirators and VPUs on medical communication and speech intelligibility.Methods37 trauma anaesthetists carried out an evaluation exercise of six different respirators and VPUs including one control. Participants had to listen to audio clips of a variety of sentences dealing with scenarios of emergency triage and medical history taking.ResultsIn the questionnaire, operators stated that speech intelligibility of the Avon C50 respirator scored the highest (mean 3.9, ±SD 1.0) and that the Respirex Powered Respiratory Protective Suit (PRPS) NHS-suit scored lowest (1.6, 0.9). Regarding loudness the C50 plus the Avon VPU scored highest (4.1, 0.7), followed by the Draeger FPS-7000-com-plus (3.4, 1.0) and the Respirex PRPS NHS-suit scored lowest (2.3, 0.8).ConclusionsWe found that the Avon C50 is the preferred model among the tested respirators. In our model, electronic voice projection modules improved loudness but not speech intelligibility. The Respirex PRPS NHS-suit was rated significantly less favourably in respect of medical communication and speech intelligibility.

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Cheberiachko, Serhii, Yuriy Cheberiachko, Oleg Deryugin, Bohdan Kravchenko, Tetiana Nehrii, Serhii Nehrii, and Oksana Zolotarova. "INCREASING THE INSULATION PROPERTIES OF FILTER RESPIRATORS TO PROTECT MINERS’ RESPIRATORY ORGANS FROM DUST." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 38, no. 4 (2023): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2023.4.3.

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To increase the insulating properties of elastomeric half-masks, it is suggested to perforate the obturator in the area of the nasal bridge, chin and cheeks, which allows for adjustment in its size, thus preventing the occurrence of wrinkles on the user’s face in the areas which are the individual features of a particular user’s face. Three versions of the perforated filter respirator obturator have been proposed: in the first, the holes are made along the entire perimeter of the obturator; in the second, the holes are only in the area of the cheeks and nasal bridge; in the third, incisions with a diameter of 5 mm are made in the area of the nasal bridge and cheeks. The result of modelling a set of alternative solutions taking into account the coefficient of protection of filter respirator half-masks, the distribution of compressive forces, which are determined in the environment of the packages “ANSYS” and “Solid works”, has been obtained on the basis of main indicators of the proposed models. To make a decision on choosing the best model, the mass of the elastomeric half mask, its dimensions and the complexity of the design were additionally considered. On the basis of expert evaluation, according to the described procedure for determining the utility function of the factors from their values, it has been defined that the second model of the half-mask is characterized by the best parameters. Conducted laboratory studies to determine the aerosol absorption coefficient by the obturation line showed the lowest indicator in the second option.

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Cheberiachko, Serhii, Olena Yavorska, Oleh Deriuhin, and Andrii Yavorskyi. "Evaluation of the probability of miners’ protection while using filtering respirators." E3S Web of Conferences 201 (2020): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020101021.

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Objective of the research is to evaluate the probability of deterioration of the protection of miners’ respiratory organs while using filtering respirators in terms of coal mines under the coal mine conditions and to elaborate recommendations for the reduction of possible occupational disease risks. A Markovian process theory has been applied to solve the formulated problem. It has been determined that the probability of deterioration of the protection of a worker wearing a filtering respirator is up to 50%, which is stipulated by the lack of corresponding training as for the correct filtering respirator use, negligence of the physical load and its duration during the respirator selection, and possible mistakes during its operation. Reduction of the occupational disease risks is possible only in terms of the use of high-quality filtering respirator under conditions of its correct selection, maintenance and use by the trained miners with the preliminary checking of its relevance to the coal mine conditions. It has been shown that the development of a respiratory protection programme at an enterprise is the efficient tool to provide a miner with high-quality and appropriate filtering devices for the respiratory protection.

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Faisal, Haruyuki Dewi, and Agus Dwi Susanto. "Peran Masker/Respirator dalam Pencegahan Dampak Kesehatan Paru Akibat Polusi Udara." Jurnal Respirasi 3, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jr.v3-i.1.2017.18-25.

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Outdoor air pollution contributed harmful impact to public health. There are several respiratory disorders related to outdoor air pollution such as acute respiratory infection, lung cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and lung function disorder. Respirator is a personnel protective device which has role in the primary intervention step. Currently exist many types of respirators in industrial setting that have specific function to certain hazard exposure in work process. It is difficult to choose one type of respirator that can be implemented in population setting to protect against all air pollutant content. Therefore, it is relevant choosing one respirator type which has the ability to effectively filtrate one of air pollutant content that is the particulate matter. One respirator type, N95 mask has superiority in term of cost and technical use aspects for protecting particulate matter pollutant. Respirator usage effectivity in population setting is an important subject to find out more.

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Adhikari, Atin, Aniruddha Mitra, Abbas Rashidi, Imaobong Ekpo, Jacob Schwartz, and Jefferson Doehling. "Field Evaluation of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators on Construction Jobsites for Protection against Airborne Ultrafine Particles." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091958.

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Exposure to high concentrations of airborne ultrafine particles in construction jobsites may play an important role in the adverse health effects among construction workers, therefore adequate respiratory protection is required. The performance of particulate respirators has never been evaluated in field conditions against ultrafine particles on construction jobsites. In this study, respiratory protection levels against ultrafine particles of different size ranges were assessed during three common construction related jobs using a manikin-based set-up at 85 L/min air flow rate. Two NanoScan SMPS nanoparticle counters were utilized for measuring ultrafine particles in two sampling lines of the test filtering facepiece respirator—one from inside the respirator and one from outside the respirator. Particle size distributions were characterized using the NanoScan data collected from outside of the respirator. Two models of N95 respirators were tested—foldable and pleated. Collected data indicate that penetration of all categories of ultrafine particles can exceed 5% and smaller ultrafine particles of <36.5 nm size generally penetrated least. Foldable N95 filtering facepiece respirators were found to be less efficient than pleated N95 respirators in filtering nanoparticles mostly at the soil moving site and the wooden building frameworks construction site. Upon charge neutralization by isopropanol treatment, the ultrafine particles of larger sizes penetrated more compared to particles of smaller sizes. Our findings, therefore, indicate that N95 filtering facepiece respirators may not provide desirable 95% protection for most categories of ultrafine particles and generally, 95% protection is achievable for smaller particles of 11.5 to 20.5 nm sizes. We also conclude that foldable N95 respirators are less efficient than pleated N95 respirators in filtering ultrafine particles, mostly in the soil moving site and the wooden building framework construction site.

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Crow, Sue. "The Lone Ranger Rides Again, This Time Followed by a Federal Posse." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 15, no. 10 (October 1994): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646831.

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AbstractThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention proposed guidelines regarding the high-efficiency particulate air-filtered respirator have raised many questions that the healthcare worker has found difficult to answer. This product commentary addresses questions related to material that the respiratory protection program should include; provides information related to the physical exam before the use of the respirator; and explains the types of respirators. Cost issues also are discussed.

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Cheberiachko, Sergiy, Olena Yavors’ka, Olena Stolbchenko, and Dmytro Radchuk. "Protective Efficiency of Filtering Respirators." Advanced Engineering Forum 25 (November 2017): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.25.88.

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In the article the dependence of protective efficiency of the respiratory protective devices on the filter penetration coefficient and leakage of the polluted air through sealing band was established. The leakage was determined by the ratio of the filter resistance and the sealing band. The relationship between increasing the filter resistance and worsening the protective effectiveness of respiratory protective device was established. Factors that worsen the respirator quality were determined: the gaps between the face and half-mask, weak tension of the head harness. Filter parameters that will ensure high efficiency for respirators of the second protection class were established.

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Dheda, K., S. Charalambous, A. S. Kharat, A. von Delft, R. N. van Zyl-SMit, R. Perumal, B. W. Allwood, et al. "A position statement and practical guide to the use of particulate filtering facepiece respirators (N95, FFP2, or equivalent) for South African health workers exposed to respiratory pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2." African Journal of Thoracic and Critical Care Medicine 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/ajtccm.2021.v111i4.173.

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Summary Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted mainly by aerosol in particles <10 µm that can remain suspended for hours before being inhaled. Because particulate filtering facepiece respirators (‘respirators’; e.g. N95 masks) are more effective than surgical masks against bio-aerosols, many international organisations now recommend that health workers (HWs) wear a respirator when caring for individuals who may have COVID-19. In South Africa (SA), however, surgical masks are still recommended for the routine care of individuals with possible or confirmed COVID-19, with respirators reserved for so-called aerosol-generating procedures. In contrast, SA guidelines do recommend respirators for routine care of individuals with possible or confirmed tuberculosis (TB), which is also transmitted via aerosol. In health facilities in SA, distinguishing between TB and COVID-19 is challenging without examination and investigation, both of which may expose HWs to potentially infectious individuals. Symptom-based triage has limited utility in defining risk. Indeed, significant proportions of individuals with COVID-19 and/or pulmonary TB may not have symptoms and/or test negative. The prevalence of undiagnosed respiratory disease is therefore likely significant in many general clinical areas (e.g. waiting areas). Moreover, a proportion of HWs are HIV-positive and are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 and death. Recommendations Sustained improvements in infection prevention and control (IPC) require reorganisation of systems to prioritise HW and patient safety. While this will take time, it is unacceptable to leave HWs exposed until such changes are made. We propose that the SA health system adopts a target of ‘zero harm’, aiming to eliminate transmission of respiratory pathogens to all individuals in every healthcare setting. Accordingly, we recommend: 1. the use of respirators by all staff (clinical and non-clinical) during activities that involve contact or sharing air in indoor spaces with individuals who: (i) have not yet been clinically evaluated; or (ii) are thought or known to have TB and/or COVID-19 or other potentially harmful respiratory infections; 2. the use of respirators that meet national and international manufacturing standards; 3. evaluation of all respirators, at the least, by qualitative fit testing; and 4. the use of respirators as part of a ‘package of care’ in line with international IPC recommendations. We recognise that this will be challenging, not least due to global and national shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE). SA national policy around respiratory protective equipment enables a robust framework for manufacture and quality control and has been supported by local manufacturers and the Department of Trade, Industry and Competition. Respirator manufacturers should explore adaptations to improve comfort and reduce barriers to communication. Structural changes are needed urgently to improve the safety of health facilities: persistent advocacy and research around potential systems change remain essential.

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Lybrand, Evan, Mary Micciche, Burton Tienken, Jaclyn Cichowicz, Marisa Fries, Mark Senk, and Megan Casey. "1426. Increased Visits to Respiratory Protection Webpages during COVID-19." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1608.

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Abstract Background COVID-19 transmission is thought to occur mainly via respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Respiratory protection devices, when properly fitted and used, can prevent this type of illness transmission. Methods The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL) within the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is responsible for the certification and approval of respirators for use in occupational settings. NPPTL maintains webpages with information on respiratory protection devices. We monitored the number of webpage views for several NPPTL webpages from January 1, 2020 to May 8, 2020. The number of webpage visits was then compared to significant events during the COVID-19 outbreak as well as the previous year’s webpage visits. Results The landing page for NIOSH-approved N95 respirators received the most visits. This page received a total of 1,637,250 webpage visits with a peak of 63,715 on February 26, 2020, a 38,989% increase from the average daily page visits for that same month in 2019. This occurred on the same day as the White House gave its first televised briefing on COVID-19. The page providing general information on filtering facepiece respirators, including N95 respirators received 834,186 webpage visits with a peak of 20,520 on April 3, 2020, a 13,659% increase from the average daily webpage visits for that same month in 2019. This occurred on the same date as new CDC recommendations were provided for using cloth face masks in public places. The counterfeit respirator page maintained a steady, but small number of webpage visits, but increased from 4,261 on March 27, 2020 to 68,145 on March 29, 2020. This occurred as the first reports of fraudulent respirators were being published in the media. It then fell to 18,562 on March 30, 2020 and 13,093 on March 31, 2020. While most webpage visits were from the United States, visits from China, and Canada were higher than previous years. Conclusion During COVID-19 there was a large increase in the number of webpage visits for respiratory protection information which coincided with major events and media reports. Accurate, accessible respiratory protection information is an important resource during public health emergencies. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Burton, Christopher, Briana Coles, Anil Adisesh, Simon Smith, Elaine Toomey, Xin Hui S. Chan, Lawrence Ross, and Trisha Greenhalgh. "Performance and impact of disposable and reusable respirators for healthcare workers during pandemic respiratory disease: a rapid evidence review." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 78, no. 9 (January 27, 2021): 679–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-107058.

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ObjectivesTo synthesise evidence concerning the range of filtering respirators suitable for patient care and guide the selection and use of different respirator types.DesignComparative analysis of international standards for respirators and rapid review of their performance and impact in healthcare.Data sourcesWebsites of international standards organisations, Medline and Embase, hand-searching of references and citations.Study selectionStudies of healthcare workers (including students) using disposable or reusable respirators with a range of designs. We examined respirator performance, clinician adherence and performance, comfort and impact, and perceptions of use.ResultsWe included standards from eight authorities across Europe, North and South America, Asia and Australasia and 39 research studies. There were four main findings. First, international standards for respirators apply across workplace settings and are broadly comparable across jurisdictions. Second, effective and safe respirator use depends on proper fitting and fit testing. Third, all respirator types carry a burden to the user of discomfort and interference with communication which may limit their safe use over long periods; studies suggest that they have little impact on specific clinical skills in the short term but there is limited evidence on the impact of prolonged wearing. Finally, some clinical activities, particularly chest compressions, reduce the performance of filtering facepiece respirators.ConclusionA wide range of respirator types and models is available for use in patient care during respiratory pandemics. Careful consideration of performance and impact of respirators is needed to maximise protection of healthcare workers and minimise disruption to care.

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de Perio, Marie A., Chad H. Dowell, Lisa J. Delaney, Lewis J. Radonovich, David T. Kuhar, Neil Gupta, Anita Patel, Satish K. Pillai, and Maryann D’Alessandro. "Strategies for Optimizing the Supply of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 14, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 658–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.160.

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ABSTRACTN95 respirators are personal protective equipment most often used to control exposures to infections transmitted via the airborne route. Supplies of N95 respirators can become depleted during pandemics or when otherwise in high demand. In this paper, we offer strategies for optimizing supplies of N95 respirators in health care settings while maximizing the level of protection offered to health care personnel when there is limited supply in the United States during the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic. The strategies are intended for use by professionals who manage respiratory protection programs, occupational health services, and infection prevention programs in health care facilities to protect health care personnel from job-related risks of exposure to infectious respiratory illnesses. Consultation with federal, state, and local public health officials is also important. We use the framework of surge capacity and the occupational health and safety hierarchy of controls approach to discuss specific engineering control, administrative control, and personal protective equipment measures that may help in optimizing N95 respirator supplies.

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Chiumello, Davide, and Massimo Cressoni. "Respirator management of sepsis-related respiratory failure." Current Infectious Disease Reports 11, no. 5 (August 18, 2009): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-009-0052-0.

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Wangsan, Kampanat, Ratana Sapbamrer, Wachiranun Sirikul, Jinjuta Panumasvivat, Vithawat Surawattanasakul, and Pheerasak Assavanopakun. "Effect of N95 Respirator on Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Physiologic Response: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 8646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148646.

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, N95 respirators were commonly used in many situations. Respiratory problems from prolonged use of respirators were discussed in many studies, which show varied results. From the inconclusive results, the current systematic review and meta-analysis discerned the effects of the N95 respirator by assessing the oxygen and carbon dioxide changes in both high- and low-to-moderate-intensity physical activities in a healthy population. Thirteen studies were identified for inclusion in the study. In high-intensity physical activities, our meta-analysis showed borderline lower oxygen saturation and higher carbon dioxide partial pressure, but oxygen saturation did not change in low-to-moderate physical activity. The use of N95 respirators could statistically affect the physiologic changes of carbon dioxide and oxygen in high-intensity physical activity among healthy participants, but this may not be clinically significant. Some users who have certain health conditions, such as respiratory problems, should be informed of the clinical symptoms related to hypercarbia and hypoxia for the early detection of adverse effects of N95 respirators.

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IQBAL, MOHAMMAD, MOHAMMAD BASALAMAH, ABDULRAHMAN ALMEHMADI, AHMED SAEEDI, AYMAN ALZAHRANI, ABDULAZIZ ALMEHMADI, ABDULAZIZ ALBESHRI, and AISHA TABASSUM. "MIDDLE EASTERN RESPIRATORY SYNDROME : A BRIEF REVIEW." International Journal of Medical Reviews and Case Reports 3, Reports in Microbiology, Infecti (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijmrcr.middle-eastern-respiratory-syndrome.

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Kaptsov, Valery A., and Alexander V. Chirkin. "Respiratory protective devices for the healthcare workers (literature review)." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 3 (April 16, 2021): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-3-240-245.

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Introduction. Healthcare practitioners are at increased risk of infection with infectious diseases, including the inhalation route. Healthcare practitioners use respirators of various designs providing different efficiency of protection. The purpose of the study was to improve efficiency of the respiratory protection of the healthcare practitioners in Russian Federation. There were analyzed available NIOSH publications, articles in journals Taylor & Francis, Oxford University Press, published materials of Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), and western training manuals. Differences in the requirements of the legislation were identified that increase the risk of infection in healthcare practitioners. There are no methods for assessing the risk level, and there are no specific requirements for selecting the respirator’s type that corresponds to the risk level. The employer is not obliged to provide the fit test for all employees. The respirator must be used timely, so it should not negatively affect the worker. But the average carbon dioxide concentration can exceed the STEL by more than two times. The certification requirements for respirators do not correspond to the conditions of their use in the hospitals. Respirators were not certified as means of protection against bioaerosols. Conclusions. Identified shortcomings in the respiratory safety of health care workers show possible ways to improve their protection by harmonizing national legislation with the best of existing Western requirements.

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Aqueveque, Pablo, Macarena Díaz, Britam Gomez, Rodrigo Osorio, Francisco Pastene, Luciano Radrigan, and Anibal Morales. "Embedded Electronic Sensor for Monitoring of Breathing Activity, Fitting and Filter Clogging in Reusable Industrial Respirators." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2022): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12110991.

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Millions of workers are required to wear reusable respirators in several industries worldwide. Reusable respirators include filters that protect workers against harmful dust, smoke, gases, and vapors. These hazards may cause cancer, lung impairment, and diseases. Respiratory protection is prone to failure or misuse, such as wearing respirators with filters out of service life and employees wearing respirators loosely. Currently, there are no commercial systems capable of reliably alerting of misuse of respiratory protective equipment during the workday shifts or provide early information about dangerous clogging levels of filters. This paper proposes a low energy and non-obtrusive functional building block with embedded electronics that enable breathing monitoring inside an industrial reusable respirator. The embedded electronic device collects multidimensional data from an integrated pressure, temperature, and relative humidity sensor inside a reusable industrial respirator in real time and sends it wirelessly to an external platform for further processing. Here, the calculation of instantaneous breathing rate and estimation of the filter’s respirator fitting and clogging level is performed. The device was tested with ten healthy subjects in laboratory trials. The subjects were asked to wear industrial reusable respirator with the embedded electronic device attached inside. The signals measured with the system were compared with airflow signals measured with calibrated transducers for validation purposes. The correlation between the estimated breathing rates using pressure, temperature, and relative humidity with the reference signal (airflow) is 0.987, 0.988 and 0.989 respectively, showing that instantaneous breathing rate can be calculated accurately using the information from the embedded device. Moreover, respirator fitting (well-fitted or loose condition) and filter’s clogging levels (≤60%, 80% and 100% clogging) also can be estimated using features extracted from absolute pressure measurements combined to statistical analysis ANOVA models. These experimental outputs represent promising results for further development of data-driven prediction models using machine learning techniques to determine filters end-of-service life. Furthermore, the proposed system would collect relevant data for real-time monitoring of workers’ breathing conditions and respirator usage, helping to improve occupational safety and health in the workplace.

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Cheberyachko, S., Yu Cheberyachko, D. Radchuk, O. Deryugin, D. Klimov, O. Sharovatova, and V. Gridiaiev. "INDIVIDUAL RESPIRATORY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT: INNOVATIONS TO REDUCE THE RISK OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 175 (April 3, 2023): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2023-1-175-221-228.

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Individual respiratory protective equipment (PPE) is the last barrier to protect workers when performing production tasks in harmful and dangerous working conditions. The article analyzes modern innovative designs of personal respiratory protective equipment, which increase the level of protection of users during their operation. The method of morphological analysis is applied. This method based on the selection of possible solutions for assessing the manufacturability of PPE models (if there is a system of criteria) and making a rational decision regarding the features of their application in production conditions. As a result, it was established that in order to ensure the appropriate duration of the protective action of gas and dust filters and to avoid both poisoning of workers due to the ingress of harmful aerosols into the sub-mask space of the filter respirator, and excessive physical exhaustion due to the increase in pressure drop above the standard substances, it is recommended to equip the filters with special indicators for determining air pollution and pressure drop values. It was determined that in order to increase the reliability of the protection of workers, it is necessary to equip filter respirators with the functions of operational control of breathing resistance, place a headrest to control the occurrence of possible gaps behind the obturation band when performing various production operations, and establish the real term of the protective effect of the filters. The practical value of the work is innovative solutions to improve the designs of existing filter respirators, which will allow control over technological parameters during operation. In particular, the density along the obturation strip and the magnitude of the tension force of the respirator headgear. Recommendations are also given for controlling the term of the protective action of gas filters, since determining the specified indicators based on the organoleptic abilities of the user is dangerous for health. Keywords: risk, means of individual protection of respiratory organs, filtering respirator.

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Mitra, Aniruddha, Atin Adhikari, Clinton Martin, Gracia Dardano, Pascal Wagemaker, and Caleb Adeoye. "Evaluation of a Filtering Facepiece Respirator and a Pleated Particulate Respirator in Filtering Ultrafine Particles and Submicron Particles in Welding and Asphalt Plant Work Environments." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 6437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126437.

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Manufacturing sites, such as welding, casting, and asphalt production (fumes), generate vast numbers of ultrafine particles of <0.1 µm in size and submicron particles close to the ultrafine range (0.1–0.5 µm). Although cumulative masses of these particles are negligible in comparison to the larger particles, the health effects are more severe due to the higher penetration in the human lower respiratory tract, other body parts crossing the respiratory epithelial layers, and the larger surface area. This research investigates the effectiveness of two common commercially available N95 filtering facepieces and N95 pleated particulate respirator models against ultrafine and submicron particles. Two specific types of respirators, the N95 filtering facepiece and the N95 pleated particulate models, in both sealed and unsealed conditions to the manikin face, were tested at various commercial and academic manufacturing sites, a welding and foundry site, and an asphalt production plant. Two TSI Nanoscan SMPS nanoparticle counters were used simultaneously to collect data for particles of 10–420 nm in size from inside and outside of the respirators. While one of them represented the workplace exposure levels, the other one accounted for the exposure upon filtration through the respiratory surfaces. The results showed the particles generated by these manufacturing operations were mostly within the range of from 40 to 200 nm. Results also indicated that while the percentage of filtration levels varied based on the particle size, it remained mostly within the desired protection level of 95% for both of the N95 respirator models in sealed conditions and even for the N95 pleated particulate model in the unsealed condition. However, in the case of the N95 filtering facepiece model, unsealed respirators showed that the percentage of penetration was very high, decreasing the protection levels to 60% in some cases. Although the number of workplace airborne particle levels varied considerably, the filtration percentages were relatively consistent.

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Lee, Shu-An, Sergey A. Grinshpun, and Tiina Reponen. "Respiratory Performance Offered by N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks: Human Subject Evaluation with NaCl Aerosol Representing Bacterial and Viral Particle Size Range." Annals of Occupational Hygiene 52, no. 3 (March 7, 2008): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/men005.

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Abstract Objectives: This study aimed at determining the protection factors (PFs) provided by N95 filtering facepiece respirators and surgical masks against particles representing bacterial and viral size ranges (aerodynamic size: 0.04–1.3 μm). Methods: The protection levels of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (four models) and surgical masks (three models) were investigated while they were donned by 12 subjects performing the OSHA (US Occupational Safety and Health Administration) fit-testing exercises in a test chamber. Results: About 29% of N95 respirators and ∼100% of surgical masks had PFs <10, which is the assigned PF designated for this type of respirator by the OSHA. On average, the PFs of N95 respirators were 8–12 times greater than those of surgical masks. The minimum PFs were observed in the size range of 0.04–0.2 μm. No significant difference in PF results was found between N95 respirators with and without an exhalation valve. Conclusions: The study indicates that N95 filtering facepiece respirators may not achieve the expected protection level against bacteria and viruses. An exhalation valve on the N95 respirator does not affect the respiratory protection; it appears to be an appropriate alternative to reduce the breathing resistance.

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Cheberiachko, Ivan, Yuriy Cheberiachko, and Andrii Yavorskyi. "On the Problem of Filter Respirator Selection." Advanced Engineering Forum 25 (November 2017): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.25.136.

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Requirements concerning the selection of filtering respirators according to ЕN 529:2006 European standard have been analyzed; the requirements have been compared with the national recommendations given in the corresponding ДНАОП 0.00-1.04-07 normative act on labour protection. It has been determined that the protective efficiency of the respiratory protective devices is characterized by three various parameters characterizing the coefficient of protection – two of them are determined at the working place. However, adequate selection of a filtering respirator is tested in terms of nominal coefficient of protection being determined in a laboratory. Such an approach may result in certain errors due to the set of various factors being available under working conditions. It is proposed to use the value of the expected coefficient of protection determined in the USA being equal to 10 MAC while selecting a filtering respirator. Recommendations are given as for the improvement of respiratory protection of a worker under operational conditions.

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Cheberiachko, S. I., O. O. Yavorska, A. V. Yavorskyi, and M. Yu Ikonnikov. "A risk of pulmonary diseases in miners while using dust respirators." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 5 (October 30, 2022): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-5/104.

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Purpose. To determine magnitudes of the occupational risks of respiratory disease (pneumoconiosis) occurrence in miners while using filter respirators on the basis of an exposure dust dose with the consideration of work experience. Methodology. To assess occupational risks, a new approach proposed by the Research Institute of Complex Hygiene and Occupational Diseases is used. The approach is based on determining an exposure dose of a hazardous substance entering the workers lungs during their professional contact with it taking into account the volume of pulmonary ventilation, the number of shifts, and work experience. Findings. Use of dust respirators reduces the risk of occupational respiratory diseases but does not eliminate it completely. It has been established that with more than three-year work experience and coal dust concentrations of more than 50 mg/m3, use of dust filter respirators does not ensure a minimal degree of the occupational disease risks. At the same time, it has been identified that if work experience is less than 3 years with the use of filter respirators, the risk of occupational diseases will be minimal. It has been proved that the risk assessment should involve using the minimal value of a protection factor of a respirator, which is fixed in the production environment. It has been shown that working within the areas with dust concentrations higher than 100 mg/m3 is dangerous for miners; over time, with the accumulation of sufficient dust in the lungs it will lead to the development of silicosis. Originality. It consists in scientific substantiation of the magnitude of occupational risk of respiratory diseases in miners, taking into account a real protection factor of respirators, which is determined at the workplace based on the calculation of an exposure dose and time of professional contact with hazardous substances. Practical value. The experience of safe operation in mine workings with and without using filter respirators has been substantiated, basing on a safe value of coal dust concentration, at which a low level of occupational risk of respiratory diseases is recorded. Recommendations for determining the dust load taking into account a protection factor of respirators at the workplace have been developed.

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Hansen, Joyce M., Scott Weiss, Terra A. Kremer, Myrelis Aguilar, and Gerald McDonnell. "RESEARCH: Dry Heat Processing of Single-Use Respirators and Surgical Masks." Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology 54, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-54.6.410.

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The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has challenged healthcare providers in maintaining the supply of critical personal protective equipment, including single-use respirators and surgical masks. Single-use respirators and surgical masks can reduce risks from the inhalation of airborne particles and microbial contamination. The recent high-volume demand for single-use respirators and surgical masks has resulted in many healthcare facilities considering processing to address critical shortages. The dry heat process of 80°C (176°F) for two hours (120 min) has been confirmed to be an appropriate method for single-use respirator and surgical mask processing.

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Karković, Nikica, Ivan Šitum, Mirabel Mažar, Daniel Lovrić, Ante Erceg, Gloria Mamić, Nikolina Džaja, et al. "Effectiveness and Complications of Non-Invasive Respiratory Support, Especially Treatment with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in COVID-19 Patients." Medicina Fluminensis 60, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21860/medflum2024_313682.

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Početkom pandemije COVID-19 zdravstveni sustavi pretrpjeli su ogroman pritisak radi velikog priljeva COVID bolesnika, a dodatnom opterećenju pridonio je manjak zdravstvenog osoblja te prijeteća nestašica respiratora. Također je zabilježena visoka smrtnost bolesnika na invazivnoj mehaničkoj ventilaciji. Zbog navedenih razloga pokrenula se rasprava o većem korištenju neinvazivne respiratorne potpore (engl. non-invasive respiratory support; NIRS), što obuhvaća kisik u visokim protocima apliciran putem nosnih kanila (engl. high-flow nasal cannula; HFNC), primjenu kontinuiranog pozitivnog tlaka u dišnim putevima (engl. continuous positive airway pressure; CPAP) i neinvazivnu ventilaciju (NIV). Nažalost, ne postoje standardizirane smjernice za odabir pacijenata za pojedini modalitet neinvazivne respiratorne potpore te je učinkovitost NIRS-a i dalje predmet brojnim raspravama i istraživanjima. Rezultati dosadašnjih studija sugeriraju da NIRS može poboljšati oksigenaciju te smanjiti potrebu za invazivnom mehaničkom ventilacijom i rizik od smrti kod COVID bolesnika. Međutim, učinkovitost i usporedbe pojedinih modaliteta neinvazivne respiratorne potpore istraživane su u svega nekoliko studija. Posljednje studije ukazuju na superiornost CPAP-a naspram NIV-a i HFNC-a, ali je rezultate potrebno interpretirati s oprezom pošto većina dosadašnjih studija o korištenju neinvazivnih modaliteta ventilacije kod COVID bolesnika ima značajna ograničenja i nedostatke. Tijekom neinvazivne respiratorne potpore potrebno je pažljivo monitorirati kliničko stanje pacijenta uz periodičku analizu plinova u arterijskoj krvi te procjenu HACOR skora (engl. heart rate, acidosis, consciousness, oxygenation, respiratry rate). Potrebno je na vrijeme prepoznati i reagirati na eventualne komplikacije neinvazivne respiratorne potpore. Iako se stopa plućne barotraume tijekom neinvazivne respiratorne potpore do sada smatrala zanemarivo niskom, istraživanja kod COVID bolesnika pokazala su puno višu incidenciju, što se na temelju dosadašnjih istraživanja pripisuje specifičnoj patofiziologiji virusa SARS-CoV-2. Proglašenje neinvazivne respiratorne potpore neuspješnom donosi se na temelju kliničkog prosuđivanja, a trebala bi biti individualizirana za svakog bolesnika i prepoznata na vrijeme jer se odgađanje intubacije i invazivne ventilacije pokazalo nezavisnim čimbenikom rizika za razvoj plućnih komplikacija i lošijeg ishoda.

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Yoo, Ji Yeoun, Nicolas Gaspard, Lawrence J. Hirsch, and Rafeed Alkawadri. "Respiratory Artifact on EEG Independent of the Respirator." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 31, no. 5 (October 2014): e16-e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnp.0000000000000027.

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CAMPBELL, P. J., H. W. CHILTON, P. A. GARVEY, and J. M. GUPTA†. "Volumetric diffusive respirator use in neonatal respiratory failure." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 27, no. 1 (February 1991): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1991.tb00341.x.

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Neupane, Bhanu Bhakta, and Basant Giri. "Review of materials and testing methods for virus filtering performance of face mask and respirator." PeerJ Materials Science 3 (October 7, 2021): e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-matsci.17.

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Respiratory protection devices such as face masks and respirators minimize the transmission of infectious diseases by providing a physical barrier to respiratory virus particles. The level of protection from a face mask and respirator depends on the nature of filter material, the size of infectious particle, breathing and environmental conditions, facial seal, and user compliance. The ongoing COVID‒19 pandemic has resulted in the global shortage of surgical face mask and respirator. In such a situation, significant global populations have either reused the single‒use face mask and respirator or used a substandard face mask fabricated from locally available materials. At the same time, researchers are actively exploring filter materials having novel functionalities such as antimicrobial, enhanced charge holding, and heat regulating properties to design potentially better face mask. In this work, we reviewed research papers and guidelines published primarily in last decade focusing on, (a) virus filtering efficiency, (b) impact of type of filter material on filtering efficiency, (c) emerging technologies in mask design, and (d) decontamination approaches. Finally, we provide future prospective on the need of novel filter materials and improved design.

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Azizi, Tooba Hoseini, Saeideh Varasteh, and Maryam Esmaeili. "The Importance of Proper Use of N95 Respirators by Health-Care Workers." Creative Nursing 26, no. 4 (September 11, 2020): e110-e113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/crnr-d-20-00047.

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The novel coronavirus causing the COVID-19 pandemic is spread by respiratory transmission through droplets and contact. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) including a gown, gloves, and a surgical mask or N95 respirator plus a face shield and/or goggles for health-care workers who are in direct contact with COVID-19 patients. A study in China by Wang found that health-care workers on the front line of disease treatment had inadequate training in the use of PPE, particularly for respiratory infectious diseases. Instruction in the proper use of N95 respirators, with an emphasis on performing user seal checks, as well as donning and doffing, is recommended for everyone caring for COVID-19 patients.

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Hanyanunt, Patomroek, Piraporn Juntanawiwat, Tassananwan Chatreewonanakul, Patsanun Potisuwan, Waristha Simsiriporn, Saowaluck Phondee, Nitchatorn Sungsirin, Piyanate Kesakomol, Veerachai Watanaveeradej, and Tanit Boonsiri. "EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET C (UVC) LIGHT AND DRY HEAT ON FILTRATION PERFORMANCE OF N95 RESPIRATOR MASK." Journal of Southeast Asian Medical Research 4, no. 2 (December 26, 2020): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.55374/jseamed.v4i2.75.

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Background: The emergence of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) creates one of the most pressing issues with a severe shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) particularly N95 respirators in healthcare settings worldwide. Recently, possible strategies to decontaminate disposable N95 respirators, including using ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation and heat treatment, were reported to consider safely reusing the respirators. However, both methods create potential risks to reduce the ability of the respirator filter especially when exposed to these methods multiple times resulting in infectious agents passing through the filter. Objective: The study aimed to ensure the effectiveness of UVC and dry heat to decontaminate N95 respirators. Methods: N95 respirators were exposed continually to UVC and dry heat at 70°C. Then the ability of the aerosol penetration was assessed by introducing an aerosol containing a rotavirus used as a delegate for SARS-CoV2. The existence of the rotavirus at both external (front) and internal surfaces (back) of the N95 respirators was investigated using RT-PCR. Results: UVC and dry heat administered at a 30-minute cycle up to 5 cycles did not change the filtration performance of the N95 respirators. Our results suggested that the reuse of disposable N95 respirators decontaminated by either UVC or dry heat could be possible under the test conditions used. Conclusion: To reuse N95 respirators, UVC and dry heat were useful to apply amid the pandemic of respiratory diseases.

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Qüdrət qızı Orucova, Elza, Lalə İslah qızı Rüstəmova, Adilə Novruz qızı Ələsgərova, Gülnarə Aydın qızı Kərimova, and Fəridə Hafiz qızı Heydərova. "To study of antiviral activity of artemicia L. etheric oil in experimental model." SCIENTIFIC WORK 75, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/75/133-138.

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Kəskin respirator virus infeksiyalarında terapevtik məqsədlər üçün bitki mənşəli yeni dərman vasitələrinin aparılması eksperimental təbabətin əsas istiqamətlərindən biridir. Bu tədqiqatın məqsədi eksperimental modeldə Artemicia L. efir yağının antiviral fəaliyyətini öyrənməkdir. Bu məqsədlə immunxromatoqrafiya üsulu ilə kəskin respirator infeksiya şübhəsi olan 202 xəstənin burun və burun-udlağın yaxmalarında bəzi respirator viruslar aşkar edilib. Tədqiqatların nəticələri göstərir ki, 2018-2019-cu illərdə Bakı şəhərində kəskin respirator virus infeksiyalarının törədicilərinin etioloji strukturlarında qopma tezliyindən asılı olaraq respirator sinsisial virus və respirator adenovirus üstünlük təşkil etmişdir (2,3%). Artemicia İssayevi Rzazade efir yağının antiviral aktivliyi 50-75%, Malabalia efir yağının antiviral aktivliyi təxminən 25% təşkil edir. Açar sözlər: kəskin respirator virus infeksiyaları, Artemisia L., Yovşan cinsi, Artemisia issayevi Rzazade, efir yağı,antivirus fəallıq, in vitro, immunxromatoqrafiya Elza Gudrat Orujova Lala Islah Rustamova Adila Novruz Alasgarova Gulnara Aydin Karimova Farida Hafiz Heydarova To study of antiviral activity of artemicia L. etheric oil in experimental model Summary The carrying out the new drug means of plant origin for terapeutical purpose in acute respiratory viral infections is an detual direction of experimental medicine. The aim of present investigation is to study of antiviral activity of Artemicia L. etheric oil in experimental model. For this purpose the nasal and nasopharyngeal smears of 202 patiens with suspicion for acute respiratory infection have been observed for some respiratory viruses by using the immunchromatography method. The results of investigations showes that in the etiological structures of agents of acute respiratory viral infections in Baku city during 2018-2019 years from depending of appedring frequency the respiratory sinsitsial virus and respiratory adenovirus have been dominate (2,3%). The antivirul activity of Artemicia issayevi Rzazade etheric oil was 50-75%, the antiviral activity of Malabalia etheric oil consist about 25%. Key words: the acute respiratory viral infections, Artemisia L., Artemisia issayevi Rzazade, etheric oil, antiviral activity, in vitro, immunochromatography

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Bowdle, T. Andrew, Srdjan Jelacic, L. Silvia Munoz-Price, Marty Cohen, Sai Krishna M., and Lisa Brosseau. "Elastomeric Respirators for COVID-19 and the Next Respiratory Virus Pandemic: Essential Design Elements." Anesthesiology 135, no. 6 (October 19, 2021): 951–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000004005.

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Respiratory viruses are transmitted via respiratory particles that are emitted when people breath, speak, cough, or sneeze. These particles span the size spectrum from visible droplets to airborne particles of hundreds of nanometers. Barrier face coverings (“cloth masks”) and surgical masks are loose-fitting and provide limited protection from airborne particles since air passes around the edges of the mask as well as through the filtering material. Respirators, which fit tightly to the face, provide more effective respiratory protection. Although healthcare workers have relied primarily on disposable filtering facepiece respirators (such as N95) during the COVID-19 pandemic, reusable elastomeric respirators have significant potential advantages for the COVID-19 and future respiratory virus pandemics. However, currently available elastomeric respirators were not designed primarily for healthcare or pandemic use and require further development to improve their suitability for this application. The authors believe that the development, implementation, and stockpiling of improved elastomeric respirators should be an international public health priority.

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Brewin, Adrienne. "Respiratory Nursing Respiratory Nursing." Nursing Standard 16, no. 30 (April 10, 2002): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2002.04.16.30.26.b123.

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KIRA, SHIRO. "Respiratory organ.Chronic respiratory insufficiency." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 80, no. 3 (1991): 458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.80.458.

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Farabi, Maududi, and Mila Tejamaya. "Respiratory Protection Programs (RPP) Implementation at Production Unit of A Tin Smelter at Bangka Belitung Islands Province." Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat 11, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 248–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26553/jikm.2020.11.3.248-263.

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The fume generated from the reaction of flux and molten tin produces tin compounds in the atmosphere which potentially lead to stanosis or also known as tin pneumoconiosis after chronic inhalation and prolonged exposure in the workplaces e.g. in smelter industries. The risk can be minimized by implementing Respiratory Protection Program (RPP). This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of RPP at one smelter industries in Bangka Belitung Province. This is a evaluation study that qualitatively evaluate the implementation of RPP. eigth RPP elements from National safety Council (NSC) Australia was used as guideline. The secondary data from Occupational Health and Safety inspection and monitoring report at one of tin smelter from Department of Manpower (Disnaker), Banga Belitung Island province. It was found that several RPP elements have not been fully implemented, which were (1) compliance with respirator standards, (2) no selection of respirators procedure, (3) no protective clothing, (4) no fit testing execution, (5) improper management of cleaning and inspections, and (6) no evaluation of respirator usage. Moreover, specific work process that need Supplied Air Respirator (SAR) has not been anticipated, and improvement in the training materials, periodic training schedule and evaluation of the Respiratory Protection Program were emphasized. There were 3 informants in this study consisting of company managers, safety officers, and labor inspector. The implementation of RPP at PT X. Tin needs to be enhanced. Continuous coaching, monitoring, inspection, and evaluation related to the Respiratory Protection Program must be carried out more intensively both internally and externally from the government.

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Tretiakova, Larisa, Yurii Cheberyachko, Olena Sharovatova, Tetiana Nehrii, Serhii Nehrii, Bohdan Kravchenko, and Oksana Zolotarova. "THE INFLUENCE OF HEAD STRAP ELASTICITY ON THE PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF FILTERING FACEPIECE RESPIRATORS." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 39, no. 1 (2024): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2024.1.11.

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The level of occupational respiratory diseases among workers in the mining, machine-building and metallurgical industries remains high. The most common occupational respiratory disease is pneumoconiosis, which is the result of the long-term inhalation of dust. It is possible to minimize the impact of dust on the workers and eliminate such diseases in the future due to the use of filtering mask respirators designed to reduce dust infiltration into the space under the mask. For this purpose, the choice of the type of elastic bands of filtering mask respirators has been substantiated by the geometric shape and tension forces that can ensure a permissible level of leakage of contaminated air into the breathing zone of the respirator during its use. A mathematical model has been developed to describe the influence of parameters of elastomeric headgear on the protective properties of the respirator. The dependence of the change in the residual tensile strength of the elastic bands of the headband has been established, and the dependence of the volume of air suction on the area of the elastic straps at the corresponding tension force has been determined. Using the model, the dependence of the volume of polluted air inflow on the area of the elastic straps at the corresponding tension force has been estimated. The design of the innovative inserts has been offered, which makes it possible to control the tension of the elastomeric head straps of the respirator to visualize the weakening of the pressure forces responsible for maintaining a tight fit.

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Chuang, Tzu-Ying, Tania Thomas, Vickie Garrison, Jonathon Schuch, Benjamin Kozower, and Joshua Eby. "1160. Infrequency of Respirator Change Following Annual Respiratory Fit Testing at an Academic Medical Center." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.993.

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Abstract Background The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of the Department of Labor requires that healthcare employers perform annual respiratory fit testing (RFT) for respiratory protection of employees with patient exposure. The annual cost of RFT in the United States is greater than $8 million and each fit test requires approximately 20 minutes. Due to the high resource expenditure for RFT, we sought to identify factors associated with changing respirators. Methods During annual RFT at the University of Virginia, employees complete a questionnaire about interval clinical changes since the last RFT. Questions are based on publications indicating that certain characteristics are associated with respirator change, including: have you had dental surgery, surgery on your face, or trauma; has your weight changed by >10%; have you been or are you currently pregnant; do you recall your mask type; do you want to change masks. Answers to these questions from May 2016 through March of 2018 were compiled and analyzed by Chi-square test using Excel and R. P-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results A total of 4,278 employees completed questions at least once during the time period, with 29 requiring respirator change after RFT. Requesting a mask change, and 10% weight change were significantly associated with respirator change. Pregnancy and facial trauma were not significantly associated with respirator change. Of those who changed respirator, nine reported no change in weight, no facial trauma, and no pregnancy. Conclusion The infrequency of respirator change suggests that limiting RFT to those most likely to change their respirator may hold more value than screening all employees annually; however, questions included in this evaluation did not identify all employees who would require respirator change. We are continuing evaluation of predictors of respirator changes and association with tuberculin skin test conversion to improve efficiency of RFT. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Gibbs, Jenna L., and Matthew W. Nonnenmann. "OSHA Voluntary Respirator Use: Challenges incurred with use of N95 filtering facepiece respirators during the COVID-19 pandemic." Toxicology and Industrial Health 36, no. 9 (September 2020): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233720967530.

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This article discusses several lessons learned in dealing with the interpretation of the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) Voluntary Use provision of the Respiratory Health Standard at health-care facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. This includes (but is not limited to) (a) confusion about OSHA policy and procedures when health-care workers brought outside personal protective equipment (PPE; N95 filtering facepiece respirators) into the workplace; (b) challenges in adhering to guidelines stated in Appendix D of the Respiratory Protection Standard; (c) difficulty in achieving respirator fit testing for workers; and (d) vague or inconsistent determination of “non-hazardous” environments (concerning COVID-laden droplets and aerosols). The purpose was to identify gaps in knowledge to help policy makers, enforcement personnel, safety managers, and health-care workers in the United States prepare for similar future events involving PPE shortages.

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Holinko, Vasyl, and Bohdan Kravchenko. "ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION FOR CHOOSING INDIVIDUAL RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MEANS." JOURNAL of Donetsk mining institute 53, no. 2 (2023): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/1999-981x-2023-2-14-25.

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Objective. Develop a theoretical and methodological approach to economically justify the selection of individual respiratory protection means (IRPM) taking into account the risk of occupational respiratory organ diseases caused by workplace air pollution and the impact of respirators on employee productivity. Methods. The study uses analytical methods, probability theory methods, statistical data analysis of respiratory diseases in employees, and economic-mathematical modeling methods. Results. The proposed methodological approach for choosing IRPM for respiratory protective equipment for employees takes into account both the expenses for procurement and maintenance of respirators, as well as the losses associated with their use. This includes the economic impact of occupational diseases caused by dust exposure, reduced employee productivity when using IRPM, and accidents related to its use. Analytical dependencies are used to calculate the losses of various types of respirators, considering their protection class, breathing resistance, and usage conditions. These conditions include the difficulty of work, meteorological conditions, maximum single permissible dust concentration in the workplace air, and the duration of work in harmful conditions. The probability of occupational diseases caused by dust is assessed based on probability relationships.. Scientific novelty. The proposed methodological approach for selecting IRPM for respiratory organ protection is unique in its comprehensive consideration of procurement and maintenance costs and the losses associated with using or not using IRPM. This includes the economic consequences of events related to the occurrence of occupational diseases caused by dust, reduced employee productivity when using IRPM, and accidents related to IRPM use. Practical value. Implementing the proposed approach for selecting IRPM for individaul respiratory protection means will allow companies to justify their expenses for purchasing and maintaining respirators and reduce the risk of occupational diseases caused by dust exposure among employees working in harmful conditions. Keywords: risk, occupational diseases, harmful occupational factors, dust, working conditions, individual respiratory protection means, economic justification.

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Meral, Gulsen. "Identification of respiratory syncthial virus in nasal secretions in lower respiratory tract infections." International Journal of Academic Research 9, no. 1 (December 30, 2017): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2017/9-1/a.9.

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HODOUS, THOMAS K., JOHN L. HANKINSON, and GREGORY P. STARK. "Workplace Measurement of Respirator Effects Using Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 50, no. 7 (July 1989): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298668991374822.

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Harber, Philip, Silverio Santiago, Siddharth Bansal, Yihang Liu, David Yun, and Samantha Wu. "Respirator Physiologic Impact in Persons With Mild Respiratory Disease." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 52, no. 2 (February 2010): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0b013e3181ca0ec9.

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Fukakusa, J., J. Rosenblat, B. Jang, M. Ribeiro, I. Kudla, and S. M. Tarlo. "Factors influencing respirator use at work in respiratory patients." Occupational Medicine 61, no. 8 (October 3, 2011): 576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqr132.

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Esperanza, Peón Ceballos. "Nursing performance in non-invasive mechanical ventilation." Nuberos científica VOLUMEN 6, no. 38 (December 1, 2023): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.58798/nc.2023.15.58.004.

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La Ventilación Mecánica Invasiva se define como recurso de soporte vital que ha contribuido decisivamente en mejorar la vida de los pacientes en estado crítico, sobre todo aquellos que sufren insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (IRA). Se hace a través de un respirador. Invasive Mechanical Ventilation is defined as a life support resource that has contributed decisively to improving the lives of critically ill patients, especially those suffering from acute respiratory failure (ARI). It is done through a respirator.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Respiratory'

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