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1
Messaggi-Sartor, Monique 1984. "Respiratory muscle dysfunction in respiratory and non-respiratory diseases : clinical and therapeutic approaches." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/565809.
Full textAbstract:
Respiratory muscle dysfunction is a clinical condition that may be present in both respiratory and non-respiratory diseases. This impairment of muscle function can have a negative effect on clinical outcomes, contributing to a further worsening of the patient’s clinical condition. This doctoral thesis has been directed by the ‘Rehabilitation Research Group’ (RERG) in collaboration with the Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Group (Lung Cancer and Muscle Research Group) of the Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM) in Barcelona. Muscle dysfunction has been a priority area of research in these groups from different perspectives: exercise and muscle training in the RERG, Physiopathology and Molecular Biology in the Lung Cancer and Muscle Research Group. The large number of published studies in journals with high impact factor endorses the quality and leadership of these research groups. Up to then, research on RMT had focused on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but had been scarcely addressed in other conditions. In the last 5 years, the RERG has aimed to study the effects of RMT in other respiratory diseases (bronchiectasis, lung cancer) and in non-respiratory diseases. The study of respiratory muscle dysfunction in stroke patients has made it possible to start an increasing collaboration with neurorehabilitation researchers, in which RMT plays a role in the management of patients with dysphagia.La disfunción muscular respiratoria es una condición clínica que puede estar presente tanto en las enfermedades respiratorias como no respiratorias. Este deterioro de la función muscular puede tener un efecto negativo en los resultados clínicos, lo que contribuye a un mayor empeoramiento de la condición clínica del paciente. Esta tesis doctoral ha sido dirigida por el "Grupo de Investigación en Rehabilitación" (RERG) en colaboración con el Grupo de Investigación de Enfermedades Respiratorias Crónicas y Cáncer de Pulmón (Grupo de Investigación de Cáncer de Pulmón y Músculo) del Instituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Mèdiques (IMIM) en Barcelona. La disfunción muscular ha sido un área prioritaria de investigación en estos grupos desde diferentes perspectivas: ejercicio y entrenamiento muscular en el RERG, Fisiopatología y Biología Molecular en el Cáncer de Pulmón y el Grupo de Investigación Muscular. El gran número de estudios publicados en revistas con alto factor de impacto refuerza la calidad y liderazgo de estos grupos de investigación. Hasta entonces, la investigación sobre RMT se había centrado en los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, pero apenas se había abordado en otras condiciones. En los últimos 5 años, el RERG se ha propuesto estudiar los efectos de la RMT en otras enfermedades respiratorias (bronquiectasias, cáncer de pulmón) y en enfermedades no respiratorias. El estudio de la disfunción de los músculos respiratorios en los pacientes con ictus ha permitido iniciar una creciente colaboración con los investigadores de neurorehabilitación, en los que RMT desempeña un papel en el tratamiento de los pacientes con disfagia.
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Wu, Bingbing. "Ensuring Respiratory Protection through Respirator Fit Testing and Real-Time Monitoring." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1535374058309808.
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Oliveira, Ana Luísa Araújo. "Adventitious respiratory sounds in children with respiratory infection." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13734.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em FisioterapiaBackground: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are the leading cause of hospital visits in children under 5 years old. Therefore, there is an urgent and unmet need to develop objective, reliable and quick measures for respiratory paediatric assessment. Computerised adventitious respiratory sounds (ARS) have shown to be objective and reliable to assess/monitor respiratory diseases; however its application in children with LRTI is unknown. Aim: To characterise/compare ARS in healthy children and children with LRTI. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive-comparative study was conducted in three healthcare institutions. Children were diagnosed by the paediatrician as healthy or with a LRTI and grouped according to their age (i.e, 0-2 years old or 3-5 years old). Socio-demographic and anthropometric data, type and severity of LRTI and cardio-respiratory parameters were collected. Respiratory sounds were recorded from the chest with a digital stethoscope following the Computerised Respiratory Sound Analysis guidelines. Wheezes’ location, mean number, type, frequency and occupation rate and crackles’ location, mean number, type, frequency, initial deflection width, two cycle duration, and largest deflection width were analysed per breathing phase. Results: Forty children enrolled in this study: 22 aged 0-2 years old (G1: 11 healthy; G2: 11 with LRTI) and 18 aged 3-5 years old (G3: 9 healthy; G4: 9 with LRTI). Few children, both healthy and with LRTI presented wheezes. In both age ranges, children with LRTI presented a higher percentage of the expiratory phase occupied by wheezes (G1: M 2.15 IQR 1.45 vs. G2: M 4.73 IQR 6.72 p=0.001; G3: M 2.80 IQR 3.27 vs. G4: M 5.17 IQR 15.99 p=0.07). Crackles were found in all children in at least one chest location. In both age ranges, children with LRTI presented more inspiratory crackles (G1: M 0.25 IQR 0.31 vs. G2: M 0.52 IQR 0.70; p<0.001; G3: M 0.50 IQR 0.49 vs. G4: M 0.70 IQR 0.21 p=0.03), especially fine crackles than healthy children (G1: M 0.07 IQR 0.13 vs. G2: M 0.18 IQR 0.42 p=0.001; G3: M 0.11 IQR 0.21 vs. G4: M 0.17 IQR 0.23 p=0.001). Coarse expiratory crackles were the most common type of crackle found in both healthy children (G1: M 0.33 IQR 0.56; G3: M 0.56 IQR 0.99) and children with LRTI (G2: M 0.33 IQR 0.56; G4: M 1.14 IQR 1.38). No differences were found for the remaining parameters. Conclusion: Healthy children and children with LRTI of different ages present ARS (i.e., crackles and wheezes). The occupation rate of wheezes and the mean number of crackles were the parameters that most differed between healthy children and children with LRTI in both age ranges. Therefore these ARS’ parameters may be the best criteria to discriminate the groups.
Enquadramento: As infeções respiratórias do tracto inferior (IRTI) são a principal causa de visitas/admissões hospitalares em crianças com idade inferior a 5 anos. Desta forma, verifica-se uma urgente necessidade de desenvolver medidas de avaliação respiratória pediátricas que sejam objetivas, fiáveis e de rápida aplicação. Os sons respiratórios adventícios (SRA) computorizados têmse revelado objetivos e fiáveis na avaliação/monitorização de doenças respiratórias; contudo a sua aplicação em pediatria é desconhecida. Objetivos: Caracterizar/comparar os SRA em crianças saudáveis e com IRTI. Métodos: Um estudo transversal descritivo-comparativo foi realizado em três instituições de saúde. As crianças foram diagnosticadas pelo pediatra como saudáveis ou com IRTI e agrupadas de acordo com a sua idade (i.e., 0-2 anos ou 3-5 anos). Dados antropométricos, sócio-demográficos, cardio-respiratório e tipo/severidade da IRTI foram recolhidos. Os sons respiratórios foram foram recolhidos no tórax com um estetoscópio digital, de acordo com as orientações internacionais. A localização, número médio, tipo, frequência e taxa de ocupação das sibilâncias e a localização número médio, tipo, frequência, initial deflection width, two cycle duration, e largest deflection width dos fervores foram analizados por fase respiratória. Resultados: Quarenta crianças participaram neste estudo: 22 com idades entre is 0-2 anos (G1: 11 saudáveis; G2: 11 com IRTI) e 18 com idades entre os 3-5 anos (G3: 9 saudáveis; G4: 9 com IRTI). Poucas crianças de ambos os grupos apresentaram sibilâncias. Para ambas as faixas etárias as crianças com IRTI apresentaram uma maior percentagem da expiração ocupada por sibilâncias (G1: M 2.15 IQR 1.45 vs. G2: M 4.73 IQR 6.72 p=0.001; G3: M 2.80 IQR 3.27 vs. G4: M 5.17 IQR 15.99 p=0.07). Todas as crianças apresentaram fervores em pelo menos um local de auscultação. Em ambas as faixas etárias, aqueles com IRTI apresentaram mais fervores inspiratórios (G1: M 0.25 IQR 0.31 vs. G2: M 0.52 IQR 0.70; p<0.001; G3: M 0.50 IQR 0.49 vs. G4: M 0.70 IQR 0.21 p=0.03), especialmente fervores crepitantes , (G1: M 0.07 IQR 0.13 vs. G2: M 0.18 IQR 0.42 p=0.001; G3: M 0.11 IQR 0.21 vs. G4: M 0.17 IQR 0.23 p=0.001). Os fervores expiratórios subcrepitantes foram os mais comuns entre todas as crianças (G1: M 0.33 IQR 0.56; G2: M 0.33 IQR 0.56; G3: M 0.56 IQR 0.99; G4: M 1.14 IQR 1.38).Não foram encontradas diferenças relativamente aos restantes parâmetros avaliados. Conclusão: Crianças saudáveis e com IRTI de diferentes faixas etárias apresentam SRA (i.e., sibilâncias e fervores). A taxa de ocupação das sibilâncias e o número de fervores foram as características que apresentaram mais diferenças entre os participantes saudáveis e os participantes com IRTI. Desta forma, conclui-se que estas características dos SRA poderão constituir os melhores critérios de discriminação entre os grupos.
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Else, Liana. "Lived experiences of professional nurses caring for mechanically ventilated patients." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/8295.
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Critical care nursing is a speciality that continues to evolve and transform. Critical care nurses of the 21st century routinely care for the complex, critically ill patient, integrating sophisticated technology with the accompanying psychosocial challenges and the ethical conflicts associated with critical illness – while, at the same time, addressing the needs and concerns of the family. Providing nursing care in such a dynamic and fast-track unit can pose various challenges for the critical care nurse. Professional nurses are the backbone of any health-care system. The quality of nursing directly affects the patients’ outcomes, and nursing care must therefore be rendered meticulously. Mechanical ventilator support is routinely needed for critically ill adults in these care units and is also a common therapy in sub-acute and long-term care settings. The care of the mechanically ventilated patient is the core of a professional nurse`s practice in the critical care unit. The mechanically ventilated patient presents many challenges for the professional nurse, while the critical care unit poses as a stressful environment for the professional nurse as well as the patient. The objectives of this study therefore were to explore and describe the lived experiences of professional nurses while caring for mechanically ventilated patients, and to develop recommendations to support professional nurses while caring for mechanically ventilated patients. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual research design was utilised. Data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews and analysed according to the framework provided by Tesch. Purposive sampling was used to select a sample of professional nurses working in a critical care environment. Guba’s model was utilised to verify data and to ensure trustworthiness of the study. Ethical principles were adhered to throughout this research study. With the analysed data, recommendations were to support professional nurses while caring for mechanically ventilated.
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Wetterberg, Torbjörn. "Treatment of critical respiratory failure in adult respiratory distress syndrome." Lund : Dept. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University, University Hospital, 1992. http://books.google.com/books?id=WBVsAAAAMAAJ.
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POMIDORI, Luca. "Efficacia di diversi trattamenti riabilitativi in soggetti affetti da Broncopneumopatia Cronica Ostruttiva (BPCO)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2388753.
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Background:
International guidelines recommend pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients in all stages of the disease, in particular for those patients who experience exercise-related restrictions in daily physical activities. The success of Pulmonary Rehabilitation programs resides in the integration between exercise prescription , the choice of methods and patients' compliance with home training. Several methods that can be applied to improve exercise performance in patients with COPD. One of the crucial issue for the patients is the understanding of the correct exercise intensity especially for the development of cardio-respiratory fitness (general exercise training). If the choice of method affects the area respiratory muscle training (inspiratory muscles training-IMT), normocapnic hyperventilation seems effective in improving exercise endurance in healthy subjects but few data are available for COPD patients. My PhD program consist in two studies with the common aim to evaluate the efficacy of different methods of training to improve exercise capacity and Quality of Life.
Study N°1:
The first study aimed to compare 2 methods of home exercise training (based on walking) titled
“A simple method for home exercise training in COPD patients: 1-year study”
Methods: 47 COPD were recruited and underwent respiratory function, exercise capacity evaluation with six minutes walking test (6MWT) and treadmill tests. Physical Activity was monitored by multisensor Armband. Patients were randomly assigned to 2 different home training methods and assessed again after 6 and 12 months. Group A1) speed walking marked by a metronome; Group A2) covering a known distance in a fixed time.
Results: Thirty-six patients completed the study (77% of the enrolled patients). All subjects showed a significant improvement in 6MWT after 1 year but the improvement was higher in A1 than in A2 (p<0.05). Physical Activity levels were significantly higher at T12 vs baseline only in group A1(p<0.05).
Conclusions: The use of a metronome to keep the rate of walking during the home exercise training improves the understanding of exercise intensity allowing the patients to follow the exercise prescription and to get better results.
Study N°2:
The second study aimed to assess the effects of 4 weeks of normocapnic hyperventilation (NH) by means of Spirotiger® titled “Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) with normocapnic hyperventilation (NH) improves respiratory muscle strength, exercise performance and ventilatory pattern in COPD patients”.
Methods: 21 COPD were recruited. Respiratory function tests (FEV1, FVC, Pimax), QoL (St George's Questionnarie), 6MWT and endurance exercise performed at 75-80% of peak-work rate measured during an incremental test to the limit of tolerance (tLIM). 7 of 21 patients were instrumented with a portable inductive plethysmografhy (Lifeshirt System) to evaluate breathing pattern during tLIM. After 1 month of weekly supervised training, the patients trained at home for 4 weeks: 10 min twice a day at a breathing rate 12-24/min with a tidal volume (TV) equal to 50% of CV.
Results: 6 patients dropped out (poor compliance). IMT significantly improved Pimax, QoL, exercise capacity (Tab 1). Ventilatory pattern after IMT is characterized by a significantly higher TV with no change in VE (Tab 2).
Table1
FEV1(%)
FVC(%)
Pimax(KPa)
QoL(tot)
tLIM(min)
6MWt(m)
preIMT
55,216,9
82,322,8
8,93
22,716,6
6,43,4
43674,5
postIMT
57,615,8
82,724,1
9,72,8*
17,512,2*
10,37,4*
466,279,7*
Table2
SpO2mean(%)
VE(L/min)
TV(L/min)
Br(b/min)
preIMT
912,2
28,616,1
0,80,4
334,2
postIMT
92,31,5*
2916,4
0,90,4*
30,86,5
*p<0,05.
Conclusions: After a short IMT with NH, COPD patients show a higher exercise capacity and an intriguing change in ventilatory pattern which improves oxygen saturation.
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Chilvers, Mark Alexander. "Human respiratory cilia." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30503.
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Human respiratory cilia densely line the airways and beat continually removing mucus and debris from the respiratory tract. Ciliary damage may be primary, from genetic causes, or secondary due to a variety of toxins, bacteria, or viruses. This may result in a reduction in ciliary beat frequency and abnormalities of ciliary beat pattern. Digital high-speed imaging has been presented as a technique to measure both ciliary beat frequency and beat pattern. This has been evaluated against existing methods and found to be a gold standard. Using this method the ciliary beat pattern has been evaluated in detail for the first time. Cilia were found to beat with a forward power stroke and a recovery stroke within the same plane. Using digital high speed imaging normal reference ranges have been evaluated for both a paediatric and young adult population. Data has been collected for ciliary beat frequency, beat pattern and ultrastructural parameters. Having established normal reference ranges it has been possible to evaluate ciliary beat frequency, beat pattern and ultrastructure inpatients with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Different beat patterns were found to be associated with different ultrastructural defects. Digital high-speed imaging is a gold standard for evaluation of ciliary beat frequency and beat pattern. With the availability of normal reference ranges it can be used confidently as a diagnostic and research method.
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Dodd, Will. "Pediatric Respiratory Disease." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8938.
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Rossor, Thomas Edward. "Neonatal respiratory control." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/neonatal-respiratory-control(54db316a-40bc-4920-b563-c555348e1d77).html.
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Background: Disruption of the development of a stable and responsive system of respiratory control may be central to neonatal apnoea and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Aims: To test the hypotheses that sleeping position, maternal smoking and substance misuse will alter the ventilatory responses to hypercarbia and hypoxia in term infants; prematurely born infants with a lower ventilatory response to hypercarbia are at greater risk of developing apnoea, caffeine will increase this response; management of gastro-oesophageal reflux varies between NICUs, investigations that detect non-acid reflux will be more sensitive in diagnosing GORD, apnoea frequency will be greater following reflux events than before. Methods: The hypoxic and hypercarbic ventilatory responses were measured in term infants. The ventilatory response to hypercarbia was measured in preterm infants soon after birth and weekly until discharge. A survey was sent to UK NICUs. Infants on the NICU were investigated with pH/MII and polysomnography. Results of Upper gastro-intestinal contrast studies were compared with the results of pH/MII study. Results: Maternal substance misuse alters breathing characteristics and response to hypoxia in newborns. In these infants prone compared to supine sleeping is associated with a lower minute volume. In prematurely born infants, a lower ventilatory response to hypercarbia predicted those that would develop apnoea. Caffeine was associated with an increased ventilatory response to hypercarbia. Investigation and management of gastro-oesophageal reflux in NICUs varies widely. pH/MII increases the detection of reflux events compared to pH alone. The results of pH/MII and upper gastro-intestinal contrast study correlate poorly. Apnoea frequency is no greater following reflux than preceding, or during reflux free periods. Conclusion: Risks factors for SIDS alter respiratory control; apnoea of prematurity is associated with a reduced response to hypercarbia, which is increased by caffeine; there is little evidence for a role of gastro-oesophageal reflux in the pathogenesis of apnoea.
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Del, Valle Mendoza Juana, Tapia Ángela Cornejo, Pablo Weilg, Eduardo Verne, Fuertes Ronald Nazario, Claudia Ugarte, Valle Luis J. del, and Toma´ s. Pumarola. "Incidence of Respiratory Viruses in Peruvian Children With Acute Respiratory Infections." John Wiley & Sons, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/347016.
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jdelvall@upc.edu.peAcute respiratory infections are responsible for high morbi–mortality in Peruvian children. However, the etiological agents are poorly identified. This study, conducted during the pandemic outbreak of H1N1 influenza in 2009, aims to determine the main etiological agents responsible for acute respiratory infections in children from Lima, Peru. Nasopharyngeal swabs collected from 717 children with acute respiratory infections between January 2009 and December 2010 were analyzed by multiplex RT-PCR for 13 respiratory viruses: influenza A, B, and C virus; parainfluenza virus (PIV) 1, 2, 3, and 4; and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A and B, among others. Samples were also tested with direct fluorescent-antibodies (DFA) for six respiratory viruses. RT-PCR and DFA detected respiratory viruses in 240 (33.5%) and 85 (11.9%) cases, respectively. The most common etiological agents were RSV-A (15.3%), followed by influenza A (4.6%), PIV-1 (3.6%), and PIV-2 (1.8%). The viruses identified by DFA corresponded to RSV (5.9%) and influenza A (1.8%). Therefore, respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) were found to be the most common etiology of acute respiratory infections. The authors suggest that active surveillance be conducted to identify the causative agents and improve clinical management, especially in the context of possible circulation of pandemic viruses
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Hart, Dirk. "Loop mediated isothermal amplification to detect respiratory syncytial virus in respiratory specimens." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96670.
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Thesis (MScMedSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children worldwide. Early diagnosis of RSV infection is associated with shorter periods of hospitalisation and decreased mortality. Current point of care (PoC) tests for RSV is less sensitive than molecular methods. Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), is a novel method of nucleic acid detection which allows for rapid, robust amplification, and visual detection of infectious agents. Aim: The objective of this study was to develop a novel, rapid, and sensitive multiplex RSV RT-LAMP assay for PoC diagnosis of RSV A and B. Methods: Preparation of a quantitative RSV standard for assay optimisation was done using a rapid hypotonic burst recovery method of infective virus during sub-passaging, and a shell vial fluorescent focus assay for titration of culture-derived viral stock. We designed a single set of eight primers targeting the large polymerase gene of both RSV A and B, and developed a novel single-step multiplex RSV RT-LAMP assay, using an in-house reaction mix and the Rotor-Gene Q real-time thermocycler (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The metal ion indicator hydroxy naphtol blue (HNB) was added to the multiplex RSV RT-LAMP assay for visual detection of RSV. Results: The final optimised multiplex RSV RT-LAMP assay had an analytical detection sensitivity of <10 focus forming units (FFU) per reaction for both RSV A and B, with a mean time to positivity of 21.85 minutes (95% CI 19.2-24.5 minutes), compared to 90-120 minutes for conventional PCR. Evaluated against the Seeplex RV15 multiplex PCR (Seegene, Seoul, Korea) by testing 44 (22 RSV A/22 RSV B) nasopharyngeal specimens, the multiplex RSV RT-LAMP assay had a sensitivity of 100%, and a specificity of 100% when screened against nine common respiratory viruses. Visual detection of RSV using HNB as colorimetric reagent was equivalent to the analytical sensitivity (10 FFU/reaction) and specificity (100%) of the multiplex RSV RT-LAMP assay. Conclusion: Compared with conventional PCR, our novel single-step multiplex RSV RTLAMP assay had excellent sensitivity, specificity, and when combined with HNB dye could provide accurate visual diagnosis within 1 hour. We envisage that this multiplex RSV RTLAMP assay will be used for rapid and sensitive RSV detection at the PoC.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Respiratoriese Syncytial Virus (RSV) is die hoof oorsaak van erge laer lugweginfeksie in babas en kinders wêreldwyd. Vroeë diagnose van RSV infeksie word geassosieer met korter periodes van hospitalisasie en verlaagde mortaliteit. Huidige punt van sorg (PoC) toetse vir RSV is minder sensitief as molekulêre metodes. Omgekeerde transkripsie lus-gemedieerde isotermiese amplifisering (RT-LAMP), is 'n nuwe metode van nukleïensuur opsporing wat voorsiening maak vir vinnige, doeltreffende amplifisering, en visuele bevestiging van aansteeklike agente. Doel: Die doel van hierdie studie was om 'n nuwe, vinnige en sensitiewe multipleks RSV RTLAMP toets te ontwikkel wat PoC diagnose van RSV A en B in staat stel. Metodes: Voorbereiding van 'n kwantitatiewe RSV standaard vir toets optimisering is gedoen met behulp van 'n hipotoniese sel-lise metode van infektiewe virus tydens sub-kultuur, en 'n “shell-vial” kultuur en fluorosensie fokus toets vir titrasie van kultuur-geproduseerde virus voorraad. Ons het 'n enkele stel van agt inleiers ontwerp wat gebaseer is op die groot polimerase geen van beide RSV A en B, en 'n nuwe enkel-stap multipleks RSV RT-LAMP toets ontwikkel, met gebruik van 'n in-huis reaksie mengsel en die Rotor-Gene Q “real-time” thermocycler (Qiagen, Hilden, Duitsland). Die metaalioon aanwyser hidroksi naphtol blou (HNB) is bygevoeg in die multipleks RSV RT-LAMP toets vir visuele bevestiging van RSV. Resultate: Die finale geoptimiseerde multipleks RSV RT-LAMP toets het 'n analitiese sensitiwiteit van <10 fokus vormende eenhede (FFU) per reaksie vir beide RSV A en B gehad, met 'n gemiddelde tyd tot positiwiteit van 21.85 minute (95% CI 19.2-24.5 minute) , in vergelyking met 90-120 minute vir konvensionele PCR. Geëvalueer teen die Seeplex RV15 multipleks PCR (Seegene, Seoul, Korea) deur 44 (22 RSV A/22 RSV B) nasofaringeale monsters te toets, het die multipleks RSV RT-LAMP toets 'n sensitiwiteit van 100% getoon, en 'n spesifisiteit van 100% wanneer getoets teen nege algemene respiratoriese virusse. Visuele bevestiging van RSV met gebruik van HNB as kolorimetriese reagens was gelykstaande aan die analitiese sensitiwiteit (10 FFU/reaksie) en spesifisiteit (100%) van die multipleks RSV RT-LAMP toets. Gevolgtrekking: In vergelyking met konvensionele PCR, het ons nuwe enkel-stap multipleks RSV RT-LAMP toets uitstekende sensitiwiteit, spesifisiteit, en wanneer dit gekombineer word met HNB kleurstof kon dit akkurate visuele diagnose voorsien binne 1 uur. Ons verwag dat hierdie multipleks RSV RT-LAMP toets gebruik sal word vir vinnige en sensitiewe RSV bevestiging by die PoC.
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Nagyova, Beatrix Valeria. "Respiratory effects of hypoxia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320659.
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Lown, Felicity Jane. "Respiratory mutants of chlamydomonas." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271247.
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Boyter, Anne Claire. "Prescribing in respiratory medicine." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405138.
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Kift, Jamie. "The exercising respiratory system." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2007. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/the-exercising-respiratory-system(f126009b-24e7-407e-9286-dcbff4a59736).html.
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Although oxygen transport (i.e. maximal cardiac output) is the usual determinant of maximal exercise capacity (i.e. VO2UAX ) in healthy humans, it is not the sole determinant of exercise performance. Whilst the potential capacity of the respiratory system has been described as being 'over-built' for exercise, a number of respiratory system functions have been linked with exercise limitation, in both trained and untrained individuals. The purpose of this research was to examine the effect exercise has on the functions of the respiratory system. For reasons which will be outlined function of the respiratory system can be described, in part, by airflow profile and breathing pattern. Initially, the tidal airflow profile and breathing pattern, at rest and during exercise of various intensities was examined; specifically looking at how tidal breathing variables are altered in response to increased metabolic demands. Initial findings were that there is vast diversity in the resting tidal breathing profile (« = 148), with significant differences (p < 0.05) being observed in a number of variables between males and females. Onset of exercise alters the majority of tidal airflow characteristics but the pattern of change is similar in both sexes. Over a range of exercise intensities the termination of exercise and increased ventilation rates vary, as does the magnitude of some of the respiratory profile changes, but many of the timing changes are the same, particularly those of breathing frequency (fe), the ratio between inspiration and expiration (ti/tToi) and the late occurrence of peak inspiratory flow (tpir). This consistency of characteristic changes with exercise termination strongly suggests that they may play an important role in exercise limitation. Following maximal incremental cycling the majority of tidal breathing characteristics returned to pre-exercise values within 10 minutes of the end of exercise, including the rapid shallow breathing observed in a number of subjects, which has been associated with respiratory muscle fatigue. Subsequent trails showed that both the inspiratory and expiratory muscle's ability to produce maximum respiratory pressures was significantly impeded post exercise, probably due to respiratory muscle fatigue. Flow and volume characteristics of maximum exercise ventilation differed significantly from those obtained by the maximum voluntary ventilation manoeuvre, highlighting the inappropriateness of using the MVV as a measure of ventilatory capacity during exercise. Changes in respiratory system functions are reflected in changes in airflow profile. This thesis explores the use of profile measurements to detect and measure factors that limit exercise.
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Lee, Suk Jin. "PREDICTION OF RESPIRATORY MOTION." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/336.
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Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment method that employs high-energy radiation beams to destroy cancer cells by damaging the ability of these cells to reproduce. Thoracic and abdominal tumors may change their positions during respiration by as much as three centimeters during radiation treatment. The prediction of respiratory motion has become an important research area because respiratory motion severely affects precise radiation dose delivery. This study describes recent radiotherapy technologies including tools for measuring target position during radiotherapy and tracking-based delivery systems. In the first part of our study we review three prediction approaches of respiratory motion, i.e., model-based methods, model-free heuristic learning algorithms, and hybrid methods. In the second part of our work we propose respiratory motion estimation with hybrid implementation of extended Kalman filter. The proposed method uses the recurrent neural network as the role of the predictor and the extended Kalman filter as the role of the corrector. In the third part of our work we further extend our research work to present customized prediction of respiratory motion with clustering from multiple patient interactions. For the customized prediction we construct the clustering based on breathing patterns of multiple patients using the feature selection metrics that are composed of a variety of breathing features. In the fourth part of our work we retrospectively categorize breathing data into several classes and propose a new approach to detect irregular breathing patterns using neural networks. We have evaluated the proposed new algorithm by comparing the prediction overshoot and the tracking estimation value. The experimental results of 448 patients’ breathing patterns validated the proposed irregular breathing classifier.
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Winkworth, Alison. "Respiratory activity during speech." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1995. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26806.
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The aim of this project was to examine the extent of variability of speech breathing patterns in two groups of healthy subjects using non-invasive respiratory measurement (respiratory inductance plethysmography and linearised magnetometers). In the first two studies (Chapters 3 and 4), lung volume measurement of 6 young women was combined with observation of the temporal and linguistic aspects of speech breathing, as well as speech intensity measurement, as the subjects returned for up to 10 repeat sessions in 3 weeks.
During oral reading, lung volumes during speech were found to be significantly variable over time, both between and within individuals, whereas the location of inspirations was relatively invariant: most pauses for breath occurred exclusively at grammatically appropriate places in the texts. Some of the intrasubject lung volume variation was associated with changes in speaking intensity, and significant associations were found between anticipatory lung volumes and the length of the upcoming breath group, suggesting that subjects scan ahead during reading and breathe accordingly.
During spontaneous speech too, linguistic factors were important influences in the lung volume variation, with the volume of air inspired linked to the length of the following utterance. Further, the majority of breaths were taken at structural (clause) boundaries. In contrast to the findings during reading, speaking intensity, however, was not strongly associated with lung volume variation in spontaneous speech. Results of a self-reported mood state questionnaire (The Profile of Mood States) suggested that some of the subjects' lung volume variation was associated with day to day changes in mood, and the possibility of variation due to hormonal factors was also suggested, with data collected on the subjects' menstrual cycles indicating an association.
The Lombard effect, that of increased speech intensity in background noise, was used in Study 3 (Chapter 5) to achieve louder speech in a group of 5 healthy young women, while simultaneous respiratory and speech measurements were made. Despite the wide range of speech intensity encompassed, lung volume responses were not predictable, and there were discrepancies between reading‘ and spontaneous speech. It is clear that increased lung volumes are not always the preferred mechanism for achieving the higher subglottic pressures required for louder speech. The previously reported association between inspired lung volume and the length of the upcoming utterance again held true for this study, suggesting that linguistic factors are stronger in influencing lung volume variation than speaking intensity.
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Svantesson, Cecilia. "Respiratory mechanics during mechanical ventilation in health and in disease." Lund : Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Lund University, 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/38987113.html.
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Vicentini, Alexsandra Lopes. "Simulação em protótipo do sistema respiratório com ventilador de pressão positiva e análise das alterações devido às obstruções do fluxo aéreo pulmonar /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97042.
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Orientador: Araildo Lima da SilvaBanca: Araildo Lima da Silva
Banca: João Zangrandi Filho
Banca: Mauro Cesar Tavares de Souza
Resumo: A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) é um sério problema de Saúde Pública na maior parte do mundo, é uma patologia progressiva e incapacitante. No Brasil atinge de 6% a 15,8% da população com mais de 40 anos, entre 3 e 7 milhões de doentes. É responsável por 270 mil hospitalizações e cerca de 30 mil óbitos/ano. A ventilação mecânica se impõe como recurso necessário nos casos de descompensação da DPOC, porém, ainda hoje, apesar dos modernos ventiladores e do melhor conhecimento da fisiopatologia da doença, a ventilação mecânica é utilizada de 20% a 60% nos pacientes com DPOC internados, e a mortalidade hospitalar varia de 10% a 30%, o que aponta para a necessidade de mais estudos. Com base nesses dados, desenvolvemos e construímos um protótipo do sistema respiratório no laboratório de Biomecânica do Departamento de Mecânica da FEG/UNESP de Guaratinguetá, com o objetivo de simular a ventilação com pressão positiva. Esta simulação serviu como mediadora da aplicabilidade do ventilador mecânico de pressão positiva, modelo Bird Mark 7, frente a diferentes graus de obstrução do fluxo aéreo pulmonar. Utilizando o software de estatística SPSS, avaliamos a correlação entre as variáveis pesquisadas, o que constatou fortes índices de correlação entre as variáveis, todas acima de 0,9 e o nível de significância menores do que 1%, o que demonstra um alto grau de confiabilidade dos dados, permitindo-se constatar fortes indícios de essas variáveis serem correlacionadas. A contribuição maior desta pesquisa reside no que diz respeito ao aperfeiçoamento e desenvolvimento da técnica de ventilação mecânica e que possibilite a otimização no tratamento, prognóstico, sobrevida e melhoria da qualidade de vida dos pacientes portadores da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica.
Abstract: A chronical obstructive pulmonary disease (DPOC) is a serious problem that occurs in public health around the world. It is an increasing and incapacitating pathology. In Brazil, it occurs in a range of 6% to 15,8% in a population above 40 years old, causing problems in around 3 to 7 million people. It is responsible to 270 thousand hospitalizations and around 30 thousand deaths a year. Mechanical ventilation becomes a necessary resource in DPOC arrhythmia, but, still today, despite all modern ventilators and the increase of knowledge on the physiopathology of the disease, mechanical ventilation is used in 20 to 60% of patients with DPOC and death rates in hospitals has varied from 10% to 30% what demonstrate the necessity of more studies. Based on these data, we developed and built a prototype of the respiratory system in the Biomechanics Laboratory at the Mechanical Department of FEG/UNESP located at Guaratinguetá, with the intent of simulating the ventilation with positive pressure. This stimulation was applied as a measure for the positive pressure mechanical ventilator, model Bird Mark 7, observing different stages of pulmonary air flow obstructions. Using the SPSS statistic software, we evaluate the co-relation among the variables that have been presented as "high variables", all over 0,9%, and significant levels lower than 1%, what gives us a high level of confidence on the data, allowing us to focus on the high indications of these co-relations. The biggest contribution of this research is the development and the increase on the technics for mechanical ventilation with positive pressure, and also that it will improve the treatment of the disease, its prognosis, its forecoming and bring a better life quality for patients with chronically pulmonary obstruction disease.
Mestre
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McNamara, Joanne. "Investigation of two respiratory monitoring systems used for 4D CT and respiratory gating." Faculty of Engineering, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/107.
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Respiratory gating enables breathing synchronised activation of CT image acquisition and linear accelerator radiation output. Two commercially available respiratory gating systems used for planning and treatment of thoracic and abdominal cancer are investigated. The strain gauged AZ-733V respiratory gating system (Anzai Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) was used concurrently with the infrared Real-time Position Management system (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) to measure the respiratory cycle of 15 volunteers. Correlation between systems was measured in six locations and the optimum position of the external surrogates determined based on signal amplitude, reproducibility of breathing waveforms and the coefficient of determination between Anzai and RPM signals. The mean value of R2 between the two systems was found to be 0.611, 0.788 and 0.925 when both markers were positioned at the xiphoid, midway between the xiphoid process and umbilicus, and at the umbilicus respectively. When positioned in separate locations results were varied, R2 values ranging from 0.345-0.965. Results highlighted the importance of external surrogate position to the respiratory signal obtained, and indicated that the external marker position on the chest wall needs to be reproducible between 4D CT scanning and treatment. Recommendations are made that external surrogates must always be positioned at the umbilicus for the most clinically useful scans. Image distortion and artifacts were studied using the Anzai AZ-733V respiratory gating system in combination with the Siemens Sensation Open CT scanner. A moving respiratory phantom was constructed and the volumetric accuracy of retrospectively reconstructed 4D CT images for three moving test objects, across five frequencies and four amplitudes of movement was compared. Volumetric accuracy was found to be within 10% for retrospectively reconstructed gated objects moving with a period of 4 s, amplitude 1 cm. Large deviations of 19.4-51.6% from the static volume of the objects were observed in gated images for periods of 3 s or less. Significant distortion and under sampling was observed in gated images of the objects moving with a period of 10 s. Artifacts were related to the partial projection effect and data sufficiency conditions outlined in literature (Keall 2004, Pan 2004, Dinkel 2007).
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Clark, Tristan William. "The role of respiratory virus infection in adults hospitalised with acute respiratory illness." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28098.
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Acute respiratory illness represents a large proportion of adult patients admitted to secondary care. Many of these patients have respiratory virus infection but the exact burden of disease in defined clinical groups is unknown. Rhino-enteroviruses are increasingly implicated in severe acute respiratory illness in adults and advances in molecular diagnostics have led the recognition of high strain diversity and to the discovery of a new species (HRV-C). Biomarkers such as procalcitonin and C reactive protein may be able to identify patients with acute respiratory illness without bacterial infection, in whom antibiotics can be safely withheld, and so reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing. Patients with acute respiratory illness were recruited from two acute hospital sites in Leicester between 2005 and 2008 and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and tested for the presence of respiratory viruses using a newly developed comprehensive, multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay. Gene sequencing was performed on samples positive for rhinovirus RNA. Levels of the biomarkers CRP and Procalcitonin were measured on serum samples. A high incidence of viral infection was identified among adults hospitalised with acute respiratory illness (44%) with rhino-enteroviruses accounting for around half of all viruses isolated. The rate of viral infection amongst non-respiratory control patients was low (7%). Rhinovirus gene sequencing demonstrated that around a quarter of all rhinovirus infections were caused by HRV-C and that there was a high level of diversity of strains circulating during the study period. The biomarkers procalcitonin and CRP were both highly accurate in distinguishing patients with pneumonia from exacerbations of airways disease. The results of this work have implications for hospital infection control practices, rationalisation of antibiotic use and in certain circumstances the use of directed antiviral agents. Procalcitonin and CRP could both potentially be used to reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in patients hospitalised with acute respiratory illness.
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Tong, Jie [Verfasser]. "Co-infection of respiratory epithelial cells by respiratory viruses and streptococci / Jie Tong." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1162715758/34.
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Shi, Ting. "Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus associated acute lower respiratory infection in young children." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23610.
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Introduction Acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) remains as a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. With the continued universal vaccination campaign against bacterial pathogens, an increase in relative proportion of respiratory viruses contributing to ALRI is anticipated. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been recognised as the most common pathogen identified in young children presenting with ALRI as well as an important cause of hospital admission. This thesis aims to estimate the aetiological roles and attributable fractions of common respiratory viruses among ALRI cases and investigate the risk factors for RSV associated ALRI in young children. It also aims to estimate the global and regional incidence of RSV associated ALRI in both community and hospital based settings, and the possible boundaries for RSV associated ALRI mortality in children younger than five years old. Methods Systematic reviews were carried out separately for the following three research questions: aetiological roles of RSV and other common viruses in ALRI cases, risk factors for RSV associated ALRI and global/regional burden of RSV associated ALRI, formulating an overall picture of epidemiology of RSV associated ALRI in young children. They all focused on children younger than five years old. The identified studies were selected according to pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The whole process was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines for systematic review and meta-analysis. Unpublished data from RSV Global Estimates Network (RSV GEN) were collected from 45 leading researchers on paediatric pneumonia (primarily in developing countries). They either reanalysed data from their already published work with the pre-defined standardised case definitions or shared hitherto unpublished data from ongoing studies. Data from both systematic reviews and RSV GEN working group were included into further meta-analysis. Random effects model was consistently applied in all meta-analyses. Results There were 23 studies identified through literature search satisfying the eligibility criteria, investigated the viral aetiology of ALRI in young children. Strong evidence was observed for RSV in support of its causal contribution in children presenting with ALRI and the association was significant measured in odds ratio: 9.79 (4.98-19.27). Thus, the corresponding attributable fraction among the exposed was estimated as 90% (80%-95%), which means around 90% of RSV associated ALRI cases were in fact attributed to RSV in a causal path. In total, 27 studies (including 4 unpublished studies) were included and contributed to the analysis. Across these studies, 18 risk factors were described and 8 of them were observed to have significant associations with RSV infection: prematurity - gestational age < 37 weeks, low birth weight (< 2.5 kg), being male, having siblings, maternal smoking, history of atopy, no breastfeeding and crowding - > 7 persons in household. Overall, 304 studies met the selection criteria and were included to estimate the global and regional burden of RSV associated ALRI in young children. These included 73 published articles identified through Chinese language databases and 76 unpublished studies provided by RSV GEN working group, mainly from developing countries. It is estimated that in 2015, there were 33.0 (95% CI 20.6-53.2) million episodes of RSV associated ALRI occurring in children younger than 5 years old across the world. 30.5 (95% CI 19.5-47.9) million of them were in developing countries. 3.0 (95% CI 2.2-4.0) million cases were severe enough and warranted hospitalisation. Around 60,000 children died in the hospital settings with 99% of these deaths occurring in developing countries. The overall mortality from RSV associated ALRI was estimated about 131,000. Conclusion This thesis not only enhanced the epidemiological understanding of RSV in young children, but also provided important information for public health decision makers. It incorporated both data through systematic reviews of published articles in the past 20 years and more than 70 unpublished data sets shared by RSV GEN working group. The population based incidence, hospitalisation, mortality and risk factor data are essential to assess the various severity of illness in a specific age group and region, and inform local public health professionals regarding appropriate and prompt cases management, prevention and vaccine allocation strategies. National sentinel systems of RSV surveillance gathering structured and reasonably representative data are needed. Within the surveillance system, a universal definition regarding disease severity in various settings should be developed, and diagnostic methods with higher sensitivity and specificity should be applied.
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Ward, Katie. "Respiratory impairment in stroke patients : lung function, respiratory muscles, voluntary and reflex cough." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2012. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/respiratory-impairment-in-stroke-patients(25ebe631-2023-4477-89fc-2e3162303e95).html.
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Stroke is a major public health problem and stroke patients suffer much mortality and morbidity due to chest infections, especially in the acute period. Chest infections are associated with respiratory muscle weakness and poor cough. We studied ischaemic hemispheric stroke patients within two weeks of their first-ever stroke to investigate their respiratory physiology, volitional and non-volitional respiratory muscle strength and voluntary and reflex cough function. -- Patients were weak on voluntary but not involuntary tests of expiratory muscle function. They were also impaired on tests of both voluntary and reflex cough. The data we collected suggests that impairment may be due in part to ineffective coordination of the complex cough manoeuvre, following cerebral ischaemia. -- To further investigate the underlying reasons for impaired cough flow we studied functional residual capacity (FRC) in a group of stroke patients with mild impairments. In the semi-recumbent position patients’ FRC was significantly lowered, compared with healthy controls even in these acute patients little residual disability. The low FRC was strongly associated with low cough inspired volume and low cough inspired volume was associated with poor cough flow. -- Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to investigate the corticomotor projection to the abdominal muscles. We also designed a cough training protocol to be tried initially in the lab, to see if there is an effect of cough training on corticomotor excitability. This was a feasibility study in two patients; we make recommendations to increase the training duration to ten minutes and suggest how TMS could be used to assess the effect of training on corticomotor excitability. If an effect is shown in the lab across a number of patients, the training regimen could then be tried over longer periods in a clinical trial.
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Borzone, Gisella R. "Oxidant-related metabolism in the respiratory muscles in response to increased respiratory loads /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487843314693468.
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Regêncio, Maria Manuel Almeida. "Computerised respiratory sounds in infants with lower respiratory tract infections : a comparative study." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14582.
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Mestrado em FisioterapiaBackground: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are the main cause of health burden in the first years of age. To enhance the diagnosis and monitoring of infants with LRTI, researchers have been trying to use the large advantages of conventional auscultation. Computerised respiratory sound analysis (CORSA) is a simple method to detect and characterise Normal Respiratory Sounds (NRS) and Adventitious Respiratory Sounds (ARS). However, if this measure is to be used in the paediatric population, reference values have to be established first. Aim: To compare and characterise NRS and ARS in healthy infants and infants with LRTI. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive-comparative study was conducted in three institutions. Infants were diagnosed by the paediatrician as presenting or not presenting an LRTI, healthy volunteers were recruited from the institutions. Socio-demographic, anthropometric and cardio-respiratory parameters were collected. Respiratory sounds were recorded with a digital stethoscope. Frequency at maximum intensity (Fmax), maximum intensity (Imax) and mean intensity (Imean) over the whole frequency range were collected to characterise NRS. Location, mean number, type, duration and frequency were collected to characterise ARS. All analysis was performed per breathing phase (i.e., inspiration and expiration). Results: Forty nine infants enrolled in this study: 25 healthy infants (G1) and 24 infants with LRTI. Inspiratory Fmax (G1: M 116.1 Hz IQR [107.2-132.4] vs G2: M 118.9Hz IQR [113.2-128.7], p=0.244) and expiratory frequencies (G1: M 107.3Hz IQR [102.9-116.9] vs G2: M 112.6Hz IQR [106.6-122.6], p= 0.083) slightly higher than their healthy peers. Wheeze occupation rate was statistically significantly different between groups in inspiration (G1: M 0 IQR [0-0.1] vs G2: M 0.2 IQR [0-5.2] p= 0.032) and expiration (G1: M 0 IQR [0-1.9] vs G2: M 1.5 IQR [0.2-6.7] p= 0.015), being the infants with LRTI the ones presenting more wheezes. Conclusion: Computerised respiratory sounds in healthy infants and infants with LRTI presented differences. The main findings indicated that NRS have Fmax higher in infants with LRTI than in healthy infant and Wh% was the characteristic that differ the most between infant with LRTI and healthy infant.
Enquadramento: As infeções respiratórias do trato inferior (IRTI) constituem o principal problema de saúde nos primeiros anos de vida das crianças. Desta forma, a investigação tem-se focado no desenvolvimento de medidas objetivas para o diagnóstico de IRTI, utilizando essencialmente as vantagens da auscultação convencional incorporadas numa análise computorizada e automática. Contudo, apesar da análise computorizada de sons respiratórios ser um método simples de deteção e caraterização dos sons respiratórios normais (SRN) e adventícios (SRA), desconhecem-se quais os valores de referência dos sons respiratórios em crianças, o que limita a sua aplicação na prática clínica Objetivos: Caraterizar e comparar os SRN e os SRA em crianças saudáveis e com IRTI. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, comparativo e transversal realizado em três instituições. Eram elegíveis crianças diagnosticadas pelo pediatra com IRTI e voluntários para crianças saudáveis. Foram recolhidos dados sócio demográficos, antropométricos e parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios. Os sons respiratórios foram registados com um estetoscópio digital. Foram analisados diversos parâmetros para os SRN: a frequência na intensidade máxima (Fmax), a intensidade máxima (Imax) e a média da intensidade ao longo de toda a faixa de frequência (Imean). Nos SRA foram analisados: a taxa de ocupação por wheezes (Wh%), a média wheezes (Wh), o número e o tipo Wh, a frequência e a localização Wh por região; o número crackles (Cr), o tipo e a frequência Cr, a duração da deflexão inicial, da maior deflexão e dos dois ciclos de deflexão dos Cr. Todos estes dados foram analisados por fase do ciclo respiratório (i.e., inspiração e expiração). Resultados: Quarenta e nove crianças foram incluídas neste estudo: 25 saudáveis (G1) e 24 com IRTI (G2). A Fmax inspiratória (G1: M 116,1 Hz IQR [107,2-132,4] vs G2: M 118.9Hz IQR [113,2-128,7], p = 0,244) e expiratória (G1: M 107.3Hz IQR [102,9-116,9] vs G2: M 112.6Hz IQR [106,6-122,6], p = 0,083) foi superior nas crianças com IRTI relativamente às crianças saudáveis. A Wh% foi significativamente superior nas crianças com IRTI, relativamente às crianças saudáveis na inspiração (G1: M 0 IQR [0-0,1] vs G2: M 0,2 IQR [0-5,2] p = 0,032) e na expiração (G1: M 0 IQR [0-1,9] vs G2: M 1,5 IQR [0,2-6,7] p = 0,015). Conclusão: Os sons respiratórios computorizados de crianças saudáveis e com IRTI apresentam diferenças. Os principais resultados indicam que os sons respiratórios normais apresentam uma Fmax maior em crianças com IRTI do que em saudáveis e que Wh% é a característica que mais difere entre os dois grupos.
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Yip, Ming-shum. "Immune responses of human respiratory epithelial cells to respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B3955725X.
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Yip, Ming-shum, and 葉名琛. "Immune responses of human respiratory epithelial cells to respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3955725X.
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Perea, Soriano Lídia. "Associació d'elements de la resposta immune innata a les infeccions bacterianes en malalties respiratòries cròniques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671345.
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Les infeccions bacterianes respiratòries en pacients amb Malaltia Pulmonar Obstructiva Crònica (MPOC) i amb bronquièctasis són una de les principals causes d’empitjorament del pronòstic d’aquestes malalties. Sovint aquestes infeccions causen episodis d’agudització durant les quals la simptomatologia dels pacients s’agreuja, arribant a requerir ingrés hospitalari per controlar la infecció. Es coneix que aquests pacients pateixen una inflamació pulmonar i sistèmica que apareix durant l’estabilitat clínica i s’accentua durant les aguditzacions. A més, es creu que el microambient inflamatori pulmonar d’aquestes malalties afavoreix la infecció per determinats bacteris, com la Pseudomona aeruginosa i l’Hemophilus influenzae, associats amb major severitat. Tot i així, encara es desconeixen els mecanismes immunològics pels quals hi ha pacients que aguditzen freqüentment, anomenats aguditzadors freqüents (AF) i altres pacients que no aguditzen o ho fan de manera poc freqüent (NF). Per aquestes raons, aquesta tesi pretén estudiar els diferents elements de la resposta immune innata local implicats en la defensa de les infeccions bacterianes, en dues malalties respiratòries d’elevat impacte en la salut pública com són la MPOC i les bronquièctasis. El primer objectiu ha estat associar els nivells pulmonars de Fatty-acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) en pacients amb MPOC amb la presència d’infecció respiratòria, severitat de la malaltia i poblacions cel·lulars. El segon objectiu s’ha centrat en estudiar els nivells pulmonars dels pèptids antimicrobians (PAMs) Lactoferrina, Lisozima, LL-37 i Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI) com a possibles marcadors pronòstic de futures aguditzacions en pacients amb bronquièctasis. Per últim, el tercer objectiu ha estat caracteritzar diferents perfils immunològics d’inflamació pulmonar en pacients amb bronquièctasis i associar aquests als paràmetres clínics.Las infecciones bacterianas respiratorias en pacientes con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) y con bronquiectasias son una de las principales causas de empeoramiento del pronóstico de estas enfermedades. A menudo estas infecciones causan episodios de agudización durante las cuales la sintomatología de los pacientes se agravia, llegando a requerir ingreso hospitalario para controlar la infección. Se conoce que estos pacientes sufren una inflamación pulmonar y sistémica que aparece durante la estabilidad clínica y se acentúa durante las agudizaciones. Además, se cree que el microambient inlamatorio pulmonar de estas enfermedades favorece la infección por determinados bacterias, como la Pseudomona aeruginosa y la Hemophilus influenzae, asociados con mayor severidad. Aun así, todavía se desconocen los mecanismos inmunológicos por los cuales hay pacientes que agudizan frecuentemente, denominados aguditzadors frecuentes (AF) y otros pacientes que no agudizan o lo hacen de manera poco frecuente (NF). Por estas razones, esta tesis pretende estudiar los diferentes elementos de la respuesta inmune innata local implicados en la defensa de las infecciones bacterianas, en dos enfermedades respiratorias de elevado impacto en la salud pública como son la MPOC y las bronquiectasias. El primer objetivo ha estado asociar los niveles pulmonares de Fatty-acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) en pacientes con MPOC con la presencia de infección respiratoria, severidad de la enfermedad y poblaciones celulares. El segundo objetivo se ha centrado en estudiar los niveles pulmonares de los péptidos antimicrobianos (Palmos) Lactoferrina, Lisozima, LL-37 y Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI) como posibles marcadores pronóstico de futuras agudizaciones en pacientes con bronquiectasias. Por último, el tercer objetivo ha estado caracterizar diferentes perfiles inmunológicos de inflamación pulmonar en pacientes con bronquiectasias y asociar estos a los parámetros clínicos.
Respiratory bacterial infections in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and patients with bronchiectasis are one of the main causes of worsening the prognosis. These infections can cause exacerbations, known as episodes of acute worsening of disease symptoms which sometimes require hospitalization to stabilize the infection. These patients suffer from systemic and pulmonary inflammation during clinical stability and are elevated during exacerbations. In addition, the pulmonary inflammatory microenvironment of these diseases is thought to promote infection by certain bacteria, such as Pseudomona aeruginosa and Hemophilus influenzae, which are associated with greater severity. However, the immunological mechanisms by which patients frequently exacerbate, called frequent exacerbators (AF), and other patients who do not exacerbate or infrequently (NF) are still unknown. For these reasons, this thesis aims to study the different elements of the local innate immune response involved in the defense of bacterial infections, in two respiratory diseases with high public health impact such as COPD and bronchiectasis. The first objective was to associate the pulmonary and systemic levels of Fatty-acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) in COPD patients with the presence of respiratory infection, disease severity, and cell populations. The second objective was to study the pulmonary and systemic levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) Lactoferrin, Lysozyme, LL-37 and Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI) as an outcome marker of future exacerbations in patients with bronchiectasis. Finally, the third objective was to characterize different profiles of pulmonary inflammation in patients with bronchiectasis.
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ChacoÌn-Chaves, Ronald Alfredo. "Respiratory function after lung transplantation." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247836.
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Dunlop, K. A. "Respiratory viruses and meningococcal disease." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446133.
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Thomas, Biju. "Ciliated epithelium in respiratory diseases." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9568.
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Background: The ciliated respiratory epithelium that covers the surface of human airway forms an immunologically active natural barrier to invasion and injury by inhaled noxious agents. Ciliary dysfunction and or epithelial damage compromise this innate defence mechanism. Aim: To study the ciliary function and epithelial ultrastructure of adult patients with asthma and paediatric lung transplant recipients. To study the response of bronchial epithelial cells of patients with atopic severe asthma, to allergen and bacteria. Methods: Digital high speed video microscopy was used to study the ciliary function on bronchoscopic bronchial epithelial brushings. Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the detailed epithelial ultrastructure. Cytokines and chemokines released by primary bronchial epithelial cells were measured using SECTOR Imager 6000 (MSD, USA). Results: Ciliary dysfunction and ultrastructural abnormalities are closely related to asthma severity. Ciliary dysfunction is a feature of moderate to severe asthma and profound ultrastructural abnormalities are restricted to severe disease. Primary bronchial epithelial cells of patients with atopic severe asthma and healthy controls are capable of releasing chemokines and cytokines in response to Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus allergen 1 and Streptococcus pneumoniae in a dose and time dependent manner. Ciliary dysfunction is a feature of native airway epithelium in paediatric Cystic Fibrosis lung transplant recipients. The allograft epithelium shows profound ultrastructural abnormalities in both Cystic Fibrosis and non-suppurative lung disease lung transplant recipients. Summary: The phenotype of secondary ciliary dyskinesia and the differential cytokine/chemokine response of the epithelium of patients with severe asthma seen in this study extend our current paradigm of severe asthma and present a new therapeutic target. The damaged allograft epithelium seen in paediatric lung transplant recipients may increase risk of microbial colonisation of the allograft airway, which may play a role in the development of Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS).
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Greenough, A. "Respiratory measurements in ventilated infants." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599671.
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Kelsall, Angela. "Respiratory physiology in chronic cough." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491479.
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Introduction: Varying methods of cough quantification have been used to describe cough frequency, although there is no consensus which method best relates to subjective rating of cough. With increased availability of semi-automated cough recording devices, the capability to carryout anti-tussive studies is greatly increased. However, there is no data available describing the magnitude of change in cough frequency necessary to provide therapeutic benefit. Female patients are over represented in specialist cough clinics. There is little data describing pulmonary function and airway inflammation in phenotyped patients and how these measures may relate to objectively measured cough. Airway inflammation isa common feature of chronic cough, regardless of the trigger for cough. The repetitive mechanical insult of the act of coughing may be responsible for the presence ofthis inflammation. Methods: 100 patients with unexplained chronic cough under went full diagnostic testing in order to determine potential triggers for cough. Procedures included pulmonary function testing; (spirometry, eND, EBC pH, BHR, Cough challenge, induced sputum, objective and subjective cough monitoring), Bronchoscopy, 24 hour impedance monitoring with simultaneous cough monitoring, Gastroscopy and ENT. A subset of cough recordings were quantified in cough sounds, cough seconds and cough epochs to determine the best way to quantify cough. 20 healthy volunteers performed voluntary coughing manoeuvres to determine the acute effects of coughing on airway function and inflammation. Results: Cough sounds and seconds correlate moderately with subjective and QDL . methods. Patients reported a reduced cough frequency whilst undergoing impedance testing; a reduction of33% was seen although patients were unable to quantify the scale of change. Female patients coughed substantially more than male patients, with the largest difference seen at night. Cough frequency was predicted by gender, C5 and age. Cough frequency was not related to a specific trigger for cough. Reduced small airway flows were seen that were independent of BHR. Prominent airway neutrophilia was seen regardless of the trigger for cough. Acute changes in eND and EBC were seen after short periods ofvoluntary coughing. Sputum inflammatory mediator levels showed huge variability and did not change as a result of coughing. Bronchodilation ofthe small airways was also seen after coughing. Conclusion: The use of objective cough monitoring has enabled me for the first time to describe the most appropriate current methods of cough quantification and to demonstrate the magnitude ofreduction in cough frequency that is appreciated by -patients.-I-havereportedimportant significant genderdifferences in cough frequency and shown that cough frequency is predicted not only by gender but also age and cough reflex sensitivity showing important implications for underlying mechanisms of chronic cough. I have also shown for the first time that pulmonary function measures are reduced in patients without indication of asthma. The mechanical act of coughing causes acute bronchodilation of small airways and reduces eND and EBC pH.
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Fry, Michael W. "Multiphase assessment of respiratory function." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1596462.
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The emergence of more sophisticated full body plethysmograph systems has occurred over recent years and called for broader testing of respiratory functions. Specific airway resistance and intrathoracic gas volume or functional residual capacity can provide more accurate measure of lung function utilizing a computerized full body plethysmograph. Clinics or specialized test facilities today could use this type of system for testing, evaluation, and long term monitoring of patients suspected of suffering from pulmonary disease of which there is no cure. A virtual machine was used for pulmonary function test and serialized collaboration of data was demonstrated to offer more access to diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases. Another non-invasive method of respiratory function can be indirectly measured from electrocardiogram. In addition patient respiratory rate is routinely measured using acoustic method. This multiphase evaluation of respiratory function examined cloud services, virtual machines, spirometry, plethysmography, indirect, and acoustic assessment of pulmonary function.
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Dezateux, Carol. "Infant respiratory function after bronchiolitis." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319187.
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Morgan, L. A. F. "Respiratory syncytial virus antigen immunoassay." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384012.
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Cottrell, Janet Mary. "Mucin glycosyltransferases in respiratory epithelia." Thesis, Open University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329195.
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Wijesinghe, Meme. "Oxygen therapy in respiratory disorders." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/2511.
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Oxygen therapy remains a cornerstone of medical practice and is generally regarded as being safe. However, there is a lack of clinical evidence to support the routine use of oxygen therapy, and in certain conditions, injudicious oxygen may cause harm. In this thesis, I will present two audits and three randomised controlled trials of oxygen therapy. Methods A prospective audit of the prescription and use of oxygen therapy before and after the introduction of an oxygen prescription section on a drug chart A retrospective audit of ambulance oxygen administration, in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) Two randomised controlled trials of high flow versus titrated oxygen in 150 patients with community acquired pneumonia and 106 patients with acute severe asthma A randomised controlled trial of 24 subjects with obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) comparing 100% oxygen with air Results Oxygen prescription is suboptimal in hospital inpatients. Whilst an oxygen prescription section improved prescription, this intervention did not improve clinical practice Over 70% of patients presenting with AECOPD received high flow oxygen prior to presentation to the emergency department. The risk of adverse outcomes increased progressively with increased PaO2 High concentration oxygen leads to a rise in PaCO2 compared to titrated oxygen, when administered to patients presenting with asthma or pneumonia Breathing 100% oxygen leads to a rise in PaCO2 in patients with OHS Conclusion This series of studies has shown that further measures are warranted to ensure the safe practice of oxygen therapy in the pre-hospital and hospital setting. In addition, the findings suggest that the potential for high concentration oxygen therapy to increase PaCO2 is not limited to COPD but may occur in other respiratory conditions in which abnormal gas exchange or respiratory drive are present.
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Daw, William. "Measuring respiratory rate in children." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21389/.
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Respiratory rate is an important vital sign used in the initial and ongoing assessment of all children in hospital. It is also used as a predictor of serious deterioration in a patient's clinical condition. Measuring respiratory rate in children can be difficult to perform and time consuming, especially in an uncooperative child. Convenient electronic devices exist for the measurement of many of the vital signs yet no device is currently available that can give an accurate and rapid assessment of respiratory rate in clinical practice. In this thesis we have examined the current practices of local paediatric healthcare professionals in measuring respiratory rate and explored the levels of agreement that exist in measurements obtained. We have assessed the value of a respiratory rate measurement in detecting and identifying children at risk of clinical deterioration, comparing and contrasting it with the other vital signs. Finally we have developed a contactless portable respiratory rate monitor (CPRM) and evaluated the agreement in respiratory rate measurements between existing methods and our device. Our work has added considerably to the overall body of evidence regarding respiratory rate measurements in children. We have provided clear evidence that there are a large variety of practices used by paediatric healthcare professionals in measuring respiratory rate. We have shown an inherent variability in respiratory rate measurements between observers and firmly established that respiratory rate is a powerful predictor of clinical deterioration in children, superior to other vital signs. Finally we successfully measured respiratory rates in both adults and children using the CPRM. Our device offers a promising alternative to current methods. In its present form it does not appear accurate enough to be used in clinical practice, however plans are underway to develop the device further with revisions informed by the research in this thesis. A contactless device for accurately and quickly measuring respiratory rate could be an important tool in the assessment of unwell children in the near future.
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MacKenzie, Kathleen S. (Kathleen Sheehan). "Meniscus movement in respiratory airways." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39380.
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Connolly, Desmond Michael. "Visual effects of respiratory disturbance." Thesis, City University London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514496.
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Gross, Diane K. "Respiratory disease in performance horses /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488199501405902.
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Besozzi, M. "RESPIRATORY VIRUSES IN ALPINE CHAMOIS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/351709.
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In the heterogeneous ecosystem of the Alps an interdisciplinary approach is necessary to prevent, survey and control wildlife diseases in order to ensure the biological integrity, the environmental conservation and so the biodiversity. In this contest the matter of livestock-wildlife interface is of particular importance for the presence of grazing domestic herds and the increase of wild ruminants populations, that lead to novel cohabitation situations with a possible “spill-over” of diseases from livestock or vice versa. Livestock-wildlife interfaces are dynamic and bidirectional and pathogens could be transmitted freely within and between the species. Mountain ungulates appear as a good biological model to study inter-species transmission and in particular, respiratory infections of wild ruminants. Chamois has already been subjected in the past to demographic decreases due to respiratory viruses’ circulation. In this study a total of 394 chamois sera hunted in two different areas of North Western Italian Alps were analysed by virus-neutralization test to detect antibody against Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Mammalian Orthoreovirus (MRV). Seroprevalence of viruses and statistical analysis of antibody titres suggest that infection of pestivirus in chamois populations is sporadic as a spill-over from livestock; BRSV has a high adaptation level in wildlife and can be considered endemic in this two areas; high MRV seroprevalence has been observed and confirms the spread of MRV, that has been identified in a previous study in three chamois lungs. Furthermore, in this study PCR and phylogenetic analysis showed that chamois MRV strains belong to serotype 3 and are closely related to Italian dog and Italian bats strains.
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Vicentini, Alexsandra Lopes [UNESP]. "Simulação em protótipo do sistema respiratório com ventilador de pressão positiva e análise das alterações devido às obstruções do fluxo aéreo pulmonar." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97042.
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A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) é um sério problema de Saúde Pública na maior parte do mundo, é uma patologia progressiva e incapacitante. No Brasil atinge de 6% a 15,8% da população com mais de 40 anos, entre 3 e 7 milhões de doentes. É responsável por 270 mil hospitalizações e cerca de 30 mil óbitos/ano. A ventilação mecânica se impõe como recurso necessário nos casos de descompensação da DPOC, porém, ainda hoje, apesar dos modernos ventiladores e do melhor conhecimento da fisiopatologia da doença, a ventilação mecânica é utilizada de 20% a 60% nos pacientes com DPOC internados, e a mortalidade hospitalar varia de 10% a 30%, o que aponta para a necessidade de mais estudos. Com base nesses dados, desenvolvemos e construímos um protótipo do sistema respiratório no laboratório de Biomecânica do Departamento de Mecânica da FEG/UNESP de Guaratinguetá, com o objetivo de simular a ventilação com pressão positiva. Esta simulação serviu como mediadora da aplicabilidade do ventilador mecânico de pressão positiva, modelo Bird Mark 7, frente a diferentes graus de obstrução do fluxo aéreo pulmonar. Utilizando o software de estatística SPSS, avaliamos a correlação entre as variáveis pesquisadas, o que constatou fortes índices de correlação entre as variáveis, todas acima de 0,9 e o nível de significância menores do que 1%, o que demonstra um alto grau de confiabilidade dos dados, permitindo-se constatar fortes indícios de essas variáveis serem correlacionadas. A contribuição maior desta pesquisa reside no que diz respeito ao aperfeiçoamento e desenvolvimento da técnica de ventilação mecânica e que possibilite a otimização no tratamento, prognóstico, sobrevida e melhoria da qualidade de vida dos pacientes portadores da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica.
A chronical obstructive pulmonary disease (DPOC) is a serious problem that occurs in public health around the world. It is an increasing and incapacitating pathology. In Brazil, it occurs in a range of 6% to 15,8% in a population above 40 years old, causing problems in around 3 to 7 million people. It is responsible to 270 thousand hospitalizations and around 30 thousand deaths a year. Mechanical ventilation becomes a necessary resource in DPOC arrhythmia, but, still today, despite all modern ventilators and the increase of knowledge on the physiopathology of the disease, mechanical ventilation is used in 20 to 60% of patients with DPOC and death rates in hospitals has varied from 10% to 30% what demonstrate the necessity of more studies. Based on these data, we developed and built a prototype of the respiratory system in the Biomechanics Laboratory at the Mechanical Department of FEG/UNESP located at Guaratinguetá, with the intent of simulating the ventilation with positive pressure. This stimulation was applied as a measure for the positive pressure mechanical ventilator, model Bird Mark 7, observing different stages of pulmonary air flow obstructions. Using the SPSS statistic software, we evaluate the co-relation among the variables that have been presented as “high variables”, all over 0,9%, and significant levels lower than 1%, what gives us a high level of confidence on the data, allowing us to focus on the high indications of these co-relations. The biggest contribution of this research is the development and the increase on the technics for mechanical ventilation with positive pressure, and also that it will improve the treatment of the disease, its prognosis, its forecoming and bring a better life quality for patients with chronically pulmonary obstruction disease.
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Cloete, Carolette. "Respiratory health of the endurance athlete : prevalence of respiratory related conditions/illnesses in endurance athletes." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18234.
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Includes bibliographical references (pages 97-102).Background: Endurance athletes, in particular triathletes and ultra-distance runners, undergo high volumes of intense training in preparation for events. There is recent epidemiological evidence that the respiratory tract is the most common system affected by illness in athletes during tournaments. Respiratory tract symptoms have also been shown to affect endurance athletes particularly in the post- event period. However, the prevalence of respiratory related illnesses including respiratory tract symptoms, asthma, and allergies in the pre-race period has not been well studied in endurance athletes. Objective: The main aims of this dissertation were 1) to review the existing literature focussing on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, possible aetiology and management of respiratory tract symptoms, asthma and allergies in athletes, and 2) to conduct an investigation to determine the pre-event period prevalence (6 weeks and 1 week before an event) and nature of respiratory tract symptoms, asthma and allergies in Ironman triathletes and ultra-distance runners. Methods: In the first part of the dissertation, a review of the literature pertaining to respiratory tract symptoms and illness was undertaken. In the second part of the dissertation, a cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken in 441 triathletes entering the 2006 and 2007 Ironman Triathlon, and 152 ultra- distance runners in the 2009 Two Oceans Ultra-marathon. In the 1 to 3 days before the race (registration period), participants were requested to complete a validated pre-event medical questionnaire containing sections on demographics, training and previous competition, common medical conditions and detailed sections on respiratory symptoms in the 6 weeks and 1 week period before the race, as well as asthma and allergies experienced. Respiratory symptoms were divided into upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS), lower respiratory tract symptoms (LRTS) and systemic symptoms (SS). All data obtained regarding these respiratory related illnesses were compared between the triathlete group and the ultra- distance runners. Results: The main findings in the experimental section of the dissertation were that 1) triathletes trained significantly more hours in the 6 weeks and 1 week before an event than ultra-distance runners, 2) the period prevalence (6 weeks before the race) of respiratory tract symptoms was 50% of triathletes and 35% of ultra-distance runners, 3) upper respiratory tract symptoms and particularly nasal symptoms (nasal congestion and rhinorrhoea) were significantly more common in triathletes (21 to 27%) in comparison with ultra-distance runners (12 to 17%), 4) systemic symptoms (especially pyrexia) were significantly more common in ultra-distance runners in the 1 week before an event (9.2 vs. 2.4%), 5) the point prevalence of self-reported asthma was low in both study groups (ultra-distance runners 3.4% and triathletes 8.3%) although symptoms of dry cough, wheezing, shortness of breath and "tight" chest were reported by 25 to 80% of athletes in both study populations, 6) in most cases the diagnosis of asthma was made by means of history taking and a physical examination by a physician, 7) majority of triathletes used beta 2-agonists only as the treatment of choice for asthma symptoms, while ultra-distance runners used combinations of corticosteroids and beta 2-agonist inhalers as first line treatment, 8) allergies were reported by 34% of triathletes and 22.3% of ultra-distance runners, 9) most allergic symptoms in both study groups were confined to the upper respiratory tract with hay fever ranging from 77 to 83% and sinusitis 55 to 64.2%, and 10) the most common medication used for allergies by triathletes and ultra- distance runners, were anti-histamine tablets. Conclusion: There is a high period prevalence of respiratory symptoms in triathletes and ultra-distance runners in the 6 weeks before an endurance event. Triathletes had a significantly higher prevalence of upper respiratory tract symptoms (especially nasal symptoms) in comparison to ultra-distance runners, which might be related to allergies and a higher training volume. There also appears to be a lack in proper diagnostic evaluation of asthma in these endurance athletes with suboptimal and improper treatment of asthma and allergies. Approximately 10% of ultra-distance runners had systemic symptoms in the week before the event, indicating a lack of athlete education on possible risks of exercising with a systemic illness.
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San, Angelo Donna. "THE EFFECT OF BODY POSITION ON RESPIRATORY FUNCTION IN THE INFANT WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275429.
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王敏 and Min Wang. "Control of vascular reactivity of the nasal circulation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31241153.
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Wang, Min. "Control of vascular reactivity of the nasal circulation /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22233222.
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Hlongwana, Simangele I. "Investigating adherence of authorised prescribers to standerd treatment guidelines/essential medicine list when treating children presenting with respiratory conditions at primary health care level in the umkhanyakude health district, Kwazulu Nata." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1076.
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Thesis (MSc(Med)(Pharmacy) ) -- University of Limpopo, 2013.Introduction: Primary Health Care (PHC) is regarded as the first level of contact with the National Health System with health care services provided mainly by nurses with varying competences. PHC is about interaction with people thus the quality of PHC depends extensively on the competence of the people who provide it. Therefore, the way health care personnel are trained and how capacity continues to be developed is of fundamental importance to PHC. Following the Alma-Ala Declaration, policies, such as the National Drug Policy (NDP) were developed in South Africa to guide health care services. The NDP resulted in the formulation of Standard Treatment Guidelines/Essential Medicine List (STGs/EML). Emphasis has been placed on all prescribers to strictly adhere to these guidelines when providing clinical patient care. Despite these developments reports still indicate that antibiotics are irrationally used when treating respiratory infections. It is therefore imperative that localised reasons for deviations from the STGs/EML when treating respiratory conditions are thoroughly investigated to facilitate relevant interventions. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to: (1) document the treatment prescribed to children up to 12 years of age for respiratory conditions, (2) assess adherence of the authorised prescribers to the 2008 PHC STGs/ EML and (3) determine factors impacting on deviations from the 2008 STGs/EML. Method: Twenty randomly selected PHC facilities in the district participated in the study. In each of the 20 selected PHC facilities, three prescribers were randomly selected for the structured interview and auditing of their prescription registers. Five prescriptions from each of the sampled prescription registers of the selected authorised prescribers, containing any of the children's respiratory conditions to be studied, were audited. A total of 15 prescriptions from each of the selected PHC facilities were audited. Descriptive statistics was used to xii analyse data and responses to categorical variables were summarised as frequency counts and percentages. Results were presented as tables, figures and graphs. Results: Pneumonia (39.7%) was found to be the most common respiratory condition seen at Umkhanyakude Health District followed by the common cold and influenza. Amoxicillin (52%) was the most often prescribed antibiotic for these respiratory conditions. Only 4% of prescribers showed full adherence to the 2008 PHC STGs/EML. While prescribers had a positive attitude towards the 2008 PHC STGs/EML, their sense of adherence, content understanding of these guidelines, as well as knowledge of medicine used for respiratory conditions, were exaggerated. Failure to accurately diagnose respiratory conditions and lack of implementation and monitoring strategies were also amongst the factors impacting on adherence. Conclusion: Adherence to the 2008 PHC STGs/EML for the treatment of respiratory conditions in children up to 12 years of age was found to be a challenge in Umkhanyakude PHC facilities with only four percent of prescribers adhering to these guidelines. The Umkhanyakude Health District Management team must consider employing multifaceted interventions from the recommendations of this study in order to improve adherence to the PHC STGs/EML. Recommendations: Strategies such as intensified monitoring and evaluation, improved supervision, targeted training and education together with compulsory in-service training are recommended to improve adherence to the STGs/EML in the Umkhanyakude Health District. Guideline implementation strategies with integrated approaches to guideline dissemination must also be strengthened.