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Books on the topic 'Respiratory physicians'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

American College of Physicians (2003- ). Clinical practice: American College of Physicians guidelines and U.S. Preventive Service Task Force recommendations. Edited by Snow Vincenza 1961- and U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians, 2005.

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2

World Equine Airways Symposium (2nd 2001 Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh). The World Equine Airways Symposium and Veterinary & Comparative Respiratory Society Annual Conference, in association with the British Association for Lung Research: Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, 19th-23rd July 2001. [Edinburgh, Scotland?: s.n., 2001.

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3

Dolgov, I., Mihail Volovik, and Andrey Mahnovskiy. Thermographic signs of certain diseases of the respiratory system (acute sinusitis, pneumonia) Thermography Atlas. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/textbook_61b1ab7de6b1f9.69203696.

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The present issue focuses on the practice of medical thermal imaging in patients with paranasal sinusitis and pneumonia. The description of thermograms is based on a quantitative analysis of temperature gradients and trends in temperature of different body regions (Projection «head front» for paranasal sinusitis, «breast front» and «back», in a defined layout formed in «cloud» thermograms analysis program "Tvision" of «Dignosis», Russia) with values of thermographic markers that demonstrated their differentiating capabilities when compared with reference methods. Thus, the thermographic conclusion is formed not simply by thermal phenomenon «hot-cold», but on the basis of numerical values of markers, which indicate hypothetical nosological diagnosis and significantly simplifies the algorithm for those physicians who use this method as an additional. The publication is intended for doctors of any speciality who, in their daily clinical practice, treat the patients with suspicions disease of respiratory system

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4

United States. Congress. House. A bill to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide for Medicare coverage of services of qualified respiratory therapists performed under the general supervision of a physician. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

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5

United States. Congress. Senate. A bill to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide for Medicare coverage of services of qualified respiratory therapists performed under the general supervision of a physician. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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6

Chan, Ben. Pulmonary function testing in Ontario: Patterns of practice and policy implications. North York, Ont: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Ontario, 1995.

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7

Hartman, Bob, Desai, and Franquet. Ct Imaging in Respiratory Medicine: Guide for Physicians. Taylor & Francis Group, 2007.

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8

Teramoto, Shinji, and Kosaku Komiya. Aspiration Pneumonia: The Current Clinical Giant for Respiratory Physicians. Springer, 2020.

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9

Teramoto, Shinji, and Kosaku Komiya. Aspiration Pneumonia: The Current Clinical Giant for Respiratory Physicians. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2021.

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10

Membership of the Royal College of Physicians, Part 2 (Pocket). PasTest, 1990.

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11

Thoracoscopy for Physicians: A Practical Guide (Hodder Arnold Publication). A Hodder Arnold Publication, 2004.

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12

Medical Standards for Fitness to Wear Respiratory Protective Equipment: Information for Physicians. The Institute of Petroleum, 1997.

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13

Association, American Medical, American Hospital Association, and Federation of American Hospitals, eds. Cost effectiveness evaluation network: Efficient ordering of respiratory care : guide book for physicians and hospitals : a program of the American Medical Association in cooperation with the American Hospital Association and the Federation of American Hospitals. Chicago, Ill. (535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago 60610): American Medical Association, Dept. of Health Care Financing & Organization, 1985.

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14

News, PM Medical Health. 21st Century Complete Medical Guide to Pleurisy and Related Respiratory Disorders: Authoritative Government Documents, Clinical References, and Practical Information for Patients and Physicians. Progressive Management, 2004.

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15

News, PM Medical Health. 2003 Essential SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) Digest - Authoritative Federal Information from the CDC, FDA, and NIH for Health Care Providers, Physicians, and Patients. Progressive Management, 2003.

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16

Feary, Johanna, Joanna Szram, and Paul Cullinan. Occupational lung disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199657742.003.0013.

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Occupational lung diseases are under-recognized by most general (and respiratory) physicians. When affected individuals are of working age, the diagnosis can result in significant socio-economic consequences. A comprehensive knowledge of all occupational lung diseases is beyond the remit of most respiratory physicians, but an understanding of the relationships between work and disease is crucial to ensure that cases are not missed. This chapter presents two contrasting cases. The first is a ‘traditional’ case of occupational asthma, the most commonly reported occupational lung disease in the United Kingdom (as well as in most ‘developed world’ countries). The second case describes a rare disease (obliterative bronchiolitis) recently linked to a few select work exposures, highlighting the complexity of establishing causation in suspected occupational disease, particularly one uncommon in the general population. An occupational history should be taken in all cases of respiratory disease; access to specialist advice is freely available and frequently invaluable.

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17

Kibbler, Christopher C., Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel, eds. Oxford Textbook of Medical Mycology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.001.0001.

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The authors are international experts in their fields, from the UK, Europe, North and South America, Asia and Australia. This book is aimed at microbiologists, research scientists, infectious diseases clinicians, respiratory physicians, and those managing immunocompromised patients, as well as mycology course students and trainees in medical microbiology and infectious diseases.

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18

Girard, Thierry, and Thomas Erb. Fetal and neonatal physiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0004.

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Knowledge of fetal and neonatal physiology is a prerequisite for physicians involved in the care for mother and child during pregnancy and fetal surgery as well as for the care of a newborn. This chapter focuses on essential aspects of fetal growth, and respiratory and cardiovascular physiology including the complex transition from intra- to extrauterine life. In essence, this transition involves every organ system and knowledge of the most important aspects is a prerequisite to understanding pathophysiology of this transition. Key points regarding the nervous system, nociception, metabolism, that is, fluid homeostasis, kidneys, and liver, and the integumentary system are also addressed.

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19

Schweickert, William D., and John P. Kress. Physical and Occupational Therapy in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0043.

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Mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU are commonly immobilized for prolonged time periods due to factors that include the underlying illness, encephalopathy, or sedation. In this setting, severe ICU-acquired weakness is common and may represent both a cause and consequence of immobilization. Physical and occupational therapy is feasible in ICU patients, even very early during mechanical ventilation. This intervention requires a coordinated effort between physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, and the physical/occupational therapy team. Early physical and occupational therapy can lead to improved strength and functional status, reduced ventilator days and length of stay, and fewer days of ICU delirium.

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20

Wijdicks, Eelco F. M. Neurology of Brain Death. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190662493.003.0002.

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The diagnosis of brain death is based on a comprehensive neurological evaluation. First, physicians need to eliminate confounders to the clinical examination. Once excluded, a set of neurological tests and a formal apnea test (to document absent respiratory drive after CO2 challenge) often will suffice. Second, ancillary tests may be needed if some parts of the neurological examination cannot be accurately assessed. This chapter provides a full discussion of the clinical criteria in adults and children and is modeled after the guidelines of the American Academy of Neurology and the 2011 definition of pediatric brain death by a joint task force of the Society of Critical Care Medicine, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Child Neurology Society.

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21

Development of audit measures and guidelines for good practice in the management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: Report of a joint working group of the British Association of Perinatal Medicine and the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians. London: RCP, 1992.

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22

Keat, Andrew. Oligoarticular disease. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0008.

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Oligoarthritis is a pattern of arthritis which most commonly resolves into a member of the spondyloarthritis family or sarcoidosis. Uncommonly it progresses to forms of arthritis more commonly associated with polyarthritis or monoarthritis and rarely it is associated with malignant or paraneoplastic syndromes. Three key aspects of diagnosis are consideration of possible diagnoses in the patient's age and ethnic groups; careful consideration of the personal and family history; and a search for and correct identification of characteristic associated features. This frequently involves collaborative working with other specialists including dermatologists, ophthalmologists, genitourinary physicians, respiratory physicians, and others. Precise diagnosis usually then involves subsequent investigation for diagnostic features including evidence of recent infection, HLA B27, autoantibodies, tissue-specific features of sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and, occasionally, malignant disease. Management is dependent on clear diagnosis and precise delineation of underlying conditions such as infection. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a guide to the diagnostic approach and an algorithm for routine clinical practice. Detailed descriptions of the conditions included and investigations appropriate for the establishment or exclusion of individual diagnoses are discussed elsewhere in this volume.

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23

Klein, Eili Y. Antibiotic Resistance. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0068.

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Antibacterial resistance threatens the ability of physicians to treat infections, reversing medical gains and increasing the probability of morbidity and mortality in infected patients. Decreased antibiotic efficacy also threatens advanced surgical procedures dependent on antibiotic effectiveness, such as organ and prosthetic transplants. Even simple procedures consider antibiotic prophylaxis to be a standard means of controlling surgical site infections. Despite the link between increased antibiotic use and resistance, a large fraction of antimicrobial use is inappropriate, particularly for acute respiratory tract infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most significant antibiotic-resistant pathogen, but new pathogens such as carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are increasing in clinical significance. Antibiotic use and resistance is rising rapidly in developing countries, particularly India, China, and various African countries. The inappropriate use of antibiotics must be reduced, and incentives for the development of new antibiotics should be increased.

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24

Tunnicliffe, Georgia, and Matthew Wise. Pulmonary fungal infections. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199657742.003.0007.

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Pulmonary fungal infections remain relatively uncommon, although they are increasingly diagnosed as a consequence of a growing population of immunocompromised individuals, foreign travel, and improved diagnostic tools. Groups who were not previously thought to be at significant risk of invasive disease are also being recognized. The increasing incidence of fungal lung disease as a consequence of changing patient demographics means that clinicians will encounter cases in outpatient clinics, medical admission departments, and the intensive care unit with increasing frequency. As international travel increases, so too will presentations of endemic mycoses to respiratory physicians practising in the United Kingdom. Many fungi, such as Aspergillus species, are ubiquitous and can cause a spectrum of pulmonary disorders from colonization, leading to hypersensitivity reactions, to invasive disease with high mortality rates. This chapter considers commonly encountered fungi and how diseases associated with them may present.

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25

Khan, Iqbal, ed. Best of Five MCQs for the MRCP Part 1 Volume 3. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747178.001.0001.

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Best of Five MCQs for the MRCP Part 1 volumes 1-3 offers a comprehensive and trustworthy solution to anybody wishing to sit, pass, and excel at the Membership of the Royal College of Physicians Part 1 examination. Presented as a unique three-volume set, each volume features 375 high-quality practice questions on each of the medical systems and specialties in alphabetical order. Volume 3 features Best of Five questions on nephrology, neurology, psychiatry, respiratory medicine, and rheumatology. All 375 questions contain questions written and reviewed by successful candidates and previous examiners, and are accompanied by detailed explanations and further reading, ensuring complete and successful revision for this challenging exam. Matched to the latest Royal College curricula in coverage and format, this dedicated resource provides readers with an accurate, authoritative and evidence-based companion to the MRCP Part 1.

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26

Wijdicks, Eelco F. M., William D. Freeman, James Y. Findlay, and Ayan Sen, eds. Mayo Clinic Critical and Neurocritical Care Board Review. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190862923.001.0001.

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Physicians have cared for acutely ill patients throughout history; after the devastating poliomyelitis epidemics of the 1950s, a new specialty emerged. Initially, respiratory care units were created for these severely affected patients, but soon they were transformed into intensive care units (ICUs). Trauma units and transplant units soon followed. Specialized care for patients with acute neurologic and neurosurgical disease occurred in parallel with these developments, but many of the early neuroscience ICUs were redesigned wards for neurosurgical or neurologic patients. Specialized physicians and nursing staff delivered multidisciplinary care, recognizing that no one group could function well alone. It was inevitable that critical care for the sickest patient was the only option to give them a fighting chance to survive. Currently, neurocritical care board examination combines neurocritical care with general intensive care, and questions are equally divided between the two. It is therefore appropriate to combine both areas of expertise in one single volume. The chapters correspond with the key disorders suggested by UCNS to assist in preparation for the examination. As expected, this book is not only detailed in basic pathophysiology but also presents major disorders and syndromes and their management. Because it has unprecedented full coverage of acute neurology, this book is equally useful as a preparation for the critical care medicine board examination.

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27

Russell, Georgina, and Onn Min Kon. Tuberculosis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199657742.003.0022.

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Tuberculosis is an important infection globally, with 1.45 million deaths attributed to tuberculosis in 2010 by the World Health Organization. Respiratory physicians need to be familiar with the varied presentations and management of this disease. In addition, the proportion of cases now presenting with extrapulmonary disease are approximately half of all cases, and of particular relevance is mediastinal node tuberculosis which represents about 10% of all cases of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom. This chapter presents the case of a patient with miliary tuberculosis who developed significant drug toxicities with antituberculous therapy. The chapter reviews the role of different investigations in making a diagnosis, including the role of the Mantoux test and interferon-gamma release assays, and discusses the often challenging job of contact tracing. Finally, the chapter reviews the management of both sensitive and drug-resistant disease, along with how to manage adverse drug reactions.

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28

Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. An 80-Year-Old Myasthenia Gravis Patient with Worsening Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0031.

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In myasthenia gravis, weakness and respiratory insufficiency can occur quickly. It is important for the treating physician to recognize this and institute treatment rapidly. Increasing weakness of the neck may herald impending respiratory insufficiency. The single breath count is an easy way ti assess ventilatory function. Because of bulbar weakness and increasing secretions usually bi-level positive pressure airway pressure is used with extreme caution. Intubation with effective management if the airway is preferred. Differentiation of myasthenic crisis from cholinergic crisis is explained; although cholinergic crisis is relatively uncommon. Treatment modalities can include intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange, and corticosteroids. Corticosteroids should be used with caution since they may exacerbate myasthenic symptoms. Treatment with a steroid sparing agent is discussed. A table is presented which lists signs and symptoms that can suggest the need for intubation.

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29

Kreit, John W. Ventilator Alarms—Causes and Evaluation. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0006.

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When a patient is intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation, the clinician must write a series of ventilator orders. It’s important to recognize though, that several other parameters are typically set by the respiratory therapist without direct physician input. The most important are the critical values that will trigger a ventilator alarm. ICU ventilators constantly monitor many machine and patient-related variables, including airway pressure, flow rate, volume, and respiratory rate, and it seems like there’s an alarm for almost everything. While it’s true that some alarms are of little or no significance, others may indicate an important and potentially life-threatening problem. Ventilator Alarms—Causes and Evaluation describes important ventilator alarms and how each is set and triggered. It also reviews how to determine the cause of each ventilator alarm and how to correct the identified problems.

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30

Kellum, John A. Rapid Response System. Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.001.0001.

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This handbook provides a practical approach to the evaluation, differential diagnosis, and management of common medical and surgical emergencies such as cardiac arrest, acute respiratory failure, seizures, and hemorrhagic shock occurring in hospitalized patients. Less common and special circumstances such as pediatric, obstetric, oncologic, neurologic, and behavioral emergencies as well as palliative care for terminally ill patients encountered in the context of rapid response team (RRT) events are also discussed. An overview of commonly performed bedside emergency procedures by rapid response team members complements the clinical resources that may need to be brought to bear during the course of the rapid response team event. Finally, an overview of organization, leadership, communication, quality, and patient safety surrounding rapid response team events is provided. This book is written with medical students, junior physicians, and nursing staff in mind working in both academic and community hospital settings. Both a novice and an experienced healthcare provider involved in a rapid response system (RRS) will find this handbook to be a valuable supplement to the clinical experiences gained through active engagement in the system. Hospital administrators and senior management staff will also find this book to be useful in the evaluation of quality and performance of the rapid response system, management of staff attitudes and behavior, performance of peer review, care for second victims, and implementation of countermeasures for patient safety problems discovered in the course of rapid response system reviews.

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31

McGregor, Laura, Monica N. Gupta, and Max Field. Septic arthritis in adults. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0098.

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Septic arthritis (SA) is a medical emergency with mortality of around 15%. Presentation is usually monoarticular but in more than 10% SA affects two or more joints. Symptoms include rapid-onset joint inflammation with systemic inflammatory responses but fever and leucocytosis may be absent at presentation. Treatment according to British Society of Rheumatology/British Orthopaedic Association (BSR/BOA) guidelines should be commenced if there is a suspicion of SA. At-risk patients include those with primary joint disease, previous SA, recent intra-articular surgery, exogenous sources of infection (leg ulceration, respiratory and urinary tract), and immunosupression because of medical disorders, intravenous drug use or therapy including tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. Synovial fluid should be examined for organisms and crystals with repeat aspiration as required. Most SA results from haematogenous spread-sources of infection should be sought and blood and appropriate cultures taken prior to antibiotic treatment. Causative organisms include staphylococcus (including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA), streptococcus, and Gram-negative organisms (in elderly patients), but no organism is identified in 43%, often after antibiotic use before diagnosis. Antibiotics should be prescribed according to local protocols, but BSR/BOA guidelines suggest initial intravenous and subsequent oral therapy. Medical treatment may be as effective as surgical in uncomplicated native SA, and can be cost-effective, but orthopaedic advice should be sought if necessary and always in cases of infected joint prostheses. In addition to high mortality, around 40% of survivors following SA develop limitation of joint function. Guidelines provide physicians with treatment advice aiming to limit mortality and morbidity and assist future research.

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32

Meyer, Mark J., and Norbert J. Weidner. Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders in the OR. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0006.

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A physician signs a do-not-resuscitate order (DNR) when aggressive resuscitation measures will not benefit the patient in the presence of a life-threatening illness. Many children living with a life-threatening illness derive benefit from invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures such as tracheostomies, peripherally inserted central lines, gastrostomy tubes, and tumor debulking procedures. These procedures are considered palliative rather than curative in that they improve or preserve quality of life but do not prevent progression of the underlying condition. In children, the presence of a DNR order may not be a harbinger that death is imminent and can be consistent with pursuing life-prolonging interventions aimed at improving quality of life. However, these orders confound pediatric anesthesiologists who, during the conduct of a routine anesthetic, can cause cardiovascular and respiratory compromise.

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33

D’Mello, Ajay. Mitochondrial Disease. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0047.

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Mitochondrial disease is now considered to be an important cause for a diverse range of neurological, muscular, cardiac and endocrine disorders. Initially thought to be a rare group of disorders, it is now increasingly common for children with mitochondrial disease to present for a surgical procedure. While the mitochondrial respiratory chain is the essential finally common pathway for aerobic metabolism, mitochondria also play a role in a several important cellular processes. A variety of anesthetic techniques have been successfully used for this group of patients. However, the possibility of complications due to inhibition of mitochondrial function by anesthetic agents and surgical stress is a worry for the physician managing these patients. Anesthetic management focuses on disease symptoms at presentation, maintaining normoglycemia, while preventing further metabolic stress and complications that worsen lactic acidosis.

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34

Barrett, Jessica, and Martin Carby. Transplant. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199657742.003.0021.

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Since the first successful lung transplant in 1981, tens of thousands of operations have been performed across the world. Yet despite significant technical advances, mortality is the highest of any solid organ transplant. Most patients will have a major complication within the first 5 years of the operation. These are best managed in transplant centres. However, a working knowledge of the presentation and initial management is essential for a respiratory physician. Although the rate of complications remains high, more than 80% of patients with surviving transplants report no limitation of activity at 1, 3, and 5 years. Developments in surgical technique have reduced immediate complications, and immunosuppressive regimens continue to improve. However, the incidence of obliterative bronchiolitis remains high and is responsible for the majority of graft failures.

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35

Mehta, Gautam, and Bilal Iqbal. Clinical Medicine for the MRCP PACES. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199542550.001.0001.

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Volume 1 of a two volume MRCP text, this book includes cases which mimic the style and approach of the MRCP PACES exam. Clinical Medicine for MRCP PACES will equip the candidate attempting the MRCP examination with the skills and knowledge necessary for success, and will also provide an overview of evidence-based medicine for competency-based training. Throughout this and Volume 2, the authors explore all aspects of the candidate's performance, from clinical examination, to presentation, communication and medical ethics and up-to-date clinical evidence. Volume 1 includes over 150 cases and covers Stations 1, 3 and 5: Station 1 covers the respiratory and abdominal systems; Station 3 covers the cardiovascular and central nervous systems; Station 5 includes 20 Brief Clinical Consultations and supplementary cases covering ophthalmology, dermatology, endocrine and locomotor presentations. Throughout the book, the cases begin with the case presentation, followed by extensive clinical notes for each case. Each case also includes questions commonly asked by the examiners with suggested evidence-based answers and relevant bibliography. Station 5 Brief Clinical Consultations include a standardized approach to preparation and provide a concise summary of the focused history, examination, diagnosis and guidance on how to feedback to both the patient and the examiner. Visit our website for details of our range of titles for MRCP and more in the Oxford Specialty Training series at www.oup.com/uk/medicine/ost http://www.oup.com/uk/medicine/ost Advance praise for Clinical Medicine for MRCP PACES: "The authors have produced two volumes packed with the information needed to pass PACES and to practise high quality medicine. While written specifically for those aspiring to be physicians these volumes deserve to be widely read by all with an interest in clinical medicine. Candidates in particular and patients have good reason to welcome these volumes." Sir Graeme Catto

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36

Muders, Thomas, and Christian Putensen. Pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0096.

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Beside reduction in tidal volume limiting peak airway pressure minimizes the risk for ventilator-associated-lung-injury in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pressure-controlled, time-cycled ventilation (PCV) enables the physician to keep airway pressures under strict limits by presetting inspiratory and expiratory pressures, and cycle times. PCV results in a square-waved airway pressure and a decelerating inspiratory gas flow holding the alveoli inflated for the preset time. Preset pressures and cycle times, and respiratory system mechanics affect alveolar and intrinsic positive end-expiratory (PEEPi) pressures, tidal volume, total minute, and alveolar ventilation. When compared with flow-controlled, time-cycled (‘volume-controlled’) ventilation, PCV results in reduced peak airway pressures, but higher mean airway. Homogeneity of regional peak alveolar pressure distribution within the lung is improved. However, no consistent data exist, showing PCV to improve patient outcome. During inverse ratio ventilation (IRV) elongation of inspiratory time increases mean airway pressure and enables full lung inflation, whereas shortening expiratory time causes incomplete lung emptying and increased PEEPi. Both mechanisms increase mean alveolar and transpulmonary pressures, and may thereby improve lung recruitment and gas exchange. However, when compared with conventional mechanical ventilation using an increased external PEEP to reach the same magnitude of total PEEP as that produced intrinsically by IRV, IRV has no advantage. Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) provides a PCV-like squared pressure pattern by time-cycled switches between two continuous positive airway pressure levels, while allowing unrestricted spontaneous breathing in any ventilatory phase. Maintaining spontaneous breathing with APRV is associated with recruitment and improved ventilation of dependent lung areas, improved ventilation-perfusion matching, cardiac output, oxygenation, and oxygen delivery, whereas need for sedation, vasopressors, and inotropic agents and duration of ventilator support decreases.

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37

Scolding, Neil. Vasculitis and collagen vascular diseases. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0862.

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That part of the clinical interface between neurology and general medicine occupied by inflammatory and immunological diseases is neither small nor medically trivial. Neurologists readily accept the challenges of ‘primary’ immune diseases of the nervous system: these tend to be focussed on one particular target such as oligodendrocytes or the neuro-muscular junction present in predictable ways, and are amenable as a rule to rational, methodological diagnosis, and occasionally even treatment. This is proper neurology.‘Secondary’ neurological involvement in diseases mainly considered systemic inflammatory conditions—for example, SLE, sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and Behçet’s—is a rather different matter. It may be difficult enough to secure such a diagnosis even when systemic disease has previously been diagnosed and new neurological features need to be differentiated from iatrogenic disease, particularly drug side effects or the consequences of immune suppression. But all the diseases mentioned may present with and confine themselves wholly to the nervous system; they may mimic one another, and pursue erratic and unpredictable clinical courses. In central nervous system disease, diagnosis by tissue biopsy is potentially hazardous and unattractive. Few neurologists enjoy excesses of confidence or expertise when faced with such clinical problems: the cautious diagnostician is perplexed, and the evidence-based neuroprescriber confounded. Unsurprisingly, great variations in approaches to diagnosis and management are seen (Scolding et al. 2002b).But rheumatologically inclined general, renal or respiratory physicians, comfortable when managing inflammation affecting their system or indeed other parts of the body designed to support the nervous system, are generally also ill at ease when faced with neurological features whose differential diagnosis may be large, particularly given the near universal diagnostic non-specificity of either imaging or CSF analysis.Here then is the subject material for this chapter: the diagnosis and management of central nervous system involvement in inflammatory and immunological systemic diseases (Scolding 1999a). In not one of these neurological conditions has a single controlled therapeutic trial been reported, and much that is published on these conditions is misleading or inaccurate. And yet the frequency with which the diagnosis is only confirmed or even first emerges at autopsy bears stark witness to both the severity and evasiveness of these disorders.

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38

Pediatric ICD-10-CM. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581109016.

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In this first edition, Pediatric ICD-10-CM: A Manual for Provider-Based Coding strives to bring to the pediatric provider, coder, and biller the most accurate and easy-to use manual on ICD-10-CM yet. Composed entirely with a pediatrics focus, this manual exclusively features codes and guidelines for physician- and provider-based coding, all in a simplified yet familiar format. The full draft of the ICD-10-CM code set comes in at well over 1,000 pages. This book condenses that large and potentially cumbersome book into 400 pages of the most relevant,pediatrics-related codes and guidelines. It also fully integrates into the tabular list specific chapter and code guidelines. Guideline are now included directly at the chapter and code level, ensuring that coders will always use the right codes in right circumstances Features include Integrated codes and guidelines Simplified yet familiar layout Tabular and indexed navigation Pediatric-focused and provider-based guidance And more... Contents Include: ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting: FY 2015 Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (A00-B99) Neoplasms (C00-D49) Diseases of the Blood and Blood-Forming Organs and Certain Disorders Involving the Immune Mechanism (D50-D89) Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases (E00-E89) Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (F01-F99) Diseases of the Nervous System (G00-G99) Diseases of the Eye and Adnexa (H00-H59) Diseases of the Ear and Mastoid Process (H60-H95) Diseases of the Circulatory System (I00-I99) Diseases of the Respiratory System (J00-J99) Diseases of the Digestive System (K00-K95) Diseases of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue (L00-L99) Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and Connective Tissue (M00-M99) Diseases of the Genitourinary System (N00-N99) Pregnancy, Childbirth, Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period (P00-P99) Congenital Malformations, Deformations and Chromosomal Abnormalities (Q00-Q99) Symptoms, Signs, and Abnormal Clinical and Laboratory Findings (R00-R99) Injury, Poisoning and Consequences of Certain Other External Causes (S00-T88) External Causes of Morbidity (V00-Y99) Factors Influencing Health Status and Contact With Health Services (Z00-Z99)

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