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1
He, Zhong Hai, and Guang Shuai Zhu. "Adjustable Respiratory Mechanical Parameters Lung System for Medical Patient Simulator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 4115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.4115.
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A lung simulator utilizing flow track to simulate spontaneous breathing is presented as an alternative to the existed lung system in the medical patient simulator. The hardware of simulator is similar and updated from Meka’s paper. The existing lung system can be divided into two main types. One is traditional bellows driven mechanical lung system, the other is bellow-less lung simulator driven by carinal pressure that to be controlled. Our lung simulator is upgraded from bellow-less simulator. The research focus on the flow pattern the lung simulator generated which can image the lung mechanical factors directly. The flow pattern of the lung simulator is modeled by transfer function combined with respiratory muscle pressure, which is the target that the bellow-less lung simulator to track. The target flow pattern is tracked by PID algorithm widely used in automation filed and realized by Control Design and Simulation module in LabVIEW. We simulate the normal respiratory motion by flow track in this study. The pathology breath flow can be simulated by change of resistance, compliance or muscle pressure, which is easy to adjust in the LabVIEW program.
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PERRY, STEVEN F. "Functional Morphology of the Lungs of the Nile Crocodile, Crocodylus Niloticus: Non-Respiratory Parameters." Journal of Experimental Biology 134, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.134.1.99.
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The complex, multicameral lungs of the Nile crocodile are characterized by rows of tubular chambers, which in cranial and ventral lung regions are broad and sac-like. The inner surface of the chambers is enhanced by cubicles (ediculae), the capillary-bearing walls of which are often perforated. Extrabronchial communication among chambers is infrequent. The ediculae end in a network of myoelastic trabeculae, which face the central lumen of the chambers. The trabecular epithelium is similar to that of mammalian bronchi and contains isolated endocrine-like cells basally, whereas the edicular epithelium is similar to that of other reptiles and of mammals. The distribution of non-vascular smooth muscle, 64% in trabeculae and 36% in interedicular walls, is consistent with the hypothesis that these two antagonistically oriented muscle groups interact to effect lung patency. The volume-specific lung compliance is similar to that of much simpler, unicameral gekko lungs, implying that lung compliance is a function of parenchymal structure and not of primary structural type.
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Sudeep Kale, Mangala Deshpande, Pandurang Thatkar, Sandeep Chaudhari, and Manisha Deshpande. "Study on correlation of inspiratory pulmonary function parameters with anthropometric parameters and analysis of pattern of inspiratory parameters at various age points in Indian Children." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 3 (July 19, 2021): 2062–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4813.
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The prevalence of lung diseases is increasing globally. Mortality, morbidity and respiratory disability are a growing health concern. The pulmonary function test is an accurate tool for detecting airway and lung abnormalities. Early diagnosis of respiratory disease is key to preventing mortality and morbidity. The current study has evaluated the relation of the anthropometric parameters and inspiratory parameters of pulmonary function test and also analyzed its behaviour over the growing age in Indian children. The current study included 2109 school-aged children aged 6 to 15. The height, weight, body mass index and body surface area were recorded. The spirometry was performed in accordance with the protocols. The parameters of the inspiratory flow volume loop were recorded. This study observed a good relation between the anthropometric parameters and inspiratory lung function parameters and the parameters were higher in males than in females. The behaviour of these parameters at various points of growing age was analyzed. This study revealed geographical, gender wise variation in the inspiratory parameters. The study also revealed different patterns of lung growth in boys and girls. Hence this study recommends to include inspiratory parameter assessment in the routine assessment of respiratory patients for early and accurate diagnosis of lung pathology in young children.
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Povodator, Arkadi, Vladimir Tsepelev, and Natali Kulikova. "Respiratory Parameters-Based Approach to Assessing Dust Loading." Key Engineering Materials 660 (August 2015): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.660.305.
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The idea of assessing the respiratory organs’ protection means has been considered, that takes into account the dust penetration coefficient and dynamics of the worker’s cardio respiratory parameters under working conditions. The individual samplers’ speed is proposed to be controlled by means of the lung ventilation while dust loading inside and outside the individual protection means is to be determined. This enables assessing them by a conventional performance factor taking into account cardio respiratory parameters as well.
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Lehtimäki, Lauri, Tuomas Karvonen, and Marieann Högman. "Clinical Values of Nitric Oxide Parameters from the Respiratory System." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 42 (December 16, 2020): 7189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867327666200603141847.
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Background: Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) concentration reliably reflects central airway inflammation, but it is not sensitive to changes in the NO dynamics in the lung periphery. By measuring FENO at several different flow rates one can estimate alveolar NO concentration (CANO), bronchial NO flux (JawNO), bronchial wall NO concentration (CawNO) and the bronchial diffusivity of NO (DawNO). Objective: We aimed to describe the current knowledge and clinical relevance of NO parameters in different pulmonary diseases. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search to identify publications reporting NO parameters in subjects with pulmonary or systemic diseases affecting the respiratory tract. A narrative review was created for those with clinical relevance. Results: Estimation of pulmonary NO parameters allows for differentiation between central and peripheral inflammation and a more precise analysis of central airway NO output. CANO seems to be a promising marker of parenchymal inflammation in interstitial lung diseases and also a marker of tissue damage and altered gas diffusion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic diseases affecting the lung. In asthma, CANO can detect small airway involvement left undetected by ordinary FENO measurement. Additionally, CawNO and DawNO can be used in asthma to assess if FENO is increased due to enhanced inflammatory activity (increased CawNO) or tissue changes related to bronchial remodelling (altered DawNO). Conclusion: : NO parameters may be useful for diagnosis, prediction of disease progression and prediction of treatment responses in different parenchymal lung and airway diseases. Formal trials to test the added clinical value of NO parameters are needed.
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Al-Robaiy, Samiya, Bettina Weber, Andreas Simm, Claudius Diez, Paulina Rolewska, Rolf-Edgar Silber, and Babett Bartling. "The receptor for advanced glycation end-products supports lung tissue biomechanics." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 305, no. 7 (October 1, 2013): L491—L500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00090.2013.
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The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and its soluble forms are predominantly expressed in lung but its physiological importance in this organ is not yet fully understood. Since RAGE acts as a cell adhesion molecule, we postulated its physiological importance in the respiratory mechanics. Respiratory function in a buffer-perfused isolated lung system and biochemical parameters of the lung were studied in young, adult, and old RAGE knockout (RAGE-KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. Lungs from RAGE-KO mice showed a significant increase in the dynamic lung compliance and a decrease in the maximal expiratory air flow independent of age-related changes. We also determined lower mRNA and protein levels of elastin in lung tissue of RAGE-KO mice. RAGE deficiency did not influence the collagen protein level, lung capillary permeability, and inflammatory parameters (TNF-α, high-mobility group box protein 1) in lung. Overexpressing RAGE as well as soluble RAGE in lung fibroblasts or cocultured lung epithelial cells increased the mRNA expression of elastin. Moreover, immunoprecipitation studies indicated a trans interaction of RAGE in lung epithelial cells. Our findings suggest the physiological importance of RAGE and its soluble forms in supporting the respiratory mechanics in which RAGE trans interactions and the influence on elastin expression might play an important role.
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Horalskyi, L., N. Hlukhova, and I. Sokulskyi. "Morphological traits of rabbit lung." Scientific Horizons 93, no. 8 (2020): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33249/2663-2144-2020-93-8-180-188.
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In the article, following the results of complex methods (anatomic, histologic, organometric, histometric and statistical) researches are shown the features of morphological structure and morphometric parameters of the lungs of mature rabbits. It was found out, that macro- and microscopic architecture of rabbit lungs has similar histoarchitectonics, inherent in other species of farm animals of the class "mammals" and the characteristic features of morphological structures. Lungs in clinically healthy rabbits structurally reflect the shape of thoracic cavity and gradually expand ventrally. Subsequent to the results of performed organometry, the absolute lung mass of mature rabbits is 18,05±1,32 g, relative 0,624±0,013 %. The Right and left rabbit lungs are surrounded by pleural sacs (right and left): in rabbits pleural spaces of the right and left lungs are not connected. According to morphological and organometric investigations the rabbit lungs are relating to VIII type – the reduction of the superior lobe of left lung is observed, consequently right lung is more developed than left ( the length of right lung is 6,40±0,45 mm, the width – 3,54±0,30 mm, the thickness – 3,28±0,30 mm; the length of left lung is 6,84±0,40 mm; 4,18±0,30 mm and 1,52±0,30 mm relatively) and the coefficient of lung asymmetry (right to left) according to their absolute mass is 1.16. Although, rabbit lungs have dilatated base and superior. Right lung divides into four lobes – cranial (the superior), cardio, diaphragmatic and ancilla, left one divides into three lobes – the reduced superior, cardio and diaphragmatic. Histoarchitecture of lungs is formed by lobes of the lungs, that are separated by connective tissue, which contains blood and lymphatic vessels. Lung parenchyma is created by airways and respiratory divisions that blood vessels accompany to. Respiratory lung parenchyma is formed by respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar saccules, in which walls the alveolus are located and shape the alveolar tree. According to the analysis of histometry results, respiratory (breathing) lobe of lungs of experimental rabbits is 52,3± 0,62 %, connective tissue base – 69,6±1,27 %, and the average volume of alveolus (small, middle and big) is equal to 42,3±4,35 thousand mkm3.
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Bates, J. H., K. A. Brown, and T. Kochi. "Respiratory mechanics in the normal dog determined by expiratory flow interruption." Journal of Applied Physiology 67, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 2276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.67.6.2276.
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We recently proposed an eight-parameter model of the respiratory system to account for its mechanical behavior when flow is interrupted during passive expiration. The model consists of two four-parameter submodels representing the lungs and the chest wall, respectively. The lung submodel consists of an airways resistance together with elements embodying the viscoelastic properties of the lung tissues. The chest wall submodel has similar structure. We estimated the parameters of the model from data obtained in four normal, anesthetized, paralyzed, tracheostomized mongrel dogs. This model explains why lung tissue and chest wall resistances should be markedly frequency dependent at low frequencies and also permits a physiological interpretation of resistance measurements provided by the flow interruption method.
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Jayasekera, Shehan, Edward Hensel, and Risa Robinson. "Feasibility of Using the Hexoskin Smart Garment for Natural Environment Observation of Respiration Topography." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137012.
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Background: Limited research has been done to measure ambulatory respiratory behavior, in particular those associated with tobacco use, in the natural environment due to a lack of monitoring techniques. Respiratory topography parameters provide useful information for modeling particle deposition in the lung and assessing exposure risk and health effects associated with tobacco use. Commercially available Wearable Respiratory Monitors (WRM), such as the Hexoskin Smart Garment, have embedded sensors that measure chest motion and may be adapted for measuring ambulatory lung volume. Methods: Self-reported “everyday” and “some days” Hookah and Cigarette smokers were recruited for a 3-day natural environment observation study. Participants wore the Hexoskin shirt while using their preferred tobacco product. The shirt was calibrated on them prior to, during, and after the observation period. A novel method for calculating the calibration parameters is presented. Results: NH = 5 Hookah and NC = 3 Cigarette participants were enrolled. Calibration parameters were obtained and applied to the observed chest motion waveform from each participant to obtain their lung volume waveform. Respiratory topography parameters were derived from the lung volume waveform. Conclusion: The feasibility of using the Hexoskin for measuring ambulatory respiratory topography parameters in the natural environment is demonstrated.
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Kulkarni, Apoorva S., and Sheela N. "Methods to Evaluate Airway Resistance and Lung Compliance During Mechanical Ventilation: A Comparative Study." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (August 6, 2020): 947–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul666.
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Mechanical ventilation is a lifesaving activity that is used in critical care management. In such case, monitoring of airway resistance(Raw) and lung compliance(CL) play a major role for diagnosing the lung condition, setting the ventilator parameters, can act as a decision parameter for weaning the patient from the ventilator. Several methods have been described for estimating these respiratory parameters. In this work, a study is conducted to compare two different methods used to calculate airway resistance and lung compliance during mechanical ventilation. Michigan Adult/Infant lung simulator is used to simulate different compliance conditions and Michigan Pneuflo Resistors to simulate different resistance conditions. Flow, volume and pressure data were logged for different set parameters i.e. for different resistance and compliance combinations. Later these data were used to calculate the respiratory system resistance and compliance. Two methods were used to calculate lung parameters, dynamic approach and Least Square fitting(LSF) method(using respiratory system equation of motion). Both methods gave accurate estimate of Raw and CL. But the dynamic approach required respiratory maneuver whereas LSF approach required large datasets to carry out the calculation and the patient should not show any active breathing during evaluation
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Postolache, Paraschiva, Mihaela Moscalu, Alina Croitoru, and Gabriela Jimborean. "Functional and Nonfunctional Parameters in Patients with Occupational Lung Diseases." Materiale Plastice 54, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.3.4889.
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Patients with occupational lung diseases (OLD) may present respiratory functional impairment, exertional dyspnea and decreased exercise tolerance. These factors lead to reduced daily physical activity, social isolation, decreased quality of life (QoL) and depression. Assessment of respiratory functional status in patients with OLD in correlation with the presence of anxiety and depression and the quality of life in patients with OLD, as extrapulmonary comorbidities. In patients with diagnosed OLD, the following parameters were evaluated: pulmonary function tests (FEV1, FVC), anxiety and depression with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and QoL by St George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). 46 non-smoking patients (9 females) were included in this study: occupational asthma (10), occupational COPD (20), pneumoconiosis (16). Mean aged 58.98�11.84SD years old. Anxiety and depression were present in 35 patients (76.08%). Mean HADS score was 14.3 points�7.25SD, and a severe psychological impairment (HADS ] 16) was found in 16 cases (34.8%). The highest incidence of anxiety and depression was found in COPD (85%, mean HADS score 16.05 points�8.18SD), followed by pneumoconiosis (75%, mean HADS 13.5 points�6.87SD) and OA (60%, mean HADS score 12.2 points�5.45SD). The QoL was affected in all patients, with a mean SGRQ score of 52.7 points�16.1SD; the most affected was the activity domain. In patients with OLD, extrapulmonary manifestations may be encountered, such as anxiety, depression and ultimately impaired QoL. This may indicate that treatment of these patients should be multidisciplinary, including psychosocial support.
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Stamenovic, D., K. R. Lutchen, and G. M. Barnas. "Alternative model of respiratory tissue viscoplasticity." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 1062–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.3.1062.
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Respiratory tissue impedance exhibits both tidal volume and frequency dependences in the ranges of normal breathing. Hildebrandt argued that these indicate tissue viscoplasticity and offered a model in support of his argument consisting of viscoelastic and plastoelastic compartments, both mechanically in parallel (J. Appl. Physiol. 28: 365–372, 1970). Although the model appears to be qualitatively consistent with oscillatory behavior of a wide variety of respiratory tissues, it yields only moderately good quantitative correspondences despite a relatively large number of parameters, eight. One reason may be the model topology, which implies that rate-dependent and amplitude-dependent processes are decoupled. This is contrary to observed behavior. In this study we offer a model in which viscoelastic and plastoelastic compartments are mechanically coupled through a serial arrangement. The total number of parameters in the model is four. Using a least squares technique, we fitted this model to impedance data of chest wall, healthy lungs, and edematous lungs, all measured in vivo. We found that the model could account for the major, as well as the more subtle, features of the chest wall data with fewer parameters and fewer ad hoc assumptions than Hildebrandt's model. Although it lacks anatomic specifics, the model suggests that the observed chest wall behavior may stem from the actin-myosin cross-bridge kinetics. It also seems applicable to lung tissue, although the requirements for the plastoelastic compartment are less certain. In the case of edematous lungs, the applicability of the model is difficult to establish.
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Brocklehurst, Robert J., Emma R. Schachner, Jonathan R. Codd, and William I. Sellers. "Respiratory evolution in archosaurs." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1793 (January 13, 2020): 20190140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0140.
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The Archosauria are a highly successful group of vertebrates, and their evolution is marked by the appearance of diverse respiratory and metabolic strategies. This review examines respiratory function in living and fossil archosaurs, focusing on the anatomy and biomechanics of the respiratory system, and their physiological consequences. The first archosaurs shared a heterogeneously partitioned parabronchial lung with unidirectional air flow; from this common ancestral lung morphology, we trace the diverging respiratory designs of bird- and crocodilian-line archosaurs. We review the latest evidence of osteological correlates for lung structure and the presence and distribution of accessory air sacs, with a focus on the evolution of the avian lung-air sac system and the functional separation of gas exchange and ventilation. In addition, we discuss the evolution of ventilation mechanics across archosaurs, citing new biomechanical data from extant taxa and how this informs our reconstructions of fossils. This improved understanding of respiratory form and function should help to reconstruct key physiological parameters in fossil taxa. We highlight key events in archosaur evolution where respiratory physiology likely played a major role, such as their radiation at a time of relative hypoxia following the Permo-Triassic mass extinction, and their evolution of elevated metabolic rates. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vertebrate palaeophysiology’.
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Antonis, Adriaan F. G., Remco S. Schrijver, Franz Daus, Paul J. G. M. Steverink, Norbert Stockhofe, Evert J. Hensen, Johannes P. M. Langedijk, and Robbert G. van der Most. "Vaccine-Induced Immunopathology during Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Exploring the Parameters of Pathogenesis." Journal of Virology 77, no. 22 (November 15, 2003): 12067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.22.12067-12073.2003.
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ABSTRACT The bovine and human respiratory syncytial viruses cause severe lower respiratory tract infections. Effective vaccines against the respiratory syncytial viruses have been lacking since vaccine failures in the 1960s and 1970s. In this report, we describe a bovine respiratory syncytial virus (bRSV) challenge model in which both classical bRSV respiratory infection and vaccine-enhanced immune pathology were reproduced. The classical, formalin-inactivated (FI) bRSV vaccine that has been associated with vaccine failure was efficient in inducing high antibody titers and reducing viral loads but also primed calves for a far more serious enhanced respiratory disease after a bRSV challenge, thereby mimicking the enhanced clinical situation in FI human RSV (hRSV)-immunized and hRSV-infected infants in the 1960s. We show that immunization with FI-bRSV mainly primes a Th2-like inflammatory response that is characterized by a significant eosinophilic influx in the bronchial alveolar lung fluid and lung tissues and high levels of immunoglobulin E serum antibodies. The current model may be useful in the evaluation of new bRSV candidate vaccines for potency and safety.
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Lee, Jung Ae, Chul Yong Kim, Dae Sik Yang, Won Sup Yoon, Young Je Park, Suk Lee, and Young Bum Kim. "Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography Based Respiratory-Gated Radiotherapy with Respiratory Guidance System: Analysis of Respiratory Signals and Dosimetric Comparison." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/306021.
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Purpose. To investigate the effectiveness of respiratory guidance system in 4-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) based respiratory-gated radiation therapy (RGRT) by comparing respiratory signals and dosimetric analysis of treatment plans.Methods. The respiratory amplitude and period of the free, the audio device-guided, and the complex system-guided breathing were evaluated in eleven patients with lung or liver cancers. The dosimetric parameters were assessed by comparing free breathing CT plan and 4DCT-based 30–70% maximal intensity projection (MIP) plan.Results. The use of complex system-guided breathing showed significantly less variation in respiratory amplitude and period compared to the free or audio-guided breathing regarding the root mean square errors (RMSE) of full inspiration (P=0.031), full expiration (P=0.007), and period (P=0.007). The dosimetric parameters includingV5 Gy,V10 Gy,V20 Gy,V30 Gy,V40 Gy, andV50 Gyof normal liver or lung in 4DCT MIP plan were superior over free breathing CT plan.Conclusions. The reproducibility and regularity of respiratory amplitude and period were significantly improved with the complex system-guided breathing compared to the free or the audio-guided breathing. In addition, the treatment plan based on the 4D CT-based MIP images acquired with the complex system guided breathing showed better normal tissue sparing than that on the free breathing CT.
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Niikawa, Hiromichi, Toshihiro Okamoto, Kamal S. Ayyat, Yoshifumi Itoda, J. Steven Hata, and Kenneth R. McCurry. "Significant parameters in the evaluation of donor lungs in single-lung cellular ex vivo lung perfusion." Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery 28, no. 5 (December 6, 2018): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivy327.
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Lindsey, Ashley S., Lydia M. Sullivan, Nicole A. Housley, Anna Koloteva, Judy A. King, Jonathon P. Audia, and Diego F. Alvarez. "Analysis of pulmonary vascular injury and repair during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection-induced pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome." Pulmonary Circulation 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 204589401982694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045894019826941.
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Herein we describe lung vascular injury and repair using a rodent model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) during: 1) the exudative phase (48-hour survivors) and 2) the reparative/fibro-proliferative phase (1-week survivors). Pneumonia was induced by intratracheal instillation of P. aeruginosa strain PA103, and lung morphology and pulmonary vascular function were determined subsequently. Pulmonary vascular function was assessed in mechanically ventilated animals in vivo (air dead space, PaO2, and lung mechanics) and lung permeability was determined in isolated perfused lungs ex vivo (vascular filtration coefficient and extravascular lung water). At 48 hours post infection, histological analyses demonstrated capillary endothelial disruption, diffuse alveolar damage, perivascular cuffs, and neutrophil influx into lung parenchyma. Infected animals displayed clinical hallmarks of ARDS, including increased vascular permeability, increased dead space, impaired gas exchange, and decreased lung compliance. Overall, the animal infection model recapitulated the morphological and functional changes typically observed in lungs from patients during the exudative phase of ARDS. At 1 week post infection, there was lung histological and pulmonary vascular functional evidence of repair when compared with 48 hours post infection; however, some parameters were still impaired when compared with uninfected controls. Importantly, lungs displayed increased fibrosis and cellular hyperplasia reminiscent of lungs from patients during the fibro-proliferative phase of ARDS. Control, sham inoculated animals showed normal lung histology and function. These data represent the first comprehensive assessment of lung pathophysiology during the exudative and reparative/fibro-proliferative phases of P. aeruginosa pneumonia-induced ARDS, and position this pre-clinical model for use in interventional studies aimed at advancing clinical care.
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Chiavolini, Damiana, Joseph Alroy, Carol A. King, Peter Jorth, Susan Weir, Guillermo Madico, John R. Murphy, and Lee M. Wetzler. "Identification of Immunologic and Pathologic Parameters of Death versus Survival in Respiratory Tularemia." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 2 (November 19, 2007): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00862-07.
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ABSTRACT Francisella tularensis can cause severe disseminated disease after respiratory infection. The identification of factors involved in mortality or recovery following induction of tularemia in the mouse will improve our understanding of the natural history of this disease and facilitate future evaluation of vaccine candidate preparations. BALB/c mice were infected intranasally with the live vaccine strain (LVS) of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica and euthanized at different stages of disease to analyze the induction of immune molecules, gross anatomical features of organs, bacterial burdens, and progression of the histopathological changes in lung and spleen. Tissue-specific interleukin-6 (IL-6), macrophage inflammatory protein 2, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 were immune markers of mortality, while anti-LVS immunoglobulin M and IL-1β were associated with survival. Moribund mice had enlarged spleens and lungs, while surviving mice had even more prominent splenomegaly and normal-appearing lungs. Histopathology of the spleens of severely ill mice was characterized by disrupted lymphoid follicles and fragmented nuclei, while the spleens of survivors appeared healthy but with increased numbers of megakaryocytes and erythrocytes. Histopathology of the lungs of severely ill mice indicated severe pneumonia. Lungs of survivors at early time points showed increased inflammation, while at late times they appeared healthy with peribronchial lymphoid aggregates. Our results suggest that host immune factors are able to affect bacterial dissemination after respiratory tularemia, provide new insights regarding the pathological characteristics of pulmonary tularemia leading to systemic disease, and potentially identify immune markers associated with recovery from the disease.
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Gauchan, Eva, Ganesh BK, and Deepak Prasad Koirala. "Variation in spirometry parameters in children with and without recurrent respiratory problems." Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v9i3.36413.
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Background: Children having recurrent episodes of respiratory symptoms account for a major source of hospitalization. These children have increased morbidities and if not identified in time can have impaired lung function as adults.
Objectives: The aim of our study was to compare the spirometry parameters and bronchodilator reversibility in children with and without recurrent respiratory problems.
Methodology: This was a prospective observational study conducted in the Pediatric department of Manipal Teaching Hospital comparing 35 children with recurrent respiratory problems and 35 children with no history of recurrent respiratory problems. After thorough instructions, baseline spirometry was done in all children and recordings were noted. Thereafter they were given two puffs of salbutamol (100 µg) and repeat testing was done 20 minutes later. Bronchodilator reversibility was calculated according to standard formula. Various statistical tests were used to compare the findings between the two groups.
Results: The recurrent respiratory problem group had 31 (88%) cases of bronchial asthma, two (5.7%) bronchiolitis obliterans, one (2.8%) pulmonary eosinophilia, and one (2.8%) common variable immunodeficiency syndrome. The median values of FEV1 (p=<0.001), FVC (p=0.007), FEV1/FVC (p=0.005), PEF (p=0.042) and FEF25-75(p=0.026) were lower in the group with recurrent respiratory problems. Post-bronchodilator reversibility of FEV1 (p=0.001), FVC (p=<0.001) and FEF25-75 (p=0.026) was higher in the groups with recurrent respiratory problems
Conclusion: We found that lung function parameters in children with recurrent respiratory problems show features of obstructive defect. The post-bronchodilator response is higher in the group with recurrent respiratory problems as compared to normal children.
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Brygin, P. A., S. V. Zhuravel, D. A. Troitskiy, and I. I. Utkina. "Predictors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation efficacy in patients with acute respiratory failure." Transplantologiya. The Russian Journal of Transplantation 12, no. 3 (September 10, 2020): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23873/2074-0506-2020-12-3-220-230.
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The purpose of this article is to describe the problem of predicting the lung function recovery in patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Data from CESAR and EOLIA clinical trials on the efficacy of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome have been reviewed and some controversial results discussed. The prognostic PRESERVE and RESP scores developed as prognostic tools on the basis of the results of these studies, are presented, the limitations of their applicability in various forms of acute respiratory distress syndrome are discussed. We propose to subdivide the predictors of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation outcome in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome into 4 following groups: 1. Lung injury severity criteria, including parameters of their lung mechanical and functional properties. 2. Time from acute respiratory failure onset to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiation, which reflects the rate of pathological processes in lungs and timing of decision to initiate extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. 3. The etiology of pulmonary disorders, directly affecting the reversibility of pathological processes in the lungs. 4. The severity of the patient's general condition, including the severity of manifestations of multiple organ failure, the degree of decompensation of concomitant chronic diseases, including oncological and associated with immunosuppression. Several diseases are associated with a higher risk of specific complications, particularly hemorrhagic, during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
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Gatera, Vesara Ardhe, Rizky Abdulah, Ida Musfiroh, Raden Tina Dewi Judistiani, and Budi Setiabudiawan. "Updates on the Status of Vitamin D as a Risk Factor for Respiratory Distress Syndrome." Advances in Pharmacological Sciences 2018 (September 30, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8494816.
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To update the guidelines regarding vitamin D status in respiratory distress syndrome, we reviewed recent human and animal studies on the benefits of vitamin D in respiratory distress. We searched PubMed and ProQuest for studies on the use of vitamin D from 2009 to 2017. The common parameters in these studies included the use of lung tissue, phospholipids, blood, and plasma to assess the effects of vitamin D on respiratory syndrome. The metabolized form of vitamin D used in these studies was 1,25(OH)2D3 in animal studies and 25(OH)D in human studies. Vitamin D supplementation decreases the risk of respiratory distress syndrome, improves the quality of life, and is relatively effective and safe for preterm neonates as well as during lung maturation. However, although vitamin D supplementation may offer benefits for respiratory distress syndrome, the optimal dosing strategies for specific types of risk factors in the lungs must be clarified to confirm the therapeutic efficacy.
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Wex, P., V. Haas, and E. Utta. "Delayed results of lung volume reduction surgery in heterogeneous lung emphysema." PULMONOLOGIYA, no. 1 (February 28, 2005): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2005-0-1-84-86.
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The aim of the study was to search delayed results and to characterize patients with heterogeneous emphysema which do not improve their quality of life after lung volume reduction surgery. Retrospective analysis was done based on medical history reports from July, 1994, to January, 1998. The surgical lung volume reduction was performed in 81 patients (45 males and 13 females, the average age was 61.9 yrs). Postoperative mortality was 6.9 % (4 patients). Twenty-three patients died within 5 yrs after the intervention; their mean follow-up period was 33.3 months. The average follow-up period was 54.3 months. Functional parameters for patients survived 3 to 5 yrs were: FEV1 50 ± 23.8 %, RV 35.6 ± 29.1 %, RV / TLC 12.3 ± 12 %, the 6-min walk distance was 96.7 ± 62 m. The total 5-year survival was 63.8 %, the survival for the patients having FEV1> 30 % was 83.8 % and that for the patients with FEV1 < 30 % was 50 %. Age and lung function parameters did not differ in survivors and died patients. On the contrary, differences in the blood gas parameters, oxygen therapy time and 6-min walk distance were significant between these groups. Some negative factors were revealed: predominant injury of the lower lung fields, FEV1 < 30 % pred., respiratory failure (PaCO2 ≥ 48 mm Hg), oxygen therapy longer than 6 months, the 6-min walk distance shorter than 80 m.
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Kosutova, Petra, Pavol Mikolka, Sona Balentova, Marian Adamkov, Andrea Calkovska, and Daniela Mokra. "Effects of PDE3 Inhibitor Olprinone on the Respiratory Parameters, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in an Experimental Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (May 11, 2020): 3382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093382.
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This study aimed to investigate whether a selective phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3) inhibitor olprinone can positively influence the inflammation, apoptosis, and respiratory parameters in animals with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) model induced by repetitive saline lung lavage. Adult rabbits were divided into 3 groups: ARDS without therapy (ARDS), ARDS treated with olprinone i.v. (1 mg/kg; ARDS/PDE3), and healthy ventilated controls (Control), and were oxygen-ventilated for the following 4 h. Dynamic lung–thorax compliance (Cdyn), mean airway pressure (MAP), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), alveolar-arterial gradient (AAG), ratio between partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood to a fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2), oxygenation index (OI), and ventilation efficiency index (VEI) were evaluated every hour. Post mortem, inflammatory and oxidative markers (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, a receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), IL-10, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and apoptosis (apoptotic index and caspase-3) were assessed in the lung tissue. Treatment with olprinone reduced the release of inflammatory mediators and markers of oxidative damage decreased apoptosis of epithelial cells and improved respiratory parameters. The results indicate a future potential of PDE3 inhibitors also in the therapy of ARDS.
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Jenkinson, S. G., R. J. Roberts, R. A. DeLemos, R. A. Lawrence, J. J. Coalson, R. J. King, D. M. Null, and D. R. Gerstmann. "Allopurinol-induced effects in premature baboons with respiratory distress syndrome." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 1160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.3.1160.
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To test the hypothesis that administration of allopurinol could modify the response to prolonged hyperoxia in premature baboons (140 days gestation) with respiratory distress syndrome, we evaluated physiological, pathological, and lung biochemical parameters in groups of premature baboons treated with mechanical ventilation and exposed to various amounts of oxygen for 6 days. Three groups of experimental animals were studied, including animals that received oxygen as needed to maintain arterial oxygen between 60 and 80 Torr [inspiratory O2 concentration- (FIO2) PRN], animals that received 100% oxygen continuously but also received allopurinol intravenously at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1.day-1 (FIO2-1.0 + allopurinol), and animals that received 100% oxygen continuously and the vehicle for allopurinol administration (FIO2-1.0). Pathological examinations of the experimental animals showed evidence of lung injury in both 100% oxygen-exposed groups, but the allopurinol-treated animals had findings more compatible with the FIO2-PRN group, with relatively few macrophages or polymorphonuclear lymphocytes being present in lung tissue. Lungs of animals treated with allopurinol were also more distensible and had a trend toward decreased lung water compared with the FIO2-1.0 group. Allopurinol-treated animals were able to induce lung glutathione concentrations and glutathione-related and antioxidant enzyme activities compared with the normoxic control (FIO2-PRN) group. Ventilator pressure requirements were also decreased in the allopurinol-treated animals compared with the FIO2-1.0 controls after 42 h. These data suggest that treatment of hyperoxia-exposed premature baboons with allopurinol for the first 6 days of life results in significant changes in lung responses and antioxidant defenses compared with vehicle-treated baboons exposed to 100% oxygen for the same time period.
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Bakhtiar, Arief, and Wirya Sastra Amran. "Faal Paru Statis." Jurnal Respirasi 2, no. 3 (April 2, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jr.v2-i.3.2016.91-98.
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Respiration or breathing is the body’s attempt to meet the needs of O2 in the metabolic process and emit CO2 as a result of intermediary metabolism by lung and respiratory organs together so that the resulting cardiovascular oxygen rich blood. Respiration has three phases: ventilation, diffusion, perfusion. The situation is said to somebody normal lung function if the work process of ventilation, diffusion, perfusion, and the relationship between ventilation to perfusion of the person is in a relaxed state resulted in the partial pressure of arterial blood gas (PaO2 and PaCO2) were normal. Examination of lung function has an important role in assessing a lung function. However, the thing to know that these checks are supporting and quite helpful in making a specific diagnosis. With spirometry examination can be known or determined all the static volume except residual volume and respiratory capacity than the capacity of residual volume that contains components such as total lung capacity and functional residual capacity. Functional residual capacity measured by special methods such as by using the inert gas helium (helium dilution test), N2 washout and bodyplethysmograph. Some static pulmonary function parameters can interpret any kind of disturbance in the lungs. In restrictive disorders in general decreased static lung volumes. While the obstruction interference parameters are quite significant, namely an increase in residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC) and the ratio of residual volume and total lung capacity (RV/TLC)
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Ünsal, Ebru, Figen Atalay, Sükran Atikcan, and Aydin Yilmaz. "Prognostic significance of hemostatic parameters in patients with lung cancer." Respiratory Medicine 98, no. 2 (February 2004): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2003.07.001.
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Okrzymowska, Paulina, Monika Kurzaj, Wojciech Seidel, and Krystyna Rożek-Piechura. "Eight Weeks of Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Pulmonary Function in Disabled Swimmers—A Randomized Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 17, 2019): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101747.
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Background: According to the literature, inspiratory muscle fatigue may increase after swimming training (ST). This study aimed to examine the efficacy of 8-week inspiratory muscular training (IMT) in disabled swimmers, combined with standard sports training, on selected parameters of lung ventilation and the function of respiratory muscles. Methods: A total of 16 disabled swimming division athletes from Wroclaw’s ‘Start’ Regional Sports Association qualified for the study. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups (ST and IMT). Both groups participated in swimming training for 8 weeks (8 times a week). The IMT group additionally participated in inspiratory muscle training (8 weeks). In all respondents, a functional lung test and the respiratory muscle strength was measured. Results: After 8 weeks of training, a significant increase in ventilation parameters and respiratory muscle strength was observed only in the IMT group. In ST group 1, a 20% improvement in the strength of inspiratory muscles was achieved. Conclusions: The inclusion of IMT is an important element that complements swimming training, allowing for greater increases in lung ventilation parameters and the strength of respiratory muscles in disabled swimmers.
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Zayneev, M. M., N. I. Ziyatdinova, and T. L. Zefirov. "Peculiarities of the functional state of external respiration of primary school children during adaptation to different efforts." Kazan medical journal 93, no. 1 (February 15, 2012): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2154.
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Aim. To study the peculiarities of external respiratory functioning in boys of 8, 9 and 10 years in various periods of the academic year at rest, after a dosed dynamic and static loads. Methods. Examined were 38 practically healthy boys with an average level of physical development. Observation was conducted in three age groups of boys: 8, 9 and 10 years. The functional state of the respiratory system was assessed by the magnitude of lung volumes and ventilation parameters. The test with an isometric load was performed in a sitting position by squeezing a dynamometer in the left hand with a force equal to 50% of the maximal effort produced within 1 min. Results. In the 8-year-old boys noted was the tension of the functional state of the respiratory system at the beginning of the academic year. By the year of the end, the static load causes a decrease of the reserves of external respiration and static lung volumes, and an increase of the frequency component. In the 9-year-old boys at all study periods the static load leads to less favorable shifts in the respiration parameters in comparison with the dynamic load. In the 10-year-old boys at the beginning of the academic year both types of loads lead to adverse shifts of the parameters of external respiration, by the middle of the year adaptive capacities of the respiratory system become optimized. Conclusion. Local static load causes adverse shifts in the respiratory system of the primary school children, accompanied by a decrease in efficiency of the ventilation function of the lungs and by adverse reaction of the parameters of biomechanics.
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van Dijk, Marlies, Karin Klooster, Nick H. T. Ten Hacken, Frank Sciurba, Huib A. M. Kerstjens, and Dirk-Jan Slebos. "The effects of lung volume reduction treatment on diffusing capacity and gas exchange." European Respiratory Review 29, no. 158 (October 28, 2020): 190171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0171-2019.
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Lung volume reduction (LVR) treatment in patients with severe emphysema has been shown to have a positive effect on hyperinflation, expiratory flow, exercise capacity and quality of life. However, the effects on diffusing capacity of the lungs and gas exchange are less clear. In this review, the possible mechanisms by which LVR treatment can affect diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and arterial gas parameters are discussed, the use of DLCO in LVR treatment is evaluated and other diagnostic techniques reflecting diffusing capacity and regional ventilation (V′)/perfusion (Q′) mismatch are considered.A systematic review of the literature was performed for studies reporting on DLCO and arterial blood gas parameters before and after LVR surgery or endoscopic LVR with endobronchial valves (EBV). DLCO after these LVR treatments improved (40 studies, n=1855) and the mean absolute change from baseline in % predicted DLCO was +5.7% (range −4.6% to +29%), with no real change in blood gas parameters. Improvement in V′ inhomogeneity and V′/Q′ mismatch are plausible explanations for the improvement in DLCO after LVR treatment.
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Hofmann, S., K. Stadler, A. Heilmann, H. Häusler, G. Fitze, G. Kamin, K. Nitzsche, G. Hahn, and J. Dinger. "Stabilisation of Cardiopulmonary Function in Newborns with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Using Lung Function Parameters and Hemodynamic Management." Klinische Pädiatrie 224, no. 04 (July 2012): e1-e10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1299731.
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AbstractEvaluation of lung function parameters and additional use of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) for the stabilisation of cardiopulmonary function in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and pulmonary hypertension (PHT). Observational study.Between 2007 and 2009 8 patients with CDH have been treated in our pediatric intensive care unit (gestational age 34 + 0 – 40 + 4 weeks, birth weight 2 160–3 840 g). All patients required respiratory support. Gentle mechanical ventilation adapted to the degree of pulmonary hypoplasia based on serially measurements of lung function parameters to find appropriate ventilator settings has been performed.Functional residual capacity (FRC) and compliance of the respiratory system in all patients were markedly reduced. A FRC between 9.3–10.6 ml/kg and compliance between 1.1–1.8 ml/kPa/kg indicated pronounced hypoplasia of the lungs. Doppler flow patterns through the arterial duct were classified into left-to-right, right-to-left and bidirectional shunting and correlated to the degree of PHT. The additional use of PGE1 to reopen the arterial duct and to stabilize right ventricular function led to an amelioration of severe PHT and preoperative stabilisation in 2 newborns with pronounced pulmonary hypoplasia. All patients underwent successful surgery, and did not show any complications after 2 years follow-up.Measurements of lung function parameters and adaptation of mechanical ventilation to the degree of pulmonary hypoplasia and additional therapy with PGE1 may help to improve the outcome in CDH patients.
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Oruganti Venkata, Sanjay Sarma, Amie Koenig, and Ramana M. Pidaparti. "Mechanical Ventilator Parameter Estimation for Lung Health through Machine Learning." Bioengineering 8, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8050060.
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Patients whose lungs are compromised due to various respiratory health concerns require mechanical ventilation for support in breathing. Different mechanical ventilation settings are selected depending on the patient’s lung condition, and the selection of these parameters depends on the observed patient response and experience of the clinicians involved. To support this decision-making process for clinicians, good prediction models are always beneficial in improving the setting accuracy, reducing treatment error, and quickly weaning patients off the ventilation support. In this study, we developed a machine learning model for estimation of the mechanical ventilation parameters for lung health. The model is based on inverse mapping of artificial neural networks with the Graded Particle Swarm Optimizer. In this new variant, we introduced grouping and hierarchy in the swarm in addition to the general rules of particle swarm optimization to further improve its prediction performance of the mechanical ventilation parameters. The machine learning model was trained and tested using clinical data from canine and feline patients at the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine. Our model successfully generated a range of parameter values for the mechanical ventilation applied on test data, with the average prediction values over multiple trials close to the target values. Overall, the developed machine learning model should be able to predict the mechanical ventilation settings for various respiratory conditions for patient’s survival once the relevant data are available.
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Otelea, Marina Ruxandra, Oana Cristina Arghir, Corina Zugravu, Eugenia Naghi, Sabina Antoniu, and Agripina Rascu. "Lung Function and Quality of Life in Workers with Chemical and Dust Exposure." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 2 (March 15, 2018): 346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.2.6104.
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Regarding the widely distribution of respiratory exposure hazards in occupational settings, workers have an increased risk for chronic lung diseases. For assessing the quality of life and lung function in workers exposed to chemicals and dust, St George�s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and spirometry were performed among 40 patients, admitted in Occupational Clinic Department of Colentina Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, during February, 2017. SGRQ showed different predictors for patients according to their occupational exposure and total symptoms score correlated better with decreased spirometric parameters in defining lung function deterioration. Quality of life is earlier affected than lung function deterioration and emphasises the need of more sensitive methods for an earlier identification and better evaluation of respiratory hazards in different workplaces.
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Bastos, Helder Novais e., Inês Neves, Margarida Redondo, Rui Cunha, José Miguel Pereira, Adriana Magalhães, and Gabriela Fernandes. "Influence of emphysema distribution on pulmonary function parameters in COPD patients." Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia 41, no. 6 (December 2015): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37562015000000136.
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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact that the distribution of emphysema has on clinical and functional severity in patients with COPD. METHODS: The distribution of the emphysema was analyzed in COPD patients, who were classified according to a 5-point visual classification system of lung CT findings. We assessed the influence of emphysema distribution type on the clinical and functional presentation of COPD. We also evaluated hypoxemia after the six-minute walk test (6MWT) and determined the six-minute walk distance (6MWD). RESULTS: Eighty-six patients were included. The mean age was 65.2 ± 12.2 years, 91.9% were male, and all but one were smokers (mean smoking history, 62.7 ± 38.4 pack-years). The emphysema distribution was categorized as obviously upper lung-predominant (type 1), in 36.0% of the patients; slightly upper lung-predominant (type 2), in 25.6%; homogeneous between the upper and lower lung (type 3), in 16.3%; and slightly lower lung-predominant (type 4), in 22.1%. Type 2 emphysema distribution was associated with lower FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, and DLCO. In comparison with the type 1 patients, the type 4 patients were more likely to have an FEV1 < 65% of the predicted value (OR = 6.91, 95% CI: 1.43-33.45; p = 0.016), a 6MWD < 350 m (OR = 6.36, 95% CI: 1.26-32.18; p = 0.025), and post-6MWT hypoxemia (OR = 32.66, 95% CI: 3.26-326.84; p = 0.003). The type 3 patients had a higher RV/TLC ratio, although the difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of COPD appears to be greater in type 4 patients, and type 3 patients tend to have greater hyperinflation. The distribution of emphysema could have a major impact on functional parameters and should be considered in the evaluation of COPD patients.
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Mehedi, Ibrahim M., Heidir S. M. Shah, Ubaid M. Al-Saggaf, Rachid Mansouri, and Maamar Bettayeb. "Fuzzy PID Control for Respiratory Systems." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (June 24, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7118711.
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This paper presents the implementation of a fuzzy proportional integral derivative (FPID) control design to track the airway pressure during the mechanical ventilation process. A respiratory system is modeled as a combination of a blower-hose-patient system and a single compartmental lung system with nonlinear lung compliance. For comparison purposes, the classical PID controller is also designed and simulated on the same system. According to the proposed control strategy, the ventilator will provide airway flow that maintains the peak pressure below critical levels when there are unknown parameters of the patient’s hose leak and patient breathing effort. Results show that FPID is a better controller in the sense of quicker response, lower overshoot, and smaller tracking error. This provides valuable insight for the application of the proposed controller.
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Jakobsson, Jonas, Per Wollmer, and Jakob Löndahl. "Charting the human respiratory tract with airborne nanoparticles: evaluation of the Airspace Dimension Assessment technique." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 1832–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00410.2018.
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Airspace Dimension Assessment (AiDA) is a technique to assess lung morphology by measuring lung deposition of inhaled nanoparticles. Nanoparticles deposit in the lungs predominately by diffusion, and average diffusion distances, corresponding to effective airspace radii ( rAiDA), can be inferred from measurements of particle recovery after varied breath holds. Also, particle recovery after a 0-s breath hold ( R0) may hold information about the small conducting airways. This study investigates rAiDA at different volumetric sample depths in the lungs of healthy subjects. Measurements were performed with 50-nm polystyrene nanospheres on 19 healthy subjects aged 17–67 yr. Volumetric sample depths ranged from 200 to 5,000 ml and breath-hold times from 5 to 20 s. At the examined volumetric sample depths, rAiDA values ranged from ~200–600 μm, which correspond to dimensions of the bronchiolar and the gas-exchanging regions of the lungs. R0 decreased with volumetric sample depth and showed more intersubject variation than rAiDA. Correlations were found between the AiDA parameters, anthropometry, and lung function tests, but not between rAiDA and R0. For repeated measurements on 3 subjects over an 18-mo period, rAiDA varied on average within ± 7 μm (± 2.4%). The results indicate that AiDA has potential as an efficient new in vivo technique to assess individual lung properties. The information obtained by such measurements may be of value for lung diagnostics, especially for the distal lungs, which are challenging to examine directly by other means. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to measure effective airspace radii ( rAiDA) at volumetric sample depths 200–5,000 ml in healthy subjects by Airspace Dimension Assessment (AiDA). Observed rAiDA were 200–600 μm, which corresponds to airspaces for the bronchiolar and the gas-exchanging regions around airway generation 14–17. rAiDA correlated with lung function tests and anthropometry. Measurements of rAiDA on 3 subjects over 11–18 mo were within ± 7 μm.
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Kaczka, David W., David N. Hager, Monica L. Hawley, and Brett A. Simon. "Quantifying Mechanical Heterogeneity in Canine Acute Lung Injury." Anesthesiology 103, no. 2 (August 1, 2005): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200508000-00014.
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Background The heterogeneous pattern of acute lung injury (ALI) predisposes patients to ventilator-associated lung injury. Currently, there is no simple technique that can reliably quantify lung heterogeneity during the dynamic conditions of mechanical ventilation. Such a technique may be of use in optimizing mechanical ventilatory parameters such as rate, tidal volume, or positive end-expiratory pressure. Methods To determine the impact of heterogeneity on respiratory mechanics, the authors measured respiratory impedance (Zrs), expressed as respiratory resistance (Rrs) and elastance (Ers), in 11 anesthetized dogs from 0.078 to 8.9 Hz using broadband pressure and flow excitations under baseline conditions and after ALI produced by infusion of 0.08 ml/kg oleic acid into the right atrium. Data were obtained at mean airway pressures (Pao) of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm H2O. The Zrs spectra were fit by various models of the respiratory system incorporating different distributions of parallel viscoelastic tissue properties. Results Under baseline conditions, both Rrs and Ers exhibited dependence on oscillation frequency, reflecting viscoelastic behavior. The Ers demonstrated significant dependence on Pao. After ALI, both the level and frequency dependence of Rrs and Ers increased, as well as the apparent heterogeneity of tissue properties. Both Rrs and Ers as well as heterogeneity decreased with increasing Pao, approaching baseline levels at the highest levels of Pao. Conclusions These data demonstrate that Zrs can provide specific information regarding the mechanical heterogeneity of injured lungs at different levels of Pao. Moderate increases in Pao seem to be beneficial in ALI by reducing heterogeneity and recruiting lung units. These noninvasive measurements of lung heterogeneity may ultimately allow for the development of better ventilation protocols that optimize regional lung mechanics in patients with ALI.
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Wichert, A., P. Lukasewitz, M. Häuser, J. Bittersohl, and H. Lennartz. "ARDS in Fulminant Ornithosis and Treatment with Extracorporeal Lung Assist." International Journal of Artificial Organs 23, no. 6 (June 2000): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880002300605.
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We report a 47-year-old male patient with fulminant ornithosis who developed severe respiratory failure leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) complicated by gastrointestinal, neurological and renal symptoms. ARDS was successfully treated by extracorporeal lung assist. As leukocytosis is typically absent in ornithosis, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and procalcitonin were used as infection parameters in order to monitor clinical development. The English-language literature on severe cases of ornithosis requiring respiratory support over the past 30 years is reviewed.
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Kaur, Gurmeet, Sandeep Kaur, Geetika Gupta, and Rajneet Kaur. "Effect of obesity on lung volumes among adults." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 2828. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20203094.
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Background: Obesity has long been recognized to have significant effect on respiratory functions. Many studies have reported exponential decrease in pulmonary function test (PFT) with increasing body mass index (BMI), which is a crude indicator of obesity. Also, the relationship between BMI and PFTs varies with age, race, geographical region and the different obesity standards used. To the best of our knowledge, not many studies have been done to examine the relationship between obesity and lung volumes among adults in our region, Jammu. This cross-sectional study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of obesity on lung function test in obese but otherwise healthy adults of Jammu region.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Jammu region on subjects selected randomly from different colleges in the age group of 18-40 years. The study involved 300 subjects; divided into three groups of 100 each, based on BMI into normal, overweight and obese groups. Four respiratory parameters viz. FVC (Forced Vital Capacity), FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second), FEV3 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 3 seconds), and MVV (Maximum Voluntary Ventilation) were used to assess their lung functions.Results: All the respiratory parameters exhibited statistically significant decrease in obese groups as compared to normal and overweight groups.Conclusions: The present study suggests that obesity alters the respiratory physiology by producing a restrictive ventilatory pattern.
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Sudrajad, Muhammad, and R. Azizah. "The Description of Lung Function Status Among Limestone Milling Industry Workers in Tuban Regency." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 8, no. 2 (July 5, 2016): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v8i2.2016.238-247.
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Abstract: One of air pollution parameters that are harmful to human health is the amount of dust. The main source of the dust pollutant is a limestone grinding activities. The purpose of this study was to look at the description of workers pulmonary function status, physical quality of the work environment, and respiratory complaints that experienced by workers in the limestone milling industry. This research design was descriptive cross sectional study. All of 12 workers in limestone milling industry were recruited in this study. Physical quality of the environment that have seen was the amount of dust particle, air temperature, humidity, and wind speed. Characteristics and respiratory complaints worker measured by questionnaires. Lung function disorder was measured using spirometry. The result of the physical quality measurement of the environment still met quality standards. Respiratory complaints most experienced by workers was phlegm, cough, cough with phlegm, and cold conditions. A total of 100% workers in production and 83.3% of workers in the packing have impaired lung function. It is concluded that, lung function disorders more experienced workers with the working environment had higher levels of dust and higher temperatures, lower humidity. Judging by the characteristics of workers, impaired lung function more experienced workers by aged 20-29 years and 30-39 years old, have years of service more than 5 years, smoking habits, have normal status nutrition, not wearing protective respiratory tract, and not have a history of lung disease. It is suggested that, the workers with impaired lung function should immediately conductfurther tests to get proper treatment. In addition, workers should always wear respirator while working and quiet from smoking behavior.Keywords: dust particle, lung function status, limestone milling industry workers
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Vladimirovich, Medvedev Alexander. "Some Peculiarities of Non-Specific Interstitial Pneumonia, Lung Sarcoidosis and Hypersensitive Pneumonitis Associated with the Ischemic Heart Disease." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 2 (June 4, 2021): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i2.1642.
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Introduction. Modern aspects of the diagnostics and treatment of interstitial lung diseases are closely connected with the comorbidity, which is based on the study of the associations between cardiovascular diseases and interstitial lung diseases. Material and Methods. The study included 65 patients with non-specific interstitial pneumonia, 78 patients with hypersensitive pneumonitis, and 68 patients with lung sarcoidosis. Results. An association between the character of morphological alterations in the lung tissue and clinical-functional disorders was established. More expressed fibrous and interstitial alterations corresponded to more intense respiratory symptoms and more severe disturbances of ventilation and diffuse parameters of the lungs. There was a tendency in the dilation of right and left compartments of the heart in the group of patients with interstitial lung diseases associated with cardiovascular diseases.
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Leiser, Patrick, Thomas Kirschning, Christel Weiß, Michael Hagmann, Jochen Schoettler, Franz-Simon Centner, Holger Haubenreisser, et al. "A quantitative CT parameter for the assessment of pulmonary oedema in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): e0241590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241590.
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Objectives The aim of this study was to establish quantitative CT (qCT) parameters for pathophysiological understanding and clinical use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The most promising parameter is introduced. Materials and methods 28 intubated patients with ARDS obtained a conventional CT scan in end-expiratory breathhold within the first 48 hours after admission to intensive care unit (ICU). Following manual segmentation, 137 volume- and lung weight-associated qCT parameters were correlated with 71 clinical parameters such as blood gases, applied ventilation pressures, pulse contour cardiac output measurements and established status and prognosis scores (SOFA, SAPS II). Results Of all examined qCT parameters, excess lung weight (ELW), i.e. the difference between a patient’s current lung weight and the virtual lung weight of a healthy person at the same height, displayed the most significant results. ELW correlated significantly with the amount of inflated lung tissue [%] (p<0.0001; r = -0.66) and was closely associated with the amount of extravascular lung water (EVLW) (p<0.0001; r = 0.72). More substantially than the oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) or any other clinical parameter it correlated with the patients’ mean SOFA- (p<0.0001, r = 0.69) and SAPS II-Score (p = 0.0005, r = 0.62). Patients who did not survive intensive care treatment displayed higher values of ELW in the initial CT scans. Conclusions ELW could serve as a non-invasive method to quantify the amount of pulmonary oedema. It might serve as an early radiological marker of severity in patients with ARDS.
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Zayneev, M. M., R. G. Biktemirova, A. V. Krylova, O. P. Martyanov, and T. L. Zefirov. "The effect of dosed isometric exercise on the respiratory system parameters change in second grade male students." Kazan medical journal 94, no. 4 (December 15, 2013): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1957.
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Aim. To study the respiratory system adaptive reactions to dosed isometric load in 9 years old boys during the academic year. Methods. Pulmonary function parameters change at rest and their response to isometric load were measured repeatedly in 38 second grade male students during the academic year (October, February, May). An automated cardiopulmonologic AD-03M complex was used to perform the pulmonary tests. The dosed isometric load was applied using a hand-held dynamometer at 50% from maximal grip strength within a minute. Correlation analysis of the measured parameters was performed. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test. Results. The comparative analysis of the respiratory system parameters in 9 years old boys during the academic year showed the increase in pulmonary volumes and lung function at rest. Dosed isometric load caused decrease in lung function tests and lung function reserves. An increased reactivity and decreased profitability of pulmonary system reactions was observed in 9 years old boys by the end of the second school year as a response to isometric load. Conclusion. The respiratory system of second grade male students is not well adapted for isometric load leading to its over-functioning at the end of the academic year.
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Nakamura, Haruhiko, Hisashi Saji, Akihiko Ogata, Makoto Hosaka, Masaru Hagiwara, Norihiko Kawasaki, Chimori Konaka, and Harubumi Kato. "Immunologic parameters as significant prognostic factors in lung cancer." Lung Cancer 37, no. 2 (August 2002): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5002(02)00100-9.
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Hantos, Z., Á. Adamicza, T. Z. Jánosi, M. V. Szabari, J. Tolnai, and B. Suki. "Lung volumes and respiratory mechanics in elastase-induced emphysema in mice." Journal of Applied Physiology 105, no. 6 (December 2008): 1864–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90924.2008.
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Absolute lung volumes such as functional residual capacity, residual volume (RV), and total lung capacity (TLC) are used to characterize emphysema in patients, whereas in animal models of emphysema, the mechanical parameters are invariably obtained as a function of transrespiratory pressure (Prs). The aim of the present study was to establish a link between the mechanical parameters including tissue elastance (H) and airway resistance (Raw), and thoracic gas volume (TGV) in addition to Prs in a mouse model of emphysema. Using low-frequency forced oscillations during slow deep inflation, we tracked H and Raw as functions of TGV and Prs in normal mice and mice treated with porcine pancreatic elastase. The presence of emphysema was confirmed by morphometric analysis of histological slices. The treatment resulted in an increase in TGV by 51 and 44% and a decrease in H by 57 and 27%, respectively, at 0 and 20 cmH2O of Prs. The Raw did not differ between the groups at any value of Prs, but it was significantly higher in the treated mice at comparable TGV values. In further groups of mice, tracheal sounds were recorded during inflations from RV to TLC. All lung volumes but RV were significantly elevated in the treated mice, whereas the numbers and size distributions of inspiratory crackles were not different, suggesting that the airways were not affected by the elastase treatment. These findings emphasize the importance of absolute lung volumes and indicate that tissue destruction was not associated with airway dysfunction in this mouse model of emphysema.
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Pshybelsky, Volodymyr, Oleksandr Zhuravlov, Tetiana Shevchuk, and Olena Zhuravlova. "INDICATORS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN CONDITIONS OF CHRONIC ACTION OF HARMFUL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WITH TYPE OF BODY CONSTITUTION." EUREKA: Health Sciences 4 (July 31, 2018): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5679.2018.00691.
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The article presents the results of the study of the peculiarities of the respiratory system functioning in unfavorable environmental conditions in workers involved in industrial production and agrarian sector, taking into account the type of constitution of their bodies. Investigation of the influence of the complex of anthropogenic factors associated with production on the parameters of the respiratory system revealed a significant level of interconnection of the investigated parameters with anthropometric indicators. During the experiment, a significant decrease in the functional lung capacity in the studied subjects involved in industrial production was shown, compared with the control group and workers of argo-industrial production. Such a trend may be evidence of functional violations of tracheobronchial conduction, which is indirectly confirmed by the values of the Tifno index, which is the main method of an objective assessment of respiratory tract imperfections, and which is characterized by significantly lower values in the group of workers involved in industrial production compared with residents relative to environmentally friendly areas. The analysis of the pneumatachographic survey performed on the basis of the Pignier index revealed some differences in the functional parameters of the respiratory system in the groups of hyposthenics (capacity of the lungs) and hypersthenics (maximum volume velocity of 75 %). In the group of normosthenics, intergroup differences were found for the values of functional lung capacity in comparison with all groups, and for the Tifno index, the reliable difference between the indicators was noted only between the group of industrial workers and the control group.
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Correa, Fatima C. F., Patricia B. Ciminelli, Haroldo Falcão, Bruno J. C. Alcântara, Renata S. Contador, Aline S. Medeiros, Walter A. Zin, and Patricia R. M. Rocco. "Respiratory mechanics and lung histology in normal rats anesthetized with sevoflurane." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 2 (August 1, 2001): 803–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.2.803.
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Respiratory system, lung, and chest wall mechanical properties were subdivided into their resistive, elastic, and viscoelastic/inhomogeneous components in normal rats, to define the sites of action of sevoflurane. In addition, we aimed to determine the extent to which pretreatment with atropine modified these parameters. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups of six animals each: in the P group, rats were sedated (diazepam) and anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium; in the S group, sevoflurane was administered; in the AP and AS groups, atropine was injected 20 min before sedation/anesthesia with pentobarbital and sevoflurane, respectively. Sevoflurane increased lung viscoelastic/inhomogeneous pressures and static elastance compared with rats belonging to the P group. In AS rats, lung static elastance increased in relation to the AP group. In conclusion, sevoflurane anesthesia acted not at the airway level but at the lung periphery, stiffening lung tissues and increasing mechanical inhomogeneities. These findings were supported by the histological demonstration of increased areas of alveolar collapse and hyperinflation. The pretreatment with atropine reduced central and peripheral airway secretion, thus lessening lung inhomogeneities.
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Kim, Young Don, Ellen Ai-Rhan Kim, Ki-Soo Kim, Soo-Young Pi, and Weechang Kang. "Scoring Method for Early Prediction of Neonatal Chronic Lung Disease Using Modified Respiratory Parameters." Journal of Korean Medical Science 20, no. 3 (2005): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2005.20.3.397.
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Lee, Keu Sung, Wou Young Chung, Yun Jung Jung, Joo Hun Park, Seung Soo Sheen, Sung Chul Hwang, and Kwang Joo Park. "Evaluation of Respiratory Parameters in Patients with Acute Lung Injury Receiving Adaptive Support Ventilation." Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 70, no. 1 (2011): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4046/trd.2011.70.1.36.
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Abrosimov, Vladimir N., Kira A. Ageeva, and Evgenii V. Filippov. "Evaluation of respiratory parameters in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease during physical exercises." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 93, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2021.03.200652.
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Aim. To study the relationship between the indicators of dynamic capnography and pulse oximetry with the indicators of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Materials and methods. 67 patients of both sexes were examined: 45 patients with COPD (age 60.02.74 years) and 25 patients of the control group (age 47.603.46 years). The study of the functional capabilities of the patients respiratory system was carried out before, during and after the 6MWT on the equipment LifeSense LS1-9R capnograph-pulse oximeter (MedAir AB).
Results and discussion. In the comparison group, the parameters of dyspnea at rest were higher than the control group (p0.05), the spirometry indices were significantly lower (p0.05). Shortness of breath as a reason for stopping/slowing down the pace during the 6MWT was noted by patients of both groups (p0.05). When analyzing the PETCO2 trend graphs, periodic breathing (PВ) was revealed. In the group of patients with COPD, signs of PВ in the analysis of the PETCO2 trend were found in 80.95% (p0.05). Regression analysis of Cox proportional risks of mortality in patients with COPD revealed the prognostic value of the following parameters of a comprehensive assessment of the patient: body mass index (BMI), BODE index, dyspnea index on the mMRS scale, Borg, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), index Tiffno, signs of PВ, distance 6MWT, signs of PВ and desaturation during 6MWT. At the same time, the total contribution of these indicators to the risk of a lethal event was assessed (p=0.003).
Conclusion. When analyzing the correlation dependence, it was revealed that the presence of PВ was a prognostically unfavorable sign in patients with COPD. Predictors of an unfavorable course of COPD were BMI (23.0 kg/m2), BODE index, dyspnea indices on the mMRS, Borg, FEV1 scales, Tiffnos index, signs of PH, distance 6MST, signs of PD and desaturation during 6MST (reliability of the model coefficient p=0.003) in terms of forecast.
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Dimori, Milena, Melissa E. Heard-Lipsmeyer, Stephanie D. Byrum, Samuel G. Mackintosh, Richard C. Kurten, John L. Carroll, and Roy Morello. "Respiratory defects in the CrtapKO mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 318, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): L592—L605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00313.2019.
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Respiratory disease is a leading cause of mortality in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a connective tissue disease that causes severely reduced bone mass and is most commonly caused by dominant mutations in type I collagen genes. Previous studies proposed that impaired respiratory function in OI patients was secondary to skeletal deformities; however, recent evidence suggests the existence of a primary lung defect. Here, we analyzed the lung phenotype of Crtap knockout (KO) mice, a mouse model of recessive OI. While we confirm changes in the lung parenchyma that are reminiscent of emphysema, we show that CrtapKO lung fibroblasts synthesize type I collagen with altered posttranslation modifications consistent with those observed in bone and skin. Unrestrained whole body plethysmography showed a significant decrease in expiratory time, resulting in an increased ratio of inspiratory time over expiratory time and a concomitant increase of the inspiratory duty cycle in CrtapKO compared with WT mice. Closed-chest measurements using the forced oscillation technique showed increased respiratory system elastance, decreased respiratory system compliance, and increased tissue damping and elasticity in CrtapKO mice compared with WT. Pressure-volume curves showed significant differences in lung volumes and in the shape of the curves between CrtapKO mice and WT mice, with and without adjustment for body weight. This is the first evidence that collagen defects in OI cause primary changes in lung parenchyma and several respiratory parameters and thus negatively impact lung function.