Journal articles: 'Respiratory organs Diseases Etiology'

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Lazic, Sava, Tamas Petrovic, Ivan Pusic, and Maja Velhner. "Most frequent calf diseases in industrial breeding." Veterinarski glasnik 58, no. 1-2 (2004): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0402067l.

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It is possible to conduct an analysis of the incidence of viral diseases in calves if these diseases are divided into two basic groups. One group comprises diseases of respiratory organs which are manifested by symptoms of a respiratory syndrome, and the second group comprises diseases of digestive tract organs in the form of a gastrointestinal syndrome. It is considered that viruses have the dominant role in the complex etiology of the respiratory syndrome, primarily the IBR virus or the Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BHV-1), followed by the parainfluenza 3 virus (RSV), the Bovine Viral Diahrrea Virus (BVDV), the bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), but also other viruses, such as adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, can also influence the appearance of the respiratory syndrome. The respiratory syndrome is rarely caused by a single viral agent, but most frequently by mixed viruses, but also by bacterial infections. Mixed viral infections often have a lethal outcome. Investigations of the etiology of the gastrointestinal syndrome so far indicate that, in addition to bacteria, viruses can also be a significant etiological factor. Rotaviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses parvoviruses, herpesviruses (the IBR virus), pestiviruses (BVDV), can be the causes of a gastrointestinal syndrome. It is believed that viruses can be the cause in about 10% cases in the ethiopathogenesis of this syndrome. The paper describes the etiopathogenesis of calf diseases of viral etiology which are most often found in the local conditions of industrial breeding of calves.

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Koteneva, S. V., A. V. Nefedchenko, T. I. Glotova, and A. G. Glotov. "Role of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in etiology of respiratory diseases on milk farms." Veterinary Science Today 1, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2021-1-36-38-43.

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Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the etiological agents of respiratory diseases. The agent spreads widely in all the countries with intensive livestock farming and can cause pathologic changes in respiratory system either alone or in combination with other viruses and bacteria. It is a matter of crucial importance to study spread of the agent on large milk farms, to detect it in the internal organs of infected animals, and to quantify virus accumulation in them. The purpose of the research was to study peculiarities of RS infection spread, frequency of the virus detection in biomaterial samples (both alone and in associations with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease viruses (BVDV) and with Pasteurellaceae bacteria) on large milk farms affected by respiratory animal diseases; and to determine virus concentration in the respiratory organs. BRSV alone was reported in 9.2% of the tested biomaterial samples, as associated with IBR and BVDV it was reported in 1.4% and 5.2% of samples, correspondingly. The number of samples containing simultaneously BRSV and Pasteurellaceae bacteria was 10.8%. The virus was reported in a maximum of 26.6% of the tested samples. With the help of real-time PCR the virus genome was detected in lungs (13.1%), in exudate from trachea, bronchi and nasal sinuses (6.0%), in nasal discharge (4.0%) and in bronchi (1.7%). The virus was seldom detected in trachea and bronchial mucosa (1.1%) and in pulmonary lymph nodes (0.8%). Quantification of BRSV RNA demonstrated that maximum virus accumulation was observed in lungs and nasal charges and it confirms data on its tropism to pulmonary interstitium.

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Stogova, N. A. "Bilateral pleural effusion: etiology, diagnostics." PULMONOLOGIYA 32, no. 6 (December 11, 2022): 885–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2022-32-6-885-890.

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The problem of etiologic diagnosis of bilateral pleural effusions is important because of the relatively large number and variety of diseases accompanied by this syndrome, the complexity of diagnosis verification, and the frequent diagnostic errors. The aim of this review is to describe the spectrum of diseases causing bilateral pleural effusion and to consider a set of diagnostic measures to clarify the etiology of the process. Analysis of 60 literature sources showed that the most common causes of bilateral transudative pleural effusions are cardiac, hepatic, and renal insufficiency. Exudative bilateral pleural effusions are found in inflammatory processes in the pleura, including tuberculosis, and develop when inflammation is transmitted by contact or lymphohematogenous routes from the lungs or other organs. Bilateral localization of pleural effusion in tumor processes is observed in 5.7% of cases. Bilateral pleural effusion is seen in pulmonary embolism, diffuse connective tissue diseases, acute idiopathic pericarditis, postinfarction Dressler syndrome, after pericardotomy, and after pacemaker placement. It may be observed in such rare diseases as sarcoidosis, yellow nail syndrome, and Meigs syndrome, and may be induced by some drugs. Conclusion. The choice of therapeutic measures for bilateral pleural effusion is determined by an accurate etiological diagnosis of the underlying disease. The diagnosis should be based on the patient's clinical data and cytologic, microbiologic, and biochemical analysis of pleural fluid obtained by pleural puncture. In some cases, additional examination methods such as pleural biopsy, bronchoscopy, ultrasound, computed, magnetic resonance imaging of the chest and abdomen, and positron emission tomography are required.

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Garipova, R. V., and Z. M. Berkheeva. "Occupational pathology of respiratory organs in health care workers: issues of timely diagnosis." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-2-89-92.

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Introduction. In the structure of occupational diseases of medical workers, respiratory pathology occupies a leading place, accounting for 60% in the Republic of Tatarstan. The most common are diseases from exposure to infectious agents in the form of various forms of respiratory tuberculosis. Most often, an infiltrative form is diagnosed, accompanied in 48.6% of cases by bacilli discharge.The aim of the study is to explore the structure of occupational respiratory diseases in workers of the healthcare industry of the Republic of Tatarstan, to identify factors that affect their early diagnosis during medical examinations.Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of cases of occupational respiratory diseases in health care workers according to the office of Rospotrebnadzor of the Republic of Tatarstan and the register of patients of the Republican Center of Occupational Pathology.Results. In the structure of occupational diseases of the respiratory system, the leading place is occupied by pulmonary tuberculosis, amounting to 86%, followed by bronchial asthma–8%, chronic toxic bronchitis–4% and subatrophic rhinopharyngolaryngitis–2%. Analysis of cases of occupational respiratory pathology showed that only tuberculosis was detected during periodic medical examinations. Other respiratory diseases were diagnosed by applying for medical care, when there was a pronounced negative trend and when the disease was initially associated with the profession, we had to talk about sending it to the Bureau of medical and social expertise.Conclusions. Early diagnosis of occupational respiratory diseases of allergic etiology and toxic respiratory lesions in medical workers at periodic medical examinations can be achieved by the quality of a special assessment of working conditions due to the mandatory assessment of the chemical factor-contact with allergens, antitumor drugs, hormones, enzymes of microbial origin, narcotic analgesics, regardless of the concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area. It is also necessary to take into account the presence of substances with an acute irritant effect.

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Kosenko, I., and E. Ormanzhi. "ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF SENIOR STUDENTS OF THE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY ON RATIONAL ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND ENT ORGANS INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN." Tavricheskiy Mediko-Biologicheskiy Vestnik 23, no. 1 (October 18, 2022): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2070-8092-2020-23-1-47-53.

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Despite the availability of clinical guidelines, the issues of choosing the optimal first-line antibiotic therapy in the treatment of infections of the upper respiratory tract and ENT organs in children still remain relevant. Knowledge of the etiology of infections and the rational apply of systemic antibiotics are formed in senior medical students. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the knowledge of 6th year students of a medical university on the etiology and antibiotic therapy of upper respiratory tract infections and ENT organs in children, as well as comparing the results with knowledge on these issues of pediatricians. The article presents the results of a survey among the 350 volunteer students of the 6th year of the pediatric faculty on the etiology and antibacterial treatment of upper respiratory tract infections and ENT organs in children. These data have been compaired with the results of the large-scale multicenter study «PATRIOT» (2011-2013) among the pediatricians from 18 cities of Russia. It was revealed that most students overestimate the role of Staphylococcus aureus as the main pathogen in acute otitis media and acute tonsillopharyngitis (tonsillitis) in children. The main group of empirical antibiotic therapy were called aminopenicillins, often inhibitor-protected, whereas the role of natural penicillins in streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis and amoxicillin in acute otitis media and acute sinusitis was underestimated. Among district pediatricians, the frequency of correct answers to questions regarding the etiology and antibiotic therapy of these diseases was significantly higher than among students. It was found that only 9.4% of students and 6.1% of doctors would prescribe antibiotics for uncomplicated acute respiratory infection (ARI), but in real clinical practice they were prescribed in 59.6% of cases. These data indicate a different level of knowledge between students and doctors, as well as the difference in approaches to rational antibiotic therapy in theory and in real practice.

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Korotenko, O. Yu, N. I. Panev, Yu S. Korchagina, R. N. Panev, and I. P. Danilov. "Formation of pathology of internal organs in miners with vibration disease." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 6 (July 10, 2020): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-6-399-403.

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Introduction. Adverse working conditions can contribute to the development of not only occupational pathology, but also diseases with complex multifactorial etiology, such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, disorders of the musculoskeletal system, chronic non-specifi c respiratory diseases, as well as the formation of combined pathology, which worsens the course of these diseases and leads to the development of complications.The aim of the study is to study the manifestations of somatic pathology in coal industry workers with vibration disease.Materials and methods. We examined 144 coal mine workers with vibration disease caused by local vibration, and 161 control group miners who have been working in contact with local vibration for a long time (15 years or more) and do not have professional pathology.It was found that employees of coal mines with vibration disease more often (70,8%) than workers of the control group (27,3%) (p<0,001), there is a pathology of internal organs: diseases of the cardiovascular system (mainly arterial hypertension), diseases of the digestive system (functional disorders of the biliary tract and non-alcoholic fatt y liver disease), kidney diseases (mainly chronic pyelonephritis), as well as a combination of these diseases. With a more severe course of vibration disease (II degree), pathology of internal organs is more common (81.2%) than in patients with vibration disease of I degree (46.5%) (p<0.001). Conclusions. In miners with vibration disease, more oft en than in the control group, there is a pathology of internal organs: the cardiovascular system, digestive organs, kidneys, as well as a combination of several somatic diseases. In individuals with grade II vibration disease, internal organ pathology is more common than in patients with grade I vibration disease. Th e results obtained should be considered when developing treatment and rehabilitation measures for medical examinations and conducting preventive medical examinations of coal industry workers.

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Volgareva, Alfiya D., E. R. Shaikhlislamova, A. B. Bakirov, E. R. Abdrakhmanova, G. G. Gimranova, and L. K. Karimova. "THE ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL AEROSOLS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES AND MEASURES TO REDUCE THEM." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 9 (October 28, 2019): 930–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-9-930-935.

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Introduction. Industrial aerosols remain one of the main sources of development of occupational respiratory diseases of allergic etiology, leading to the early and permanent disability of qualified industrial workers. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of the prevalence of occupational diseases of the respiratory tract from exposure to industrial aerosols according to statistical records and the first time established occupational diseases registration logs in the clinic for the period from 2008 to 2017 was carried out. Results. According to the analysis of occupational respiratory diseases in the Republic of Bashkortostan and the sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions, the development of occupational allergic diseases of the respiratory organs was established in 54% of cases to be associated with exposure to aerosols of complex chemical composition exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations. Discussion. The working conditions of employees in a number of industries are characterized by the predominant effect of industrial aerosols of complex composition influenced the formation of occupational allergic diseases of the respiratory system. Adverse microclimatic conditions at the workplace in combination with a chemical factor are aggravating factors. The largest number of cases of occupational respiratory diseases is registered in the manufacturing sectors of the economy, mining companies, and the construction industry. Conclusion. Based on the studies conducted, measures have been developed to reduce the levels of exposure to industrial aerosols and to maintain workers’ health.

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Churina, E. G., A. V. Sitnikova, O. I. Urazova, S. P. Chumakova, M. V. Vins, A. E. Beresneva, and V. V. Novitskii. "Macrophages in bacterial lung diseases: phenotype and functions (review)." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 18, no. 1 (May 16, 2019): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2019-1-142-154.

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This literature review is devoted to the analysis of the role of macrophages in the immunopathogenesis of infectious lung diseases of bacterial etiology. The article summarizes information about the origin of macrophages, their phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. The mechanisms of impaired protective function of innate immunity are associated with the polarization of the program of maturation and activation of macrophages in the direction to tolerogenic or immunoregulatory cells with phenotype of M2. Alveolar macrophages perform a variety of functions (from pro-inflammatory to regenerative) in the development of inflammation in the respiratory organs. Their inherent plasticity suggests that the same macrophages can change their phenotype and function depending on the microenvironment in the inflammatory focus at different stages of the disease. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate macrophage plasticity will be an important step towards realizing the potential of personalized immunomodulatory therapy.

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Popova, L. A. "Dynamics of mortality of the Russian population from the main classes of diseases of exogenous etiology." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences 2 (2021): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2021-2-39-51.

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The paper investigates the dynamics of mortality of the Russian population from infectious and parasitic diseases, dis-eases of the respiratory and digestive organs. The relevance of the research is determined by a global pandemic, record-ed for the first time after the completion of the first stage of the epidemiological transition in developed countries. The main provisions of the concept of epidemiological transition and the specifics of the transition in Russia are considered. The situation for the thirty-year period 1990–2019, characterized by multidirectional dynamics of life expectancy of the Russian population, for which annual statistics are available, is analyzed in more detail, in order to identify the situation with exogenous mortality in the run-up to the pandemic. Among the six main classes of causes of death, the most significant increase over the period under review was for diseases of the digestive system and infectious and parasitic diseases. In the conditions of the "reverse epidemiological transition", there was a twofold decrease in the ratio of mortality from infectious diseases and diseases of the circulatory system: from 1:51.8 in 1991 to 1:25.6 in 2019. The share of deaths from infections in the structure of deaths from causes increased to 1.8%. Even more significantly, the ratio of deaths from cardiovascular diseases to deaths from diseases of the digestive system decreased by two and a half times: from 1:21.6 in 1990 to 1:8.6 in 2019. The share of these diseases in the structure of mortality increased to 5.5%. Since 2006 diseases of the digestive system occupy the fourth position in the structure of Russian mortality by causes, pushing respiratory diseases to the fifth place. Mortality from respiratory diseases, which trends over the 30 years under review repeat the vector of the total mortality of the Russian population, and which is characterized by the maximum decrease among the maingroups of causes of death, increased the gap with the level of mortality from diseases of the circulatory system from 1:11.1 to 1: 14.2 in 1991–2019. Its share in the structure of mortality decreased to 3.3%.

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Sinitsyn, M. V., M. N. Reshetnikov, B. G. Barskiy, T. I. Abu Arqoub, E. I. Pozdnyakova, and D. V. Plotkin. "DIAGNOSTIC SURGERY IN HIVINFECTED PATIENTS WITH DAMAGE OF CHEST ORGANS." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 10, no. 2 (July 8, 2018): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2018-10-2-96-102.

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The current epidemiological situation in the world, characterized by a constant increase in the number of HIV-infected. The steady progression of HIV infection, even in the presence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), is accompanied by the development of opportunistic diseases. Tubercolosis most often affects patients with HIV infection, as the risk of their illness is 20–37 times higher. Basically, radiation tests and immunological tests are used for the diagnostic of tuberculosis. The main diagnostic criterion for establishing the diagnosis of tuberculosis is detection of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis by bacteriological or molecular genetic method. Other diseases with respiratory organs, pleura, and hilar lymph nodes may also occur In patients with HIV infection, which requires differential diagnostic, including surgical methods. It is often necessary to resort to a biopsy of pulmonary tissue, pleura, and hilar lymph nodes to establish a diagnosis. Among surgical methods, the use of minimally invasive operations using endoscopic techniques is most justified. Purpose of the study. Study of safety and effectiveness of the use of surgical methods in the diagnostic of chest diseases in patients with HIV infection. Materials and methods. The results of 105 diagnostic thoracic surgeries in patients with HIV infection which were performed in Moscow Research andClinicalCenterfor Tuberculosis Control of Moscow city Department in period between 2014–2017 were studied. All patients underwent diagnostic surgical interventions. Minimally invasive methods were predominantly used. The obtained diagnostic material was subjected to morphological, molecular-genetic and bacteriological analysis. Results of the research. After surgical interventions in patients with HIV infection with pathological changes in chest organs, unclear etiology, diagnosis of tuberculosis was established in 74 (70,5%) patients, nontuberculous etiology of the disease was detected in 31 (29,5%). Differential diagnosis of chest diseases in patients with HIV infection is an integral part of the work of phthisiatrician, pulmonologist and infectiologist. Surgical interventions in HIV-infected patients do not create a significant risk of changes in the immune status, respectively, their performance is independent of the level of lymphocytes and produced even with severe immunodeficiency. The use of surgical methods in diagnostic of chest diseases is safe, effective and does not lead to a significant number of complications and mortality in patients with HIV infection, regardless of the initial immune status. In addition, in number of patients, the operation is not only diagnostic, but also therapeutic, allowing significantly shortening the duration of treatment, avoiding the appointment of trial therapy. The conclusion. In case of tuberculosis, morphological verification of pathological changes in combination with bacteriological and molecular genetic research of the operation material makes it possible to assign an adequate regime of antituberculous chemotherapy in accordance with the sensitivity of the pathogen. The establishment of non-tuberculous etiology of the identified changes, changes the routing of an HIV-infected patient from an anti-tuberculosis institution to a specialized medical organization of the appropriate profile.

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Titovich, Elena V., and Ekaterina A. Andrianova. "A case of combination of two autoimmune diseases: type 1 diabetes mellitus and systemic scleroderma in a 13-year-old girl." Problems of Endocrinology 64, no. 4 (October 6, 2018): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl8600.

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Systemic scleroderma is an autoimmune disease of the connective tissue of unknown etiology. It is characterized by skin induration, lesions in the musculoskeletal system and the internal organs, and the Raynaud syndrome. An important component in pathogenesis of systemic scleroderma is disturbance of microcirculation involving endothelial proliferation and destruction, wall thickening and narrowing of the microvessel lumen, vasospasm, hemocyte aggregation, stasis, deformation and reduction of the capillary network (obliterating microangiopathy). Two main forms of the disease are distinguished: the diffuse and localized ones. The systemic nature of the diffuse form of systemic scleroderma is most obvious in the skin, but the digestive tract, respiratory organs, kidneys and the cardiovascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal and genitourinary systems are also affected. The incidence rate of systemic scleroderma is 6.3—12 cases per million population. Single case reports on scleroderma combined with other autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes mellitus, in children and adolescents are available in literature. A rare case of a combination of two autoimmune diseases, type 1 diabetes mellitus and systemic scleroderma, in a 13-year-old girl is reported in this paper.

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Umbetova, Karina T., Daria D. Arutyunova, Andrey N. Gerasimov, Olga F. Belaya, Valerii A. Malov, and Natalia Y. Pshenichnaya. "The use of computer techniques to optimize the diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients at the secondary diseases stage." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 25, no. 6 (November 15, 2020): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid82731.

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ВACKGROUND: The course of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients has no significant clinical and diagnostic differences from damage to organs and systems of other etiology. The growth of new cases of HIV/TB co-infection necessitates a revision of diagnostic approaches, their improvement in order to increase the efficiency of examination and management of HIV-infected patients, depending on the stage and indicators of the immune status. AIM: Of the study was to determine by the method of complex statistical processing the main clinical and laboratory-instrumental criteria for improving the diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients at the stage of secondary diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study design was retrospective. The object of the research was the case histories of 113 patients with HIV infection at the stage of secondary diseases (classification by V.I. Pokrovsky), of parametric and nonparametric statistics, computer analysis of images with the gradient program proposed by Dr. Sci. A.N. Gerasimov, to assess the possibility of using micro- and macro-preparations of tissues and organs of patients with HIV infection. RESULTS: Using the method of correlation adaptometry, it was found that there are no significant differences in the clinical course of HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis of various localization, and with lesions of the respiratory organs of other etiology. The use of multivariate probability models made it possible to identify significant diagnostic risk factors for lethal outcome ― 66.7% of patients with further lethal outcome complained of chest pain during breathing (p=0.004), and ESR was significantly accelerated in patients with a lethal outcome in the hospital ― 771.99 (p=0.019). CONCLUSION: The multicomplex instrumental and laboratory examination makes it possible to diagnose tuberculosis of various localization at the initial stage of development. The use of computer techniques optimizes and unifies the diagnostic search in patients with HIV infection and determines the timely treatment tactics.

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Kulchenko, N. G. "Epidemiology of kidney disease in patients with COVID-19." Research and Practical Medicine Journal 7, no. 3 (September 12, 2020): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17709/2409-2231-2020-7-3-7.

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At the turn of 2019–2020, humanity was struck by a new viral infection SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), which quickly spread in many countries and reached the scale of a pandemic. A feature of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) is it’s high contagiousness, virulence and tropism to many cells of human organs. Human infection primarily occurs through the respiratory tract. Then, getting into the respiratory divisions, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) can enter the blood and interact with cells of other organs. It is already known that COVID-19 uses the angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) receptor to enter the cell, and ACE2 is highly expressed in the kidneys. Therefore, kidney disease is a risk factor for COVID-19 infection, exacerbating the clinical course of the disease. This article discusses the main aspects of the etiology and pathogenesis of kidney diseases in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Since there is currently no specific vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and there is no effective drug for the treatment of COVID-19, the identification of risk factors and early medical correction of kidney diseases can help reduce the overall incidence and mortality. Conclusion. Early detection and correction of violations of filtration and excretory function of the kidneys, including adequate hemodynamic support and restriction of nephrotoxic drugs, can improve the prognosis of recovery of a patient with COVID-19.

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Chabukswar, Praveen, and Jaya Baviskar. "Study of etiology and scoring system in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome patients." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 5, no. 4 (July 23, 2018): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20182501.

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Background: The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical disorder characterized by injury to the alveolar epithelium and endothelial barriers of the lung, acute inflammation, and protein rich pulmonary edema leading to respiratory failure. Present study was carried out to investigate the mortality pattern of ALI/ARDS in the patients and to study the etiological factors leading to ALI/ARDS also to study the clinical pattern in patients with ALI/ARDS.Methods: All patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria as per the 1994 American European Consensus Conference on ARDS/ALI definition of ARDS/ALI were included in the study. On clinical examination the vital parameters were recorded. The respiratory system, abdominal, cardiovascular and central nervous systems were examined in detail. The severity of the illness was measured by the acute physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) Score, Multiple Organ Dysfunction score (MODS), lung injury score (LIS) and Sequential Organ Dysfunction Assessment (SOFA score). These scores were calculated on admission to our intensive care unit.Results: Out of the 65 patients 35 survived and 30 died. A multiple organ dysfunction Score of less than or equal to 4 was seen in 29 patients and more than 4 in 36 patient and a score of less than or equal to 4 was seen in 21 survivors and 8 dead patients, while a score of more than four was found in 14 patients who survived versus 22 patients who died. A lung injury score of less than or equal to 2 was seen in patients and more than 2 in 46 patients and a score of less than or equal to 2 was seen in 14 survivors and 5 non-survivors patients, while a score of more than 2 was found in 21 patients who survived versus 25 patients who died.Conclusions: The commonest etiological conditions leading to ALI/ARDS are pneumonia and tropical diseases including malaria, leptospirosis and dengue. The scoring systems, MODS, LIS and APACHE II are good indicators of the outcome of this condition. They are useful in tropical diseases as well.

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Ryazantsev, S. V., and D. D. Kalyapin. "The next-generation combination drugs as part of the comprehensive therapy for inflammatory diseases of the pharynx." Medical Council, no. 20 (November 14, 2018): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2018-20-55-57.

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Inflammatory diseases of the pharynx constitute one of the most significant nosologies groups in the ENT organ diseases profile. According to modern epidemiological data, acute and chronic tonsillopharyngitis are inferior only to influenza and other forms of ARVI with predominantly nasal and paranasal sinuses, as well as the lower respiratory tract inflammation in prevalence among the population. Infectious pathogens are the most common etiology of inflammatory diseases of the pharynx. Accordingly, the pharmacological agents should be selected among the drugs having pronounced antimicrobial activity against both bacterial and other organisms - viral and fungal, and an analgesic effect, as sore throat is the main symptom of tonsillofingitis. The combination preparation Septolete® total is one of such drugs.

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Pugia, Michael J., and John A. Lott. "Pathophysiology and diagnostic value of urinary trypsin inhibitors." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm.2005.001.

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AbstractInflammation is an important indicator of tissue injury. In the acute form, there is usually accumulation of fluids and plasma components in the affected tissues. Platelet activation and the appearance in blood of abnormally increased numbers of polymorphonucleocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages usually occur. Infectious disorders such as sepsis, meningitis, respiratory infection, urinary tract infection, viral infection, and bacterial infection usually induce an inflammatory response. Chronic inflammation is often associated with diabetes mellitus, acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, kidney diseases, and certain auto-immune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, organ failures and other disorders with an inflammatory component or etiology. The disorder may occur before inflammation is apparent. Markers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and urinary trypsin inhibitors have changed our appraisal of acute events such as myocardial infarction; the infarct may be a response to acute infection and (or) inflammation.We describe here the pathophysiology of an anti-inflammatory agent termed urinary trypsin inhibitor (uTi). It is an important anti-inflammatory substance that is present in urine, blood and all organs. We also describe the anti-inflammatory agent bikunin, a selective inhibitor of serine proteases. The latter are important in modulating inflammatory events and even shutting them down.

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Costa, Lucio G., Toby B. Cole, Jacki Coburn, Yu-Chi Chang, Khoi Dao, and Pamela Roque. "Neurotoxicants Are in the Air: Convergence of Human, Animal, andIn VitroStudies on the Effects of Air Pollution on the Brain." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/736385.

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In addition to increased morbidity and mortality caused by respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, air pollution may also negatively affect the brain and contribute to central nervous system diseases. Air pollution is a mixture comprised of several components, of which ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM; <100 nm) is of much concern, as these particles can enter the circulation and distribute to most organs, including the brain. A major constituent of ambient UFPM is represented by traffic-related air pollution, mostly ascribed to diesel exhaust (DE). Human epidemiological studies and controlled animal studies have shown that exposure to air pollution may lead to neurotoxicity. In addition to a variety of behavioral abnormalities, two prominent effects caused by air pollution are oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which are seen in both humans and animals and are confirmed byin vitrostudies. Among factors which can affect neurotoxic outcomes, age is considered the most relevant. Human and animal studies suggest that air pollution (and DE) may cause developmental neurotoxicity and may contribute to the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autistic spectrum disorders. In addition, air pollution exposure has been associated with increased expression of markers of neurodegenerative disease pathologies.

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Korkmazov, M. Yu, N. V. Kornova, M. A. Lengina, A. A. Smirnov, A. M. Korkmazov, and I. D. Dubinets. "Effective antibiotic therapy for community-acquired otorhinolaryngological respiratory infection (clinical description)." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 20 (November 16, 2022): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-20-73-81.

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The State Report on the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population in the Russian Federation speaks of the continued growth of respiratory infections, reaching more than 33 million cases and amounting to more than 606 billion rubles of direct economic damage in 2021. Of particular importance is the new coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2, and manifestations of its various new genovariants, for example, variant B.1.1.529 called omicron, causes various inflammatory nosologies on the part of the mucous membranes of the ENT organs (acute rhinosinusitis, acute tonsillopharyngitis, acute otitis media). The viral agent, damaging the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract, creates favorable conditions for the activation of the microbial flora. Identification of a respiratory agent is most often carried out only in severe cases of the disease, so the basic diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms. The relevance of studying the rational use of antibacterial drugs in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory infections in practical otorhinolaryngology is associated not only with the frequency of occurrence, but with a high risk of complications. As a rule, antibacterial drugs are actively used in the complex therapy of acute bacterial etiology of the upper respiratory tract. Due to the high variability and increasing antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial agents are not always rationally used for outpatients. In this context, as noted in the clinical guidelines, one of the topical issues is the rational dosed use of antibacterial drugs in accordance with the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and efficacy of prescribing a cephalosporin antibiotic in the form of dispersible tablets in the treatment of patients with acute inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract and ear, as an example, clinical cases.

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Samigullina, Natalia V., Rezeda M. Faizullina, and Vitalii V. Viktorov. "The results of monitoring children with a new coronavirus infection, hospitalized in the infectious diseases department." Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/26586630.2021.3.200968.

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Aim. The analysis the clinical, laboratory and instrumental data and the results of therapy of children hospitalized with the new coronavirus infection in the infectious clinic hospital. Materials and methods. The analysis of the clinical course of the disease was carried out in 105 children aged 1 month to 17 years with confirmed COVID-19 infection, hospitalized in the infectious diseases hospital of the clinic. The examination included physical examination, determination of ferritin, coagulogram, IL-6, markers of bacterial infection procalcitonin and C-reactive protein, PCR diagnostics for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in swabs from the nasopharynx and oropharynx, microbiological examination of nasal swabs and pharynx, pulse oximetry, computed tomography of the chest organs, specialist consultations according to indications. Results and discussion. A large proportion of the patients were school-age boys. The etiology of the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus was confirmed by PCR. It was found that more often the disease was accompanied by complaints characteristic of asthenic syndrome, fever and cough. The main clinical forms of the disease were acute viral infection and pneumonia without respiratory failure of moderate severity. In most children, the infection proceeded without damage to the lung tissue or with minimal damage to the lung parenchyma. A more severe course of infection with the development of respiratory failure was noted in schoolchildren and adolescents. In 42.9% of children were revealed multimorbid conditions. The most common conditions were iron deficiency anemia and autonomic dysfunction. The most severe course of infection was noted in children with hematological malignancies. In laboratory tests, children showed leukopenia, an increase of ferritin and activation of thrombus formation. 51.4% children were discharged in 1114 days of the disease. Deaths were in 1.9% of patients with leukemia.

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Kolpakov, Sergej L., A. F. Popov, and A. I. Simakova. "DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS: CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REGULARITIES." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 24, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2019-24-2-61-68.

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Data on identification and verification of the etiologically diagnosis of a acute respiratory viral infections are presented in article at sharp upper respiratory tract infections of the multiple and not specified localization and at local diseases of respiratory organs in Vladivostok. The highest average value of detectability from 2011 for 2017 was at a rinoviral infection - 22,8 cases %ооо. The detectability of flu A (H3N2) was 19,6%ooo; flu A (H1N1) - 15,1%ooo; flu B - 9,8%ooo. Detection of the acute respiratory viral infections verified on an etiology had natural seasonality. The incidence of flu, caused by representatives of the Orthomyxoviridae family, was formed in the winter and in the spring. During the summer-autumnal period rise in incidence of Paramyxoviridae family viruses was formed (paraflu, RS-viral infection, a metapneumoviral infection). The Coronaviral infection had winter seasonality. The Rinoviral infection, adenoviral and bakaviral infections were characterized by summer-autumnal seasonality. According to the nature of seasonality and structure of the verified cases on months of year the probability of confirmation of the diagnosis of a rinoviral infection from May to October was from 56,8+5,1% to 62,1+7,5%. Similar situation develops with paraflu. From May to November the specific weight of the verified paraflu was from 11,6+4,9% to 19,5+4,9% of all confirmed SARS cases. For flu A (H1N1) the probability of confirmation of the diagnosis from December to March is from 15,4+3,9% to 54,8+5,3%. And at flu A (H3N2) in data of month - from 5,2+2,4% to 47,6+4,0%. At flu B high probability of confirmation of the diagnosis in spring months, in March and April, 30,0+3,6% and 26,4+5,2%.

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Karpova, L. S., K. M. Volik, K. A. Stolyarov, N. M. Popovtseva, T. P. Stolyarova, A. A. Sominina, and E. I. Burtseva. "FEATURES OF EPIDEMIC PROCESS OF INFLUENZA A(H1N1)PDM09 AND A(H3N2) IN RUSSIA FROM 2009 TO 2017." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 63, no. 4 (August 20, 2018): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-4-177-184.

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The goal of this work is to compare the key parameters of influenza epidemics of different etiology. Four epidemics of influenza with predominance of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and 4 epidemics of influenza A(H3N2) were analyzed using the database of the Federal State Research Institute of Influenza on morbidity, hospitalization, deaths from influenza in 59 cities in the period from 2009 to 2017. The intensity of epidemics involving the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 decreased from high to medium, while the intensity of epidemics of influenza A(H3N2) increased from low to medium. In the epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in the total population, the incidence of influenza and ARI decreased by a factor of 1.6, while the mortality among patients decreased by a factor of 1.7 in all age groups, except for those over 65 years, for whom the incidence and mortality increased by factors of 1.4 of 2.3, respectively. In the epidemic of A(H3N2), a trend for increasing morbidity and mortality was more pronounced among individuals older than 65 years. Pandemic influenza remains the leading cause of deaths. Among the dead in the epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, the proportion of young individuals decreased (including a fourfold decrease of lethality in pregnant women), while the proportion of persons over 65 years increased 7.8 times; in the epidemic of influenza A(H3N2) only 2.5-fold increase was observed. In the epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, the proportion of lethality increased among people with cardiovascular diseases and diseases of the internal organs; in the epidemic of influenza A(H3N2), the proportion of lethality increased among people with immunodeficiency, diseases of the internal organs and respiratory system.

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Sharhorodska, Yevheniya, Nadiya Helner, Natalia Prokopchuk, and Halyna Makukh. "MEDICAL GENETIC COUNSELING OF WOMEN WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES OF FETUS." EUREKA: Health Sciences 1 (January 31, 2019): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5679.2019.00845.

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Aim of the work. Determine the effectiveness of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defects in the fetus and the informativeness of different markers used in the medical-genetic counseling of pregnant women.. Materials and methods. The analysis of the results of medical genetic counseling of pregnant women with fetal heart diseases was carried out. The effectiveness of using different methods of prenatal diagnosis in 67 pregnant women is estimated. The data of somatic, genealogical and reproductive anamnesis, biochemical markers of chromosomal pathology of the 1st and 2nd trimester of pregnancy, and the spectrum of the detected fetal heart disease were studied. Results of the research. It was found that 46 (68.7 %) women had somatic diseases: pathology of the cardiovascular system (11.9 %); endocrine system - at 8 (11,9 %); respiratory disease – 3 (4.5 %) and urinary system – 2 (3.0 %). 13 (19.4 %) out of 67 women had acute respiratory viral infections in the first trimester of pregnancy. In 4 (6 %) cases - bad habits. The first time pregnant were 31 (46.3 %) women, 21 (31.3 %) – the second time, 10 (14.9 %) in the third, and 5 (7.5 %) in the fourth or more times. In history, 58 (86.6 %) women did not have reproductive function disorders, 8 (11.9 %) had unauthorized miscarriages and frozen pregnancy. The burden of gynecological anamnesis was observed in 12 (17.9 %) women, and hereditary - in 6 (9.0 %) women. In the structure of congenital defects of the heart, false anatomical anomalies were found more often: hypoplasia of the left heart organs – 14 (20.9 %), tetralogy of Fallot - 9 (13.3 %). Biochemical markers of chromosomal pathology in the first trimester in 11 (16.4 %) women recorded indicators that are characteristic of the risk of chromosomal pathology, and in the second trimester – in 9 (13.4 %). Two pregnant women used a NIPT (non-invasive prenatal test) test that did not detect chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. In 8 cases, invasive prenatal diagnosis of the fetus was recommended, which was carried out by three women, and five refused. Conclusions. The peculiarities of somatic (in 46–68.7 % of women), reproductive (in 8-11.9 % of women) gynecological anamnesis (in 12–17.9 % of women), which can be the risk factors of congenital fetal heart disease, are revealed. In the structure of congenital defects of the heart of the fetus more often revealed hypoplasia of the left heart organs – 14 (20.9 %), tetralogy of Fallot – 9 (13.3 %). In 11 (16.4 %) women recorded indicators of biochemical markers, characteristic for the risk of chromosomal pathology, in the first trimester, and – in 9 (13.4 %) pregnant women – in the second trimester. Comparative data on prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defects in the fetus of chromosomal, monogenic and multifactorial etiology are given. On the basis of the obtained results an algorithm of medical-genetic counseling of this contingent of patients was offered.

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Biryuchenkova, M. V., A. M. Timina, and A. V. Shcherbakov. "DETECTION OF PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE 3 IN RUSSIAN PIG HOLDINGS." Veterinary Science Today, no. 3 (October 3, 2019): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2019-3-30-29-33.

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Diseases associated with porcine circoviruses (mainly with porcine circovirus type 2) have various manifestations, are common in pigs in countries having well-developed pig industry and responsible for significant economic losses. Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV-3) causing systemic inflammation of unknown etiology in animals was detected the USA in 2015. Later, data on PCV-3 detection in Asia, Europe and South America were published. Analysis of literature data on current epidemic situation on PCV-3 infection in foreign countries as well as the disease clinical manifestations and postmortem lesions are described. Results of molecular and genetic tests of biomaterials collected from pigs in 51 holdings located in 28 regions of the Russian Federation are presented. A total of 280 samples of biological materials of different types (organs, tissues, stillborn piglets) collected from domestic pigs with respiratory, reproductive and neurological disorders, dermatitis and from emaciated pigs were tested and PCV-3 genome was detected in 11 samples from 9 holdings located in 5 regions of the Russian Federation. Porcine circovirus type 3 was detected in lung, bronchial and mediastinal lymph node, spleen tissues from grower and fattening piglets, adult pigs and aborted fetuses. Samples that were positive for PCV-3 DNA when tested with molecular methods (PCR, real-time PCR) were tested for other pathogens. The following pathogens were also detected in 6 out of 11 samples (55%): Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Streptococcus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected in one sample. Presented test results are indicative of probable combined etiology of respiratory and reproductive disorders in tested pigs that results in various clinical manifestations. Grower and fattening piglets were found to be the most susceptible to PCV-3-associated disease. Further studies are required for identification of actual PCV-3 pathogenicity and its prevalence in the territory of the Russian Federation.

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Dukhnitsky, V., V. Sokolyuk, A. Tishkovskaya, M. Tishkovskiy, and I. Ligomina. "Pharmacokinetic parameters of Tilmicosin Phosphate in the body of healthy broiler chickens." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 2 (168) (December 9, 2021): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2021-168-2-183-192.

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The article presents the results of studies of the intake (oral administration), distribution and excretion of Tilmicosin Phosphate (active ingredient of the Tilmox 25%) from the body of healthy broiler chickens of the KOBB-500 cross. The rapid absorption of Tilmicosin Phosphate from the alimentary tract of the birds and its entry into the internal organs was established. The maximum content of Tilmicosin Phosphate was found in the lungs and liver. Only in 2 hours after the beginning of the Tilmox 25% solution application, which was 17.02 ± 0.24 and 12.78 ± 0.22 μg / g, its content in the kidneys after 26 hours was 8 25 ± 0.19 μg / g, pectoral and cardiac muscles after 52 hours - 6.19 ± 0.28 and 5.23 ± 0.39 μg / g, respectively. Consumption of Tilmox 25% solution by a healthy bird was not accompanied by the accumulation of Tilmicosin Phosphate (material accumulation), since its content in the internal organs and muscles of the bird did not depend on the duration of the drug use. During 96 hours of Tilmox 25% solution consumption by broiler chickens the maximum content of Tilmicosin Phosphate was detected in the lungs, which indicates its tissue tropism. The distribution of Tilmicosin Phosphate in maximum amounts to the lungs ("organ affinity" or "tissue tropism") is important when infectious agents are localization in the lungs of poultry, as well as for the treatment of patients with respiratory diseases of various etiology. The cessation of the use of Tilmox 25% was accompanied by a significant decrease in the content of its active substance, Tilmicosin Phosphate, in the organs under study. Twenty-four hours after the cessation of consumption the tilmox solution (120 hours of the experiment), the content of Tilmicosin Phosphate in the lungs was 1.9 times less, liver – 1.6 times, kidneys – 1.4 times, pectoral muscle - 1.7 times, cardiac muscle – 1.3 times less, compared with indicators on 96 hours of experiment. Five days after the cessation of feeding the tilmox solution to broiler chickens (216 hours of the experiment), the residual amounts of Tilmicosin Phosphate in the organs under study were: in the lungs – 1.20 ± 0.03 μg / g; liver – 1.01 ± 0.02; kidneys - 0.91 ± 0.03 μg / g. The lowest content of Tilmicosin Phosphate, during this period of research, was only in one of the three samples of the heart muscle – 0.02 μg / g, and it was not detected in the pectoral muscle. Key words: Tilmox 25 %, organs, distribution, accumulation, excretion, pharmacokinetics.

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Brygin, P. A., S. V. Zhuravel, D. A. Troitskiy, and I. I. Utkina. "Predictors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation efficacy in patients with acute respiratory failure." Transplantologiya. The Russian Journal of Transplantation 12, no. 3 (September 10, 2020): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23873/2074-0506-2020-12-3-220-230.

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The purpose of this article is to describe the problem of predicting the lung function recovery in patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Data from CESAR and EOLIA clinical trials on the efficacy of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome have been reviewed and some controversial results discussed. The prognostic PRESERVE and RESP scores developed as prognostic tools on the basis of the results of these studies, are presented, the limitations of their applicability in various forms of acute respiratory distress syndrome are discussed. We propose to subdivide the predictors of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation outcome in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome into 4 following groups: 1. Lung injury severity criteria, including parameters of their lung mechanical and functional properties. 2. Time from acute respiratory failure onset to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiation, which reflects the rate of pathological processes in lungs and timing of decision to initiate extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. 3. The etiology of pulmonary disorders, directly affecting the reversibility of pathological processes in the lungs. 4. The severity of the patient's general condition, including the severity of manifestations of multiple organ failure, the degree of decompensation of concomitant chronic diseases, including oncological and associated with immunosuppression. Several diseases are associated with a higher risk of specific complications, particularly hemorrhagic, during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

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Hadzic, Devleta, Nada Mladina, Mirsada Praso, Selmira Brkic, and Belkisa Colic. "CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDHOOD DIFFICULTIES IN BREATHING SYNDROME." Acta Medica Saliniana 37, no. 2 (December 28, 2008): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5457/ams.v37i2.14.

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Introduction: Syndrome of difficulties in breathing has an important position in pathology of childhood. It is manifested as in diseases of respiratory tract so in series of diseases and pathological conditions linked to other organs and systems. Patients and Methods: Patient with difficulties in breathing develops clinical presentation of respiratory distress, which is characterized with many different clinical symptoms and signs. Acute respiratory failure with discrepancy between utility of oxygen and produces of carbon dioxide is the last point of respiratory distress, so the primary care of clinician is quickly recognition of abnormal blood gasses values. Early identification and appropriate treatment of incoming respiratory failure is essential for good prognosis and decreasing long term complications. The aim of this paper was to analyze retrospectively histories of diseases of children treated at the Department of Intensive care Pediatrics clinic in Tuzla and to establish type and frequency of diseases characterized with syndrome of difficult breathing, frequency of non-respiratory diseases in etiology of this syndrome, and to estimate correlation of clinical findings in admission with pulse oximetry and blood gases findings. Analysis was based on population of patients treated at the Department of Intensive care unit Pediatrics clinic in Tuzla with recorded, clinically manifested syndrome of difficult breathing. Patient selection was performed consecutively from January 1st till 31st December 2006. All selected patients were from Tuzla Canton. Source of data for this investigation was Admission protocol for Pediatric Clinics and Intensive care unit protocol and personal histories of children treated at the Intensive care unit of Pediatric Clinics January 1st till 31st December 2006. Method of work was retrospective study which analyzed anamnestic data, clinical and laboratory findings, therapeutical procedures and length of hospitalization at the Intensive care unit and outcome of the treatment. Results: The results of investigation demonstrated that in anlized period (from January 1st till 31st December 2006) in Pediatric Clinic, Tuzla a total number of 3932 children were treated, out of them 767 (19.5%) children were treated at the Department of Intensive care unit. Syndrome of difficulties in breathing was recorded in 608 patients (79.3%). The biggest number of children in this group were treated for syndrome of broncho-obstruction, total of 332 children (54.6%). Other large group was neurological disorders: convulsions and epilepsy, total number of 125 patients (20.6%). Out of total number of patients 11 (1.8%) suffered from complete failure of breathing and required mechanical ventilation support. Out of this number 10 of them were chronic ill patients. The most common causal factor for respiratory insufficiency in strict meaning of this word and endangering respiratory arrest was epileptic attack and recidivated pneumonia. Discussion: Clinical findings, pulse oximetry and blood gases analysis were in correlation and in favor of hypoxemic type of respiratory insufficiency. Results of gas analysis for group of neurological disorders and poisoning spoke in favor of acute hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency. Clinical parameters for dyspnea were absent and finding of pulse oximetry monitored isolated for these disorders demonstrated partly unreliable.

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Sunaga, Noriaki, Yasuhiko Koga, Yoshimasa Hachisu, Koichi Yamaguchi, Masaki Aikawa, Norimitsu Kasahara, Yosuke Miura, et al. "Role of Neuron-Specific Enolase in the Diagnosis and Disease Monitoring of Sarcoidosis." Canadian Respiratory Journal 2022 (May 26, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3726395.

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Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis is based on clinicopathologic findings accompanied by the formation of granulomas in multiple organs, including the lung. Although angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R) are traditionally used for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, specific diagnostic markers remain to be determined. In the current study, we found that serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels were elevated in patients with sarcoidosis. Serum NSE levels were positively correlated with serum ACE and sIL-2R levels. The sensitivity of NSE alone was modest, but its combination with sIL-2R and ACE had the highest sensitivity compared to those of each single marker. When comparing serum NSE and pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP) levels in SCLC patients with those in patients with sarcoidosis and nonsarcoidotic benign diseases, serum NSE could be used to distinguish SCLC from sarcoidosis and nonsarcoidosis by setting at a cutoff value of 17.0 ng/ml with a sensitivity of 73.5% and a specificity of 90.2%, which were comparable to those of ProGRP. Serum NSE levels were associated with organ involvement and were higher in sarcoidosis patients who had been treated with oral corticosteroid (OCS) than in those who had never received OCS therapies; there was a positive association between elevated serum NSE levels and OCS use. Increased concentrations of serum NSE in patients at the nonremission phase decreased after spontaneous remission, whereas serum NSE levels fluctuated in accordance with serum ACE or sIL-2R levels during the follow-up period in patients with sarcoidosis. These findings suggest that NSE could be a marker for the diagnosis and monitoring of the clinical outcome of patients with sarcoidosis.

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Ryngach, N. О. "Mortality in Metropolises of Ukraine: Historical Parallels with the Study of Yu. O. Korchak-Chepurkivsky." Statistics of Ukraine 91, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.1(92)2021.01.05.

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The purpose of this paper is to make a comparative analysis (find historical parallels) of the situation with mortality causes in four cities of Ukraine in 1923–1929 and in our time, by comparing the mortality structure in 1926 and 2019, to identify structural changes and make assumptions regarding their determinants. Based on data from statistical tables of mortality in the four largest cities of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, and Odessa) for 1923–1929 and data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for 2019 on the distribution of deaths by death cause in the same cities and in Ukraine, the structural shares by main classes were calculated (according to the current classifications). Changes in the contribution of various causes of death to the mortality of the urban population are estimated. The overall progress (the advancement of medical science and practice, the improvement of living conditions (including sanitation and hygiene) and quality of life, the increased population’s awareness of health issues and access to medical care, etc.), immunization programs, the development and production of effective drugs have significantly reduced the mortality and transformed its structure. It is shown that the list of the leading causes, especially their ranks, given in the research of Yu. O. Korchak-Chepurkivsky, differed significantly from the analogous list for modern metropolises of Ukraine. In contrast to the situation in the four largest Ukrainian cities in 2019, with the majority of deaths caused by diseases of the circulatory system (about 65%), almost the same total share (67.4%) of deaths in the above cities in 1926 was determined by five classes (infectious or communicable diseases, diseases of the respiratory and digestive organs, cardiovascular diseases, and diseases of the nervous system and sense organs). The largest share of deaths in the four largest cities of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic was found to be caused by infectious and parasitic diseases (over 27%). Given that part of the infectious pathology (the diseases of the digestive system and nervous system in the first place) was registered by the then nomenclature in other classes, their contribution to the totality of deaths can be assessed as more significant (at least by 10–15%). The structural share of mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases in the four largest cities has decreased from 27% altogether to nearly 2%. There was a significant transformation in the spectrum of causes: while in 1926 high mortality was due to scarlet fever, whooping cough, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever evolved to almost zero, in our time its significant part was caused by a new pathology, a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). At the same time, the significance of tuberculosis as a cause of death is a striking difference between the mortality pattern in Ukrainian cities and the situation in modern developed countries. The decreased structural shares of infectious, respiratory and digestive diseases (some of which are also of infectious etiology), along with the prevalence of pathologies occurring in the perinatal period, congenital malformations, deformities and chromosomal abnormalities, were the largest changes in the infant mortality structure.

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Lu, Qianying, Sifan Yu, Xiangyan Meng, Mingyu Shi, Siyu Huang, Junfeng Li, Jianfeng Zhang, et al. "MicroRNAs: Important Regulatory Molecules in Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 5545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105545.

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Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an overactivated inflammatory response caused by direct or indirect injuries that destroy lung parenchymal cells and dramatically reduce lung function. Although some research progress has been made in recent years, the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS remains unclear due to its heterogeneity and etiology. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a type of small noncoding RNA, play a vital role in various diseases. In ALI/ARDS, miRNAs can regulate inflammatory and immune responses by targeting specific molecules. Regulation of miRNA expression can reduce damage and promote the recovery of ALI/ARDS. Consequently, miRNAs are considered as potential diagnostic indicators and therapeutic targets of ALI/ARDS. Given that inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS, we review the miRNAs involved in the inflammatory process of ALI/ARDS to provide new ideas for the pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of ALI/ARDS.

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Siddharth, Agarwal, Agarwal Sapna, Verma Raj Kumar, and Dayal Shreyash. "Clinical profile, etiology, outcome and new-onset diabetes: A SARI case series." Journal of Clinical Intensive Care and Medicine 7, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 005–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.jcicm.1001041.

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Introduction: The world is currently facing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic with evolving 2nd wave. The COVID-19 patients present most commonly with Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) in an emergency room with acute onset fever, cough, and breathlessness. However, not all SARI cases as per definition are due to COVID-19 infection, which is well proven in this case series of 113 cases of SARI. This is just the opposite of the other SARI series done in the pre-COVID-19 era. Also, no previous SARI case series data has shown significant association with Diabetes Mellitus, including new-onset diabetes thus figuring out the major Pathophysiological association of COVID-19 with glucose metabolism and has a bearing on the pathogenesis, treatment, and outcome of COVID-19 infection and perpetuity of pandemic of this magnitude. Here we raise concern for the first time about the growing association of an infectious pandemic with the lifestyle disorders which are non-communicable diseases but carry with them the potential of fertile soil for rapidly spreading epidemics. Aim and objective: To find out the etiology, clinical profile, treatment outcome, and mortality rate in different sub-groups of SARI cases in a tertiary care hospital and the incidence of new-onset Diabetes Mellitus in them and to investigate theoretically the hypothesis that maintaining normal glucose metabolism could prevent progression of a mild Flu-like illness (FLI) to a severe form of Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) and consequent complications such as Cytokine Storm Syndrome and Multi-Organ failure. Design: Retrospective, single-center case series of 113 SARI patients at a tertiary care hospital in Agra India between 1 March- 30 October 2020. Main outcome: The demographics, clinical, pathological, imaging, and treatment outcome data were collected. The SARI cases analyzed were defined as “Severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs) an acute respiratory illness of recent onset (within seven days) manifested by fever (≥ 38 °C), cough and shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing requiring hospitalization and were sub-classified according to the primary etiology producing SARI in them. The findings were compiled and compared. Conclusion: Of the 113 patients of SARI – 32.7% were associated with Diabetes, with 9.74% new-onset Diabetes and 26% previously known Diabetes. This was mainly due to SARS-CoV-2 (24 Diabetics out of 52 COVID-19 cases- 46.1%). The Average hospitalization stay of SARI cases was 10 days with a maximum in SARS-CoV-2 and a minimum stay of 5.22 days in Bacterial Pneumonia and 5.66 days in Koch’s Lungs. The death rate was maximum (4 out of 26) 15.3%. Hospitalized TB/Koch’s Lung patients who presented as SARI and 3.8% in Bacterial Pneumonia, 2.43% in SARS-CoV-2, and < 1% in Sepsis. Those SARI cases who were euglycemic at the time of initial presentation recovered early and carried a good prognosis with less mortality as compared to those who were hyperglycemic on presentation. Also, those FLI cases who maintained euglycemia or did not have any other risk factor which predisposes them to stress (Diabetes, Prolonged fasting, Obesity, major organ disorder, Psychological disorder, and Cancer) did not progress to SARI as the endogenous steroid secretion and sympathetic activation did not occur, the intracellular pH levels remained in the alkaline range. 10.18% of cases developed new-onset diabetes (a total of 11 cases) out of which 10 were in COVID-19. Thus 19.2% incidence of new-onset diabetes in SARS-CoV-2 and a prevalence of 26.9% in SARS-CoV-2, making total diabetes 46.1% in SARS-CoV-2, and out of all SARI cases, 26% of patients developed pulmonary fibrosis with consequent long-term complications. In COVID-19 patients, it was seen only in diabetics SARS CoV-2 male patients, thus no death in non-diabetic females in COVID-19 in this case series.

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Fernández, Olga S. León, Gabriel Takon Oru, Renate Viebhan Hansler, Gilberto López Cabreja, Irainis Serrano Espinosa, Juan Carlos Polo Vega, and Elizabeth García Fernández. "Medical Ozone: The Pharmacological Mechanisms Accounting for its Effectiveness against COVID-19/SARS-COV-2." Journal of Medical - Clinical Research & Reviews 5, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33425/2639-944x.1199.

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Introduction: Medical ozone has been used with safety and efficacy in different diseases of oxidative etiology, for the most part involving autoimmune diseases. Methods: An analysis of the pharmacological mechanism of action of ozone was carried out to explain its clinical effectiveness and its positive response in clinical patients to COVID-19. This was done in the context of the different therapeutic targets that have been demonstrated for ozone in other diseases (autoimmune and hypoxia status). Results: Based on the intestine/lung functional axis, the necessity of rectal insufflation as route of application with the aim of attaining improved results using medical ozone against COVID 19 is demonstrated. It was possible to identify at least nine adverse events/molecules which were targets of regulation through medical ozone in other diseases, including innate immune response, nuclear transcription factor NF-kB, “cytokine storm”, inflammation, severe acute respiratory syndrome and coagulopathy. Some of them lead to multi organ failure. Finally, a brief analysis is undertaken to show the regulatory effects of ozone versus the comorbidities contributing to virus lethality, including hyperglycemia and its vascular complications. Conclusions: Medical ozone is effective against COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2: due to the multiple targets it is able to regulate and thereby achieve a positive patient response.

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Gao, Zhen, Linwei Lu, Qin Bian, Jinfeng Wu, Feng Liu, Jingjing Le, Wenqian Wang, et al. "Thoughts on the naming of “COVID-19”." Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine 03, no. 01 (March 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2575900020100011.

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Based on the naming of diseases in the history and the nomenclature of diseases, especially that of novel human infectious diseases, in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and modern medicine, we put forward the following suggestions for the naming and severity classification of “coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)”: (1) Patients with only nucleic acids positive or nucleic acid positive as well as some of the symptoms but without any evidence of pneumonia should be diagnosed more generally such as “Novel coronavirus respiratory infection (NCRI)” or “Novel coronavirus infection (NCI)”. (2) The manifestations concerning pneumonia can be used as the main basis for the classification of the severity of the disease. For instance, those with only nucleic acids positive or nucleic acid positive as well as mild symptoms are mild, those with nucleic acid positive as well as symptoms like fever and cough are moderate, those with nucleic acid positive as well as pneumonia are severe, those with severe symptoms as well as respiratory failure and multiple organ damage are critical. (3) Also, those with infections and clinical manifestations but no pneumonia can be called simple type, and those with pneumonia can be called pneumonia type. (4) Under the current background of integrative medicine, the naming of newly emerging infectious diseases by TCM should be changed from an ambiguous concept to a clearly defined one. It may define the disease according to the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation or prognosis of the disease, redefine the original concept in TCM and discard the excessively broad part, or carry out the common naming between TCM and modern medicine based on the specific pathogen. (5) According to the nomenclature of diseases in TCM plus that in modern medicine, the NCI may be named “Jihai (2019) — Pestilence” (Ji Hài (2019) — Yì Lì) in TCM.

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Черновецкий, М. А., and С. Л. Кондаурова. "Etiological Structure of Fungi Found in the Biological Material of the Respiratory Organs of Children with Oncohematological Pathology." Лабораторная диагностика. Восточная Европа, no. 2 (July 19, 2022): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2022.11.2.019.

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Введение. Несмотря на успехи, достигнутые в последнее время, грибковые заболевания человека продолжают оставаться в числе актуальных проблем отечествен- ного и мирового здравоохранения. Одной из наиболее опасных форм данного вида патологии являются инвазивные микозы с поражением системы дыхания (дыхательных путей и органов дыхания), характеризующиеся тяжелым течением заболевания и высоким уровнем летальности.Цель. Установление этиологической структуры грибов, выделенных из биологиче- ского материала дыхательных путей и органов дыхания детей с онкогематологическими заболеваниями.Материалы и методы. В исследование были включены все штаммы грибов (микромицеты), выявленные в биологическом материале из клинически значимых локусов (жидкости, забранные при дренировании трахеобронхиального дерева и проведении бронхоальвеолярного лаважа; содержимое гайморовых пазух и решетчатой кости черепа; плевральная жидкость, биоптаты и аутоптаты легких), полученном в период с 2002 по 2021 г. от пациентов с сопутствующими инфекционными осложнениями на фоне основной онкогематологической патологии, находящихся на лечении в Республиканском научно-практическом центре детской онкологии, гематологии и иммунологии (далее – Центр). При этом результаты микробиологических анализов образцов мокроты не были включены в исследование ввиду высокой вероятности контаминации тестируемого биоматериала грибковой микрофлорой полости рта, ротоглотки и носоглотки. Выделенные из дыхательной системы грибковые микроорганизмы были идентифицированы методами фенотипирования микромицетов и оценки их биохимических свойств (при выявлении дрожжевых патогенов), с подтверждением родовой и видовой принадлежности отдельных штаммов путем дополнительного исследования (в сложных для диагностики случаях) белкового профиля выявленных штаммов грибов в варианте масс-спектрометрического анализа с матрично-активированной лазерной десорбцией/ионизацией c задержкой во времени (MALDI-TOF MS) при использовании автоматического спектрофотометра Vitek MS (bioMerieux, Франция).Результаты. В общей сложности было выделено 259 штаммов микромицетов (без учета повторного выделения у ребенка одной и той же микрофлоры в динамике), среди которых дрожжеподобные грибы (дрожжи) составляли 69,5% (180 культур микроорганизмов). Общий спектр дрожжеподобных микромицетов был представлен различными видами представителей рода Candida и штаммами Saccharomyces cerevisiae. При этом среди дрожжей выявлено 77 культур Candida albicans (42,77%). В качестве других наиболее часто встречаемых представителей рода Candida обнаружено 20 штаммов Candida glabrata (11,11%), 17 образцов Candida krusei (9,44%) и 15 микромицетов Candida parapsilosis (8,33%). Общее число выявления в исследованном клиническом материале плесневых (мицелиальных) микроорганизмов составило 79 культур (30,5%) с выраженным превалированием среди них представителей рода Aspergillus в количестве 56 штаммов (70,89%), и в частности Aspergillus fumigatus в количестве 29 высевов (36,70%). Суммарное обнаружение так называемых мукоровых грибов (порядок Mucorales), включая выявленных представителей родов Mucor, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor и Lichtheimia (Absidia), составило 11 культур (13,92% от общего числа мицелиальных грибов. Большинство из них (8 штаммов) выявлены во второй половине анализируемого периода времени.Выводы. Дрожжеподобные грибы продолжают оставаться основными представителями грибковой микрофлоры, выделяемой из дыхательной системы детей с сопутствующими инфекционными осложнениями на фоне основной онкогематологической патологии. Подавляющее число высевов данных микромицетов из дыхательной системы приходится на долю широко распространенной в окружающей среде Candida albicans, а также так называемых новых дрожжевых патогенов (чаще всего Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis), характеризующихся, как правило, большей агрессивностью и устойчивостью к противогрибковым лекарственным средствам по сравнению с Candida albicans. В свою очередь в этиологической структуре мицелиальных грибов, обнаруженных в биологическом материале из дыхательных путей, преобладают микромицеты рода Aspergillus, и в частности Aspergillus fumigatus. Вызывают настороженность участившиеся в последнее время случаи обнаружения грибов порядка Mucorales. Introduction. Human fungal diseases are the actual medical problem still despite successes in this field during last years. One of most dangerous forms of this pathology are the invasive mycoses with damage of respiratory system. Those fungal infections are characterized by severe clinical diseases course and high level of mortality.Purpose. To reveal the etiologic structure of fungi isolated from respiratory systems of children with oncohematological diseases.Materials and methods. All fungal cultures revealed during investigation in 2002–2021 years period at the clinical biological materials from respiratory system (tracheal, bronchial, alveolar and pleural aspirates; lungs biopsy and autopsy; ethmoid bone of the scull and maxillary sinus contents) of children with oncohematological pathologу complicated infectious diseases were included in this study. Sputum samples were excluded from investigation taking into account high likely possibility of contamination by fungi from oral cavity, nasopharynx and oropharynx. Cultures of fungi were indicated and identified by phenotype and biochemistry (for yeast only) assays. A lot fungal strains were confirmed additionally at diagnostic difficult cases by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization- time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) using Vitek MS.Results. In sum 259 fungal cultures were found. The prevalence of Candida spp. and other yeasts was 69,5% (180 cultures). Specific gravity of Candida albicans among yeasts was 42,77% (77 cultures). The other main representatives of Candida spp. were Candida glabrata (20 cultures, 11,11%), Candida krusei (17 culture, 9,44%) and Candida parapsilosis (15 cultures, 8,33%). The prevalence of mycelial fungi (mold) was in sum 30,5% (79 cultures) with Aspergillus spp dominance among mold (70,89%, 56 cultures) and particularly – Aspergillus fumigatus (36,70%, 29 cultures). So-called «mucor» fungi (Mucor spp, Rhizopus spp, Rhizomucor spp. и Lichtheimia (Absidia) spp. representatives) were revealed in 11 cases (13,92% among micelial samples). From those 11 cases abovementioned 8 mucormycetes were detected during last 10-years period.Conclusions. Representatives of Candida spp. are the main fungal pathogens, revealed at respiratory systems in patients with opportunistic infectious on the background oncohematological pathology. Negative tendency for increasing etiologic roles most aggressive and drug resistance «non-albicans» yeast (such as Сandida glabrata, Candidakrusei, Candida parapsilosis) and individual mucormycetes took place. Prevalence of Aspergillus spp. was detected among mycelial fungi with Aspergillus fumigatus dominate.

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Mazurov, V., O. Shadrivova, M. Shostak, L. Martynova, M. Tonkoshkur, and N. Klimko. "AB0507 INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS IN ADULT RHEUMATOLOGICAL PATIENTS IN SAINT PETERSBURG, RUSSIA." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1551.1–1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.3796.

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Background:Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a severe opportunistic infection that is not well understood in rheumatological patients.Objectives:To study risk factors, etiology, clinical manifestations and results of treatment of IA in adult rheumatological patients.Methods:Retrospective analysis of 830 patients (1998-2019) with “proven” and “probable” IA (EORTC / MSG, 2019), adults - 699 (84%). The main group included 18 (3%) adult rheumatological patients with IA, a control group included 610 (87%) adult hematological patients. Rheumatological patients were older, the average age was 59 years (21–75) vs 45 years (18–79), p = 0.005, and among them there were more women – 56% vs 42%, p = 0.01.Results:In rheumatological patients with IA, underlying diseases were ANCA-associated vasculitis (28%), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (22%), periarteritis (11%), systemic lupus erythematosus (22%), rheumatic heart disease (11%) and ankylosing spondylitis (6%). In the control group, underlying diseases were acute leukemia (45%), lymphomas (34%), chronic leukemia (9%), multiple myeloma (7%), myelodysplastic syndrome (3%), and other hematological diseases (2%).The main risk factors for IA development in rheumatological patients were: systemic steroids use (89% vs 69%), prolonged lymphocytopenia (76% vs 65%, median - 14 vs 12 days), treatment in ICU (44% vs 18%, p = 0.01), acute or chronic renal failure (39% vs 1%, p = 0.0008) and immunosuppressive therapy (28% vs 25%). Severe neutropenia was noted significantly less frequently (18% vs 83%, p = 0.0001). Additional risk factors were decompensated diabetes mellitus (17% vs 2%, p = 0.004), previous surgery (17% vs 1%, p = 0.001) and organ transplantation (6% vs 0%). In rheumatological patients, lung (83% vs 98%, p = 0.0001) and ≥2 organs (6% vs 8%) involvement were less common. Heart (11% vs 0%), sinuses (6% vs 5%) and central nervous system (6% vs 4%) involvement more often developed. In rheumatological patients, respiratory failure (61 vs 37%, p = 0.03), hemoptysis (28% vs 7%, p = 0.0001) and chest pain (17% vs 7%, p = 0, 04) were noted more often, less often - fever ≥380С (67% vs 85%, p = 0.01) and cough (61% vs 70%). CT signs of lung damage were similar in both groups, but rheumatologic patients were more likely to show an «air crescent» sign and / or destruction cavity (44% vs 10%, p = 0.0001). In rheumatologic patients, IA was more often confirmed by isolation ofAspergillusspp. from BAL (80% vs 45%, p = 0.005) and by histological examination (22% vs 7%, p = 0.01). The main pathogens wereA. fumigatus(50% vs 43%),A. niger(29% vs 32%), andA. flavus(14% vs 17%).Rheumatological patients were less likely to receive antifungal therapy 89% vs 99%, p = 0,0003. The main drug in both groups was voriconazole. The overall 12-week survival did not significantly differ between groups, but was lower in rheumatological patients with IA (69% vs 81%).Conclusion:In rheumatological patients, invasive aspergillosis more often developed at an older age, mainly in women. The main background diseases were ANCA-associated vasculitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Typical risk factors were steroids and immunosuppressants use, prolonged lymphocytopenia, ICU stay, and renal failure. The main causative agents wereA. fumigatus,A. niger, andA. flavus. The main localization of infection were lungs. Respiratory failure, hemoptysis and heart involvement were typical. The overall 12-week survival of rheumatological patients with invasive aspergillosis was 69%.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Siebert, Ursula, Frances Gulland, Timm Harder, Thierry Jauniaux, Henrike Seibel, Peter Wohlsein, and Wolfgang Baumgärtner. "Epizootics in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina): clinical aspects." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 8 (September 1, 2010): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2689.

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Epizootic diseases causing considerable mortality in harbour seal populations have mainly been reported from the waters of the United States and Europe. Such die-offs were largely attributable to viral infections. Several hundred individuals died from respiratory infections caused by Influenza A viruses at the coast of New England, USA, in 1979, 1980 and 1982. More than 53,000 harbour seals were killed in European waters by Phocine Distemper Virus (PDV), a morbillivirus,in two outbreaks in 1988 and 2002. For several other epizootics of smaller scale in the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific coast of the USA and, most recently, in Danish and Swedish waters in 2007 the causes remain unclear, although characteristic respiratory symptoms and interstitial pneumonia suspicious of viral etiology were detected as well as occasionally bacterial infections caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mass mortalities caused by biotoxins, direct human interactions or changes in oceanographic conditions have so far not been described for harbour seals. However, high organochlorine loads detected in European harbour seal populations and suspected to impede immune functions, were considered an aggravating factor in the 1988 morbillivirus epizootic. Establishing supranational stranding networks is a key prerequisite for the detection of future unusual die-offs in marine mammals. Detailed post-mortem investigations of all organ systems are essential for targeted etiological studies towards the causes of mass mortalities in seals.

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Zhuo, Weibin, Ya Gao, Chunyan Yang, Ying Xu, Yintian Zhang, Dongmao Zhu, Qifa Liu, and Baohong Ping. "Clinical Characteristics of Hemophagocytic Syndrome: 46 Cases Report and Literature Re-View." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 5916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-114383.

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Abstract Objective HPS is caused by a variety of diseases, the most common causes including infections, malignancies and autoimmune diseases. It has an acute onset, a dangerous condition, rapid progress, and a high mortality rate. The main clinical manifestations are persistent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, hematocytopenia and tissue cell phagocytosis.Most of the current research is focused on children, and there are few reports on adult HPS.And lack of multi-center, prospective research, its pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment is still poorly understood. Methods To analyze the clinical manifestations,laboratory data, therapy and prognosis in patients with hemophagocytic syndrome, 46 patients (over 18 years old) with HPS in our hospital from June 2011 to September 2017 were analyzed.The scope of the study included the patient's age, gender, etiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory indicators, treatment and prognosis, and analyzed its clinical, laboratory and prognostic characteristics. Result Of the 46 patient cases, 19 cases were secondary to cancer and 11 cases secondary to infection,10 cases were considered as malignant lymphoma by PET- CT,other 6 cases of unknown etiology.A total of 31 patients with EBV infection were diagnosed by EBV-DNA in all patients.Forty-six patients had various clinical manifestations, all had fever, mostly persistent irregular hyperthermia, and antibiotic treatment was not effective.There are also splenomegaly, serous effusion, respiratory symptoms, hemorrhage, central nervous system symptoms, renal dysfunction。According to HPS -2004 criteria,the coincidence rate of indices were: fever (100%), high level of serun ferritin (100% ),cytopenias (93.48% ),splenomegaly (91.30% ), hemophagocytosis in bone marrow,spleen or lymph nodes (84.78% ),hypofibrinogenemia (67.39% ), hypertriglyceridemia (54.05% ). Among cancer,infection and unknown etiology group,there were statistically differences on Ferritin and β2 microglobulin (P<0.05), It can be seen that the levels of Ferritin and β2 microglobulin in the tumor-associated HPS group were significantly higher than those in the unknown etiology and infection-related HPS group. The overall survival rate of the 46 patients was 11.1%.Causes of death included respiratory and circulatory failure (36.4%), cardiac arrest (18.2%), multiple organ failure (18.2%), hemorrhage, cerebral palsy (18.2%), and liver failure (9.1%).Comparing the laboratory indicators of the survival group and the death group at the initial diagnosis, the Lactic dehydrogenase and Triglyceride levels in the death group were higher than those in the survival group, while the Fibrinogen level in the death group was lower than that in the survival group. Conclusion The secondary HPS occurs from various underlined disease,many associated with Epstein- Barr virus infection.Cancer,especially NK/T- cell lymphoma is the main cause.Adult HPS progresses rapidly due to the disease, which makes it difficult to confirm the diagnosis in time. Some patients have deteriorated before the diagnosis is perfected.Increased sensitivity indicators such as sCD25 and NK cell activity can help early diagnosis. The 1-month survival rate of the chemotherapy group was higher than that of the anti-infective group alone, indicating that chemotherapy and controlled hemorrhage are meaningful for controlling the disease in a short period of time, while the simple anti-infection effect is poor.Adult HPS has only gradually gained attention in recent years. How to identify the underlying cause of HPS and to formulate a treatment strategy based on different incentives and prognostic factors is essential. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Tonshin, Anton A., Vladimir A. Barinov, Evgeny U. Bonitenko, Natalia A. Belyakova, Olga N. Gaikova, Vitaly V. Barinov, and Andrey V. Nosov. "Experimental assessment of the possibility of removing foreign particles from the respiratory tract using total liquid ventilation." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology 62, no. 11 (December 12, 2022): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2022-62-11-747-754.

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Introduction. In the structure of occupational diseases associated with the effects of chemical factors, the pathology of the respiratory organs due to the action of dust, occupies the first place. Among the recommended methods of treating occupational dust pathology, there are no procedures for removing foreign particles from the respiratory tract aimed at eliminating the cause of the disease. Despite the effectiveness of total bronchoalveolar lavage in the treatment of professional dust bronchitis, the method has a number of disadvantages due to the need to use large volumes of saline solution, which can lead to undesirable side effects associated with water balance disorders in the body caused by the absorption of fluid by the lungs during the procedure. In this regard, attention is drawn to the possibility of using perfluorocarbon compounds with low bioavailability for the elimination of foreign microparticles from the lungs by bronchoalveolar lavage or total liquid ventilation (TLV). The study aims to give an experimental assessment of a possible method for the treatment of occupational lung diseases of dust etiology, based on the removal of dust foreign particles from the respiratory tract using perfluorocarbon compounds. Materials and methods. Scientists performed a study on male rabbits of the Soviet Chinchilla breed aged 3-4 months, weighing 2.8-3.6 kg. They used a device of their own design with an open circuit to carry out the procedure of TLV, in which the liquid "washed" the lungs and drained into a special container. Perfluorodecalin was used as a respiratory fluid. At the first stage, rabbits on TLV inhaled for 3 minutes microparticles of silica gel of the LL-254 brand (5/40 microns) marked with a luminescent indicator. At the second stage, after the end of inhalation, the rabbits of the control group continued to be on artificial ventilation with air, and the rabbits of the experimental group were transferred to the TVL for 5 minutes. At the third stage, artificial ventilation of the lungs with air was performed until the end of the action of the muscle relaxant and the restoration of independent breathing. Estimated indicators: the presence of luminous particles on the surface of the trachea, bronchi, on sections of lung tissue and in perfluorodecalin passed through the rabbit's lungs; histomorphological picture of the lungs; indicators of respiratory gases and acid-base state in arterial blood. Results. Elimination of silica gel from airways by TLV procedure was detected by luminescent visualization and histomorphologically. Complete recovery respiratory gases and acid-base status or arterial blood in one hour after procedure proved safety of TLV procedure. Conclusion. TLV procedure is able to remove foreign particles from the respiratory tract. The researchers proved the effectiveness of the procedure according to three criteria: presence of luminescent labeled particles in waste perfluorodecalin after TLV; decrease of luminescent labeled silica gel macroscopic visualization in trachea and bronchi; decrease of silica gel amount in lung tissue detected by microscopic histomorphological methothods; Perfluorodecalin application for foreign (including radioactive) particles removing from respiratory tract is more preferably than saline, because of saline lungs absorption that potentiate particles incorporation in tissue. Five-minutes TLV procedure does not induce markable disturbances of gas exchange monitored by respiratory gases and acid-base status or arterial blood. Complete recovery of these parameters was detected within one hour after procedure. Ethics. The scientists conducted studies involving laboratory animals in compliance with the necessary regulations (the Helsinki Declaration of 2000 on Humane Treatment of Animals and the "Rules for carrying out work using experimental animals" (Order of the Ministry of Health of the USSR No. 755 of 12.08.1977)). The protocol of the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health.

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Flis, P. S., N. V. Raschenko, A. O. Melnyk, V. V. Filonenko, and O. I. Kotov. "STUDY OF THE STATE OF ENT-ORGANS IN CHILDREN WITH ANOMALIES AND DEFORMATIONS OF DENTOALVEOLAR APPARATUS AND SPEECH DISORDERS." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 3 (September 4, 2018): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.3.2018.04.

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The relevance of research. When examining patients with dentoalveolar anomalies, children with speech disorders can often be observed. For orthodontists, it is important to diagnose the etiologic component of these disorders, namely, whether they are the cause of diseases of the ENT-organs and whether they are directly related to orthodontic pathology. In order to study the impact of the pathology of the ENT-organs on the formation of speech disorders, clinical and additional examination methods were carried out. In case of respiratory tract narrowing due to the deviated septum, hypertrophic or allergic rhinitis, adenoid vegetations, hypertrophy of the tonsils, speech pathology may be observed. Specified pathologies are subject to treatment before the logopedic and orthodontic correction. According to our clinical study in children of the main group and of the comparison group, the apparent pathology of the nose and oropharynx was not detected. Subjective and objective methods of hearing examination also did not reveal deviations from the norm. For a more detailed study of the condition of the upper respiratory tract, it is advisable to use computer tomography of the skull and magnetic resonance therapy of the head. The purpose of research is to eliminate the influence of otorhinolaryngologic pathologies on the formation of speech disorders. Materials and methods. We examined 124 patients. Patients were divided into two groups: control and comparison. The control group consisted of 82 patients with anomalies and deformations of dentognathic apparatus and speech disorders. The comparison group consisted of 42 patients without orthodontic pathology who applied to otolaryngologists for a diagnostic examination. The examination did not show the expressed pathology of ENT-organs in the presence of speech impairment and 5 children (aged from 6 to 12 years) with ENT pathology and speech impairment were not included in the main comparison groups. To make clinical and additional diagnosis such methods as rhinoscopy, pharyngoscopy, otoscopy were used. Results and discussion. During the rhinoscopy of all the examined patients of control and comparison groups, it was found: the nasal passages were free, the nasal shells were of the usual size, the nasal membrane was in the medial position, pathological contents in the nasal cavity were not detected. During pharyngoscopy, attention was mainly paid to the size of palatine tonsils. Thus, 62 children (50%) had the 1st and 2nd stage of development, 42 (33.87%) - 2nd stage and 20 (16.13%) - II-III degree. Adenoids (nasopharyngeal tonsil) of the 1st and 2nd degree were established in 86 children (69.35%), 28 children (22.58%) - second degree and 10 (8.06%) - II-III degree, but in all children of the main and comparison groups, nasal breathing function was not noted. In 124 subjects (100%), there was no adenoid type of facial skeleton. Conclusion. With the narrowing of the respiratory tract due to a curvature of the nasal septum, hypertrophic or allergic rhinitis, adenoid vegetation, hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils, speech impairments can be observed. The specified pathologies are subject to treatment before the logopedic and orthodontic correction. According to our clinical examination of children of the main group and the groups of comparison, evident pathology of the nose and oropharynx was not detected. Subjective and objective methods of hearing examination also did not reveal deviations from the norm. For a more detailed study of the condition of the upper respiratory tract, it is advisable to use computer tomography of the skull and magnetic resonance therapy of the head.

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Laushkina, Zh A., E. Yu Pushkareva, S. A. Medvedev, P. N. Filimonov, and P. A. Yagubkin. "Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s): a clinical case of overdiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis." PULMONOLOGIYA 32, no. 1 (February 20, 2022): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2022-32-1-130-136.

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Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a disease characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of small and medium vessels, mainly in the upper respiratory tract, lungs, and kidneys. Verifying the diagnosis can be difficult due to the variety of clinical presentations, possible multiple organ damage, and atypical course. GPA patients may have nonspecific symptoms characteristic of other bronchopulmonary diseases, which often leads to diagnostic errors. Methods. The article presents an analysis of literature data on the clinical and radiological aspects of lung damage during GPA and clinical observation of a 26-year-old patient who has been under regular follow-up at the TB department for infiltrative tuberculosis without bacterial excretion and received anti-tuberculosis therapy. At the end of the main course of treatment, the patient underwent surgery. Pulmonary tuberculosis was excluded based on histological and bacteriological examinations, but pneumonia with abscesses was diagnosed. Five years after the surgery, infiltrative changes in the operated right lung were detected again during the fluorography. These findings were regarded as tuberculosis. Tuberculosis treatment was carried out with a change in chemotherapy regimens due to the lack of radiological improvement. Results. The patient was referred to the Novosibirsk TB Research Institute. The institute specialists have expressed doubts about the tuberculous etiology because of the long pulmonary disease anamnesis, the previous X-ray findings, and pathological changes in the right lung. These doubts served as the basis to repeat the pathomorphological examination, which led to the diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Conclusion. According to the presented clinical observation, the difficulties of timely verification of the diagnosis have been demonstrated, which is associated with the lack of vigilance among doctors regarding GPA.

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Gadzhievа, F. R. "Clinical and psychopathological structure of depressive disorders in women against the background of postpartum inflammatory complications." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 100, no. 4-5 (July 21, 2022): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/0023-2149-2022-100-4-5-193-199.

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The postpartum period is a sensitive time when mothers are subjected to increased risks of mental disorders. Aim: to study the structure of anxiety and depressive disorders in women against the background of the early postpartum complications. Material and methods. 150 patients, who underwent inpatient treatment at the Scientific Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baku, were selected for the study and divided into two groups: the main group - with postpartum complications (n = 100), the comparison group — with physiological postpartum period (n = 50). The average age was 29.9 ± 0.64 and 30.3 ± 0.86 years. All patients underwent a comprehensive examination using anamnestic data and the Hamilton Scale to assess the severity of anxiety (HARS) and depression (HRDS). Results. According to etiology and pathogenesis, the studied pathology is multifactorial. Significant risk factors for the complicated course of puerperia are inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs. Attention is drawn to the adverse effect on the health of women in the puerperal period, the high frequency of diseases of the upper respiratory tract and kidneys in the anamnesis. Diagnosed postpartum inflammatory complications may serve as a risk factor for the development of anxiety and depressive disorders in the postpartum period. The average indicators in women of the control group are within the normal range. A high level of clinical severity of symptomatic anxiety was observed in the main group (48.0 + 5.00% versus 8.0 + 3.84% in the control group, χ2 = 44.19; p < 0.0001), that is, early postpartum complications are a predictor of severe anxiety. Depression of an average degree was more often recorded with a complicated course of puerperia. Discussion. The presence of a burdened obstetric and gynecological anamnesis and extragenital pathology increases the risk of puerperal complications and the development of severe affective disorders. Changes in the emotional status affecting the anxious and depressive component were more often revealed in postpartum women with complications than in women with a physiological course of the postpartum period. Conclusions. Most of the anxiety-depressive conditions in the main group corresponded to moderate severity in the clinical and psychopathological study. Disorders of mild degree were observed more often in a physiologically proceeding postpartum period. When complications are detected, timely diagnosis and correction of anxiety and depressive disorders are necessary for easily women’s adaptation to the postpartum period.

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Alwazeer, Duried, Franky Fuh-Ching Liu, Xiao Yu Wu, and Tyler W. LeBaron. "Combating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in COVID-19 by Molecular Hydrogen Therapy: Mechanisms and Perspectives." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (October 4, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5513868.

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COVID-19 is a widespread global pandemic with nearly 185 million confirmed cases and about four million deaths. It is caused by an infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which primarily affects the alveolar type II pneumocytes. The infection induces pathological responses including increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. This situation results in impaired gas exchange, hypoxia, and other sequelae that lead to multisystem organ failure and death. As summarized in this article, many interventions and therapeutics have been proposed and investigated to combat the viral infection-induced inflammation and oxidative stress that contributes to the etiology and pathogenesis of COVID-19. However, these methods have not significantly improved treatment outcomes. This may partly be attributable to their inability at restoring redox and inflammatory homeostasis, for which molecular hydrogen (H2), an emerging novel medical gas, may complement. Herein, we systematically review the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic mechanisms of H2. Its small molecular size and nonpolarity allow H2 to rapidly diffuse through cell membranes and penetrate cellular organelles. H2 has been demonstrated to suppress NF-κB inflammatory signaling and induce the Nrf2/Keap1 antioxidant pathway, as well as to improve mitochondrial function and enhance cellular bioenergetics. Many preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of H2 in varying diseases, including COVID-19. However, the exact mechanisms, primary modes of action, and its true clinical effects remain to be delineated and verified. Accordingly, additional mechanistic and clinical research into this novel medical gas to combat COVID-19 complications is warranted.

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Golomidov, A. V., E. V. Grigoriev, V. G. Moses, and K. B. Moses. "Pathogenesis, Prognosis and Outcomes of Multiple Organ Failure in Newborns (Review)." General Reanimatology 18, no. 6 (December 20, 2022): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15360/1813-9779-2022-6-37-49.

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Multiple organ failure (MOF) is the leading cause of neonatal mortality in intensive care units. The prevalence of MOF in newborns is currently unclear, since its incidence varies in asphyxia, sepsis, prematurity, and comorbidity, and depends on the level of development and funding of health care in different countries. Sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome prevail among the causes of MOF in this category of patients.Aim of the review. To summarize the available literature data on the pathogenesis, therapeutic strategies and outcomes of MOF in newborns.Material and methods. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and RSCI databases using the following keywords: «newborns, multiple organ failure, etiology, pathogenesis, premature, diagnosis, treatment, respiratory support, cardiotonic support», without language limitations. A total of 144 full-text sources were selected for analysis, 70% of which were published in the last five years and 50% were published in the last three years. Criteria for exclusion were low information value and outdated data.Results. The prevalence of MOF in neonates is currently unclear. This could be due to common association of neonatal MOF (as well as the adult one) with various diseases; thus, its incidence is not the same for asphyxia, sepsis, prematurity, and comorbidities. There is no precise data on neonatal mortality in MOF, but according to some reports, it may be as high as 13-50%.In newborns, MOF can be caused by two major causes, intrapartum/postnatal asphyxia and sepsis, but could also be influenced by other intranatal factors such as intrauterine infections and acute interruption of placental blood flow.The key element in the pathogenesis of neonate MOF is cytokinemia, which triggers universal critical pathways. Attempts to identify different clinical trajectories of critical illness in various categories of patients have led to the discovery of MOF phenotypes with specific patterns of systemic inflammatory response. This scientific trend is very promising for the creation of new classes of drugs and individual therapeutic pathways in neonates with MOF of various etiologies.The pSOFA scale is used to predict the outcome of neonatal MOF, however, the nSOFA scale has higher validity in premature infants with low birth weight.Central nervous system damage is the major MOF-associated adverse outcome in newborns, with gestational age and the timing of treatment initiation being key factors affecting risk of MOF development in both full-term and premature infants.Conclusion. The study of cellular messengers of inflammation, MOF phenotypes, mitochondrial insufficiency, and immunity in critically ill infants with MOF of various etiologies is a promising area of research. The pSOFA scale is suggested for predicting the outcome of MOF in full-term infants, while the nSOFA scale should be used in premature infants with low birth weight.

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Wójcik, K., A. Ćmiel, A. Masiak, Z. Zdrojewski, R. Jeleniewicz, M. Majdan, I. Brzosko, et al. "FRI0223 SUBPHENOTYPES OF ANCA ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS IDENTIFIED BY LATENT CLASS ANALYSIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 694.3–695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.832.

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Background:ANCA associated vasculitides (AAV) are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases with unknown etiology and the clinical spectrum ranging from life-threatening systemic disease, through single organ involvement to minor isolated skin changes. Thus there is an unmet need for phenotype identification especially among patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis GPA, patients with microscopic polyangiitis MPA group seems to be more uniform. Recently, based on previous clustering analysis and clinical, histopathological, serological and prognostic aspects three subcategories of AAV have been proposed and named as: non-severe AAV, severe PR3-AAV and severe MPO-AAV [1].Objectives:In line with these attempts to subcategorize AAV we decided to use latent class analysis (LCA) on a large multicenter cohort of polish AAV patients from POLVAS [2] registry to identify potential new subphenotypes or confirm already proposed ones.Methods:Latent Class Analysis (LCA) approach was used as a model based clustering method of objects described by dichotomous (e.g., gender; ANCA status – cANCA, pANCA; organ involvement - skin, eye, ENT, respiratory, heart, GI, renal, urinary, CNS, peripheral nerves) and polytomous (number of relapses) variables supported by quantitative covariates (e.g., age at diagnosis, CRP at diagnosis, maximal serum creatinine concentration ever).Results:Results of LCA on our AAV group returned four class model of AAV subphenotypes, confirming existence of the previously proposed by Mahr at al. [1] and revealed fourth – previously not described clinically relevant subphenotype. To this fourth class - belong patients only with GPA, diagnosed at young age, with multiorgan involvement, high relapse rate and relatively high risk of death.Table 1.AAV subcategorization – summary of clinical characteristics and ANCA specificityLCA Class 1LCA Class 2LCA Class 3LCA Class 4No of patients13019410297AAV typeMainly GPAMainly GPAmainly MPAOnly GPAAge at diagnosisMiddle ageMiddle ageOldYoungMale/female ratio1:22:11:11:1Main organ involvementENT, respiratory, eyeRenal, respiratory, ENTRenal, respiratory, skinMultiorgan involvementRelapse rateintermediateintermediatelowhighModified class description (based on ref. [1])Non severe AAVSevere PR3 AAVSevere MPO AAVSevere non-renalPR3 AAVConclusion:Based on multiple clinical and serological variables LCA methodology identified 4-class subphenotypes model of AAV. Fourth-class is a new clinically important subphenotype including exclusively PR3-positive young AAV patients with multiorgan involvement, high risk of relapse and distinct mortality.References:[1]Mahr A, Specks U, Jayne D. Subclassifying ANCA-associated vasculitis: a unifying view of disease spectrum. Rheumatol Oxf Engl 2019;58:1707–9.https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez148.[2]Wójcik K, Wawrzycka-Adamczyk K, Włudarczyk A, Sznajd J, Zdrojewski Z, Masiak A, i in. Clinical characteristics of Polish patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides—retrospective analysis of POLVAS registry. Clinical Rheumatology. 1 wrzesień 2019;38(9):2553–63.Disclosure of Interests:Krzysztof Wójcik: None declared, Adam Ćmiel: None declared, Anna Masiak: None declared, Zbigniew Zdrojewski: None declared, Radoslaw Jeleniewicz: None declared, Maria Majdan Consultant of: Roche, Amgen, Speakers bureau: Roche, Amgen, Iwona Brzosko: None declared, Marek Brzosko: None declared, Piotr Głuszko: None declared, Małgorzata Stasiek: None declared, Małgorzata Wisłowska: None declared, Joanna Kur-Zalewska: None declared, Marta Madej: None declared, Anna Hawrot-Kawecka: None declared, Hanna Storoniak: None declared, Barbara Bułło-Piontecka: None declared, Alicja Dębska-Ślizień: None declared, Eugeniusz Kucharz: None declared, Katarzyna Jakuszko: None declared, Jacek Musiał: None declared

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Bojanowska, Aleksandra, Anna Bożym, Olga M. Koper-Lenkiewicz, Joanna Kamińska, Halina Kemona, and Joanna Matowicka-Karna. "Laboratory diagnostics of Acanthamoeba spp. infections." Diagnostyka Laboratoryjna 54, no. 3 (September 20, 2018): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7711.

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Protozoa Acanthamoeba castellanii are single-celled, free-living, cosmopolitan amoebae that enter the body mainly through the mucous membrane of the mouth, nasal cavity, cornea, respiratory system, damaged skin and intestinal mucosa. In addition, they can be vectors for microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. In the life cycle A. castellanii may take the form of trophozoites and cyst tenacity to environmental conditions. This amoeba is an etiologic agent of dangerous human diseases: Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), pneumonia or changes in other organs, such as the liver, kidneys and skin. The aim of the article is to present current knowledge about laboratory diagnosis of Acanthamoeba spp. infection, which is based on the search for trophozoites and cysts in the material collected from the patient. In the case of suspected GAE, it is also advisable to study cerebrospinal fluid sediment and perform imaging tests such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. In the case of Acanthamoeba keratitis, an amoeba culture (obtained from a biopsy or corneal scrapings) is established in vitro, and then identified by light microscopy. The methods of molecular biology are also useful in detecting, identifying, and determining the potential pathogenic abilities of the amoebas. After the detection of Acanthamoeba spp., it is important to differentiate pathogenic isolates from non-pathogenic ones. From a clinical point of view, to diagnose Acanthamoeba spp. infection it is necessary only to identify the type of organism and to determine the pathogenicity of the isolate.

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Tarfe, Kishori S., and Sunita D. Deshpande. "Bacterial Etiology: Significant In Allergic Respiratory Diseases." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 5, no. 6 (June 10, 2016): 577–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.506.062.

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Baburina, Yulia, Roman Krestinin, Dmitry Fedorov, Irina Odinokova, Ekaterina Pershina, Linda Sotnikova, and Olga Krestinina. "The Improvement of Functional State of Brain Mitochondria with Astaxanthin in Rats after Heart Failure." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010031.

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The relationship between neurological damage and cardiovascular disease is often observed. This type of damage is both a cause and an effect of cardiovascular disease. Mitochondria are the key organelles of the cell and are primarily subject to oxidative stress. Mitochondrial dysfunctions are involved in the etiology of various diseases. A decrease in the efficiency of the heart muscle can lead to impaired blood flow and decreased oxygen supply to the brain. Astaxanthin (AST), a marine-derived xanthophyll carotenoid, has multiple functions and its effects have been shown in both experimental and clinical studies. We investigated the effects of AST on the functional state of brain mitochondria in rats after heart failure. Isoproterenol (ISO) was used to cause heart failure. In the present study, we found that ISO impaired the functional state of rat brain mitochondria (RBM), while the administration of AST resulted in an improvement in mitochondrial efficiency. The respiratory control index (RCI) in RBM decreased with the use of ISO, while AST administration led to an increase in this parameter. Ca2+ retention capacity (CRC) decreased in RBM isolated from rat brain after ISO injection, and AST enhanced CRC in RBM after heart failure. The study of changes in the content of regulatory proteins such as adenine nucleotide translocase 1 and 2 (ANT1/2), voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC), and cyclophilin D (CyP-D) of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) showed that ISO reduced their level, while AST restored the content of these proteins almost to the control value. In general, AST improves the functional state of mitochondria and can be considered as a prophylactic drug in various therapeutic approaches.

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Ernest, Vergel. "Respiratory failure: Classification, Epidemiology and Etiology Review." Journal La Medihealtico 1, no. 2 (May 21, 2020): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallamedihealtico.v1i2.96.

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Respiratory failure is a detailed syndrome of the respiratory system failing to perform the function of gas exchange, oxygen intake, and carbon dioxide release. Acute respiratory failure is the most common cause of organ failure in intensive care units (ICUs) with high mortality rates. The classification can be reviewed from two categories of acute respiratory failure and chronic respiratory failure. Acute respiratory failure is often found with the failure of other vital organs. Death is caused by multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Etiology can be seen in two categories, namely Central nervous system Depression, Impaired ventilation, Impaired equilibrium perfusion ventilation (V/Q Mismatch), Trauma, Pleural effusion, hemothorax, and pneumothorax, Acute pulmonary disease. Respiratory failure, like failure in other organ systems, can be identified based on clinical features or laboratory tests.

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Kardangusheva, Aksana M., and Kh A. Sabanchieva. "Respiratory simulators in rehabilitation of patients with chronic respiratory diseases." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 96, no. 9 (December 30, 2018): 844–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0023-2149-2018-96-9-844-846.

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Clinical observation about the rehabilitation of a patient with chronic bronchitis using respiratory simulators is presented. The place of different methods of pulmonary rehabilitation in the tactics of managing patients with chronic respiratory diseases based on the modern scientific data on the etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases has been determined.

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Starevskaya, S. V., M. M. Goloborodko, O. V. Berleva, S. V. Barashkova, I. Yu Melnikova, V. Yu Detkov, and V. P. Molodtsova. "CONDITION OF RESPIRATORY MUCOSA AT CHILDREN WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS." HERALD of North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov 7, no. 1 (March 15, 2015): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/mechnikov20157188-92.

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42 children with the diseases of respiratory organs complicated by respiratory failure have been examined to determine the nature of inflammatory changes of a tracheobronchial tree and a condition of mucoсiliary system . At children with acute diseases of respiratory organs the neutrophillic inflammation of tracheobronchial tree mucous has been revealed more often, at children with chronic diseases of lungs has been more often noted lymphocytic eosinophilic an inflammation of tracheobronchial tree mucous , obvious thaumatropy and dystrophy of ciliate epithelium. At 10% of children primary motor disturbance of the mucoсiliary system (total immobility of cilia) has been revealed.

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Babachenko, I. V., E. A. Kozyrev, E. V. Sharipova, E. D. Orlova, and N. S. Tian. "Respiratory viral infections in the lower respiratory tract failure (Literature review)." Journal Infectology 13, no. 4 (December 26, 2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2021-13-4-5-13.

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The sharp increase in viral pneumonia against the background of the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2 requires more attention to the study of the role of viruses in damage to the lower respiratory tract, including their etiological significance in the development of community-acquired pneumonia. Modern possibilities of laboratory diagnostics make it possible not only to identify and study respiratory viruses, but also to help differentiate active viral infections as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease from virus carriers. The review describes the epidemiological and clinical features of the most relevant or less studied pneumotropic viral infections in children (respiratory syncytial, adenovirus, bocavirus, metapneumovirus), including their role in the etiology of pneumonia in children. Understanding the viral etiology of pneumonia in children will reduce the antibacterial load, which will help to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and slow the emergence of antimicrobialresistant bacterial strains.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Respiratory organs Diseases Etiology'

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