Journal articles: 'Respiratory infection'

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Örtqvist, Åke. "RESPIRATORY INFECTION." Lancet 341, no. 8844 (February 1993): 529–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)90286-p.

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Fordjour, Patience. "Respiratory infection." Nursing Standard 28, no. 16 (December 18, 2013): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2013.12.28.16.61.s50.

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Buzinschi, Sorin. "Respiratory infection genetics." Romanian Journal of Infectious Diseases 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjid.2016.2.7.

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Genetic epidemiology and twin studies argue that genetic differences contributes to evolution and gravity of infections. Changes of Toll-like Receptors, proinflammatory cytokines, immunity genes in different clinical situations confirms the importance of genetic factors and suggest the importance of nongenetic factors (epigenetic) in evolution and gravity of diseases.

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Glynn, Judith R., and Adrian C. Jones. "Atypical respiratory infections, including chlamydia TWAR infection and legionella infection." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 3, no. 2 (April 1990): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199004000-00004.

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Davis, J. Lucian, Matthew Fei, and Laurence Huang. "Respiratory infection complicating HIV infection." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 21, no. 2 (April 2008): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qco.0b013e3282f54fff.

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Han, Mingyuan, Charu Rajput, Tomoko Ishikawa, Caitlin Jarman, Julie Lee, and Marc Hershenson. "Small Animal Models of Respiratory Viral Infection Related to Asthma." Viruses 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10120682.

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Respiratory viral infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus is most frequently-detected pathogen; followed by respiratory syncytial virus; metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus; enterovirus and coronavirus. In addition; viral infection; in combination with genetics; allergen exposure; microbiome and other pathogens; may play a role in asthma development. In particular; asthma development has been linked to wheezing-associated respiratory viral infections in early life. To understand underlying mechanisms of viral-induced airways disease; investigators have studied respiratory viral infections in small animals. This report reviews animal models of human respiratory viral infection employing mice; rats; guinea pigs; hamsters and ferrets. Investigators have modeled asthma exacerbations by infecting mice with allergic airways disease. Asthma development has been modeled by administration of virus to immature animals. Small animal models of respiratory viral infection will identify cell and molecular targets for the treatment of asthma.

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Schneider, Roslyn F., and Mark J. Rosen. "Respiratory infections in patients with HIV infection." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 2, no. 3 (May 1996): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00063198-199605000-00013.

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Yoshida, Lay-Myint, Motoi Suzuki, Hien Anh Nguyen, Minh Nhat Le, Thiem Dinh Vu, Hiroshi Yoshino, Wolf-Peter Schmidt, et al. "Respiratory syncytial virus: co-infection and paediatric lower respiratory tract infections." European Respiratory Journal 42, no. 2 (May 3, 2013): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00101812.

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Kaptsov, Valery A., and Alexander V. Chirkin. "Respiratory protective devices for the healthcare workers (literature review)." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 3 (April 16, 2021): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-3-240-245.

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Introduction. Healthcare practitioners are at increased risk of infection with infectious diseases, including the inhalation route. Healthcare practitioners use respirators of various designs providing different efficiency of protection. The purpose of the study was to improve efficiency of the respiratory protection of the healthcare practitioners in Russian Federation. There were analyzed available NIOSH publications, articles in journals Taylor & Francis, Oxford University Press, published materials of Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), and western training manuals. Differences in the requirements of the legislation were identified that increase the risk of infection in healthcare practitioners. There are no methods for assessing the risk level, and there are no specific requirements for selecting the respirator’s type that corresponds to the risk level. The employer is not obliged to provide the fit test for all employees. The respirator must be used timely, so it should not negatively affect the worker. But the average carbon dioxide concentration can exceed the STEL by more than two times. The certification requirements for respirators do not correspond to the conditions of their use in the hospitals. Respirators were not certified as means of protection against bioaerosols. Conclusions. Identified shortcomings in the respiratory safety of health care workers show possible ways to improve their protection by harmonizing national legislation with the best of existing Western requirements.

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Vengerov, Vengerov Yu Ya, Kulagina M. G. Kulagina, and Nagibina M. V. Nagibina. "Acute respiratory infection." Therapy 4_2021 (May 3, 2021): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/therapy.2021.4.95-100.

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SAITO, Atsushi, Kazuyoshi KAWAKAMI, and Futoshi HIGA. "Respiratory Tract Infection." Internal Medicine 40, no. 2 (2001): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.40.171.

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O'Kane, John W., Kimberly G. Harmon, and Aaron Rubin. "Upper Respiratory Infection." Physician and Sportsmedicine 30, no. 9 (September 2002): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/psm.2002.09.438.

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YAMASHITA, Yuko, Shigeru KOHNO, Ken-ichi TANAKA, Masanori IWAMOTO, Shigefumi MAESAKI, Atsuro HASHIMOTO, Kazunori TOMONO, et al. "Anaerobic Respiratory Infection." Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 68, no. 5 (1994): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.68.631.

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Maeda, Koichi, and Masatoshi Sato. "III. Respiratory Infection." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 107, no. 11 (November 10, 2018): 2246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.107.2246.

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NASU, MASARU. "For the conquest of intractable respiratory infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory infection." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 94, no. 9 (2005): 1723–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.94.1723.

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Płusa, Tadeusz. "Levofloxacin in treatment of respiratory tract infections fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin, respiratory tract infection." Forum Zakażeń 6, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15374/fz2015013.

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SAIJO, M., H. TERUNUMA, K. MIZUTA, E. M. MPABALWANI, M. MONZE, H. OSHITANI, N. LUO, H. SUZUKI, and Y. NUMAZAKI. "Respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with acute respiratory infections in Zambia." Epidemiology and Infection 121, no. 2 (October 1998): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268898001228.

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Epidemiological research on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in children was carried out at the Virology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospital (UTH), in Lusaka, Zambia, from January–December 1996. Specimens including 736 nasal washings and 2424 throat swabs were collected from children with acute respiratory infections (ARI) and tested for RSV by enzyme immunoassay and by virus isolation. RSV was isolated in 62 (4·1%) of 1496 throat swabs collected from March to September and was detected in 99 (16·3%) of 609 nasal washings from March to November. The average RSV isolation rate was 2·6% and the average RSV detection rate was 13·5%. The highest RSV isolation (8·1%) and detection (30·5%) rates were in June 1996. RSV antibody in the 278 serum specimens collected from Zambian children, who were hospitalized in the paediatric ward, UTH, was detected using a standard neutralization test. The antibody positive rate was 60–80% in children >4 years. It is evident that RSV is one of the main causal agents of ARI in children in Zambia.

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CHEREZOVA, I. N., N. KH GABITOVA, YU A. SHARIFULLINA, and A. F. MUSTAFINA. "Coronavirus infection in children vaccinated against respiratory infections." Practical medicine 20, no. 3 (2022): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32000/2072-1757-2022-3-55-59.

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The article presents the differences in the course of coronavirus infection in children depending on vaccination against respiratory infections (influenza and pneumococcus). It was found that in the absence of vaccination against respiratory infections, severe and moderate course of COVID-19 infection is observed more often. Vaccination against respiratory infections prevents the development of a severe course of the new coronavirus infection. It was noted that the pneumococcal vaccine does not create protection against COVID-19, but it prevents superinfection and the development of severe forms of bacterial pneumonia. The flu vaccine forms early cross-immunity between influenza and coronavirus infection, thus preventing the development of a severe course of the disease.

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El Baroudy, Nevine R., Amira S. El Rifay, Tamer A. Abdel Hamid, Dina M. Hassan, May S. Soliman, and Lobna Sherif. "Respiratory Viruses and Atypical Bacteria Co-Infection in Children with Acute Respiratory Infection." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 9 (August 23, 2018): 1588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.332.

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BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are one of the prevalent pediatric diseases. Coinfections of respiratory viruses and atypical bacterial respiratory pathogens are common.AIM: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of co-infection between respiratory pathogens including viruses, bacteria and atypical bacteria in a sample of Egyptian children presenting with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection.METHODS: This one-year prospective cohort study conducted in Abo El Rish Pediatric Hospital, Cairo University over one year included children presenting with symptoms of acute respiratory infection. Enrolled children were subjected to nasopharyngeal swabs or throat swabs and then processed to detect viral, bacterial and atypical bacterial causative agents by culture), retrotranscription polymerase, Monoplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Multiplex PCR.RESULTS: Viral etiological agents were detected in 20 cases (20.8%), while 76 patients (79.2%) had no definite viral aetiology. The most abundant virus detected was Rhinovirus in 36 (27.3%), followed by 21 (15.9%) were positive for RSV, 12 (9.1%) were positive for HMPV, 6 (4.5%) were positive for adenovirus and 3 (2.3%) were positive for influenza B. For Atypical bacterial causes Mycoplasma were positive for 9 (6.8%) cases and one case was positive for Bordetella parapertussis. Viral and atypical bacteria Co infection were detected in 14 (10.6%) of cases.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that coinfection with bacteria or atypical bacteria in children with acute respiratory tract infection is common and this co-infection can induce serious illness. The multiplex reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction should become an essential tool for epidemiological studies and can fill the gap between clinical presentation and definitive diagnosis.

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Rossow, K. D. "Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome." Veterinary Pathology 35, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589803500101.

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In 1987, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) was recognized in the USA as a new disease of swine causing late-term reproductive failure and severe pneumonia in neonatal pigs. The syndrome is caused by an RNA virus referred to as PRRS virus (PRRSV), which is classified in the family Arteriviridae. Swine macrophages are the only indigenous cell type known to support PRRSV replication. Direct contact between infected and naive pigs is the predominant route of PRRSV transmission. Exposure of a mucosal surface to PRRSV leads to virus replication in regional macrophages, a prolonged viremia and systemic distribution of virus to other macrophage populations. Reproductive failure induced by PRRSV infection in late-gestation sows is characterized by premature farrowing of stillborn, partially autolyzed, and mummified fetuses. Pneumonia caused by PRRSV infection is more severe in young pigs compared to adults and may be complicated by concurrent bacterial infections. Gross lung lesions associated with PRRSV infection vary from none to diffuse consolidation. In addition, multiple lymph nodes may be markedly enlarged. Microscopically, PRRSV-pneumonia is characterized by multifocal, interstitial thickening by macrophages and necrotic cell debris in alveoli. Other less common microscopic lesions of PRRSV infection include myocarditis, vasculitis, encephalitis, and lymphoid hypertrophy and hyperplasia. In acute or subacute PRRSV infections, serum and lung are the best specimens for diagnosis. Persistent PRRSV infections can be produced by transplacental or intranasal infection. Persistent PRRSV infections are an important factor for virus survival and transmission within a swine herd and will complicate control programs.

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de Perio, Marie A., Chad H. Dowell, Lisa J. Delaney, Lewis J. Radonovich, David T. Kuhar, Neil Gupta, Anita Patel, Satish K. Pillai, and Maryann D’Alessandro. "Strategies for Optimizing the Supply of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 14, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 658–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.160.

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ABSTRACTN95 respirators are personal protective equipment most often used to control exposures to infections transmitted via the airborne route. Supplies of N95 respirators can become depleted during pandemics or when otherwise in high demand. In this paper, we offer strategies for optimizing supplies of N95 respirators in health care settings while maximizing the level of protection offered to health care personnel when there is limited supply in the United States during the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic. The strategies are intended for use by professionals who manage respiratory protection programs, occupational health services, and infection prevention programs in health care facilities to protect health care personnel from job-related risks of exposure to infectious respiratory illnesses. Consultation with federal, state, and local public health officials is also important. We use the framework of surge capacity and the occupational health and safety hierarchy of controls approach to discuss specific engineering control, administrative control, and personal protective equipment measures that may help in optimizing N95 respirator supplies.

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22

Cimolai, Nevio. "Mycoplasma pneumoniae Respiratory Infection." Pediatrics in Review 19, no. 10 (October 1998): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.19-10-327.

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Kawai, Shin. "Respiratory Tract Infection Update." Nihon Kikan Shokudoka Gakkai Kaiho 67, no. 5 (2016): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2468/jbes.67.325.

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TSUTSUMI, Hiroyuki. "Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection." Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 79, no. 11 (2005): 857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.79.857.

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Simoes, Eric A. F. "Respiratory syncytial virus infection." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 10, no. 3 (June 1997): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199706000-00010.

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Weiss, Karl, and Glenn S. Tillotson. "Fluoroquinolones for Respiratory Infection." Chest 122, no. 3 (September 2002): 1102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.122.3.1102.

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Guthrie, Robert. "Fluoroquinolones for Respiratory Infection." Chest 122, no. 3 (September 2002): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-3692(16)47223-5.

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Simoes, E. "Respiratory syncytial virus infection." Lancet 354, no. 9185 (October 2, 1999): 847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(98)10263-5.

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Simoes, Eric AF. "Respiratory syncytial virus infection." Lancet 354, no. 9181 (September 1999): 847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(99)80040-3.

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30

Finegold, Sydney M., and Caroline C. Johnson. "Lower respiratory tract infection." American Journal of Medicine 79, no. 5 (November 1985): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(85)90132-9.

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Walsh, Edward E. "Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection." Clinics in Chest Medicine 38, no. 1 (March 2017): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.010.

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Ferro, R., S. Guerra, M. Conceição, Â. Cunha, A. Campos, and A. Simões Torres. "NON-RESOLVING RESPIRATORY INFECTION." Chest 157, no. 6 (June 2020): A170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.05.191.

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Sunaryo, Merry. "THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR AND USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ON THE SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN FURNITURE INDUSTRY WORKERS." Indonesian Journal of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/ijmlst.v2i1.1307.

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Dust is one type of potential hazardzs in the workplace that can affect the health of the workers. The occupation that are always exposed to dust is furniture industry workers so that they have higher risk of getting acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) disorder which can interfere with breathing. The wood dust is formed from some of the sawn wood and sanding that will lead to an acute respiratory tract infection. The study aimed to determine the effect of environmental factor and the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) against the symptoms of acute respiratory infections in the furniture industry workers. The research method used was quantitative method with observational and cross-sectional research types and it was analysed by using logistic regression test. The population in this study was the workers of the furniture industry at Semarang street, Surabaya City, with a total of 57 people, of which 37 furniture workers as a sample. The results show that most of the workers has symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection. It could be influenced by the environmental factor such as dust exposure that produced wood dust in each manufacturing processes. Additionally, the use of PPE also affected the occurrence of acute respiratory tract infections symptoms in the workers. In conslusion, many factors can influence the occurrence of acute respiratory tract infection symptoms in the furniture industry workers. Therefore, it is necessary to minimize the dust exposure in workers by wearing PPE such as respirators.

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Allie, S. Rameeza, and Troy D. Randall. "Pulmonary immunity to viruses." Clinical Science 131, no. 14 (June 30, 2017): 1737–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20160259.

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Mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory epithelium, are directly exposed to the external environment and therefore, are highly susceptible to viral infection. As a result, the respiratory tract has evolved a variety of innate and adaptive immune defenses in order to prevent viral infection or promote the rapid destruction of infected cells and facilitate the clearance of the infecting virus. Successful adaptive immune responses often lead to a functional state of immune memory, in which memory lymphocytes and circulating antibodies entirely prevent or lessen the severity of subsequent infections with the same virus. This is also the goal of vaccination, although it is difficult to vaccinate in a way that mimics respiratory infection. Consequently, some vaccines lead to robust systemic immune responses, but relatively poor mucosal immune responses that protect the respiratory tract. In addition, adaptive immunity is not without its drawbacks, as overly robust inflammatory responses may lead to lung damage and impair gas exchange or exacerbate other conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, immune responses to respiratory viral infections must be strong enough to eliminate infection, but also have mechanisms to limit damage and promote tissue repair in order to maintain pulmonary homeostasis. Here, we will discuss the components of the adaptive immune system that defend the host against respiratory viral infections.

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Corrales-Zúñiga, Norma Constanza, Nelly Patricia Martínez-Muñoz, Sara Isabel Realpe-Cisneros, Carlos Eberth Pacichana-Agudelo, Leandro Guillermo Realpe-Cisneros, Jorge Armando Cerón-Bastidas, Jaime Alexander Molina Bolaños, and Anuar Alonso Cedeño-Burbano. "Manejo perioperatorio de niños con infección respiratoria superior." Revista de la Facultad de Medicina 67, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v67n2.66540.

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Introducción. Es frecuente que muchos niños sometidos a procedimientos con anestesia general tengan historia de infección viral respiratoria superior reciente o activa.Objetivo. Realizar una revisión narrativa acerca de las pautas de manejo anestésico para los niños con infección reciente o activa de la vía aérea superior.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda estructurada de la literatura en las bases de datos ProQuest, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed, LILACS, Embase, Trip Database, SciELO y Cochrane Library con los términos Anesthesia AND Respiratory Tract Infections AND Complications; Anesthesia AND Upper respiratory tract infection AND Complications; Anesthesia, General AND Respiratory Tract Infections AND Complications; Anesthesia, General AND Upper respiratory tract infection AND Complications; Anesthesia AND Laryngospasm OR Bronchospasm. La búsqueda se hizo en inglés con sus equivalentes en español.Resultados. Se encontraron 56 artículos con información relevante para el desarrollo de la presente revisión.Conclusiones. Una menor manipulación de la vía aérea tiende a disminuir la frecuencia de aparición y severidad de eventos adversos respiratorios perioperatorios. No existe evidencia suficiente para recomendar la optimización medicamentosa en pacientes con infección respiratoria superior.

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Toshmatova, Gulnoza Aloevna, and Maftuna Shukhrat Qizi Shakarova. "Meaning Of Respiratory Mycoplasma Infection In Children With Bronchial Asthma." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 02, no. 12 (December 29, 2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume02issue12-09.

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Meaning and role of mycoplasma infection for children with bronchial asthma small studied. By us was inspected 39 children with BA in age from 2 to 14, from them 27 (69,2%) boys and 12 (30,8) girls. Obtained data from PChR testing is shown: among the children of patients with BA for 33,3% (13/39) patients found out M. pneumoniae.; for 66,7% (26/39) patients and for all children of control group M. pneumoniae. it is not discovered (table.№1). For children in a range 2-5, the more than half (53,8%) of children-asthmatics was got positive results of PChR; among the investigated children in age 6-14, only at 46,2% patients had M. pneumonia. Except it, among patients with BA, for 69,2% boys and 31% girls made the positive result of PChR, and correlation of sexes was made by 2,2: 1.

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Sybilski, Adam J. "Atypical pathogen infection of respiratory system." Medycyna Faktów 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24292/01.mf.0121.10.

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The frequency of respiratory infections, especially atypical pneumonia, is increasing significantly. Most often, atypical pneumonia is caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Human is the only reservoir of these atypical bacteria. The infection occurs via droplets or direct contact with a sick person or convalescent. Pneumonia of the etiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae most often affects children without comorbidities and is usually mild, while most patients with Legionella infection require intensive care treatment. Symptoms of mycoplasma infection can range from mild symptoms in the upper respiratory tract to pneumonia and extrapulmonary symptoms. The infection is often underdiagnosed, and patients usually do not seek medical attention and treatment. Chlamydial pneumonia is, in most cases, mild, similar to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and tends to heal itself. The drugs of choice in the treatment of atypical pneumonia are macrolides, and because of the best compliance in children – azithromycin.

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Barreiro, B., L. Esteban, E. Prats, E. Verdaguer, J. Dorca, and F. Manresa. "Branhamella catarrhalis respiratory infections." European Respiratory Journal 5, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.05060675.

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Branhamella catarrhalis is an aerobic Gram-negative diplococcus. It has been traditionally regarded as an oropharyngeal commensal and until recently was only identified as a pathogen in cases of bronchopulmonary infections. The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of the respiratory infections caused by B. catarrhalis and to know the antibiotic susceptibility of this microorganism. We retrospectively studied 32 lower respiratory tract infections, caused by B. catarrhalis (20 cases of bronchial infection and 12 cases of pneumonia), diagnosed between 1988-1989 in our hospital. All patients had an underlying disease; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic heart disease being the most frequent. The aetiological diagnostic procedures were: sputum culture in 28 cases (15 in pure culture and 13 mixed), protected specimen brush (PSB) in three cases and transthoracic needle aspiration (TNA) in one case. Twenty B. catarrhalis isolates were penicillin and ampicillin-resistant, 11 in the pneumonia group and 9 in the bronchial infection group. All isolates were sensitive to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid and second generation cephalosporin. In our group four patients died. We conclude that B. catarrhalis is a not infrequent cause of respiratory infection, particularly in COPD patients, and that the high incidence of antibiotic resistance to penicillin and ampicillin should be taken into account before considering an empirical antibiotic treatment.

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Ivanov, Dmitry O., Tatyana M. Chernova, Elena B. Pavlova, Vladimir N. Timchenko, and Elena V. Barakina. "Coronaviral infection." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 11, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped113109-117.

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Coronavirus infection (CVI) is a group of acute ubiquitous infectious diseases known since the 60s 19 century. The clinical picture of CVI is characterized by damage to the respiratory system from mild forms of acute respiratory viral infection to the development of a severe acute respiratory syndrome, as well as involvement of other organs in the pathological process of the gastrointestinal tract. For a long time, coronaviruses were not given attention, since it was believed that they were able to cause only mild respiratory diseases. It is known that children and adolescents are less susceptible to infection than adults. In the etiological structure of acute respiratory viral infections among hospitalized children, coronaviruses account for 69%. The introduction of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the inclusion of coronaviruses in practice has shown their role in the occurrence of severe diseases of the lower respiratory tract. Since 2002, outbreaks of coronavirus infection caused by previously unknown pathogens (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) have been observed in the world. New coronaviruses have genetic features and are relatively highly resistant in the environment. The diseases they cause are distinguished by the predominance of severe forms with high mortality due to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis. In December 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus began in China; in February 2020, the disease was called COVID-2019. In connection with the trend towards the global spread of new infections March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced a pandemic. The lecture covers the issues of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus infection, taking into account the emergence of new pathogens.

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Mandelia, Yamini, Gary W. Procop, Sandra S. Richter, Sarah Worley, Wei Liu, and Frank Esper. "2627. Dynamics of Respiratory Viral Co-infections: Predisposition for and Clinical Impact of Viral Pairings in Children and Adults." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S916—S917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2305.

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Abstract Background The clinical relevance of respiratory viral co-infections is unclear. Few studies determine epidemiology and impact of specific co-infection pairings. Here we assess the dynamics of respiratory viral co-infections, determine any predisposition for specific pairings to occur and evaluate resulting clinical impact on hospitalization. Methods We reviewed respiratory viral panel results collected at The Cleveland Clinic between November 2013 to Jun 2018. Monthly prevalences, mono-infections and co-infections of 13 viral pathogens were tabulated. Employing a mathematical model which utilized each individual virus’ co-infection rate and prevalence patterns of concurrent circulating respiratory viruses, we calculated an expected number of occurrences for 132 viral pairing permutations. Expected vs observed co-infection occurrences were compared using binomial tests. For viral pairings occurring at significantly higher prevalence than expected, logistic regression models were used to compare hospitalization between patients with co-infection to ones with mono-infection. Results Of 30,535 respiratory samples, 9,843 (32.2%) samples were positive for at least 1 virus and 1,018 (10.82%) were co-infected. Co-infections occurred in 18% of pediatric samples and only 3% of adult samples (P < 0.001). Adenovirus C (ADVC had the highest co-infection rate (68.3%) while influenza B had the lowest (10.07%). Using our model, ADVC – rhinovirus (HRV), RSVA - HRV, and RSVB - HRV pairings occurred at significantly higher prevalence than expected (P < 0.05). In children, HRV-RSVB co-infection were significantly less likely to be hospitalized than patients with HRV mono-infections (ORmono/co = 2.3; 95% CI 1.1 to 4.7; P = 0.028). Additionally, HRV - ADVC co-infected children were less likely to be hospitalized than either HRV (ORmono/co = 3.3; 95% CI 1.6 to 6.8; P < 0.001) or ADVC (ORmono/co = 1.9; 95% CI 1.1 to 3.2; P = 0.024) mono-infected children. Regardless of the infecting virus, children were less likely to be hospitalized than similarly-infected adults. Conclusion Respiratory viral co-infections are largely a pediatric phenomenon. Select viral pairings occur more often than predicted by our model, many of which are associated with altered severity of resultant disease. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim, Janet A. Englund, Amalia S. Magaret, Yunqi Bu, James M. Tielsch, Subarna K. Khatry, Joanne Katz, et al. "Primary and Repeated Respiratory Viral Infections Among Infants in Rural Nepal." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 9, no. 1 (November 12, 2018): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piy107.

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Abstract Background Respiratory viruses cause significant morbidity and death in infants; 99% of such deaths occur in resource-limited settings. Risk factors for initial and repeated respiratory viral infections in young infants in resource-limited settings have not been well described. Methods From 2011 to 2014, a birth cohort of infants in rural Nepal was enrolled and followed with weekly household-based active surveillance for respiratory symptoms until 6 months of age. Respiratory illness was defined as having any of the following: fever, cough, wheeze, difficulty breathing, and/or a draining ear. We tested nasal swabs of infants with respiratory illness for multiple respiratory viruses by using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. The risk of primary and repeated infections with the same virus was evaluated using Poisson regression. Results Of 3528 infants, 1726 (49%) had a primary infection, and 419 (12%) had a repeated infection. The incidences of respiratory viral infection in infants were 1816 per 1000 person-years for primary infections and 1204 per 1000 person-years for repeated infection with the same virus. Exposure to other children and male sex were each associated with an increased risk for primary infection (risk ratios, 1.13 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06–1.20] and 1.14 [95% CI, 1.02–1.27], respectively), whereas higher maternal education was associated with a decreased risk for both primary and repeated infections (risk ratio, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.95–0.98]). The incidence of subsequent infection did not change when previous infection with the same or another respiratory virus occurred. Illness duration and severity were not significantly different in the infants between the first and second episodes for any respiratory virus tested. Conclusions In infants in rural Nepal, repeated respiratory virus infections were frequent, and we found no decrease in illness severity with repeated infections and no evidence of replacement with another virus. Vaccine strategies and public health interventions that provide durable protection in the first 6 months of life could decrease the burden of repeated infections by multiple respiratory viruses, particularly in low-resource countries.

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Park, Chang-Eun. "Diagnostic Methods of Respiratory Virus Infections and Infection Control." Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science 53, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15324/kjcls.2021.53.1.11.

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Brawley, Robert Lee. "Infection Control Practices for Preventing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 9, no. 3 (March 1988): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30144161.

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Brawley, Robert Lee. "Infection Control Practices for Preventing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 9, no. 3 (March 1988): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/645803.

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Rzepka, Aneta, and Anna Mania. "An analysis of the clinical picture of respiratory tract infections in primary care patients." Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna 16, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pimr.2020.0069.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical picture of respiratory tract infections among adult patients visiting their general practitioners. Materials and methods: The analysis included 301 adult patients who reported to their general practitioners due to respiratory tract infection. W assessed clinical symptoms, age, final diagnosis, probable aetiology, additional tests, including Actim® Influenza A&B rapid test to confirm influenza infection, radiographic and laboratory findings, as well as comorbidities, treatment used, vaccinations against influenza, and smoking habits. Results: Upper respiratory tract infections accounted for the vast majority of cases (74%), and these primarily included viral infections (62%), some of which required a change of therapy (23%) due to suspected secondary bacterial infection; lower respiratory tract infections accounted for 26% of cases. The main symptoms reported by the patients included cough, pharyngeal pain, fever, rhinitis, general malaise, nasal obstruction, headache, muscle pain and dysphonia. Acute pharyngitis was the dominant diagnosis (27%), followed by acute upper respiratory tract infection of multiple sites (13.6%), acute nasopharyngitis (known as common cold) (10%), purulent tonsillitis (11.6%), acute bronchitis (11%) and influenza (11%). Antibiotic therapy was used in 60% of patients with upper respiratory tract infection and 68% of patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Conclusions: The majority of patients were diagnosed with viral infections. The highest incidence of respiratory tract infections was observed in elderly individuals and patients with chronic cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Smokers are more likely to develop lower respiratory tract infections (confirmed by additional tests) compared to other groups of patients. Individuals vaccinated against influenza account for a small proportion of patients.

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LIAO, C. M., S. C. CHEN, and C. F. CHANG. "Modelling respiratory infection control measure effects." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 3 (May 16, 2007): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807008631.

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SUMMARYOne of the most pressing issues in facing emerging and re-emerging respiratory infections is how to bring them under control with current public health measures. Approaches such as the Wells–Riley equation, competing-risks model, and Von Foerster equation are used to prioritize control-measure efforts. Here we formulate how to integrate those three different types of functional relationship to construct easy-to-use and easy-to-interpret critical-control lines that help determine optimally the intervention strategies for containing airborne infections. We show that a combination of assigned effective public health interventions and enhanced engineering control measures would have a high probability for containing airborne infection. We suggest that integrated analysis to enhance modelling the impact of potential control measures against airborne infections presents an opportunity to assess risks and benefits. We demonstrate the approach with examples of optimal control measures to prioritize respiratory infections of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza, measles, and chickenpox.

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Teale, Alastair, Lori Zapernick, Geoffrey Taylor, and Stephanie Smith. "Epidemiology and Clinical Outcomes of Respiratory Viral Infections at a Single Tertiary Centre in Alberta, Canada." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.746.

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Abstract Background Respiratory viral infections (RVI) are commonly seen in hospitalized patients. While many studies have examined outcomes with influenza, fewer studies have examined outcomes of community and hospital acquired infections of other respiratory viruses. Methods Data were prospectively collected from adult (age>17 years) inpatients with a positive result from respiratory viral multiplex panel testing during consecutive viral respiratory seasons from November 2014 to April 2017 at our facility. Ambulatory patients were excluded. Clinical outcomes including ICU admission requiring intubation, overall mortality and respiratory virus infection-related mortality was assessed at 30 days post infection. Results A total of 731 inpatients with positive results were identified. Influenza A was the most commonly detected virus (44%) followed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)(14%) and rhinovirus/enterovirus (13%). Rates of RSV and human metapneumovirus infections displayed significant yearly variability. There were no significant differences in rates of ICU admission requiring intubation (16.8% vs. 14.3% P = 0.35) between infections caused by influenza A and B and other respiratory viruses. In addition, mortality related to respiratory infections between these groups was also similar (5.7% Influenza vs. 4.5% non-Influenza P = 0.46). Ninety-five (15%) of identified patients had hospital acquired respiratory viral infections. Influenza A was the most commonly isolated hospital acquired infection (39%). Rates of ICU admission requiring intubation (22.6% vs. 14.6%, P = 0.06) and respiratory infection-related mortality (7.4% vs. 4.8%, P = 0.14) were higher in hospital acquired RVI but did not meet statistical significance. Less than half (45%) of all patients testing positive for influenza received antiviral treatment (oseltamivir). Respiratory infection-related mortality was not significantly different between those who were treated and those who were not treated (5.5% vs. 4.4%, P = 0.64). Conclusion While influenza remains the most common community and hospital acquired respiratory viral infection in inpatients at our facility, half of infections were attributed to other respiratory viruses and these resulted in similar rates of serious outcomes including ICU admission and mortality. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Jawad, Sarah, Anna Buckingham, Charlotte Richardson, Aoife Molloy, Bola Owolabi, and Matt Inada-Kim. "Acute Respiratory Infection Hubs: A Service Model with Potential to Optimise Infection Management." Antibiotics 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2023): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050819.

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Patients with acute respiratory infections (ARI)—including those with upper and lower respiratory infections from both bacterial and viral pathogens—are one of the most common reasons for acute deterioration, with large numbers of potentially avoidable hospital admissions. The acute respiratory infection hubs model was developed to improve healthcare access and quality of care for these patients. This article outlines the implementation of this model and its potential impacts in a number of areas. Firstly, by improving healthcare access for patients with respiratory infections by increasing the capacity for assessment in community and non-emergency department settings and also by providing flexible response to surges in demand and reducing primary and secondary care demand. Secondly, by optimising infection management (including the use of point-of-care diagnostics and standardised best practise guidance to improve appropriate antimicrobial usage) and reducing nosocomial transmission by cohorting those with suspected ARI away from those with non-infective presentations. Thirdly, by addressing healthcare inequalities; in areas of greatest deprivation, acute respiratory infection is strongly linked with increased emergency department attendance. Fourthly, by reducing the National Health Service’s (NHS) carbon footprint. Finally, by providing a wonderful opportunity to gather community infection management data to enable large-scale evaluation and research.

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SOEJIMA, RINZO. "Respiratory organ.Intractable respiratory tract infection and its countermeasure." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 80, no. 3 (1991): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.80.453.

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NARITA, NOBUHIRO. "The respiratory organ.1.Elderly respiratory tract infection." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 81, no. 3 (1992): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.81.422.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Respiratory infection'

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