Relevant bibliographies by topics / Respiratory infection

Academic literature on the topic 'Respiratory infection'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Respiratory infection"

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Örtqvist, Åke. "RESPIRATORY INFECTION." Lancet 341, no. 8844 (February 1993): 529–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)90286-p.

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Fordjour, Patience. "Respiratory infection." Nursing Standard 28, no. 16 (December 18, 2013): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2013.12.28.16.61.s50.

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Buzinschi, Sorin. "Respiratory infection genetics." Romanian Journal of Infectious Diseases 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjid.2016.2.7.

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Genetic epidemiology and twin studies argue that genetic differences contributes to evolution and gravity of infections. Changes of Toll-like Receptors, proinflammatory cytokines, immunity genes in different clinical situations confirms the importance of genetic factors and suggest the importance of nongenetic factors (epigenetic) in evolution and gravity of diseases.
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Glynn, Judith R., and Adrian C. Jones. "Atypical respiratory infections, including chlamydia TWAR infection and legionella infection." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 3, no. 2 (April 1990): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199004000-00004.

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Davis, J. Lucian, Matthew Fei, and Laurence Huang. "Respiratory infection complicating HIV infection." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 21, no. 2 (April 2008): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qco.0b013e3282f54fff.

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Han, Mingyuan, Charu Rajput, Tomoko Ishikawa, Caitlin Jarman, Julie Lee, and Marc Hershenson. "Small Animal Models of Respiratory Viral Infection Related to Asthma." Viruses 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10120682.

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Respiratory viral infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus is most frequently-detected pathogen; followed by respiratory syncytial virus; metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus; enterovirus and coronavirus. In addition; viral infection; in combination with genetics; allergen exposure; microbiome and other pathogens; may play a role in asthma development. In particular; asthma development has been linked to wheezing-associated respiratory viral infections in early life. To understand underlying mechanisms of viral-induced airways disease; investigators have studied respiratory viral infections in small animals. This report reviews animal models of human respiratory viral infection employing mice; rats; guinea pigs; hamsters and ferrets. Investigators have modeled asthma exacerbations by infecting mice with allergic airways disease. Asthma development has been modeled by administration of virus to immature animals. Small animal models of respiratory viral infection will identify cell and molecular targets for the treatment of asthma.
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Schneider, Roslyn F., and Mark J. Rosen. "Respiratory infections in patients with HIV infection." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 2, no. 3 (May 1996): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00063198-199605000-00013.

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Yoshida, Lay-Myint, Motoi Suzuki, Hien Anh Nguyen, Minh Nhat Le, Thiem Dinh Vu, Hiroshi Yoshino, Wolf-Peter Schmidt, et al. "Respiratory syncytial virus: co-infection and paediatric lower respiratory tract infections." European Respiratory Journal 42, no. 2 (May 3, 2013): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00101812.

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Kaptsov, Valery A., and Alexander V. Chirkin. "Respiratory protective devices for the healthcare workers (literature review)." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 3 (April 16, 2021): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-3-240-245.

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Introduction. Healthcare practitioners are at increased risk of infection with infectious diseases, including the inhalation route. Healthcare practitioners use respirators of various designs providing different efficiency of protection. The purpose of the study was to improve efficiency of the respiratory protection of the healthcare practitioners in Russian Federation. There were analyzed available NIOSH publications, articles in journals Taylor & Francis, Oxford University Press, published materials of Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), and western training manuals. Differences in the requirements of the legislation were identified that increase the risk of infection in healthcare practitioners. There are no methods for assessing the risk level, and there are no specific requirements for selecting the respirator’s type that corresponds to the risk level. The employer is not obliged to provide the fit test for all employees. The respirator must be used timely, so it should not negatively affect the worker. But the average carbon dioxide concentration can exceed the STEL by more than two times. The certification requirements for respirators do not correspond to the conditions of their use in the hospitals. Respirators were not certified as means of protection against bioaerosols. Conclusions. Identified shortcomings in the respiratory safety of health care workers show possible ways to improve their protection by harmonizing national legislation with the best of existing Western requirements.
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Vengerov, Vengerov Yu Ya, Kulagina M. G. Kulagina, and Nagibina M. V. Nagibina. "Acute respiratory infection." Therapy 4_2021 (May 3, 2021): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/therapy.2021.4.95-100.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Respiratory infection"

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Oliveira, Ana Luísa Araújo. "Adventitious respiratory sounds in children with respiratory infection." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13734.

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Mestrado em Fisioterapia
Background: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are the leading cause of hospital visits in children under 5 years old. Therefore, there is an urgent and unmet need to develop objective, reliable and quick measures for respiratory paediatric assessment. Computerised adventitious respiratory sounds (ARS) have shown to be objective and reliable to assess/monitor respiratory diseases; however its application in children with LRTI is unknown. Aim: To characterise/compare ARS in healthy children and children with LRTI. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive-comparative study was conducted in three healthcare institutions. Children were diagnosed by the paediatrician as healthy or with a LRTI and grouped according to their age (i.e, 0-2 years old or 3-5 years old). Socio-demographic and anthropometric data, type and severity of LRTI and cardio-respiratory parameters were collected. Respiratory sounds were recorded from the chest with a digital stethoscope following the Computerised Respiratory Sound Analysis guidelines. Wheezes’ location, mean number, type, frequency and occupation rate and crackles’ location, mean number, type, frequency, initial deflection width, two cycle duration, and largest deflection width were analysed per breathing phase. Results: Forty children enrolled in this study: 22 aged 0-2 years old (G1: 11 healthy; G2: 11 with LRTI) and 18 aged 3-5 years old (G3: 9 healthy; G4: 9 with LRTI). Few children, both healthy and with LRTI presented wheezes. In both age ranges, children with LRTI presented a higher percentage of the expiratory phase occupied by wheezes (G1: M 2.15 IQR 1.45 vs. G2: M 4.73 IQR 6.72 p=0.001; G3: M 2.80 IQR 3.27 vs. G4: M 5.17 IQR 15.99 p=0.07). Crackles were found in all children in at least one chest location. In both age ranges, children with LRTI presented more inspiratory crackles (G1: M 0.25 IQR 0.31 vs. G2: M 0.52 IQR 0.70; p<0.001; G3: M 0.50 IQR 0.49 vs. G4: M 0.70 IQR 0.21 p=0.03), especially fine crackles than healthy children (G1: M 0.07 IQR 0.13 vs. G2: M 0.18 IQR 0.42 p=0.001; G3: M 0.11 IQR 0.21 vs. G4: M 0.17 IQR 0.23 p=0.001). Coarse expiratory crackles were the most common type of crackle found in both healthy children (G1: M 0.33 IQR 0.56; G3: M 0.56 IQR 0.99) and children with LRTI (G2: M 0.33 IQR 0.56; G4: M 1.14 IQR 1.38). No differences were found for the remaining parameters. Conclusion: Healthy children and children with LRTI of different ages present ARS (i.e., crackles and wheezes). The occupation rate of wheezes and the mean number of crackles were the parameters that most differed between healthy children and children with LRTI in both age ranges. Therefore these ARS’ parameters may be the best criteria to discriminate the groups.
Enquadramento: As infeções respiratórias do tracto inferior (IRTI) são a principal causa de visitas/admissões hospitalares em crianças com idade inferior a 5 anos. Desta forma, verifica-se uma urgente necessidade de desenvolver medidas de avaliação respiratória pediátricas que sejam objetivas, fiáveis e de rápida aplicação. Os sons respiratórios adventícios (SRA) computorizados têmse revelado objetivos e fiáveis na avaliação/monitorização de doenças respiratórias; contudo a sua aplicação em pediatria é desconhecida. Objetivos: Caracterizar/comparar os SRA em crianças saudáveis e com IRTI. Métodos: Um estudo transversal descritivo-comparativo foi realizado em três instituições de saúde. As crianças foram diagnosticadas pelo pediatra como saudáveis ou com IRTI e agrupadas de acordo com a sua idade (i.e., 0-2 anos ou 3-5 anos). Dados antropométricos, sócio-demográficos, cardio-respiratório e tipo/severidade da IRTI foram recolhidos. Os sons respiratórios foram foram recolhidos no tórax com um estetoscópio digital, de acordo com as orientações internacionais. A localização, número médio, tipo, frequência e taxa de ocupação das sibilâncias e a localização número médio, tipo, frequência, initial deflection width, two cycle duration, e largest deflection width dos fervores foram analizados por fase respiratória. Resultados: Quarenta crianças participaram neste estudo: 22 com idades entre is 0-2 anos (G1: 11 saudáveis; G2: 11 com IRTI) e 18 com idades entre os 3-5 anos (G3: 9 saudáveis; G4: 9 com IRTI). Poucas crianças de ambos os grupos apresentaram sibilâncias. Para ambas as faixas etárias as crianças com IRTI apresentaram uma maior percentagem da expiração ocupada por sibilâncias (G1: M 2.15 IQR 1.45 vs. G2: M 4.73 IQR 6.72 p=0.001; G3: M 2.80 IQR 3.27 vs. G4: M 5.17 IQR 15.99 p=0.07). Todas as crianças apresentaram fervores em pelo menos um local de auscultação. Em ambas as faixas etárias, aqueles com IRTI apresentaram mais fervores inspiratórios (G1: M 0.25 IQR 0.31 vs. G2: M 0.52 IQR 0.70; p<0.001; G3: M 0.50 IQR 0.49 vs. G4: M 0.70 IQR 0.21 p=0.03), especialmente fervores crepitantes , (G1: M 0.07 IQR 0.13 vs. G2: M 0.18 IQR 0.42 p=0.001; G3: M 0.11 IQR 0.21 vs. G4: M 0.17 IQR 0.23 p=0.001). Os fervores expiratórios subcrepitantes foram os mais comuns entre todas as crianças (G1: M 0.33 IQR 0.56; G2: M 0.33 IQR 0.56; G3: M 0.56 IQR 0.99; G4: M 1.14 IQR 1.38).Não foram encontradas diferenças relativamente aos restantes parâmetros avaliados. Conclusão: Crianças saudáveis e com IRTI de diferentes faixas etárias apresentam SRA (i.e., sibilâncias e fervores). A taxa de ocupação das sibilâncias e o número de fervores foram as características que apresentaram mais diferenças entre os participantes saudáveis e os participantes com IRTI. Desta forma, conclui-se que estas características dos SRA poderão constituir os melhores critérios de discriminação entre os grupos.
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Del, Valle Mendoza Juana, Tapia Ángela Cornejo, Pablo Weilg, Eduardo Verne, Fuertes Ronald Nazario, Claudia Ugarte, Valle Luis J. del, and Toma´ s. Pumarola. "Incidence of Respiratory Viruses in Peruvian Children With Acute Respiratory Infections." John Wiley & Sons, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/347016.

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jdelvall@upc.edu.pe
Acute respiratory infections are responsible for high morbi–mortality in Peruvian children. However, the etiological agents are poorly identified. This study, conducted during the pandemic outbreak of H1N1 influenza in 2009, aims to determine the main etiological agents responsible for acute respiratory infections in children from Lima, Peru. Nasopharyngeal swabs collected from 717 children with acute respiratory infections between January 2009 and December 2010 were analyzed by multiplex RT-PCR for 13 respiratory viruses: influenza A, B, and C virus; parainfluenza virus (PIV) 1, 2, 3, and 4; and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A and B, among others. Samples were also tested with direct fluorescent-antibodies (DFA) for six respiratory viruses. RT-PCR and DFA detected respiratory viruses in 240 (33.5%) and 85 (11.9%) cases, respectively. The most common etiological agents were RSV-A (15.3%), followed by influenza A (4.6%), PIV-1 (3.6%), and PIV-2 (1.8%). The viruses identified by DFA corresponded to RSV (5.9%) and influenza A (1.8%). Therefore, respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) were found to be the most common etiology of acute respiratory infections. The authors suggest that active surveillance be conducted to identify the causative agents and improve clinical management, especially in the context of possible circulation of pandemic viruses
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Pruikkonen, H. (Hannele). "Viral infection induced respiratory distress in childhood." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526207919.

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Abstract Dyspnoea associated with respiratory infection is a common symptom in infancy and early childhood. Inspiratory stridor is the main symptom in cases of croup and expiratory wheezing in cases of bronchiolitis, obstructive bronchitis and acute asthma exacerbations. Dyspnoea associated with respiratory infection is a common cause of emergency department visits and unplanned hospital admissions among infants and preschool children. The assessment of dyspnea associated with acute childhood respiratory infection is largely subjective, and evidence regarding the severity of acute dyspnoea is needed in order to target hospital admissions more accurately. Wheezing associated with respiratory infection in infancy has been recognized as an important predictor of recurrent wheezing and asthma at school age. The aims of this study were to determine the risk factors for croup, to evaluate factors that reliably predict the need for hospitalizing children with acute wheezing and to find out whether respiratory infection with wheezing during infancy has a positive association with the development of asthma during childhood. The work included two register-based surveys and one prospective cohort study. It is concluded that a family history of croup is an exceptionally strong risk factor for croup and its recurrence in childhood. The early phase of bronchiolitis is unstable in infants below 6 months of age. These infants are most likely to need medical interventions in the first 5 days after onset of the disease. A positive respiratory syncytial -virus test result, a fever of more than 38°C and low initial oxygen saturation are predictors of the need for hospitalization and medical interventions. An initial oxygen saturation >93% effectively identifies children aged more than 6 months with mild wheezing, and this limit can be used to avoid unplanned hospital admissions. There is an association between early respiratory syncytial -virus infections and subsequent wheezing and asthma, in that such infections select children who are prone to wheezing and asthma before school age, but the symptoms tend to decrease with time and an early respiratory syncytial -virus infection will not permanently alter bronchial reactivity
Tiivistelmä Hengitysvaikeus on yleinen oire lapsilla virusten aiheuttamien hengitystieinfektioiden yhteydessä. Kurkunpäätulehdukseen liittyy sisäänhengitysvaikeus. Ilmatiehyttulehdukseen, ahtauttavaan keuhkoputkentulehdukseen ja akuuttiin astmakohtaukseen liittyy uloshengitysvaikeus. Hengitystieinfektioihin liittyvä hengitysvaikeus on yksi yleisimmistä syistä päivystyspoliklinikkakäynteihin ja äkillisiin sairaalahoitojaksoihin lapsipotilailla. Hengitystieinfektioiden taudinkulun tuntemisella ja hengitysvaikeuden vaikeusasteen arvioinnilla on tärkeä merkitys näiden potilaiden hoidon toteuttamisessa. Hengitystieinfektioon liittyvää hengitysvaikeutta on pidetty riskitekijänä astman kehittymiselle. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää kurkunpäätulehduksen riskitekijöitä ja sairaalahoitoon vaikuttavia tekijöitä hengitystieinfektioon liittyvän uloshengitysvaikeuden hoidossa sekä varhaislapsuudessa sairastetun hengitystieinfektion yhteyttä myöhempään astma- ja allergiasairastavuuteen. Tutkimukseen sisältyi kaksi rekisteriaineistoa ja yksi seurantatutkimusaineisto. Tutkimuksessa todettiin, että kurkunpäätulehduksen uusiutuminen on erittäin tavallista ja sisarusten ja vanhempien sairastama kurkunpäätulehdus on merkittävin riskitekijä kurkunpäätulehdukselle ja sen uusiutumiselle. Alle 6 kuukauden ikäisillä lapsilla ilmatiehyttulehduksen taudinkuva on epävakaa ensimmäisen 5 oirepäivän aikana. Kuume, matala happisaturaatioarvo ja respiratory syncytial -virusinfektio ennustavat osastohoidon ja invasiivisten toimenpiteiden tarvetta ilmatiehyttulehduksen yhteydessä. Yli 6 kuukauden ikäisillä lapsilla happisaturaatioarvo > 93 % ennustaa lievää taudinkuvaa hengitystieinfektioon liittyvän uloshengitysvaikeuden hoidossa. Käyttämällä tätä happisaturaatioarvoa raja-arvona, kun arvioidaan sairaalahoidon tarvetta, voidaan merkittävästi ja turvallisesti vähentää sairaalahoidon tarvetta lasten hengitystieinfektioon liittyvän uloshengitysvaikeuden hoidossa. Alle 6 kuukauden iässä sairastettu respiratory syncytial -virusinfektio on riskitekijä varhaislapsuudessa ilmeneville astmaoireille, mutta tämä riski vähenee iän myötä ja 8 vuoden iässä ei ole havaittavissa eroja astma- ja allergiasairastavuudessa, kun verrataan näitä potilaita muun hengitystieinfektion sairastaneisiin potilaisiin ja terveisiin kontrollipotilaisiin
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Hussain, Imran Raza. "The immunobiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289569.

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Wrightson, John M. "Pathogen identification in lower respiratory tract infection." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:30c757ec-99b7-492e-a12e-ff996581863a.

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Treatment of lower respiratory tract infection (pneumonia and pleural infection) relies on the use of empirical broad spectrum antibiotics, primarily because reliable pathogen identification occurs infrequently. Another consequence of poor rates of pathogen identification is that our understanding of the microbiology of these infections is incomplete. This thesis addresses some of these issues by combining the acquisition of high quality lower respiratory tract samples, free from nasooropharyngeal contamination, with novel molecular microbiological techniques in an attempt to increase rates of pathogen identification. Four main areas are examined: (i) The role of so-called ‘atypical pneumonia’ bacteria in causing pleural infection. These pathogens have been previously identified in the pleural space infrequently and routine culture usually fails to isolate such bacteria. High sensitivity nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a culture-independent technique which is used to undertake a systematic evaluation for these pathogens in pleural infection samples. (ii) The role of Pneumocystis jirovecii in pleural infection, either as a co-infecting pathogen or in monomicrobial infection. This fungus causes severe pneumonia, particularly in the immunosuppressed, but is increasingly recognised as a co-pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia, and is frequently isolated in the upper and lower respiratory tract in health. A high sensitivity real-time PCR assay is used to examine for this fungus. (iii) Ultra-deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene is used to perform a comprehensive microbial survey in samples taken from the multi-centre MIST2 study of pleural infection. The techniques employed allow analysis of polymicrobial samples and give very high taxonomic resolution, whilst incorporating methods to control for potential contamination. Further, these techniques provide confirmation of the results from the ‘atypical’ bacteria nested PCR study. (iv) Bedside ultrasound-guided percutaneous transthoracic needle aspiration (TNA) of consolidated lung is undertaken in patients with pneumonia, as part of the PIPAP study. An evaluation is undertaken of the efficacy and acceptability of TNA. Aspirate samples acquired are also processed using ultra-deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Other samples obtained as part of the PIPAP study, such as ‘control’ lung aspirates and ‘control’ pleural fluid samples, are similarly processed to enable calculation of sensitivity and specificity of the sequencing methodology.
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Clark, Tristan William. "The role of respiratory virus infection in adults hospitalised with acute respiratory illness." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28098.

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Acute respiratory illness represents a large proportion of adult patients admitted to secondary care. Many of these patients have respiratory virus infection but the exact burden of disease in defined clinical groups is unknown. Rhino-enteroviruses are increasingly implicated in severe acute respiratory illness in adults and advances in molecular diagnostics have led the recognition of high strain diversity and to the discovery of a new species (HRV-C). Biomarkers such as procalcitonin and C reactive protein may be able to identify patients with acute respiratory illness without bacterial infection, in whom antibiotics can be safely withheld, and so reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing. Patients with acute respiratory illness were recruited from two acute hospital sites in Leicester between 2005 and 2008 and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and tested for the presence of respiratory viruses using a newly developed comprehensive, multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay. Gene sequencing was performed on samples positive for rhinovirus RNA. Levels of the biomarkers CRP and Procalcitonin were measured on serum samples. A high incidence of viral infection was identified among adults hospitalised with acute respiratory illness (44%) with rhino-enteroviruses accounting for around half of all viruses isolated. The rate of viral infection amongst non-respiratory control patients was low (7%). Rhinovirus gene sequencing demonstrated that around a quarter of all rhinovirus infections were caused by HRV-C and that there was a high level of diversity of strains circulating during the study period. The biomarkers procalcitonin and CRP were both highly accurate in distinguishing patients with pneumonia from exacerbations of airways disease. The results of this work have implications for hospital infection control practices, rationalisation of antibiotic use and in certain circumstances the use of directed antiviral agents. Procalcitonin and CRP could both potentially be used to reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in patients hospitalised with acute respiratory illness.
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Tong, Jie [Verfasser]. "Co-infection of respiratory epithelial cells by respiratory viruses and streptococci / Jie Tong." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1162715758/34.

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Shi, Ting. "Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus associated acute lower respiratory infection in young children." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23610.

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Introduction Acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) remains as a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. With the continued universal vaccination campaign against bacterial pathogens, an increase in relative proportion of respiratory viruses contributing to ALRI is anticipated. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been recognised as the most common pathogen identified in young children presenting with ALRI as well as an important cause of hospital admission. This thesis aims to estimate the aetiological roles and attributable fractions of common respiratory viruses among ALRI cases and investigate the risk factors for RSV associated ALRI in young children. It also aims to estimate the global and regional incidence of RSV associated ALRI in both community and hospital based settings, and the possible boundaries for RSV associated ALRI mortality in children younger than five years old. Methods Systematic reviews were carried out separately for the following three research questions: aetiological roles of RSV and other common viruses in ALRI cases, risk factors for RSV associated ALRI and global/regional burden of RSV associated ALRI, formulating an overall picture of epidemiology of RSV associated ALRI in young children. They all focused on children younger than five years old. The identified studies were selected according to pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The whole process was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines for systematic review and meta-analysis. Unpublished data from RSV Global Estimates Network (RSV GEN) were collected from 45 leading researchers on paediatric pneumonia (primarily in developing countries). They either reanalysed data from their already published work with the pre-defined standardised case definitions or shared hitherto unpublished data from ongoing studies. Data from both systematic reviews and RSV GEN working group were included into further meta-analysis. Random effects model was consistently applied in all meta-analyses. Results There were 23 studies identified through literature search satisfying the eligibility criteria, investigated the viral aetiology of ALRI in young children. Strong evidence was observed for RSV in support of its causal contribution in children presenting with ALRI and the association was significant measured in odds ratio: 9.79 (4.98-19.27). Thus, the corresponding attributable fraction among the exposed was estimated as 90% (80%-95%), which means around 90% of RSV associated ALRI cases were in fact attributed to RSV in a causal path. In total, 27 studies (including 4 unpublished studies) were included and contributed to the analysis. Across these studies, 18 risk factors were described and 8 of them were observed to have significant associations with RSV infection: prematurity - gestational age < 37 weeks, low birth weight (< 2.5 kg), being male, having siblings, maternal smoking, history of atopy, no breastfeeding and crowding - > 7 persons in household. Overall, 304 studies met the selection criteria and were included to estimate the global and regional burden of RSV associated ALRI in young children. These included 73 published articles identified through Chinese language databases and 76 unpublished studies provided by RSV GEN working group, mainly from developing countries. It is estimated that in 2015, there were 33.0 (95% CI 20.6-53.2) million episodes of RSV associated ALRI occurring in children younger than 5 years old across the world. 30.5 (95% CI 19.5-47.9) million of them were in developing countries. 3.0 (95% CI 2.2-4.0) million cases were severe enough and warranted hospitalisation. Around 60,000 children died in the hospital settings with 99% of these deaths occurring in developing countries. The overall mortality from RSV associated ALRI was estimated about 131,000. Conclusion This thesis not only enhanced the epidemiological understanding of RSV in young children, but also provided important information for public health decision makers. It incorporated both data through systematic reviews of published articles in the past 20 years and more than 70 unpublished data sets shared by RSV GEN working group. The population based incidence, hospitalisation, mortality and risk factor data are essential to assess the various severity of illness in a specific age group and region, and inform local public health professionals regarding appropriate and prompt cases management, prevention and vaccine allocation strategies. National sentinel systems of RSV surveillance gathering structured and reasonably representative data are needed. Within the surveillance system, a universal definition regarding disease severity in various settings should be developed, and diagnostic methods with higher sensitivity and specificity should be applied.
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Barasheed, Osamah Abdullah A. "Prevention of respiratory viral infection among Hajj pilgrims." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23506.

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Hajj is one of the five basic tenets of Islam. Every practicing, financially and physically capable, Muslim is required to perform Hajj at least once in his/her lifetime. Each year up to three million people from more than 180 countries assemble in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, to perform Hajj pilgrimage. Severe crowding, shared accommodation, poor personal hygiene, and environmental pollution at Hajj may collectively lead to increased transmission of respiratory viruses. Influenza-like illness (ILI) is one of the most common medical presentations to primary care, mostly due to viral infection, in which pneumonia is the leading cause of hospital admission during Hajj. Therefore, I endeavoured to study the epidemiology of respiratory viruses among pilgrims including newly emergent viruses such as Middle East coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and assessed preventive strategies primarily focussing on facemasks effectiveness and evaluating influenza vaccine uptake. Methods To understand the epidemiology of respiratory infection during Hajj, a cross-sectional study was conducted among pilgrims from Saudi Arabia, Australia and Qatar. A nasal swab was collected from any participant who developed ILI to identify the causative agent. After that, we explored the possible preventive measures to reduce the transmission of respiratory viral infection such as influenza vaccine and facemasks. For influenza vaccine, an anonymous survey was conducted to assess the uptake of influenza vaccine, and explore the attitudes and barriers to, and perception of vaccination. At the same time, a pilot trial was conducted to explore the feasibility of establishing a large-scale trial to test the effectiveness of facemasks in preventing respiratory viral infection among Hajj pilgrims. The outcome of the pilot trial was encouraging and suggested that it was feasible to do a large-scale trial. Therefore, we conducted a large-scale randomised controlled trial (RCT) to test the effectiveness of facemasks in preventing respiratory viral infection over three consecutive Hajj seasons (2013, 2014, 2015). Results In 2013, we recruited 1038 pilgrims from Saudi Arabia, Australia and Qatar during the first day of Hajj and followed them closely for four days to comprehend the epidemiology of respiratory viral infection during the Hajj. About 11% of the pilgrims reported ILI; 38% of which had laboratory-confirmed viral infections. Rhinovirus was the commonest cause of ILI among Hajj pilgrims (25%) followed by influenza A (4%). Also, other types of viruses were reported such as adenovirus (2%), human coronavirus OC43/229E (2%) and parainfluenza virus 3, 1 (2%). MERS-CoV was considered a health risk at that year (2013), luckily, it was not detected in any sample in this study. The studies showed that influenza vaccine uptake was increased among Hajj pilgrims specifically the Australian. On the other hand, symptoms of respiratory infection were decreased. However, it is uncertain if this decrease is due to vaccination. Contrarily, facemasks uptake among Hajj pilgrims remained unchanged in the last 10 years with an average uptake of 50% according to a systematic review synthesised by myself and colleagues. Moreover, the large-scale RCT showed that pilgrims did not use facemasks adequately; and those who used facemasks had no statistically significant benefit against laboratory-confirmed or clinical viral respiratory tract infections. Conclusion Epidemiology of virus infection during Hajj showed that rhinovirus was the most common causative agent. Also, there were other respiratory viruses reported including influenza, adenovirus but not MERS-CoV. Influenza vaccine uptake is improving among Hajj pilgrims, while facemasks had lower uptake. Facemasks use did not prevent clinical or laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infection during Hajj. This is may be due to poor compliance of pilgrims in using facemasks.
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Kristo, A. (Aila). "Acute rhinosinusitis during upper respiratory infection in children." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2005. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514278720.

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Abstract Acute rhinosinusitis is estimated to be one of the most common diseases in childhood. Still, the diagnostics and clinical relevance of this disease are controversial. Bacterial rhinosinusitis cannot be differentiated from mere rhinitis on clinical grounds alone. Abnormal radiologic findings have been found to be common in child and adult volunteers without sinus symptoms and in adults during viral upper respiratory infection. In children, the results of the few placebo-controlled studies on the benefit of antimicrobial treatment of clinically diagnosed acute rhinosinusitis are controversial. Bacteriologic cultures obtained from the middle meatus by rigid nasal endoscopy have been introduced as a way to determine the bacteriology of the maxillary sinus in adults, but they have not been studied in children with acute symptoms. In this thesis, incidental paranasal abnormalitites were found to be common in healthy school children examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Some of these abnormalities resolved during a follow-up period of 6 months, but new abnormalities appeared in some children. MRI abnormalities of the paranasal sinuses were found to be much more common in children with acute upper respiratory infections, and most of these abnormalities resolve spontaneously. Children with acute rhinosinusitis confirmed clinically and by imaging did not benefit from cefuroxime treatment as compared to placebo. Pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis) in the nasal middle meatus during acute upper respiratory infection predicted longer duration of the symptoms and signs of common cold. Based on these findings, imaging methods should not be used in the diagnostics of acute rhinosinusitis in children. Similarily, incidental imaging findings of abnormalities in the paranasal sinuses or in children with symptoms of acute rhinosinusitis are not an indication for antimicrobial treatment. Because middle meatal pathogenic bacteria were found to predict prolonged symptoms of upper respiratory infection, a randomized controlled trial is needed to evaluate the clinical value of middle meatal culture in identifying the children who would benefit from antimicrobial treatment during acute respiratory infection.
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Books on the topic "Respiratory infection"

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Mark, Nichter, Pelto Gretel H, and Steinhoff Mark, eds. Acute respiratory infection. Yverdon: Gordon and Breach, 1994.

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Sanjay, Sethi, ed. Respiratory infections. New York: Informa Healthcare USA, 2009.

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McLaughlin, Arthur J. Infection control in respiratory care. 2nd ed. Austin, Tex: Pro-Ed, 2004.

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Roberto, Palermo, and McLaughlin Arthur J. 1947-, eds. Infection control in respiratory care. 2nd ed. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers, 1996.

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Raphael, Dolin, and Wright Peter F, eds. Viral infections of the respiratory tract. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999.

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AWARE, Oregon, and Oregon. Office of Disease Prevention and Epidemiology., eds. Viral upper respiratory infection (cold) =: Infección virósica del tracto respiratorio superior (resfrío). Portland, OR: Oregon AWARE, Oregon Dept. of Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention & Epidemiology, 2003.

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A, Gluck T., and Johnson, Margaret A., M.D., eds. Illustrated handbook of respiratory disease in HIV infection. New York: Parthenon, 1998.

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Upayokin, Preecha, and UNICEF, eds. A focused ethnographic study of acute respiratory infection in northern Thailand. Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: Center for Health Policy Studies, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Mahidol University, 1991.

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Simpson, Sue. A systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of palivizumab (Synagis) in the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infants at high risk of infection. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, 2001.

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Carlos, Agustí, and Torres Martí A, eds. Pulmonary infection in the immuno-compromised patient: Strategies for management. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Respiratory infection"

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Gould, Dinah, and Chris Brooker. "Respiratory infections." In Infection Prevention and Control, 190–207. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-04592-8_9.

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Brownstein, David G. "Rat Coronavirus Infection, Lung, Rat." In Respiratory System, 321–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61042-4_37.

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Brownstein, David G. "Rat Coronavirus Infection, Lung, Rat." In Respiratory System, 203–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96846-4_33.

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Brownstein, David G. "Sialodacryoadenitis Virus Infection, Lung, Mouse." In Respiratory System, 210–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96846-4_35.

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Myrvik, Quentin N. "Resistance to Respiratory Infection in the Immunocompetent Host." In Infection, 1–23. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3748-3_1.

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Campbell, Tavis S., Jillian A. Johnson, Kristin A. Zernicke, Amy Wachholtz, J. Rick Turner, Manjunath Harlapur, Daichi Shimbo, and Antti Uutela. "Upper Respiratory Infection (Mild)." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 2021. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_101827.

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Mylotte, Joseph M. "Epidemiology of Respiratory Infection." In Pathy's Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine, 549–54. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119952930.ch46.

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Zamorano Wittwer, Alejandra, and Marcela Ferrés Garrido. "Immunosuppressed Children with Lung Infection." In Pediatric Respiratory Diseases, 233–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26961-6_25.

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Brownstein, David G. "Rat Coronavirus Infection, Upper Respiratory Tract, Rat." In Respiratory System, 128–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61042-4_12.

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Brownstein, David G. "Sendai Virus Infection, Lung, Mouse, and Rat." In Respiratory System, 308–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61042-4_35.

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Conference papers on the topic "Respiratory infection"

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Riestiyowati, Maya Ayu, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, and Vitri Widyaningsih. "Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Acute Respiratory Infection in Children Under Five: A Meta-Analysis." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.57.

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Background: Acute Respiratory Infections are classified into the upper and lower respiratory tract infections, contributing to the leading cause of death among children under five globally. The estimation showed the deaths of more than 800,000 children under five every year or about 2,200 per day. One of the risk factors for ARI in children under five years of age is secondary exposure to tobacco smoke. This study aimed to examine the effect of cigarette smoke exposure and acute respiratory infection in children under five. Subjects and Method: This was meta analysis and systematic review. The study was conducted by collecting published articles from Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Springer Link databases, from year 2010 to 2019. Keywords used “risk factor” OR “passive smoking” OR “secondhand smoking” AND “ARI due to children under five”. The inclusion criteria were full text, using English language, using cross-sectional study design, and reporting adjusted odds ratio. The collected articles were selected by PRISMA flow chart. The quantitative data were analyzed by fixed effect model using Revman 5.3. Results: 6 studies from Cameroon, Ethiopia, India, Nepal, and Nigeria reported that tobacco smoke exposure increased the risk of acute respiratory infection in children under five (aOR=1.39; 95% CI= 1.22 to 1.58; p<0.001). Conclusion: Tobacco smoke exposure increases the risk of acute respiratory infection in children under five. Keywords: tobacco smoke, acute respiratory infection, children under five Correspondence: Maya Ayu Riestiyowati. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: maaya.ayuu.ma@gmail.com. Mobile: 081235840067.
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Simatupang, Nanda Agustian, and Laras Ayu Wulandari. "The Association between Indoor Household Polution and Acute Respiratory Infection in Children Under Five in Selat Community Health Center, Batanghari District, Jambi, Indonesia." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.54.

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ABSTRACT Background: Acute respiratory tract infections constitute the major causes of mortality and morbidity of the developing world. The risk factors of acute respiratory tract infections have been identified such as passive smoking, the practice of burning mosquito coils indoors, and firewood for cooking. The purpose of this study was examine Subjects and Method: A case control study was carried out at Selat community health center, Batanghari district, Jambi, Indonesia, from May to July 2020. A sample of 132 children under five aged 12-59 months was selected by purposive sampling. The dependent variable was acute respiratory infection. The independent variables were smoking behavior of family member, repellant coil use, and firewood use. The data were collected by questionnaire, medial record, and observation sheet. The data were analyzed by Chi square. Results: Acute respiratory infection in children under five increased with family member smoking behavior (OR= 4.73; 95% CI= 2.20 to 10.17; p<0.001), mosquito coils (OR= 1.26; 95% CI= 0.48 to 3.29; p= 0.627), and firewood use for cooking (OR= 1.28; 95% CI= 0.57 to 2.89; p= 0.538). Conclusion: Acute respiratory infection in children under five increased with family member smoking behavior, mosquito coils, and firewood use for cooking. Keywords: acute respiratory infection, smoking, children under five Correspondence: Nanda Agustian Simatupang. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: nandaagustians9@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282247604322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.54
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Thomas, Swapna, Maria K. Smatti, Muna A. Al Maslamani, and Hadi Mohamad Yassine. "Influenza Prevalence and Vaccine Efficacy in Diabetic Patients in Qatar." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0112.

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Introduction: Diabetes (DM) is often recognized as ‎an independent risk factor for developing severe respiratory tract infections. Influenza infections are associated with higher hospitalization, morbidity and mortality in DM patients. Vaccination against Influenza virus would reduce the burden of flu infection in DM patients. Aim: To assess the prevalence and burden of influenza infection in DM patients in Qatar and to evaluate the efficacy of influenza vaccination in DM patients Methods: The study included 26,989 patients between 2016- 2018. Virology test results (20 pathogens) as well as the levels of HbA1c were collected for all participant. Data was filtered and analysed to explore the influenza prevalence and vaccine efficiacy among diabetis patients in comparision to non-diabetic. Findings: This study shows that DM patients are at higher-risk for influenza infection. In general, Influenza infections covers around 50 % of total respiratory infections in patients with flu like symptoms in Qatar. However, in vaccinated DM patients, influenza test positivity was low. This study reports the efficacy of routine flu vaccination to reduce the burden of influenza infection in DM patients.
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Yu, Christiaan, Ar Aung, and Chuan Foo. "Respiratory tract infection in centenarians." In ERS International Congress 2021 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2021.pa1743.

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Fatony, Riska Fajar, Didik Gunawan Tamtomo, and Hanung Prasetya. "The Effect Echinacea Purpurea Herbs in Reducing Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Infection: A Meta-Analysis." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.58.

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Background: Echinacea possibly reduces the effectiveness of corticosteroids, commonly used by asthmatics and for treating viral induced wheeze, and can cause hypersensitivity reactions in susceptible individuals. Treatment of the common cold in children with Echinacea has only been investigated in one randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial to examine the efficacy and safety of Echinacea purpurea in children with upper respiratory tract infections. This study aimed to investigate the effect Echinacea purpurea herbs in reducing symptoms of upper respiratory infection. Subjects and Method: This was meta-analysis and systematic review. The study was conducted by collecting published articles from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. The study subject was adults with upper respiratory infection. Intervention was Echinecea purpurea herbs extract with comparison placebo. The study outcome was decreased symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. The inclusion criteria were full text, using English language, and using randomized controlled trial. The collected articles were selected by PRISMA flow chart. The quantitative data were analyzed using Revman 5.3 Results: A meta-analysis using 6 studies from United States resulted high heterogeneity between experimental groups (I2= 98%; p<0.001), so it conducted by random effect model (REM). This study showed that provision of Echinecea purpurea herbs extract reduced symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection than placebo (Mean Difference= -0.56; 95% CI= -0.91 to -0.22; p= 0.001). Conclusion: Echinecea purpurea herbs extract reduced symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection than placebo. Keywords: Echinacea purpurea herbs extract, upper respirstory infection Correspondence: Riska Fajar Fatony. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: respatieka10@gmail.com. Mobile: +6289508588008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.58
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Andrabi, A., M. Seth, P. Sundar, and K. Aslam. "Pulmonary Nocardiosis Underdiagnosed Respiratory Opportunistic Infection." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a7336.

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Jahn, Kathleen, Desiree Schumann, Michael Tamm, Hans Hirsch, Joerg Halter, Lilian Junker, Werner Strobel, Spasenija Savic, and Daiana Stolz. "Respiratory viral infection in immunocompromised patients." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.pa4694.

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Villamil, M., I. Gutierrez, L. Garcia, and C. Lopez. "Comparison of Patients with Acute Respiratory Infection According to Community-Acquired Infection and Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIS)." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a7172.

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Ramona, Stoicescu, Stoicescu Razvan-Alexandru, Codrin Gheorghe, and Schroder Verginica. "LABORATORY METHODS AND PREVALENCE OF SARS-COV-2 INFECTIONS IN THE 2ND SEMESTER OF 2021 IN THE EMERGENCY CLINICAL COUNTY HOSPITAL OF CONSTANTA." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/11.

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"Diagnosing infections with SARS-CoV-2 is still of great interest due to the health and economic impact of COVID pandemic. The 4th wave of the COVID-19 pandemic is expected and is considered to be stronger and faster due to the dominance of Delta variant which is highly contagious [1]. SARS-CoV-2 also known as 2019-nCoV is one of the three coronaviruses (together with SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV1/Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), MERS-CoV /Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus) which can cause severe respiratory tract infections in humans [2]. Early diagnosis in COVID 19 infection is the key for preventing infection transmission in collectivity and proper medical care for the ill patients. Gold standard for diagnosing SARS-Co-V-2 infection according to WHO recommendation is using nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)/ reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The search is on to develop reliable but less expensive and faster diagnostic tests that detect antigens specific for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antigen-detection diagnostic tests are designed to directly detect SARSCoV-2 proteins produced by replicating virus in respiratory secretions so-called rapid diagnostic tests, or RDTs. The diagnostic development landscape is dynamic, with nearly a hundred companies developing or manufacturing rapid tests for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection [3]. In the last 3 months our hospital introduced the antigen test or Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) which detects the presence of viral proteins (antigens) expressed by the COVID-19 virus in a sample from the respiratory tract of a person. All RDT were confirmed next day with a RT-PCR. The number of positive cases detected during 3 months in our laboratory was 425. There were 326 positive tests in April, 106 positive tests in May and 7 positive tests in June. Compared with the number of positive tests in the 1st semester of 2021, the positive tests have significantly declined."
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Ampah, Pearl, Steven Lane, Sarah Stephenson, Jennifer Davis, Clare Van Meirt, Brian Flanagan, Gemma Saint, and Paul Mcnamara. "Respiratory morbidity after hospitalisation with Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus infection." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.oa4631.

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Reports on the topic "Respiratory infection"

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Branda, Steven, Nicole Collette, Nicole Aiosa, Neha Garg, Catherine Mageeney, Kelly Williams, Ashlee Phillips, et al. Reconfiguration of the Respiratory Tract Microbiome to Prevent and Treat Burkholderia Infection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1898252.

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Wang, Xiaoyu. Pediatric tuina in treating recurrent respiratory tract infection in children: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.4.0075.

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Review question / Objective: Is pediatric tuina an effective treatment for recurrent respiratory tract infection in children? Condition being studied: Recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI) is a common disease in children, which refers to the recurrence of upper and lower respiratory tract infections within a year, exceeding the prescribed number of times. It is more common in infants under 3 years old. The disease is easy to relapse and lasts for a long time, affecting the normal growth and development of children and physical and mental health, easily causing other diseases, leading to a variety of chronic wasting diseases, and damaging the function of organs and the immune system. Immunotherapy and nutritional therapy are commonly used in Western medicine. At present, the treatment of RRTI in children with traditional Chinese medicine has achieved a certain effect, and the treatment mainly includes internal treatment and external treatment. Tuina therapy is one of the common therapies for the treatment of RRTI in children with traditional Chinese medicine. Because of its advantages, there are many literature reports on tuina treatment of this disease, with a good total effective rate, but whether its therapeutic effect is higher than other therapies has not been determined as a whole. This study used the method of systematic review to collect the published clinical research literature on the treatment of RRTI in children at home and abroad for systematic review, so as to provide a reference for clinical research.
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Fu, Yuqi, Shuo Liu, Weijie Chen, Guohui Ruan, and Li Liu. Assessing the impact of ventilation on the potential airborne infection risk in hospital lung function room. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541663876.

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Controlling the spread of respiratory infectious diseases in healthcare settings is important to avoid nosocomial infection. We utilized computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, real-time carbon dioxide (CO2) monitoring, microorganism culturing, and microorganism sequencing to quantitatively assess the exposure risk of healthcare workers to infectious respiratory particles (IRPs) in one lung function room under two ventilation configurations. The original ventilation system supplied 2 air changes per hour (ACH) for fresh air and 2 ACH for recirculated air, while the retrofitted ventilation system supplied 6 ACH of fresh air. Indoor CO2 concentration and microorganism concentration decreased after the retrofit. The ventilation modification significantly improved the discharge efficiency for 5 μm IRPs and 50 μm IRPs. The intake fraction of 5 μm aerosols and 50 μm aerosols for HCW decreased by 0.005% and 0.006%, respectively. This study also reviewed the effectiveness of the above methods when evaluating building retrofit.
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Rahai, Hamid, and Jeremy Bonifacio. Numerical Investigations of Virus Transport Aboard a Commuter Bus. Mineta Transportation Institute, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2048.

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The authors performed unsteady numerical simulations of virus/particle transport released from a hypothetical passenger aboard a commuter bus. The bus model was sized according to a typical city bus used to transport passengers within the city of Long Beach in California. The simulations were performed for the bus in transit and when the bus was at a bus stop opening the middle doors for 30 seconds for passenger boarding and drop off. The infected passenger was sitting in an aisle seat in the middle of the bus, releasing 1267 particles (viruses)/min. The bus ventilation system released air from two linear slots in the ceiling at 2097 cubic feet per minute (CFM) and the air was exhausted at the back of the bus. Results indicated high exposure for passengers sitting behind the infectious during the bus transit. With air exchange outside during the bus stop, particles were spread to seats in front of the infectious passenger, thus increasing the risk of infection for the passengers sitting in front of the infectious person. With higher exposure time, the risk of infection is increased. One of the most important factors in assessing infection risk of respiratory diseases is the spatial distribution of the airborne pathogens. The deposition of the particles/viruses within the human respiratory system depends on the size, shape, and weight of the virus, the morphology of the respiratory tract, as well as the subject’s breathing pattern. For the current investigation, the viruses are modeled as solid particles of fixed size. While the results provide details of particles transport within a bus along with the probable risk of infection for a short duration, however, these results should be taken as preliminary as there are other significant factors such as the virus’s survival rate, the size distribution of the virus, and the space ventilation rate and mixing that contribute to the risk of infection and have not been taken into account in this investigation.
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Burdette, Alexander J., and Rene Alvarez. Evaluation of Innate Immune Biomarkers in Saliva for Diagnostic Potential of Bacterial and Viral Respiratory Infection. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada602373.

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Jenkins, J. Lee, Edbert B. Hsu, Anna Russell, Allen Zhang, Lisa M. Wilson, and Eric B. Bass. Infection Prevention and Control for the Emergency Medical Services and 911 Workforce. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb42.

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Objectives. To summarize current evidence on exposures to infectious pathogens in the emergency medical services (EMS) and 911 workforce, and on practices for preventing, recognizing, and controlling occupationally acquired infectious diseases and related exposures in that workforce. Review methods. We obtained advice on how to answer four Guiding Questions by recruiting a panel of external experts on EMS clinicians, State-level EMS leadership, and programs relevant to EMS personnel, and by engaging representatives of professional societies in infectious diseases and emergency medicine. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, CINAHL®, and SCOPUS from January 2006 to March 2022 for relevant studies. We also searched for reports from State and Federal Government agencies or nongovernmental organizations interested in infection prevention and control in the EMS and 911 workforce. Results. Twenty-five observational studies reported on the epidemiology of infections in the EMS and 911 workforce. They did not report demographic differences except for a higher risk of hepatitis C in older workers and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in minorities. EMS clinicians certified/licensed in Advanced Life Support have a high risk for blood and fluid exposure, and EMS clinicians had a higher risk of hospitalization or death from SARS-CoV-2 than firefighters whose roles were not primarily related to medical care. Eleven observational studies reported on infection prevention and control practices (IPC), providing some evidence that hand hygiene, standard precautions, mandatory vaccine policies, and on-site vaccine clinics are effective. Research on IPC in EMS and 911 workers has increased significantly since the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Conclusions. Moderate evidence exists on the epidemiology of infections and effectiveness of IPC practices in EMS and 911 workers, including hand hygiene, standard precautions, mandatory vaccine policies, and vaccine clinics. Most evidence is observational, with widely varying methods, outcomes, and reporting. More research is needed on personal protective equipment effectiveness and vaccine acceptance, and better guidance is needed for research methods in the EMS and 911 worker setting.
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Kolavic, Shellie, Jose Sanchez, Leonard Binn, Marcela Echavarria, and Bruce Innis. Acute Respiratory Disease and Adenovirus Infection Among U.S Army Basic Trainees At Ft. Jackson, South Carolina 1998. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada381351.

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Guo, Qiang, Xiulin Ye, Xiaoxing Ge, Xiaoji Su, and Shihai Zhang. Metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing for the Diagnosis pathogeny of Respiratory Infection : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.8.0036.

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Moza, Andreea, Florentina Duica, Panagiotis Antoniadis, Elena Silvia Bernad, Diana Lungeanu, Marius Craina, Brenda Cristiana Bernad, et al. Outcome of newborns in case of SARS-CoV-2 vertical infection. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0093.

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Abstract:
Review question / Objective: To identify the types and examine the range of available evidence of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to newborn. To clarify the key concepts and criteria for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 vertical infection in neonates. To summarize the existing evidence and advance the awareness on SARS-CoV-2 vertical infection in pregnancy. Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has been isolated from various tissues and body fluids, including the placenta, amniotic fluid, and umbilical cord of newborns. In the last few years, much scientific effort has been directed towards studying SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the different features of the virus, such as its structure and mechanisms of action. Moreover, much focus has been on developing accurate diagnostic tools and various drugs or vaccines to treat COVID-19.
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Grace, Dr Golla Reethi Shiny, Dr Anu K., Dr Pratyusha Choudary G., and Dr M. v. PATTERN OF THE HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN COVID-19 PATIENTS. World Wide Journals, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/5106302.

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Background: The coronavirus (SARS CoV 2)-related viral disease COVID 19 causes acute respiratory disease with severe symptoms. Numerous biomarkers of infection and inammation have been found to inuence the severity of disease. Acute respiratory infection, fever, pneumonia, cough, tiredness, and inammation are frequent clinical ndings during hospitalisation. The severity of the disease and a possibility of disease progression can be determined by circulating biomarkers like TWBC count, NLR and CRP that reect inammation. This is a retrospective study conducted on eight Material and Methods: y COVID-19 positive patients admitted at Dr.Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences & RF, ChinnaAvutapally from 1st January 2021 to 30th June 2021. Results: Among the 80 COVID 19 patients studied, there are 63% males and 37% females. 46% of patients showed leucocytosis, 43% showed increased NLR and 60 % showed raised CRP. Hematological parameters in COVID 19 are important for di Conclusion: agnosis, complication management, prognosis, and patient recovery. These parameters must be effectively integrated into clinical algorithms and therapeutic decision making in addition to clinical assessment
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