Academic literature on the topic 'Respirators (Medical equipment) Design and construction'
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Journal articles on the topic "Respirators (Medical equipment) Design and construction"
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Mane, Abhishek, Siddhi Cheulkar, Romil Arora, Aarti Singh, and M. A. Gulbarga. "Design and Fabrication of Portable PPE Kit Sterilization." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 2870–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41881.
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Abstract: Medical demands during the COVID-19 pandemic have triggered a grave shortage of medical-grade personal protective equipment (PPE), especially, N95 respirators. N95 respirators are critical for the personal protection of medical providers and others when being exposed to individuals with infections caused by the SARS- CoV-2 coronavirus. To address the shortage of PPE Kit & N95 respirators, innovative methods are needed to decontaminate coronaviruses from N95 respirators & PPE Kit, allowing them to be safely reused by healthcare workers. For this research, we use a commercial ozone disinfecting cabinet to examine the efficacy of ozone-based disinfection of a conservative surrogate virus for SARS-CoV-2/Ultra Violet radiation, Chlorination, washing with soap and heating are some methods of sterilizing. Ultra Violet light is thebest sterilizing and disinfectant agent, used for domestic as well as clinical purpose. Food packets, books, stationery, medical equipment’s, toys, electronic gadgets like mobile phones, laptops, wrist watches, etc. can be sterilized with UV radiation whereasother methods of sterilization cannot be used. UV light does not release any waste andis eco-friendly, if used in a controlled manner. UV radiation is a range of electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelength (high frequency and energy). The wavelength from 100-280 nm known as UV-C isthe best disinfectant used for purifying water, air, sterilizing vegetables and surgical equipment’s. Research has shown that UV-C wavelength can kill harmful fungi, protozoa, bacteria and viruses like SARS- CoV-2 Virus. The article describes the construction of a low-cost UV-C Sterilizer Boxwhere UV radiation is taking place in a closed environment. Safety features are also incorporated to prevent humans from UV light exposure. The germicidal property of ultraviolet-C is well known. This review will cover the most commonly described methods for sterilization of PPE Kit, namely, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation. These techniques have been tested previously and have demonstrated efficacy in reducing or inactivating viral and bacterial pathogens, although testing against SARS-CoV-2 specifically has not been done. Moreover, it must be emphasized that proper disposal after a single use is still ideal under normal circumstances. Keywords: UV, UV-C LED, Sterilize, Ultraviolet-C; decontamination; N95 respirator; peracetic acid; SARS-CoV-2, ozone
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Kroo, Laurel, Anesta Kothari, Melanie Hannebelle, George Herring, Thibaut Pollina, Ray Chang, Dominic Peralta, et al. "Modified full-face snorkel masks as reusable personal protective equipment for hospital personnel." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): e0244422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244422.
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Here we adapt and evaluate a full-face snorkel mask for use as personal protective equipment (PPE) for health care workers, who lack appropriate alternatives during the COVID-19 crisis in the spring of 2020. The design (referred to as Pneumask) consists of a custom snorkel-specific adapter that couples the snorkel-port of the mask to a rated filter (either a medical-grade ventilator inline filter or an industrial filter). This design has been tested for the sealing capability of the mask, filter performance, CO2 buildup and clinical usability. These tests found the Pneumask capable of forming a seal that exceeds the standards required for half-face respirators or N95 respirators. Filter testing indicates a range of options with varying performance depending on the quality of filter selected, but with typical filter performance exceeding or comparable to the N95 standard. CO2 buildup was found to be roughly equivalent to levels found in half-face elastomeric respirators in literature. Clinical usability tests indicate sufficient visibility and, while speaking is somewhat muffled, this can be addressed via amplification (Bluetooth voice relay to cell phone speakers through an app) in noisy environments. We present guidance on the assembly, usage (donning and doffing) and decontamination protocols. The benefit of the Pneumask as PPE is that it is reusable for longer periods than typical disposable N95 respirators, as the snorkel mask can withstand rigorous decontamination protocols (that are standard to regular elastomeric respirators). With the dire worldwide shortage of PPE for medical personnel, our conclusions on the performance and efficacy of Pneumask as an N95-alternative technology are cautiously optimistic.
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Rahimi, Seyed Ali. "Construction Shielding Design for Medical X-Ray Imaging Equipment." American Journal of Physics and Applications 2, no. 5 (2014): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20140205.11.
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Restuti, Ratna Dwi, Harim Priyono, Rangga Rayendra Saleh, Ayu Astria Sriyana, Prasandhya Astagiri Yusuf, Tri Juda Airlangga, Ari Prayitno, Gortap Sitohang, Fitri Arman, and Suko Dwi Priyanto. "The Effectiveness of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) Chamber for N95 Respirators Disinfection in COVID-19 pandemics: A Preliminary Study." Journal Of The Indonesian Medical Association 72, no. 1 (June 19, 2022): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47830/jinma-vol.72.1-2022-583.
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Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, where the disease might spread in a medical facility setting, the common problems found in every country is the shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) for medical personnel – especially the disposable N95 respirators. Thus, a higher amplitude to disinfect and reuse N95 is urgently needed. In this study, we designed an effective and safe disinfection methods through an Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) chamber in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital to control the shortage of PPE by disinfecting and reusing disposable N95 respirators. Purpose: To evaluate the dosage and effectiveness of UV-C radiation for disposable N95 respirators disinfection in our designated UVGI chamber. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design to determine the dose and the effectiveness of UV-C radiation in eradicating SARS-CoV 2 on disposable N95 respirators. Results: Using two different distances from the light source, we confirmed the inverse square law of UV-C radiation power. Irradiation for 2 hours with a radiation dose of 1080 mJ/cm2 resulted in undetected SARS-CoV-2 gene based on PCR examination in 10 out of 10 samples. Conclusion: This UVGI chamber is a potential solution for hospitals or medical facilities to overcome the limitations that occurred in the pandemic by disinfecting PPE.
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Mellado-Silva, Rafael, Claudio Cubillos, Daniel Cabrera-Paniagua, and Enrique Urra. "Flow-Shop Scheduling Problem Applied to the Planning of Repair and Maintenance of Electromedical Equipment in the Hospital Industry." Processes 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 2679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122679.
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In the literature, several approaches have been proposed to integrate and optimize product supply and construction processes associated with demand management. However, in Industry 4.0, there needs to be more studies related to applying techniques that directly affect the programming and reprogramming process that integrates the industries at the operational level. This document proposes a flow-shop scheduling procedure to address the problem of planning the repair of medical equipment in public hospitals whose main objective is to eliminate downtime and minimize total production time. The research stems from the practical problem of responding to clinical users who make use of critical equipment, such as mechanical respirators, due to COVID-19, and the limited quantity of this equipment, which makes it necessary to have repair planning processes that seek to keep the equipment in operation for the most extended amount of time. The novelty of this study is that it was applied to a critical and real problem in the industry with a high economic and social impact, which has not been explored previously. The results show improvements in the overall planning and execution of electro-medical equipment repair. Several improvements to the applied methods were identified as future work, such as the need to consider work interruptions and psychosocial effects on workers due to the stricter planning of execution times.
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Dorogan, Igor A. "Requirements management in the medical building construction." Vestnik MGSU, no. 8 (August 2019): 1046–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2019.8.1046-1056.
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Introduction: when designing and constructing medical buildings, it is necessary to meet a large number of mandatory requirements established in the normative documents and by the customers. Medical buildings as social facilities should meet high requirements. By their complexity, they are close to industrial facilities. Therefore, there is a necessity to manage a system of such requirements during their construction.
Materials and methods: the definition of requirements is initially given for software development. A requirements management system (RMS) in construction is a part of the project management. It was suggested to use the RMS to improve the organization of medical building construction. Normative documents and the customer’s specification establish the baseline requirements.
Results: the article developed organizational and technological models of different life cycle stages of medical buildings. The models show the interaction of the state customer, technical customer, general designer, contractors, and suppliers of medical equipment. The models include business processes related to requirements management during design, construction, and maintenance. This system contains various requirements for the buildings, references to requirements sources, and results of verification and validation of the requirements. Verification should be carried out by a team of experts at the checkout points appointed by the project manager. At each checkout, the experts check the requirements and record the results in a database. The list of requirements that are not observed at the moment of the checkout is reported to the project manager. The paper provides an example of the RMS for nuclear medicine buildings.
Conclusions: for buildings of medical organizations provided with complex medical equipment, it is necessary to create an RMS for all stages of the life cycle. The developed system of establishment, verification, and implementation of the requirements can significantly improve the quality of design and construction activities, accelerate the process of commissioning, and provide the safety of the facility. Such a system is developed and used for nuclear medicine buildings. The application of it is possible for other medical centers.
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Kayano, S. "Note for the Design and Construction at the Nuclear Medical Facility(Relations of Image Diagnosis Equipment and Architectural Equipment)." Iryou kikigaku (The Japanese journal of medical instrumentation) 78, no. 5 (2008): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4286/jjmi.78.367.
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Karakozova, Irina V., Galina G. Malykha, Alexander S. Pavlov, Andrey S. Panin, and Nadezhda D. Tesler. "Study of preparatory activities on using BIM-technologies in the medical enterprise design." Vestnik MGSU, no. 1 (January 2020): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2020.1.100-111.
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Introduction. When designing buildings and installations, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is spread more and more widely. The adoption of national and international standards and classifications is of great importance for the implementation of information technology. Application of the BIM-technologies for constructing public buildings, in the first turn, medical ones, seems to be very promising. The paper discusses the problems of developing indigenous parametric blocks (families) and preparatory activities in using the BIM-technology.
Materials and methods. One of the information technology tasks is to develop equipment specifications and transfer them through the technological chain of the construction facility life cycle. The creation and application of classifiers are necessary to prepare for using the BIM-technologies.
Results. A project of an academic health science centre with an extensive equipment range is analysed. The project of a modern medical building contains a description of several hundreds of specific medical equipment types. The specifications should contain information, including denominations and quantities of the equipment units, data on overall dimensions and weights of the units, connection interfaces to the power supply, water supply, water drainage. When creating parametric blocks, the international classifiers Uniclass-2015 and OmniClass are often used. However, they do not cover the necessary equipment range and contradict the domestic practice of purchasing equipment and services for state demand.
Conclusions. The cost of preparing for the design process as creating parametric blocks can make a total of tens or hundreds of man-days that should be taken into account when planning design activities. In terms of procurement for state and municipal demand, it is necessary to make design specifications following the available range of medical equipment.
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Zhan, Hong Jun. "Design and Realization of Network Security Defense Architecture of Medical Information Integration Platform." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 600–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.600.
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In this paper, based on the characteristics of heterogeneous information integration, a set of complete medical information integration platform network security defense architecture was designed by utilizing network security defense equipment and technologies such as gatekeeper, disk array and hot-standby etc. On the basis of overall design, the construction, deployment and operation of related system were realized. At last, the effectiveness of the network security defense architecture designed and realized in this paper was tested by means of fault injection.
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Huang, Zheng Dong, Li Li Song, Xue Qing Guo, and Fei Xiao. "Design and Deployment of Hospital Digital Ward." Applied Mechanics and Materials 343 (July 2013): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.343.121.
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s. In order to explore the building pattern of digital ward for medical affairs and management, the business process and function of digital ward is discussed. The digital ward building pattern combining multi business system, such as clinical treatment and nursing, logistic support like drugs and equipment, quality surveillance, performance checking, cost auditing and office administrating, is constructed. Based on the methodology of process management, the architecture of digital ward is design and implemented, which is focus on electronic medical records, medical quality and management. The construction of digital ward has implemented the overall process intelligent and automatic management of medical and administration business.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Respirators (Medical equipment) Design and construction"
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Hillig, Mark Alexander. "Automated Channel Assessment for Single Chip MedRadio Transceivers." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1005.
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Modern implantable and body worn medical devices leverage wireless telemetry to improve patient experience and expand therapeutic options. Wireless medical devices are subject to a unique set of regulations in which monitoring of the available frequency spectrum is a requirement. To this end, implants use software protocols to assess the in-band activity to determine which channel should be used. These software protocols take valuable processing time and possibly degrade the operational lifetime of the battery. Implantable medical devices often take advantage of a single chip transceiver as the physical layer for wireless communications. Embedding the channel assessment task in the transceiver hardware would free the limited resources of the microprocessor. This thesis proposes hardware modifications to existing transceiver architectures which would provide an automated channel assessment means for implantable medical devices. The results are applicable beyond medical device applications and could be employed to benefit any low-power, wireless, battery-operated equipment.
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"A prototype design of wireless capsule endoscope." 2005. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892404.
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by Chan Yawen.Thesis submitted in: September 12, 2005.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-64).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Acknowledgement --- p.ii
Abstract --- p.iv
摘要 --- p.vii
Table of Contents --- p.ix
List of Figures --- p.xii
List of Tables --- p.xiv
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Diseases of the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Wireless Capsule Endoscopy --- p.2
Chapter 1.3 --- Goals of My Research Project --- p.9
Chapter Part I - --- Experimental Study to Determine the Frequency of Wireless Transmission --- p.11
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.11
Chapter 2.1 --- Analog and Digital Wireless Video Transmission --- p.11
Chapter 2.2 --- "Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) Bands" --- p.11
Chapter 2.3 --- Adsorption of RP Energy by Biological Tissue --- p.13
Chapter 2.4 --- Frequency used by Implanted/Ingested Devices --- p.13
Chapter 2.5 --- Incentives of using Higher Frequencies --- p.14
Chapter 2.6 --- Radiation Efficiency from an Implanted/Ingested Source --- p.15
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Material and Method --- p.18
Chapter 3.1 --- Human Body Trunk Experimental Model --- p.18
Chapter 3.2 --- Radiating and Receiving Antennas --- p.19
Chapter 3.3 --- Experimental Procedures --- p.21
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results and Discussions --- p.23
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusions --- p.30
Chapter Part II - --- Prototype Design and Implementation --- p.31
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Background --- p.31
Chapter 6.1 --- Prototype Overview --- p.31
Chapter 6.2 --- Digital and Analog Cameras --- p.32
Chapter 6.3 --- Digital and Analog Transmitters --- p.34
Chapter Chapter 7 --- Possible Solutions --- p.38
Chapter 7.1 --- Analog Camera + Analog Video Transmission --- p.38
Chapter 7.2 --- Digital Camera + Analog Video Transmission --- p.38
Chapter 7.3 --- Digital Camera + Digital Video Transmission using WLAN Technology --- p.40
Chapter 7.4 --- Digital Camera + Digital Video Transmission with Video Compression --- p.42
Chapter Chapter 8 --- Implementation of the Analog Camera + Analog Transmission Solution --- p.44
Chapter 8.1 --- Circuit Implementation --- p.44
Chapter 8.2 --- System Verification --- p.49
Chapter 8.3 --- Conclusions --- p.51
Chapter Chapter 9 --- Conclusions and Future Work --- p.53
Chapter 9.1 --- General Conclusions --- p.53
Chapter 9.2 --- Future Work --- p.55
List of Abbreviations --- p.65
Books on the topic "Respirators (Medical equipment) Design and construction"
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Wiklund, Michael E. Medical device and equipment design: Usability engineering and ergonomics. Buffalo Grove, IL: Interpharm Press, 1995.
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Fries, Richard C. Reliable design of medical devices. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Fl: Taylor & Francis, 2006.
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Fries, Richard C. Reliable design of medical devices. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2004.
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Fries, Richard C. Handbook of medical device design. New York: M. Dekker, 2001.
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Reliable design of medical devices. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Fl: Taylor&Francis, 2005.
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Reliable design of medical devices. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997.
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The medical device R & D handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2013.
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R, Kucklick Theodore, ed. The medical device R & D handbook. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2005.
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H, Barker Joseph, Blank Carl H, Steere Norman V, and American Public Health Association, eds. Designing a laboratory. Washington, D.C: American Public Health Association, 1989.
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Prokopovich, Polina. Inhaler devices: Fundamentals, design and drug delivery. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013.
Find full textConference papers on the topic "Respirators (Medical equipment) Design and construction"
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D’Souza, Gavin A., Suvajyoti Guha, Matthew R. Myers, and Prasanna Hariharan. "Evaluation of Aerosol Leakage Sites Through Respirators Using Image-Based Modeling." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3446.
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Personal protective equipment (PPE) such as respirators will form the first line of defense in the event of a public health emergency including an airborne pandemic or a bio-terror attack. The two major pathways by which virus-carrying aerosols can reach the human lungs through these PPEs are: a) the intrinsic penetration through porous layers of the PPE and b) the leakage through gaps between the PPE and a person’s face [1, 2]. The contribution from the second pathway can be significantly reduced using fit-testing i.e. by choosing the appropriately sized respirator for a specific face. Unfortunately, in case of an emergency, it would not be possible to fit-test the entire US population. In this scenario, excessive leakage can occur through the gaps. [1]. Hence, it is critical to identify the potential anatomical leak sites (gaps) and quantify the amount of aerosol leakage through surgical respirators for the average US population. At the behest of Office of Counterterrorism and Emerging Threats, the Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), has been developing a comprehensive risk assessment model for determining the risk to different populations in case of an “off-label” use of such PPEs, i.e. for public emergency scenarios for which these FDA cleared respirators were not intended to be used. In order to develop the risk assessment model, establishing a correlation between the respirator gaps and aerosol leakage between the face and the respirator is critical. A previous study [3] identified the gaps of N95 surgical respirators for a large population and quantified the aerosol leak using computational fluid dynamics. However, the gap surface area, which is a key parameter required for establishing the gap-aerosol leak correlation, has not been quantified before. In this study, gaps were identified and the gap surface areas were quantified for multiple head-respirator combinations under realistic conditions using imaging coupled with computer-aided design and modeling.
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Donahue, Carly L., Mu’ath Adlouni, Darshil Choksi, Brendan D’Souza, Zachary I. Richards, and R. Kenneth Sims IV. "Image-Based Web Application for Respirator Sizing: Contactless Mask-Fitting During a Pandemic." In 2022 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2022-1033.
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Abstract At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, many hospitals and healthcare institutions lacked an adequate supply of masks and other personal protective equipment. Moreover, protocols that were in place to ensure healthcare workers had appropriately sized masks consumed precious time and resources. Any determination of a user’s correct respirator size demanded an in-person assessment and had the potential to waste multiple respirators. Here we introduce IBARS (Image-based Application for Respirator Sizing), a novel tool which provides respirator size recommendations based on a facial image and basic user demographics. This solution obviates the need for an in-person assessment, providing an accurate size recommendation within seconds. The application has the potential to reduce time-per-worker respirator fitting, reduce overall respirator usage, and increase safety by providing hospitals with a non-contact option for sizing. Furthermore, future applications may assist healthcare institutions optimize supply chains by providing rapid assessments and re-assessments of appropriate respirator sizes used by their workers. Early testing indicated accuracy of 71.3% for the software (N=16), and further testing is underway at Houston Methodist Hospital.
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Deaconescu, Tudor T., Andrea I. Deaconescu, and Ioana G. Petre. "Assistive Rehabilitation Device for the Joints of the Lower Limb." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47179.
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Applying continuous passive rehabilitation movements as part of the recovery program of patients with post-traumatic disabilities of the bearing joints of the inferior limbs requires the development of new high performance equipment. The proposed equipment is designed to be deployed in rehabilitation medical care, its specific objectives being maintenance and recovery of body functions by means of kinetic and orthotic techniques. The paper presents a variant of rehabilitation equipment the novelty of which consists in the utilization of compliant (soft) fluidic actuators of linear type and variable stiffness. The proposed rehabilitation equipment benefits from a cost efficient, simple and robust construction, being easy to use by persons affected by dysfunctions of the bearing joints. The paper presents kinematic, geometrical and dynamic modeling of the proposed rehabilitation equipment, highlighting its advantages compared to equipment endowed with electric-mechanical linkages. Further, the paper presents the actuation diagram of the equipment. Conceived to be actuated by pneumatic muscles the equipment represents an absolute novelty.
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Englund, Richard B., Timothy E. Cooney, and Frank L. Buczek. "Wrist Fracture Cooperative Biomechanics Research Project." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/met-25513.
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Abstract While injuries are common from skating sports, few biomechanics studies have compared fracture rates with and without protective wrist guards. All published testing results have been obtained from cadaveric specimens, generally with substantially axial loading. Loads to failure have been reported for slow loading by universal testing machines, and fracture patterns have been reported from more rapid loading with a pendulum system. An orthopaedic resident at Hamot Medical Center had an interest in in-line skating injuries and proposed to investigate whether wrist guards provided a reduction in the incidence of fractures from skating falls. The project started with the goal of demonstrating the value, or lack thereof, of wrist guards, and ended with simply trying to determine methodology which closely simulates wrist injury arising from a skating fall. The hospital does not have engineering staff in the research department, nor extensive fabrication capabilities, and approached the School of Engineering and Engineering Technology of Penn State at Erie for assistance in design, construction, and data collection for a research project to investigate the efficacy of wrist guards. Assistance in kinematic aspects of falls was sought from the Motion Analysis Laboratory of Shriners Hospitals for Children - Erie. The logistics of a cooperative project between three institutions is the subject of this paper. Initial planning for the project, revisions to the scope of the project, the financial arrangements, equipment design and construction, and data collection practices are described in this paper. Concluding remarks about the resources necessary for cooperative projects between medical schools and Engineering Technology departments are presented.
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Kamp, Sebastian, Tilmann Spitz, Ulf Müller, and Nico Feller. "Ergonomic Engineering of a Mobile Walker." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference (2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001266.
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Due to demographic development and rising problems in cost and resource management in health care and social systems, higher demands with respect to assistance for the elderly in everyday life are to be expected. Especially the need for mobile walker to assist people with developmental differences has risen throughout the years. Against this background, ergonomic product design is used in most parts of the construction of such walkers and their properties. On this basis, much care is taken in designing the man/technology interfaces (MTI) to increase the usability of medical products. Surveys of users have shown that an improvement of MTI of mobile walkers is necessary. This medical equipment allows deriving forces which need to be transmitted by the human hand. The ergonomic design of the walker handles needs to be adapted to the user requirements. In this paper, several problems with conventional handles and the problems such handles cause are discussed. To prove the benefits of adapting the handles to ensure better support, conclusions based on the results from experiments that were carried out are drawn. Increasing the usability by reconstructing the product with a user-oriented geometry and taking ergonomic aspects into consideration is achieved comparatively easily.
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Petrov, Andrei Y., Jeanette B. Berry, and Abdolreza Zaltash. "Commercial Integrated Energy Systems Provide Data That Advance Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14932.
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The Department of Energy (DOE), though Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), has worked in partnership with industry to develop highly-efficient Integrated Energy Systems (IES) that provide combined cooling, heating, and power (CHP). Equipment configurations and performance have been optimized and system construction has been simplified, resulting in lower design and installation costs. Consequently, government-industry partnerships are achieving the goal of promoting replication of these advanced systems. This paper describes and presents data collected during the operation of on-site power generation systems developed and implemented by DOE/ORNL-industry teams: (1) Burns & McDonnell and (2) Honeywell Labs. The Burns & McDonnell IES is operated by Austin Energy, the municipal utility in Austin, Texas. The gas turbine produces 4.5-MW of electricity, and its exhaust drives a 2,500-ton absorption chiller. The featured project implements a modular system design that is being used to construct a medical district utility at Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas-another government-industry project carried out in partnership with Austin Energy. The Honeywell IES at Ft. Bragg, North Carolina, is anchored by 5.7-MW natural-gas turbine that uses turbine exhaust to drive a 1,000-ton absorption chiller and/or an 80,000-lb/h heat recovery steam generator. An optimization software program provides system operators with hour-by-hour information on system costs associated with various operating scenarios. The project developed reference designs for 1.2-5.7 MW turbine-based systems to better communicate options for system design and facilitate feasibility studies. These systems demonstrate the thermal and economic value of "waste heat" by providing space heating and/or cooling with no additional fuel use. Field data confirms that the fuel use efficiency of these combined cooling, heating and power systems approaches 80% based on the higher heating value (HHV) of natural gas.