Academic literature on the topic 'Resource allocation Moral and ethical aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Resource allocation Moral and ethical aspects"
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Del Pilar De Antueno, Maria, Gabriela Peirano, Isabel Pincemin, Maria Isabel Iñigo Petralanda, and Eduardo Bruera. "Bioethical perspective for decision making in situations of scarcity of resources during the COVID-19 pandemic." Medicina e Morale 71, no. 1 (April 14, 2022): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2022.1197.
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Lack of resources available in intensive care units (ICU) during the COVID-19 pandemic requires bioethical guidance to respond to dilemmas presented in health teams. A person-centered ethical analysis (PCEA) for ICU clinicians, becomes the best alternative to morally justify extreme decision-making in the scarcity of available resources. The goal is to make a selection based on bioethical and clinical criteria, considering a holistic view of the person, and not just a utilitarian or first-come, first-served criterion as the one set out by colleagues from Oxford University, known as RAPR (Resource Adjusted Probability Ratio) ethical algorithm for rationing life-sustaining treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this reason, fundamental bioethical principles emphasizing therapeutic proportionality and how to make an appropriate moral judgment that conveys to a sensible decision-making ethically grounded are explained, considering a flow chart proposed by colleagues from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. In this paper we propose the PCEA Algorithm to assist ICU teams in decision making regarding fair resource allocation and care delivery during an overwhelming pandemic scenario.
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Fallucchi, Francesco, Marco Faravelli, and Simone Quercia. "Fair allocation of scarce medical resources in the time of COVID-19: what do people think?" Journal of Medical Ethics 47, no. 1 (October 12, 2020): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106524.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has placed an enormous burden on health systems, and guidelines have been developed to help healthcare practitioners when resource shortage imposes the choice on who to treat. However, little is known on the public perception of these guidelines and the underlying moral principles. Here, we assess on a sample of 1033 American citizens’ moral views and agreement with proposed guidelines. We find substantial heterogeneity in citizens’ moral principles, often not in line with the guidelines recommendations. As the guidelines are likely to directly affect a considerable number of citizens, our results call for policy interventions to inform people on the ethical rationale behind physicians or triage committees decisions to avoid resentment and feelings of unfairness.
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Baxter, Rosario, Ann Long, and David Sines. "The Legal and Ethical Status of Children in Health Care in the UK." Nursing Ethics 5, no. 3 (May 1998): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309800500302.
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Ethical issues about children’s rights in respect of matters concerning resource allocation or treatment opportunities are now a matter for public consumption and concern. Alongside this exists a long-frustrated desire by children’s nurses to promote children’s health. Long-held assumptions about the legal and moral status of children within the health care system in this country are now rightly scrutinized and challenged. Those of us who claim to represent children now possess an opportunity to exploit public attention for the benefit of these children. This article will explore selected major relevant legal and moral concepts that relate to children with the aim of making transparent some of the important and often confusing information available. It is anticipated that debates about the legal and ethical status of children may be stimulated and fuelled from the following discussion. It is strongly recommended that entering into dialogue with families and children about their perceived needs will go a long way towards advancing thoughtful nursing care of individual children, their families and the general population.
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Fan, Ruiping. "Reconstructionist Confucianism and Health Care: An Asian Moral Account of Health Care Resource Allocation." Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 27, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/jmep.27.6.675.13795.
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Rie, Michael A. "The Oregonian ICU: Multi-Tiered Monetarized Morality in Health Insurance Law." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 23, no. 2 (1995): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1995.tb01345.x.
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Resource finitude, cost containment, and a purchaser monopsony market have created public concern-about the moral and legal responsibility for quality assurance in health plans. Resource allocation and standards of care represent a clash of moral values in intensive care treatment. This essay advances a procedural model, based on legislation passed in Oregon, that could govern the incorporation of private sector health insurance plans in Oregon to assure democratic input from consumers, providers, and employers into a limited vision of individual entitlement to consume futile or inappropriate care in intensive care units (ICUs). The model, which I call the Oregonian ICU, presumes that rationing of care is implicit and not publicly disclosed under managed care. It focuses on maximizing the quality of limited benefits available in the basic managed care insurance tier. Limitations to futile and inappropriate care are developed on the basis of morally weighted prognostic scoring systems that inform the creation of negotiated private sector contracts.
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Letov, O. V. "Some issues of biomedical ethics in a pandemic (review)." Philosophy of Science and Technology 26, no. 2 (2021): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-1-158-164.
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The article is an analytical review of English-language articles devoted to modern problems of biomedical ethics. The article considers such ethical categories as respect for the freedom of the patient, paternalism, protection of the patient’s interests, the principle of sustainability, justified allocation of resources, etc. It is noted, in particular, that, according to the principle of equitable distribution of medical resources, everyone receives what they deserve, in accordance with the needs of health and no one is discriminated against because of individual characteristics such as gender, socioeconomic status or age. Under the principle of patient freedom, people have the right to make informed decisions of their own, including with regard to voluntary vaccination programs, and can act according to their norms, desires and beliefs. This review presents articles that, for the first time, consider the ethical aspects of dealing with the consequences of coronavirus infection. In particular, it is indicated that decisions on the priority of vaccination should be based on such principles as: a) equal moral value of each person, b) available knowledge to maximize public health by preventing COVID-19. An open and transparent dialogue with the public is needed to ensure and, in the long term, increase public confidence and justification for the adoption of a vaccination strategy. It should contain information on the current state of knowledge about the vaccine itself and about political decision-making processes, including the underlying ethical arguments.
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Goodwin, Michele. "Vulnerable Subjects: Why Does Informed Consent Matter?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 44, no. 3 (2016): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110516667935.
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This special issue of the Journal Law, Medicine & Ethics takes up the concern of informed consent, particularly in times of controversy. The dominant moral dilemmas that frame traditional bioethical concerns address medical experimentation on vulnerable subjects; physicians assisting their patients in suicide or euthanasia; scarce resource allocation and medical futility; human trials to develop drugs; organ and tissue donation; cloning; xenotransplantation; abortion; human enhancement; mandatory vaccination; and much more. The term “bioethics” provides a lens, language, and guideposts to the study of medical ethics. It is worth noting, however, that medical experimentation is neither new nor exclusive to one country. Authors in this issue address thorny subjects that span borders and patients: from matters dealing with children and vaccination to the language and perception of consent.
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Chen, Donna T., Lois Shepherd, Jordan Taylor, and Mary Faith Marshall. "Who will receive the last ventilator: why COVID-19 policies should not prioritise healthcare workers." Journal of Medical Ethics 47, no. 9 (June 25, 2021): 599–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2021-107248.
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Policies promoted and adopted for allocating ventilators during the COVID-19 pandemic have often prioritised healthcare workers or other essential workers. While the need for such policies has so far been largely averted, renewed stress on health systems from continuing surges, as well as the experience of allocating another scarce resource—vaccination—counsel revisiting the justifications for such prioritisation. Prioritising healthcare workers may have intuitive appeal, but the ethical justifications for doing so and the potential harms that could follow require careful analysis. Ethical justifications commonly offered for healthcare worker prioritisation for ventilators rest on two social value criteria: (1) instrumental value, also known as the ‘multiplier effect’, which may preserve the ability of healthcare workers to help others, and (2) reciprocity, which rewards past usefulness or sacrifice. We argue that these justifications are insufficient to over-ride the common moral commitment to value each person’s life equally. Institutional policies prioritising healthcare workers over other patients also violate other ethical norms of the healthcare professions, including the commitment to put patients first. Furthermore, policy decisions to prioritise healthcare workers for ventilators could engender or deepen existing distrust of the clinicians, hospitals and health systems where those policies exist, even if they are never invoked.
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Battisti, Davide, and Mario Picozzi. "Deciding the Criteria Is Not Enough: Moral Issues to Consider for a Fair Allocation of Scarce ICU Resources." Philosophies 7, no. 5 (August 24, 2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7050092.
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During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, practitioners had to make tragic decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources in the ICU. The Italian debate has paid a lot of attention to identifying the specific regulatory criteria for the allocation of resources in the ICU; in this paper, however, we argue that deciding such criteria is not enough for the implementation of fair and transparent allocative decisions. In this respect, we discuss three ethical issues: (a) in the Italian context, the treating physician, rather than a separate committee, was generally the one responsible for the allocation decision; (b) although many allocative guidelines have supported moral equivalence between withholding and withdrawing treatments, some health professionals have continued to consider it a morally problematic aspect; and (c) the health workers who have had to make the aforementioned decisions or even only worked in ICU during the pandemic often experienced moral distress. We conclude by arguing that, even if these problems are not directly related to the above-mentioned issues of distributive justice, they can nevertheless directly affect the quality and ethics of the implementation of allocative criteria, regardless of those chosen.
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Bissell, Gavin. "Spencer’sPrinciples of Psychologyand the Decline of Utilitarian Premises in British psychology." History & Philosophy of Psychology 10, no. 1 (2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpp.2008.10.1.1.
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Despite the revival of interest in nineteenth century psychology and ethics in Britain during the 1980s, and the current debate around Utilitarian ethics in medicine (Buckle, 2005) and care (Offer, 2004), Utilitarian premises, understood as a psychological theory rather than as a moral philosophy, remain largely dormant in contemporary British Psychology. This is so despite their apparent survival in Behaviourism (Plaud & Vogeltanz, 1994).This article examines aspects of their decline within Victorian psychology, by focussing upon the relatively neglected psychological writings of Herbert Spencer. In doing so, it seeks to make a modest contribution to unravelling the complex changes in the nature of nineteenth-century psychology. In particular it is argued that, whilst some explanations of the decline of Utilitarian premises in the Victorian development of psychology focus upon the later part of the century and cultural or institutional factors, an examination of Spencer’s works at the mid-century supports the view that changes were under way earlier. Whilst several explanations might be offered for this, changes in economic organisation and in the experience of individual agency are highlighted.The relation between Utilitarian psychology and Utilitarian ethics will then be considered. Finally, at this stage it should be possible to comment upon the significance of the marginalization of Utilitarian premises within the development of Victorian psychology for the contemporary debate about health resource allocation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Resource allocation Moral and ethical aspects"
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Hong, Chang-Yu. "The Tension between Technocratic and Social Values in Environmental Decision-making: An'Yang Stream Restoration in South Korea." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3784.
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This dissertation examined the extent to which interests and values of diverse stakeholders were considered through participation-oriented decision-making. It covered the An' Yang Stream restoration case in South Korea, which has been judged a successful stream management endeavor led by public-private partnership governance.
This research utilized a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. It addressed the extent to which the collaborative and participatory decision-making processes incorporated diverse stakeholder values and visions. The relevant data on stream restoration was collected through nominal group technique (NGT), analytic hierarchy process (AHP), semi-structured interviews, observations at collaborative stakeholder meetings and workshops, and documentation review.
My research concluded that integration of all interests was not achieved. These interests might have potentially affected the extent to which stakeholders' values are incorporated or not in participation-oriented collaborative stakeholders' partnerships by utilizing interest-based facilitation techniques, such as joint-fact-finding or principled negotiation. At the same time, my findings expatiate the catalyzing roles of the public media within stream restoration decision-making governance.
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Theletsane, Kula Ishmael. "Developing a conceptual model for transformation at the South African Military Academy : the Ubuntu approach." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18706.
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Thesis (MMil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The initial conceptual framework for transformation proposes the context (why), the content (what), and the process (how) as three dimensions of transformation that are always present. A distinction is made between external and internal triggers of transformation, and information is provided on the challenges posed by, among others, the knowledge society, globalisation, and changing market conditions that require companies to become learning organisations staffed by empowered knowledge workers. Literature study on transformation clearly shows that transformation brings about change. There are different models on transformation and this shows that there are different approaches to transformation. Ubuntu should be introduced as a way forward for the South African Military Academy (SAMA) to deal with transformation issues. Ubuntu is more concern about the wellbeing of the people and their morale during and after transformation has been implemented. Subsequently, a conceptual model for transformation is proposed in which generic elements of the “why”, “what”, and “how” dimensions are included. The SAMA model is developed to fit the scope of a conceptual model, and to be in line with what is generally proposed in the literature for organisations that want to transform in order to become market leaders and enhance long-term goals. Conclusions drawn from the ongoing SAMA transformation process are that its aims and principles are not in line with what appears to be required in creating an innovative learning organisation. With regard to the “how” of transformation, it is found that improvement is still needed to the processes to change attitudes, mindsets, and styles on the part of managers as well as employees that might inhibit empowerment and stifle creativity and innovation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aanvanklike konseptuele raamwerk vir transformasie stel die konteks (waarom), die inhoud (wat) en die proses (hoe) voor as drie dimensies van transformasie wat altyd teenwoordig is. Daar word ‘n onderskeid getref tussen eksterne en interne aanleidende oorsake van transformasie, en inligting word voorsien oor die uitdagings wat voortspruit uit, onder andere, die kennissamelewing, globalisering, en veranderende marktoestande wat vereis dat maatskappye leerorganisasies word met ‘n personeel van bemagtigde kenniswerkers. Uit ‘n literatuurstudie oor transformasie is dit duidelik dat transformasie verandering teweegbring. Daar is verskillende modelle van transformasie en dit toon dat daar uiteenlopende benaderings tot transformasie bestaan. Ubuntu moet ingestel word as ‘n manier waarop die Suid-Afrikaanse Militêre Akademie (SAMA) voortaan transformasie kan hanteer. Ubuntu is meer besorg oor die welstand van die mense en hulle moreel terwyl en nadat transformasie geïmplementeer is. Daar word dus ‘n transformasiemodel voorgestel waarin generiese elemente van die “waarom”-, “wat”- en “hoe”-dimensie ingesluit word. Die SAMA-model word ontwikkel om dieselfde omvang te hê as ‘n konseptuele model, en om ooreen te stem met wat algemeen in die literatuur voorgestel word vir organisasies wat wil transformeer om sodoende markleiers te word en langtermyndoelwitte te bevorder. Gevolgtrekkings wat voortspruit uit die voortgesette SAMA-transformasieproses is dat die doelwitte en beginsels nie ooreenstem met wat skynbaar vereis word om ‘n vernuwende leerorganisasie te skep nie. Ten opsigte van die “hoe” van transformasie, word bevind dat verbetering nodig is voor die prosesse verandering gaan meebring aan houdings, ingesteldhede en styl, by bestuurders sowel as werknemers, wat tans nog bemagtiging beperk en kreatiwiteit en vernuwing onderdruk.
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Tomasson, Kimberley. "Ethical consistency, the Canada Health Act and resource allocation : arguments for a rights-based approach to decision-making." 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/703.
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The purpose of this work is to show the importance of ethical consistency and its
application in the decision-making process when allocating health care resources with
respect to the Canada Health Act. Based on the specific decisions in its history and the
development of its principles, I suggest that the Act can be interpreted as indicating a
particular moral basis and that this could have an influence on how resources are
allocated. I will focus on three claims supporting the argument that services can be
delivered in a consistent and methodical manner that respects this particular moral
foundation. First, the outcomes of decisions justified by simultaneous use of logically
incompatible and distinct moral theories are problematic. I suggest that an approach to
reasoning that uses one type of moral theory throughout the decision-making process
results in less ambiguous outcomes. Second, based on key points in the history of the
Canada Health Act, I believe there is a moral theory, deontological in nature, and that it
captures the spirit behind the Act's development and current formulation. Third,
decision-makers in Canada should follow one deontological theory when allocating
health care resources to avoid inconsistencies, and to work within the moral framework
of the Act as I have interpreted it. A delivery system that consistently follows this
procedure may have different outcomes than the current methods of macro-allocation,
and these differences may have effects on the amount and availability of health care
services.
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Burgers, Johannes Wilhelmus. "Choice by chance : an exploration into the practice and virtues of using lotteries in public choices." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156009.
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Sometimes distributional schemes for scarce goods and public roles include a lottery element. Lottery schemes are seen in a variety of contexts, from the selection of jurors and the conscription of soldiers, to the allocation of educational places and affordable housing. The use of lotteries in our allocative practices provokes two questions. First, what exactly is the practice of allocation by lottery, and how widespread and important is it? Second, under what circumstances and why would it be justifiable to use a lottery in a distributive scheme? The first part of this dissertation - which includes Chapters 1 and 2 - is devoted to answer-ing the first question. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the main applications and most important examples of allocation by lottery. It shows that lottery schemes have been and still are employed in a wide variety of, often very important, public choices. It also emphasizes the great variety in the details of lottery schemes, and their frequently high degree of complexity. Chapter 2 provides a characterization of a lottery, and distinguishes equiprobable from weighted lotteries. It argues that the process employed in any lottery has five main characteristics, and that the process's probabilities might be interpreted in multiple ways. I also introduce a distinction between simple and complex lotteries, and stress that a complex lottery can provide participants with unequal probabilities of success without being weighted. The second part of this dissertation-which includes Chapters 3, 4, 5, and 6 - covers various topics regarding when and why we would want to employ a lottery. Chapter 3 considers what general approach we should take to justifying lotteries. I argue for pluralism in the justification of lotteries: there will be varied and multiple reasons that can justify lotteries in different contexts, and these reasons are often grounded in the interplay between different institutional features. Chapter 4 analyzes what types of distributive procedures might be appropriate when claims to a scarce good are equal. I contend that only certain lottery procedures seem to fully respect equal claimants, because they are fair and meet other relevant standards for treating claimants properly. Additionally, I argue that in many, if not all cases, it would be fairer not to allocate the scarce good at all, rather than to hold a lottery. Chapter 5 entertains the position that a lottery's contribution to fairness plays a main role in its general justifiability. I maintain that this position is only plausible, if the contribution of lotteries to fairness is understood pluralistically and not exclusively related to respecting equal claims. I identify two additional ways of how lotteries might be understood to contribute to fairness. Chapter 6 considers whether inadequate epistemic capacity can ground the claim that all proposals for randomly selected citizen assemblies are epistemically indefensible. I argue that, with the appropriate design, a citizen assembly would at least not have substantially worse epistemic capacity than an elected assembly, and that it may even have more epistemic capacity given its advantage in terms of diversity.
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Felgate, Yendor Reginald. "Assessing ethical competence: the case of human resource management in South Africa." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/26498.
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An Applied Ethics for Professionals Research Report Submitted to the University of the Witwatersrand
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art, 2018The role of Human Resources Management (HRM) can be characterised as “provid[ing] direction as to how an organisation should handle people so that organisation[al] effectiveness and individual satisfaction are maximised” (Trezise, 1996:87). Such a role inevitably creates a number of ethical tensions. If HRM practitioners face difficult ethical challenges in organisations, then it follows that it is important to understand what type of ethical expertise they require to address these challenges. My first aim will be to assess whether prevailing models of ethical expertise are able to conceptualise moral agency and the capacity that is needed to develop such agency in HRM. In this regard, I shall argue that the prevailing models are insufficient for their purposes. My second aim will be to develop a more satisfactory account. I will argue that a broader notion of ethical expertise is required: one, which includes not only virtue but also the process of deliberation and the application of moral agency; which is effectively able to deal with a multitude of situations; and which has a chance of identifying the best alternatives in complex HRM ethical situations. Such an expanded notion of ethical expertise potentially strengthens the ability of HRM practitioners to be more effective as ethical stewards.
XL2019
Books on the topic "Resource allocation Moral and ethical aspects"
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Manga, Pranlal. The allocation of health care resources: Ethical and economic choices, conflicts and compromise. Québec: Commission d'enquête sur les services de santé et les services sociaux, 1987.
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National Symposium on the Philosophy of Free Enterprise (5th 1986-1987 St. Mary's University of San Antonio). Moral wisdom in the allocation of economic resources: Proceedings of the Fifth National Symposium on the Philosophy of Free Enterprise. Edited by Goelz Paul C. 1914- and St. Mary's University (San Antonio, Tex.). San Antonio, Tex: St. Mary's University Press, 1987.
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Frederic, Kilner John, Orr Robert D. 1941-, Shelly Judy Allen, and Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity., eds. The changing face of health care: A Christian appraisal of managed care, resource allocation, and patient-caregiver relationships. Grand Rapids, Mich: William B. Eerdmans Pub., Paternoster Press, 1998.
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The moral economy of AIDS in South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
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Diana, Winstanley, and Woodall Jean 1950-, eds. Ethical issues in contemporary human resource management. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.
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Diana, Winstanley, and Woodall Jean 1950-, eds. Ethical issues in contemporary human resource management. Basingstoke: Macmillan Business, 2000.
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Office, General Accounting. International trade: Intensifying free trade negotiating agenda calls for better allocation of staff and resources : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (441 G St., NW, Room LM, Washington 20548): GAO, [2004], 2004.
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Seven moralities of human resource management. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
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Alternative investments and strategies. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific, 2010.
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Servant leader human resource management: A moral and spiritual perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Resource allocation Moral and ethical aspects"
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Laurie, G. T., S. H. E. Harmon, and E. S. Dove. "12. Health Resources and Dilemmas in Treatment." In Mason and McCall Smith's Law and Medical Ethics, 411–39. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198826217.003.0012.
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This chapter discusses ethical and legal aspects of the global distribution of medical resources; the allocation of national resources; and medical treatment of the individual. It argues that so long as decisions are made taking into account fundamental moral values and principles of equity, impartiality, and fairness, and provided the bases for decision making are flexible in relation to the times, then the underlying system is just and is likely to yield just results.
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"Resource allocation." In Legal and Ethical Aspects of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine, 181–90. Cambridge University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511545580.013.
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Guah, Matthew. "Why Doesn’t Information Systems Vision Exist in the Healthcare Sector?" In Ethical Issues and Security Monitoring Trends in Global Healthcare, 207–17. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-174-4.ch015.
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The nature of healthcare provision has changed dramatically and irreversibly over the past two decades. The focus has shifted from inward-looking supervision of medical care with substantial protection and defensive attitude to globally oriented, patient-centric facilitation of medical care and preventive services. Information technologies are increasingly playing a key role in reforming healthcare globally. How much of this reform addresses the primary goal of healthcare institutions? This chapter questions current expectations that information technology could bring benefits to healthcare sector—for which governments around the world are mandating and increasing investment in IT initiatives. There has been a remarkable expansion of information technology capabilities resulting in many ambitious IT projects in various healthcare institutions. The most sophisticated ones seem to concentrate on relatively simple coordination, resource allocation and documentation aspects of healthcare delivery process. There is little emphasis on the management of treatment process or optimization of resource use because definitive models do not exist for patient treatment processes. The major question being presented for open discussion here is whether these IT projects coincide with the primary goals of healthcare organizations. Is there an overall vision for IT in healthcare? If so, what is it? How does such vision contribute to the primary objectives of healthcare? Finding answers to these questions increases our understanding of current IT initiatives and considers the implications of the organizing vision for further development and diffusion of healthcare IS.
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Aubrey, Thomas. "The Liberal Order and its Utilitarian Foundation." In All Roads Lead To Serfdom, 9–28. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529225280.003.0002.
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Utilitarianism largely underpins the public policy process for both classical and social liberalisms. Its major contribution is that it has provided public policy professionals with an incredibly useful framework to think about societal problems and how they might be solved. In addition, the concept of maximising utility has become embedded in economic theory, which has reinforced a utilitarian policy approach through the provision of quantitative tools to help drive policy decisions. Some economists have noted that grounding public policy in welfare economics is flawed given that decisions are ultimately ethical in nature, which welfare economics does not directly address. Furthermore, utilitarianism has been criticised by numerous economists and philosophers due to its indifference to distributional considerations. Amartya Sen has also argued that it is an illiberal philosophy, and that an alternative approach ought to focus on capabilities. Following Sen, public policy professionals have started to measure different aspects of social and economic activity, however, these approaches have not yet developed a method of resolving conflicting claims to resource allocation.