Journal articles on the topic 'Resonator frequency'
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1
Oliinyk, O. Yu. "VIBRATION FREQUENCY DENSITY CONTROL METHOD IN VIBRATION CONDITIONS." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 2(43) (December 24, 2019): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2019-2(43)-41-47.
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The use of existing vibration frequency measuring instruments for monitoring technological parameters inside apparatus and equipment is limited due to the presence of vibrations and industrial noise. The lack of data on the use of part of the technological apparatus as flow resonators through the unexplored basic analytical equations for determining the amplitude-frequency characteristics of such resonators determined the direction of these studies. The article is devoted to studies aimed at establishing the relationship between the vibrational field of the resonator, which is used as part of the technological apparatus with a controlled environment, and its reaction in the form of a change in the frequency or amplitude of the resonator’s own vibrations, which carries information about the properties of the substance in the apparatus. The experimental setup diagram, experimental methodology, and data on determining the oscillation frequency of the resonator under vibration conditions for metallic (corrosion-resistant steel) and non-metallic (organic glass) resonators are presented. The curves obtained from the experimental values were approximated using linear and hyperbolic approximations. It was found that the use of hyperbolic approximation reduces the average approximation error by more than six times. It was found that the error of the hyperbolic approximation error does not exceed 0.022% for a metal resonator and 0.05% for an organic glass resonator. The conducted experimental studies confirm the presence of a determinate coupling of the measured frequency characteristics of the resonator with the density, which was measured inside the equipment. The obtained data was used to develop the scientific and methodological foundations of the vibrational frequency control method in conditions of vibration using a part of the device as a resonator of the vibrational frequency sensor.
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Morozov, Andrey K. "Underwater low frequency Helmholtz bubble resonator." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016046.
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Low-frequency sound sources have found application in oceanology and geoacoustic methods of remote sensing. An underwater low-frequency sound source with a pneumatically driven bubble resonator covered with an elastic membrane effectively provides a very high source level. However, it has a narrow bandwidth, and its resonant frequency is difficult to change without changing the size of the original system. Internal acoustic resonators included in a bubble filled with gas can change the frequency response of the entire source and expand its bandwidth. Internal resonant systems can be designed so that the bubble resonator can be tuned over a wide frequency range. Other systems may add one or more internal resonances and spread the emitted spectrum over a very wide frequency band. It is possible to consider various multipole resonant systems in combination with an underwater bubble. A simple and efficient system consists of a bubble resonator and an internal Helmholtz resonator. The addition of a Helmholtz resonator converts the single resonant bubble into a double resonant system and extends its bandwidth. The theory of the underwater bubble Helmholtz resonator and various applications of these resonators for practical systems are considered. The results of the experimental verification are discussed.
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Sun, You Bin, Wen Jie Tian, Qing Jiang Zhao, and Bai Yang Lan. "The Design of AT-Cut Multiple-Electrode Quartz Crystal Resonator and the Research of its Oscillation Stability and Force-Frequency Property." Applied Mechanics and Materials 252 (December 2012): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.252.77.
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According to the oscillation characteristics of the quartz crystal resonator and the relationship between its force sensitive property and stress distribution on crystal plate, the single-base multiple-electrode quartz crystal resonator is designed. The oscillation stability of the resonator with this structure is tested by using crystal frequency stability tester. The force-frequency property of the resonators formed by electrodes on different positions of the new structure crystal plate is studied by adding radial force on it. The experimental results show that when the new structure quartz crystal resonator works driven by integrated chip, its oscillation frequency stability can reach 10-8, with the electrode thickness increasing, the oscillation stability of the resonators improves. The force-frequency property of the resonator on the different position of the same crystal plate is different, and the force-frequency coefficient has an obvious difference. The total force-frequency coefficient of the newly designed single-base three-electrode quartz crystal resonator can reach 338.8Hz/N by using mix frequency process.
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Reddi, Chintapalli VSN, and Chandramouli Padmanabhan. "Design relation and end correction formula for multi-orifice Helmholtz resonators with intrusions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 230, no. 6 (November 8, 2015): 939–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215616147.
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Helmholtz resonators are used to control low-frequency noise in cavities. One of the ways to reduce the resonance frequency of a resonator without changing its volume is to introduce an intrusion. Similarly, the introduction of multiple orifices can increase the resonance frequency without changing the resonator volume. These features provide an ability to accommodate slight changes in the cavity/enclosure frequencies during the design process. However, one has to rely on extensive three-dimensional finite element or boundary element simulations to predict the resonator characteristics with the introduction of these features. To reduce the computational burden, a design relation, between the first resonance frequency of a single orifice intruded resonator with that of a multi-orifice intruded resonator, is proposed in this paper. In developing this design relation, the total cross-sectional area of the resonator with multiple orifices is the same as that of the single orifice resonator. It is shown that this design relation is independent of the shape/size of the orifices and resonator cavity. Using this relation, a new end correction formula for the orifice lengths of multi-orifice intruded resonators has been proposed. The end correction formula can be used to calculate the reactance of multi-orifice intruded Helmholtz resonators analytically. These expressions are derived by carrying out extensive simulations of the resonators using the boundary element method. Limited experiments have been carried out to validate the proposed approach. The use of these expressions will reduce the computational cost of simulating cavities embedded with resonators as one can avoid modeling the resonators and use impedance boundary conditions instead.
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Pillarisetti, Lalith Sai Srinivas, Cliff J. Lissenden, and Parisa Shokouhi. "Understanding the role of resonances and anti-resonances in shaping surface-wave bandgaps for metasurfaces." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 16 (October 28, 2022): 164901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093083.
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An array of surface-mounted prismatic resonators in the path of Rayleigh wave propagation generates two distinct types of surface-wave bandgaps: longitudinal and flexural-resonance bandgaps, resulting from the hybridization of the Rayleigh wave with the longitudinal and flexural resonances of the resonators, respectively. Longitudinal-resonance bandgaps are broad with asymmetric transmission drops, whereas flexural-resonance bandgaps are narrow with nearly symmetric transmission drops. In this paper, we illuminate these observations by investigating the resonances and anti-resonances of the resonator. With an understanding of how the Rayleigh wave interacts with different boundary conditions, we investigate the clamping conditions imposed by prismatic resonators due to the resonator’s resonances and anti-resonances and interpret the resulting transmission spectra. We demonstrate that, in the case of a single resonator, only the resonator’s longitudinal and flexural resonances are responsible for suppressing Rayleigh waves. In contrast, for a resonator array, both the resonances and the anti-resonances of the resonators contribute to the formation of the longitudinal-resonance bandgaps, unlike the flexural-resonance bandgaps where only the flexural resonances play a role. We also provide an explanation for the observed asymmetry in the transmission drop within the longitudinal-resonance bandgaps by assessing the clamping conditions imposed by the resonators. Finally, we evaluate the transmission characteristics of resonator arrays at the anti-resonance frequencies by varying a few key geometric parameters of the unit cell. These findings provide the conceptual understanding required to design optimized resonators based on matching anti-resonance frequencies with the incident Rayleigh wave frequency in order to achieve enhanced Rayleigh wave suppression.
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Yeo, Junho, Jong-Ig Lee, and Younghwan Kwon. "Humidity-Sensing Chipless RFID Tag with Enhanced Sensitivity Using an Interdigital Capacitor Structure." Sensors 21, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 6550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196550.
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An eight-bit chipless radio frequency identification tag providing humidity sensing and identification information is proposed. A compact, enhanced-sensitivity resonator based on an interdigital capacitor (IDC) structure is designed for humidity sensing, whereas seven electric-field-coupled inductor capacitor (ELC) resonators are used for identification information. These eight resonators are placed in a two-by-four array arrangement. A step-by-step investigation for the effect of varying the number of elements and array configuration on the resonant frequency and radar cross-section (RCS) magnitude of the IDC resonator is conducted. The RCS value of the resonant peak frequency for the IDC resonator increases as the number of array elements placed nearby increases due to the mutual coupling among the elements, and the increase in the RCS value becomes larger as the number of arrays increases in the vertical direction. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is coated on the IDC-based resonator at a thickness of 0.02 mm. A non-reflective temperature and humidity chamber is fabricated using Styrofoam, and the relative humidity (RH) is varied from 50% to 80% in 10% intervals at 25 °C in order to measure a bistatic RCS of the proposed tag. The humidity sensing performance of the IDC resonator in the proposed tag is measured by the shift in the resonant peak frequency and the RCS value, and is compared with a single ELC resonator. Experiment results show that when RH increased from 50% to 80%, the sensitivities of both the resonant peak frequency and the RCS value of the IDC resonator were better than those of the ELC resonator. The variation in the RCS value is much larger compared to the resonant peak frequency for both IDC and ELC resonators. In addition, the resonant peak frequency and RCS value of the PVA-coated IDC-based resonator change, whereas those of the other seven resonators without a PVA coating do not change.
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Stachiv and Gan. "Hybrid Shape Memory Alloy-Based Nanomechanical Resonators for Ultrathin Film Elastic Properties Determination and Heavy Mass Spectrometry." Materials 12, no. 21 (October 31, 2019): 3593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213593.
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Micro-/nanomechanical resonators are often used in material science to measure the elastic properties of ultrathin films or mass spectrometry to estimate the mass of various chemical and biological molecules. Measurements with these sensors utilize changes in the resonant frequency of the resonator exposed to an investigated quantity. Their sensitivities are, therefore, determined by the resonant frequency. The higher resonant frequency and, correspondingly, higher quality factor (Q-factor) yield higher sensitivity. In solution, the resonant frequency (Q-factor) decreases causing a significant lowering of the achievable sensitivity. Hence, the nanomechanical resonator-based sensors mainly operate in a vacuum. Identification by nanomechanical resonator also requires an additional reference measurement on the identical unloaded resonator making experiments, due to limiting achievable accuracies in current nanofabrication processes, yet challenging. In addition, the mass spectrometry by nanomechanical resonator can be routinely performed for light analytes (i.e., analyte is modelled as a point particle). For heavy analytes such as bacteria clumps neglecting their stiffness result in a significant underestimation of determined mass values. In this work, we demonstrate the extraordinary capability of hybrid shape memory alloy (SMA)-based nanomechanical resonators to i) notably tune the resonant frequencies and improve Q-factor of the resonator immersed in fluid, ii) determine the Young’s (shear) modulus of prepared ultrathin film only from frequency response of the resonator with sputtered film, and iii) perform heavy analyte mass spectrometry by monitoring shift in frequency of just a single vibrational mode. The procedures required to estimate the Young’s (shear) modulus of ultrathin film and the heavy analyte mass from observed changes in the resonant frequency caused by a phase transformation in SMA are developed and, afterward, validated using numerical simulations. The present results demonstrate the outstanding potential and capability of high frequency operating hybrid SMA-based nanomechanical resonators in sensing applications that can be rarely achieved by current nanomechanical resonator-based sensors.
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Basu, Joydeep, and Tarun K. Bhattacharyya. "Microelectromechanical system cantilever-based frequency doublers." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 24, no. 2 (October 9, 2012): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x12461695.
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Microelectromechanical system based on-chip resonators offer great potential for high-frequency signal processing circuits such as reference oscillators and filters. This is due to their exceptional features such as small size, large frequency–quality factor product, integrability with CMOS integrated circuits, low power consumption, low-cost batch fabrication, and so on. A capacitively transduced cantilever beam resonator is one such popular microelectromechanical resonator topology. In this article, the inherent square-law nonlinearity of the voltage-to-force transfer function of a cantilever resonator’s capacitive transducer has been employed for the realization of frequency doubling effect. Using this concept, frequency doubling of input signals of 500 kHz to1 MHz and 227.5 kHz to 455 kHz have been experimentally demonstrated for two cantilever beams of length 51.75 and 76.75 µm, respectively. The microelectromechanical system cantilevers have been fabricated with polysilicon using the PolyMUMPs surface micromachining process, and their testing has been performed using laser Doppler vibrometry. The test results obtained are in reasonable compliance with the analytical and CoventorWare finite element simulation results. The high efficiency demonstrated by the cantilever frequency doubler makes it a promising choice for signal generation at high frequencies.
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Al-Turk, Maher O., Sajid Ali, and Muhammad A. Hawwa. "Characterization of a Dual Nonlinear Helmholtz Resonator." Micromachines 13, no. 11 (November 20, 2022): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13112032.
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Resonant elements can generate small amounts of energy that make them pertinent for feeding miniaturized accelerometers with the energy needed. Suitable oscillator candidates are Helmholtz resonators, which have been, for a long time, analyzed and designed within the context of linear vibration. This study focuses on extracting nonlinear characteristics of a dual Helmholtz resonator (HR), with a neck-cavity–neck-cavity configuration, mounted on an acoustic waveguide with harmonically oscillating pressure. The mathematical model used for describing the resonator embraces inherent nonlinear air stiffness and the damping nonlinearity of hydrodynamic origin. Numerical solutions for the resonator’s nonlinear oscillations are obtained. Bifurcation diagrams are produced, indicating that the dual HR behaves in a deterministic fashion within the engineering practical limits. Phase portraits are drawn for the system, showing a quasi-periodic motion. Frequency response curves (FRC) are found to shift to the left at the lower resonant frequency indicating a softening behavior. FRC keep generally symmetric curves at the higher resonant frequency indicating a mostly linear behavior.
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Feng, Chuang, Jie Yang, and Liao Liang Ke. "Nonlinear Vibration Analysis of a Dielectric Elastomer Based Microbeam Resonator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 846 (July 2016): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.846.188.
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Dynamic characteristics of a dielectric elastomer based micro beam resonator are investigated by taking into consideration of squeeze-film damping, large deformation and electrical voltage. The analysis shows that the resonant frequency of the resonator can be tuned through changing applied electrical voltage. It is observed that the natural frequency of the resonator increases with the increase of the vibration amplitude. In addition, the ambient pressure can significantly alter the resonant frequency of the resonator. The analysis is envisaged to provide qualitative predictions and guidelines for design and application of DE-based micro resonators.
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Egorov, V. N., E. Yu Tokareva, and Le Quang Tuyen. "The measurement of inner sizes of VHF cavity resonators." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 10 (2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-10-65-72.
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The measurement of inner sizes of VHF cavity resonators and simple shapes cavities with conducting walls by using resonant frequency spectrum of its electromagnetic oscillations is considered. The differences between eigenfrequencies and resonant frequencies for resonator with perfect conducting walls and real resonator with impedance walls have been specified. The type of function for resonant amplitude-frequency characteristic of real resonators is discussing. The measurement results of inner diameter and length of cavity resonators from primary national standard GET 110-2012 are presented.
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Girbau, David, Antonio Lázaro, Albert Pérez, Esther Martínez, Lluís Pradell, and Ramón Villarino. "Tunable dual-band resonators for communication systems." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 2, no. 3-4 (June 9, 2010): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175907871000036x.
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This paper proposes the design of tunable dual-band resonators for multi-band multi-standard systems. The main objective is to provide frequency tunability in the second resonance while maintaining the first resonance fixed. To this end, two tunable resonators are proposed: the capacitive-loaded stepped-impedance resonator and the capacitive-loaded hole resonator. The work is divided into two main parts. In the first part, an in-depth analysis of the capacitive-loaded stepped-impedance resonator (SIR) structure is done; it provides analytical closed-form design equations that ease the resonator design in contrast to the several approaches available in the literature to date. The analysis is also particularized to the case of the capacitive-loaded constant-section resonator and extended to the capacitive-loaded hole resonator. In addition, a study of the quality factor in capacitively tuned SIRs is also provided. In the second part, resonators are integrated in three dual-band tunable filters, one based on the capacitive-loaded constant-section resonator, another one on the capacitive-loaded SIR, and finally on the capacitive-loaded hole resonator. Two of these filters demonstrate operation in wireless local-area network frequency bands, with a fixed first band at 2.45 GHz and a second band which can be tuned between 5.75 and 5.25 GHz.
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Higuchi, Eisuke, Hiroshi Yabuno, Yasuyuki Yamamoto, and Sohei Matsumoto. "Experimental amplitude and frequency control of a self-excited microcantilever by linear and nonlinear feedback." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 32, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 034001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ac4643.
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Abstract It is well known that the micro scale deviations of mechanical properties of a sample can be detected by measurement methods that use microcantilever as resonators. Those methods use the natural frequency shift of a resonator, thus we need to recognize the frequency shift caused by the effects of a sample on a resonator with high sensitivity and accuracy. Experimental approaches based on self-excited oscillation enable the detection of these shifts even when the resonator is immersed in a high-viscosity environment. In the present study, we experimentally and theoretically investigate the nonlinear characteristics of a microcantilever resonator and their control by nonlinear feedback. We show that the steady-state response amplitude and the corresponding response frequency can be controlled by cubic nonlinear velocity feedback and cubic nonlinear displacement feedback, respectively. Furthermore, the amplitude and frequency of the steady-state self-excited oscillation can be controlled separately. These results will expand application of measurement methods that use self-excited resonators.
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Kopytko, Yuliia, Vitaliy Zaets, Sergey Naida, Vitaliy Didkovskyi, and Anastasiia Damarad. "RESEARCH OF THE RESONANCE PROPERTIES OF HELMHOLTZ RESONATORS." ScienceRise 4 (August 31, 2020): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2020.001389.
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The object of research. Process of oscillation of the Helmholtz resonators. Investigated problem. Differences between some formulas for the calculation of the resonant frequency of the Helmholtz resonator and the most accurate of them were established. The effect of acoustic design on the Helmholtz resonator frequency value and influence of the attached air mass between the neck of the Helmholtz resonator and free field were investigated. The main scientific results. As a result of a numerical experiment, analytical ratios were obtained that allow obtaining the most accurate results. One of them is the most optimal for calculating the resonator resonant frequency in a free field, and in this case, less than 1 % inaccuracy level can be achieved, given that r/R<0.25. Other one allows to achieve the same low inaccuracy level for a resonator located in an acoustically rigid shield, given that r/R<0.25. Research has shown that the location of the resonator in an acoustically rigid shield leads to significant changes in natural resonance frequency value. The area of practical use of the research results. The detailed research of previously unexplored properties of resonators will make it possible to improve the algorithms for the development of metamaterials, to discover additional parameters with which it is possible to control the characteristics of the metamaterial. Scope of the innovative technological product. Such resonators are used as the basic elements in metamaterials, as structural elements of the sound-absorbing panels, in acoustic mufflers.
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Hałgas, Stanisław. "Singly split single ring resonator: Fitting of lumped-element circuit model parameters and some aspects of resonator analysis and design." AIP Advances 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 085213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097371.
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In this article, a method is proposed to accurately estimate the fundamental resonance frequency of a singly split single resonator based on an equivalent circuit model. A database of several hundred resonators with resonance frequencies from 300 GHz to 1 THz was considered, and their fundamental resonance frequencies were determined using COMSOL software. Dependencies known from the literature that define the parameters of a circuit model of this resonator have been verified, and it has been shown that for planar resonators considered in this paper, these dependencies may lead to large errors. Different relationships defining resonator inductance and gap and surface capacitances were compared. It is shown that the use of Palmer’s formula is necessary for the correct determination of the gap capacitance. A formula for determining the surface capacitance is proposed. It has been optimized by introducing one parameter. As a result, an equation allowing for the precise determination of the resonance frequency of planar resonators was obtained. Next, statistical tests were performed and statistical measures were determined to describe the study sample. For the planar resistors in the considered dataset, the maximum relative percentage error in determining the resonant frequency was 4.25%, and the mean and median errors were about 1%. For the planar resonators not included in the dataset with a fundamental resonant frequency in the 1 GHz–5 THz range, a maximum error of 3.82% and a median error of less than 1.5% were obtained. In addition, the differential sensitivity was found to identify the local effect of changing resonator dimensions on the resonant frequency. A numerical method was also developed to size the resonator to the required resonant frequency.
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Tao, Yunfeng, Yao Pan, Shilong Jin, Yonglei Jia, Kaiyong Yang, and Hui Luo. "Trimming of Imperfect Cylindrical Fused Silica Resonators by Chemical Etching." Sensors 19, no. 16 (August 18, 2019): 3596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163596.
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The cylindrical resonator gyroscope (CRG) is a kind of solid-state gyroscope with a wide application market. The cylindrical resonator is the key component of CRG, whose quality factor and symmetry will directly affect the performance of the gyroscope. Due to the material properties and fabrication limitations, the actual resonator always has some defects. Therefore, frequency trimming, i.e., altering the local mass or stiffness distribution by certain methods, is needed to improve the overall symmetry of the resonator. In this paper, we made further derivation based on the chemical trimming theory proposed by Basarab et al. We built up the relation between the frequency split and the balanced mass to determine the mass to be removed. Chemical trimming experiments were conducted on three cylindrical fused silica resonators. The frequency splits of the three resonators were around 0.05 Hz after chemical trimming. The relation between frequency split and balanced mass established from experimental data was consistent with the theoretical calculation. Therefore, frequency split can be reduced to lower than 0.05 Hz under rigorous theoretical calculation and optimized chemical trimming parameters.
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Hayati, M., M. Najafi, F. Shama, and S. Zarghami. "Microstrip Lowpass Filter with Ultra-Wide Stopband Using Folded Structures." Frequenz 73, no. 5-6 (May 27, 2019): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2018-0237.
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Abstract In this article, a new microstrip lowpass filter with ultra-wide stopband using T-shaped resonators and folded structures is described. The structure of this filter is very simple, so that only a T-shaped resonator is used as main resonator without any particular changes in these resonators. The designed T-shaped main resonator has a −3 dB cut-off frequency of 1.4 GHz. On the other hand, T-shaped resonators with low base length are utilized as suppressing cells. To provide an ultra-wide stopband, two pair of T-shaped resonator and two high frequency suppressing cells are employed. The structure of this filter is folded to have compact size. The measured results shows −3 dB cut-off frequency of 1.4 GHz. The transition band is equal to 0.25 GHz from 1.4 to 1.65 GHz, with corresponding attenuation levels of −3 to −20 dB. The ultra-wide stopband with −22 dB suppression level is from 1.68 to 40 GHz. Also, the total size of the proposed lowpass filter is 16.8×11.3 mm2.
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Tian, Wen Jie, You Bin Sun, Hong Yun Zhou, and Gui Feng Dong. "Research on Character of Integrated Quartz Crystal Resonators." Advanced Materials Research 382 (November 2011): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.382.159.
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The force sensitive characteristic of integrated quartz crystal resonator assembled on one quartz crystal substrate with a certain radial direction force are studied, and it is also studied that the force sensitive characteristic of output frequency which is the mixing frequency by resonant frequency corresponded to the resonators in the different position of the same quartz crystal wafer outputted in difference frequency way. The research result shows the force sensitive characteristic of AT-cut integrated three-electrode quartz crystal resonator outputted in difference frequency way is 1.3 times of that of the traditional single-electrode resonator. The force sensitive characteristic of the integrated four-electrode resonator is a little bit smaller, but two sets of output can be obtained at the same time. The frequency stability of all integrated quartz resonator can get to the magnitude of 10-10 and relative frequency variation is about ±5ppm in the range of -50°C to 60°C.
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Tian, Wen Jie, Hong Yun Zhou, You Bin Sun, and Gui Feng Dong. "Stress-Frequency Character of AT-Cut Thin Circular Multi-Electrode Quartz Resonators." Advanced Materials Research 382 (November 2011): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.382.153.
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Stress distribution of the thin circular quartz crystal has been analyzed by ANSYS finite element simulation when subjected to radial force. A quartz crystal resonator with same base and different electrode is designed. When putting on the radial force, we research the force sensitive nature of this resonator and its relationship with the force azimuth. The results show that, It is closely to the resonator structure and the force position, that the force sensitive character of quartz resonator with same crystal and different position. Selecting the appropriate force position, we can receive greater diversity of force sensitivity. The output using difference frequency between the different resonators can suppress interference factors. Making the difference frequency signal as a superposition of complex processing can enhance this resonator overall force sensitive. With the difference frequency and signaling complex, the force-frequency conversion coefficient of this resonator is up to 500Hz / N.
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Radonic, Vasa, and Vesna Crnojevic-Bengin. "Compact left-handed dual-band filters based on shundted stub resonators." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 32, no. 4 (2019): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1904571r.
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In this paper, super-compact microstrip dual-band resonator is presented, designed using the superposition of two simple left-handed (LH) resonators with single shunt stub. The proposed resonator exhibits spurious response in wide frequency range and therefore allows construction of dual-band filters using the superposition principle. The equivalent circuit model of the proposed resonator is crated and the influence of different geometrical parameters to the performances of the resonator are analyzed in details. As an examples, two dual-band filters that operate simultaneously at the WiMAX frequency bands are designed.
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Jin, Jun, Ningdong Hu, Lamin Zhan, Xiaohong Wang, Zenglei Zhang, and Hongping Hu. "Design of GHz Mechanical Nanoresonator with High Q-Factor Based on Optomechanical System." Micromachines 13, no. 11 (October 30, 2022): 1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13111862.
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Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) have dominated the interests of the industry due to its microminiaturization and high frequency for the past few decades. With the rapid development of various radio frequency (RF) systems, such as 5G mobile telecommunications, satellite, and other wireless communication, this research has focused on a high frequency resonator with high quality. However, the resonator based on an inverse piezoelectric effect has met with a bottleneck in high frequency because of the low quality factor. Here, we propose a resonator based on optomechanical interaction (i.e., acoustic-optic coupling). A picosecond laser can excite resonance by radiation pressure. The design idea and the optimization of the resonator are given. Finally, with comprehensive consideration of mechanical losses at room temperature, the resonator can reach a high Q-factor of 1.17 × 104 when operating at 5.69 GHz. This work provides a new concept in the design of NEMS mechanical resonators with a large frequency and high Q-factor.
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Sigmarsson, Hjalti H., Evan Binkerd, Jeff Maas, Juseop Lee, Dimitrios Peroulis, and William J. Chappell. "Practical Implementation of Frequency Monitoring for Widely Tunable Bandpass Filters." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2010, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 000874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2010-tha4-paper1.
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In the present work, a practical method to integrate sensing mechanisms into widely tunable evanescent-mode cavity resonators for tracking the center frequency is introduced. This mechanism allows for in-situ monitoring and outputs a signal that can be used to generate a closed loop feedback that can be used to lock in the center frequency of the resonator. The major benefit of this mechanism is that the performance of a resonator is not sacrificed since the higher order differential mode used for monitoring is orthogonal to the fundamental mode of the resonator. The resonator is created inside a standard printed circuit board using 3-dimensional laser patterning to allow the existence of the differential mode. An example resonator is fabricated to demonstrate the concept and tuned from 3.62 to 6.85 GHz. The differential mode was monitored to be at a frequency 1.8 times higher than the common mode. The unloaded quality factor of the resonator is extracted from measurements to verify that the sensing mechanism does not induce any additional losses. Continuous feedback is a crucial step towards a robust fielded widely tunable filter.
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Long, T., M. J. Brennan, and S. J. Elliott. "Design of smart machinery installations to reduce transmitted vibrations by adaptive modification of internal forces." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 212, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0959651981539415.
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There is a requirement to isolate machinery from their surroundings to reduce the transmission of noise and vibration. Reducing the input disturbance of a system can reduce vibration levels, but this is not always a feasible option. One of the simplest ways to overcome these problems is to retrofit a vibration attenuation device. The method used for vibration isolation discussed in this paper is semi-active control and involves using tunable resonators at the mounting positions. These resonators operate by continually adjusting their characteristics such that a large force is generated, achieving vibration attenuation over a range of varying operating conditions. In this paper, the resonators are tuned such that the natural frequency of the resonator is equal to the excitation frequency. Open-loop control is used to roughly tune the resonator, with a precise algorithm changing the characteristics of the resonator such that the host structure and resonator are in quadrature. Using multiple resonators increases the complexity of the system as interaction is possible between the resonators. The interaction between well-coupled resonators is modelled and examined experimentally. A simple control algorithm is developed and implemented which demonstrates that the resonators can be tuned independently, irrespective of the dynamic coupling between them.
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Zhang, Shao Jun, Yue Ming Liu, and Xiao Hong Huangfu. "Mechanism and Simulation of Bi-Layered Micro Optical Fiber Resonator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.841.
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Micro-resonators could be fabricated directly on the optical fiber top by micro mechanical process. The micro optical fiber resonator has more great advantages comparing with the traditional optical excited micro silicon resonators, such as being optically positioned easily between the resonator and the optical fiber end. By this way, the optical excited light through the fiber core is thus put on the micro resonator accurately and then partially reflected by the Fabry-Perot interferometer formed between fiber top and resonator surface. The reflected light from F-P interferometer was sent to the opto-electric detector PIN to demodulate the detected parameter. A matched metal layer can be deposited atop of the resonator in order to increase the optical excitation efficiency. Firstly mechanism analysis of optical excited bi-layered resonator is given by fully considering Longitudinal thermal strain effect and Bi-coating effect, and then the typical theoretical models were setup including the resonating frequency and resonant amplitude, and temperature sensing feature was simulated by computer software. The simulation results indicated that the average frequency sensitivity of temperature sensing is about 29Hz/°C.
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Stanovov, Vladimir V., Sergey A. Khodenkov, Aleksey M. Popov, and Lev A. Kazakovtsev. "The Automatic Design of Multimode Resonator Topology with Evolutionary Algorithms." Sensors 22, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051961.
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Microwave electromagnetic devices have been used for many applications in tropospheric communication, navigation, radar systems, and measurement. The development of the signal preprocessing units including frequency-selective devices (bandpass filters) determines the reliability and usability of such systems. In wireless sensor network nodes, filters with microstrip resonators are widely used to improve the out-of-band suppression and frequency selectivity. Filters based on multimode microstrip resonators have an order that determines their frequency-selective properties, which is a multiple of the number of resonators. That enables us to reduce the size of systems without deteriorating their selective properties. Various microstrip multimode resonator topologies can be used for both filters and microwave sensors, however, the quality criteria for them may differ. The development of every resonator topology is time consuming. We propose a technique for the automatic generation of the resonator topology with required frequency characteristics based on the use of evolutionary algorithms. The topology is encoded into a set of real valued parameters, which are varied to achieve the desired features. The differential evolution algorithm and the genetic algorithm with simulated binary crossover and polynomial mutation are applied to solve the formulated problem using the dynamic penalties method. The experimental results show that our technique enables us to find microstrip resonator topologies with desired amplitude-frequency characteristics automatically, and manufactured devices demonstrate characteristics very close to the results of the algorithm. The proposed algorithmic approach may be used for automatically exploring the new perspective topologies of resonators used in microwave filters, radar antennas or sensors, in accordance with the defined criteria and constraints.
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Ramakrishnan, N., Harshal B. Nemade, and Roy Paily Palathinkal. "Investigation on Resonance Effects of Closely Resonating Nano-Pillars Attached to SAW Resonator." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 1183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.1183.
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Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors form an important class of micro sensors in the microelecto mechanical systems (MEMS) family. Mass loading effect of a sensing medium is one of the prime sensing principles in SAW sensors. Recently we reported mass loading effect of high aspect ratio nano-pillars attached to a SAW resonator. We observed increase in resonance frequency of the SAW resonator in addition to the general mass loading characteristics. We concluded that when the resonance frequency of the pillar is equal to the SAW resonator frequency, the resonance frequency shift caused by mass loading of pillar tends to a negligible value. When such resonating pillars are used as sensing medium in SAW sensors, even a very small change in the dimension of the pillar will offer significant resonance frequency shift. Accordingly, high sensitive SAW sensors can be developed. However in practice it’s quite difficult to manufacture nano-pillars with accurate dimensions such that they resonate with SAW resonator. There is more probability that the pillars may closely resonate with SAW device and offer mass loading. In the present work we have extended our earlier work and performed finite element method (FEM) simulation to study the insight physics of the closely resonating pillars and their effects on acoustic wave propagating on SAW substrate. In this paper we present the discussion on the resonance effects of typical closely resonating pillars on resonance frequency spectrum of the SAW resonator and observations in the pressure wave at the contact surface of the pillar and SAW resonator substrate. It is observed that when the nano-pillars closely resonate with SAW resonator, the pillar oscillations combine with waves propagating in the substrate and introduce beat frequencies. The results and discussion of this paper adds additional information in designing SAW based coupled resonating systems.
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Li, Shaoliang, Hao Yang, Wanliang Zhao, Rui Qu, Jie Duan, Yijie Rong, Xin Jin, and Chaojiang Li. "Research on the Time-Domain Measurement Method of Low-Frequency Splitting for Hemispherical Resonator." Journal of Sensors 2021 (May 6, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5559288.
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The measurement of resonator’s frequency splitting is a critical issue in vibratory gyroscopes, which would be elaborately treated in practical applications. The high-precision measurement of frequency splitting plays a significant role in frequency tuning control. A novel time-domain method of frequency splitting measurement for hemispherical resonator based on the standing wave swing effect was proposed. The frequency splitting value of the resonator can be directly obtained by taking the reciprocal of the one cycle time of standing wave swings, rather than through the frequency difference between two resonant modes. To begin with, the method was analyzed theoretically, and the measurement resolution and accuracy of the method were researched in detail. Simulation and experimental results showed that the frequency splitting value can be effectively obtained by measuring the period of the standing wave swings, improving the fine measurement resolution and high accuracy. The frequency splitting of lower than 0.007 Hz has to be effectively obtained in the experiment. It is found that the measurement error is a small proportional part of frequency splitting value, so the measurement accuracy is very high when the frequency splitting is very low. Therefore, this time-domain method would contribute to the measurement of ultralow-frequency splitting for high-Q resonators.
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Rajni, Rajni, Gurwinder Singh, and Anupma Marwaha. "Modeling of Split Ring Resonators loaded microstrip line with different orientations." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 5, no. 6 (November 1, 2015): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v5i6.pp1363-1371.
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<p>This paper presents the different circuit approaches of the electric and magnetic interaction of Single Split Ring Resonator (SRR) loaded microstrip line. We loaded the microstrip line with planar square split ring resonator in different configurations and orientations. The modeling behavior of metamaterials-based microstrip lines loaded with single and two-mirrored split ring resonators is analyzed numerically in two orientations (with gap of SRR parallel and perpendicular to the line). The full wave simulations are performed for the single and two-mirrored split ring resonators loaded microstrip inside a waveguide with ‘High Frequency Structure Simulator’ software.<strong> </strong>The equivalent circuit parameters are obtained for the single split ring resonator loaded with microstrip line with the gap parallel and near to the line from transmission line theory that make use of just the resonance frequency and minimum of the reflection coefficient.<strong> </strong>The simulation of different orientations of split ring resonator gives better reflection coefficient and wider frequency.</p>
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Pomarico, A., A. Morea, P. Flora, G. Roselli, and E. Lasalandra. "Vertical MEMS Resonators for Real-Time Clock Applications." Journal of Sensors 2010 (2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/362439.
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MEMS resonators are today widely investigated as a desirable alternative to quartz resonators in real-time clock applications, because of their low-cost, integration capability properties. Nevertheless, MEMS resonators performances are still not competitive, especially in terms of frequency stability and device equivalent resistance (and, then, power consumption). We propose a new structure for a MEMS resonator, with a vertical-like transduction mechanism, which exhibits promising features. The vertical resonator can be fabricated with the low-cost, high performance THELMA technology, and it is designed to be efficiently frequency tunable. With respect to the commonly investigated lateral resonators, it is expected to have lower equivalent resistances and improved large-scale repeatability characteristics.
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Sun, Xiaopeng, Xin Zhou, Lei Yu, Kaixuan He, Dingbang Xiao, and Xuezhong Wu. "Design of a Multiple Folded-Beam Disk Resonator with High Quality Factor." Micromachines 13, no. 9 (September 4, 2022): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091468.
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This paper proposes a new multiple folded-beam disk resonator whose thermoelastic quality factor is significantly improved by appropriately reducing the beam width and introducing integral-designed lumped masses. The quality factor of the fabricated resonator with (100) single crystal silicon reaches 710 k, proving to be a record in silicon disk resonators. Meanwhile, a small initial frequency split of the order-3 working modes endows the resonator with great potential for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscopes application. Moreover, the experimental quality factor of resonators with different beam widths and relevant temperature experiment indicate that the dominating damping mechanism of the multiple folded-beam disk resonator is no longer thermoelastic damping.
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Qiu, Zhinan, Tianliang Qu, Yao Pan, Yonglei Jia, Zhenfang Fan, Kaiyong Yang, Jie Yuan, and Hui Luo. "Optical and Electrical Method Characterizing the Dynamic Behavior of the Fused Silica Cylindrical Resonator." Sensors 19, no. 13 (July 2, 2019): 2928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19132928.
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Fused silica cylindrical resonant gyroscope (CRG) is a novel high-precision solid-wave gyroscope, whose performance is primarily determined by the cylindrical resonator’s frequency split and quality factor (Q factor). The laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) is extensively used to measure the dynamic behavior of fused silica cylindrical resonators. An electrical method was proposed to characterize the dynamic behavior of the cylindrical resonator to enhance the measurement efficiency and decrease the equipment cost. With the data acquisition system and the designed signal analysis program based on LabVIEW software, the dynamic behavior of the fused silica cylindrical resonator can be analyzed automatically and quickly. We compared all the electrical measurement results with the optical detection by LDV, demonstrating that the fast Fourier transform (FFT) result of the resonant frequency measured by the electrical method was 0.12 Hz higher than that with the optical method. Thus, the frequency split measured by the electrical and optical methods was the same in 0.18 Hz, and the measurement of the Q factor was basically the same in 730,000. We conducted all measurements under the same operation condition, and the optical method was used as a reference, demonstrating that the electrical method could characterize the dynamic behavior of the fused silica cylindrical resonator and enhance the measurement efficiency.
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Oliynyk, Olga, and Yurі Taranenko. "Computer-aided design system for vibration-frequency density meters." Ukrainian Metrological Journal, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.1.2021.228230.
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The article is devoted to the description of the developed automated design system for vibration-frequency density meters with a demonstration of the wide functionality of the program and interface settings. The development solves the problem of designing vibration-frequency density meters, calculating the quality factor and sensitivity of resonators, which provide the dependence of the frequency of self-oscillations on the controlled density. The lack of clear methodological recommendations for calibration, correction techniques for different methods of mounting the resonator significantly limits the use of vibration-frequency density meters, since the tasks set require special skills, competencies of both developers and personnel during operation.
The algorithm of the developed software package is based on the calculation of the amplitude-frequency characteristics of a tubular resonator using a differential equation to determine the frequencies and forms of bending vibrations of a tubular resonator. The software implementation of the developed calculation model makes it possible not only to visualize the shapes, frequency, antinodes and vibration nodes of a tubular resonator of any design and a wide range of materials, but also takes into account the type of fastening, the numerical value of the support stiffness, makes it possible to adjust the placement of supports that meets the operating conditions while visualizing the shapes oscillations, simulate the distribution of sensitivity along the entire measurement range. The developed computer-aided design system has a simple and clear interface, and the absence of the necessary software installation and settings makes the product more accessible in the industrial environment of small enterprises.
When using a subroutine for the numerical solution of the equation of free vibrations of a string, the software complex can be used to design string mechanical resonators of vibration-frequency sensors.
Keywords: vibration-frequency density meter; resonator; amplitude and frequency of oscillations; fixing conditions; antinode; sensitivity
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Li, J., J. Shan, Z. Guo, and A. Levtsev. "Research of Acoustically Improved Helmholtz Resonator." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/62/27.
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The three-dimensional acoustic finite element method is used to predict the transmission loss of the Helmholtz resonance muffler. The results are in good agreement with the experimental results, indicating the applicability and accuracy of the numerical method used in this paper. On the one hand, in order to reduce the resonance frequency without changing the shape of the resonator, the connecting tube is extended to the inside of the resonator, and the influence of the extension length and the cross section shape of the extension tube on the acoustic characteristics of the resonator is discussed in detail. On the other hand, in order to broaden the muffled frequency band of the traditional Helmholtz resonators, the resonators are combined in series and parallel, and the influence of the combined structure on the acoustic characteristics is discussed in detail.
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Mironov, Mikhail. "The Dipole Resonator and Dipole Waveguide Insulator in Dense Liquid Medium." Acoustics 4, no. 2 (May 22, 2022): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/acoustics4020029.
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In this paper, the propagation of sound in an acoustically narrow waveguide, the wall of which is lined with identical dipole resonators and masses on springs, is theoretically considered. It is shown that, in the frequency range above the resonant frequency of the resonators, sound waves exponentially attenuate, and the waveguide is locked. The width of this range depends on two parameters—the ratio of the cross-sectional areas of the resonators and the waveguide and the ratio of the mass of the resonator to the mass of the medium displaced by it. As the resonator mass decreases, the locking band width expands and may become infinite.
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Liang, Chen, Kaiyong Yang, Yao Pan, Yunfeng Tao, Jingyu Li, Shilong Jin, and Hui Luo. "Simulations and Experiments on the Vibrational Characteristics of Cylindrical Resonators with First Three Harmonic Errors." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (October 6, 2022): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101679.
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A cylindrical resonator gyroscope is a kind of Coriolis gyroscope, which measures angular velocity or angle via processing of the standing wave. The symmetry of a cylindrical resonator is destroyed by different degrees of geometric nonuniformity and structural damage in the machining process. The uneven mass distribution caused by the asymmetry of the resonator can be expressed in the form of a Fourier series. The first three harmonics will reduce the anti-interference ability of the resonator to the external vibration, as well as increase the angular random walk and zero-bias drift of the gyroscope. In this paper, the frequency split of different modes caused by the first three harmonic errors and the displacement of the center of the cylindrical resonator bottom plate are obtained by simulation, and the relationship between them is explored. The experimental results on five fused silica cylindrical resonators are consistent with the simulation, confirming the linear relationship between the n = 1 frequency split and second harmonic error. A method for evaluating the first three harmonic errors of fused silica cylindrical resonators is provided.
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Gorain, Jhalu, and Chandramouli Padmanabhan. "Broadband low-frequency noise reduction using Helmholtz resonator-based metamaterial." Noise Control Engineering Journal 69, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 351–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1/376932.
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Achieving broadband noise attenuation at low frequencies is still a significant challenge. Helmholtz resonators offer good low-frequency noise attenuation but are effective only over a narrow band; the cavity volume required at these frequencies is also larger. This article proposes a new broadband acoustic metamaterial (AMM) absorber, which uses polyurethane (PU) foam embedded with small-size resonators tuned to different frequencies. The AMM design is achieved in three phases: (1) develop a transfer-matrix-based one-dimensionalmodel for a resonator with intruded neck; (2) use this model to develop a novel band broadeningmethod, to select appropriate resonators tuned to different frequencies; and (3) construct a unit cell metamaterial embedded with an array of resonators into PU foam. A small-size resonator tuned to 415 Hz is modified, by varying the intrusion lengths of the neck, to achieve natural frequencies ranging from 210 to 415 Hz. Using the band broadening methodology, 1 unit cell metamaterial is constructed; its effectiveness is demonstrated by testing in an acoustic impedance tube. The broadband attenuation characteristics of the constructed unit cell metamaterial are shown to match well with the predicted results. To demonstrate further the effectiveness of the idea, a metamaterial is formed using 4 periodic unit cells and is tested in a twin room reverberation chamber. The transmission loss is shown to improve significantly, at low frequencies, due to the inclusion of the resonators.
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Oliynyk, O., and Y. Taranenko. "The Method of Accurate Determination of Frequencies and Modes of Vibration of the Resonator of the Vibration Frequency Sensor." Metrology and instruments, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/2307-2180(2)2019.16-21.
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The article is devoted to the development of an accurate method for determining the frequencies and vibration modes of a resonator of a vibration-frequency sensor by applying an exact simplification of the basic equations of resonant oscillations of a resonator taking into account the rigidity (compliance) of the supports and their location. The deviation of the parameters of the geometry of the resonator from the ideal and the heterogeneity of the material of the resonator affect the metrological characteristics of the vibration frequency sensor. However, existing technologies do not provide the possibility of manufacturing resonators with nominal parameters. The existing numerous algorithms for calculating the frequencies and waveforms of resonators are used to estimate the fundamental frequency of an oscillating system that do not take into account the dynamic characteristics. The accuracy of the oscillation frequency of the resonator depends on the choice of the mode of oscillations, which is sometimes difficult to predict in advance.
Practical tasks require performing design work with the required accuracy. The lack of an accurate method for determining the frequencies and modes of vibration of the resonator of the vibration-frequency sensor, which would take into account the type of mounting and location of resistance, designers have to adapt existing approaches and calculation models to specific measurement conditions. Therefore, in practice, simplified and approximate methods of calculation are used. In the presence of concentrated masses and in the case of taking into account energy dissipation in the places where the resonator is fixed, the calculation methods become more laborious. In some cases, the possibility of a mathematical interpretation of a task becomes feasible only if some simplifications are introduced into the calculation.
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Chen, Jung-San, Wei-Jiun Su, Yi Cheng, Wei-Chang Li, and Cheng-Yen Lin. "A metamaterial structure capable of wave attenuation and concurrent energy harvesting." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 20 (October 11, 2019): 2973–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19880023.
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In this study, the capability of wave attenuation as well as energy harvesting in a metamaterial beam with built-in resonators is presented. Each resonator consists of a pretensioned elastic membrane and split-ring masses. The flexural wave band characteristics, eigenmodes, and frequency response are predicted by finite element method. Experiments are conducted to verify the finite element results. The results show that, with proper resonators, vibration caused by disturbances can be conspicuously attenuated at certain frequencies. The attenuation region can be manipulated by adjusting the properties of the membrane-split-ring system. Besides, by adding piezoelectric patches to the membrane, the stored energy in the local resonator can be converted into electric power. The generated voltage output reaches a maximum at the frequency where wave is greatly attenuated. Finally, it is shown that double-layer resonators with parallel connection can generate twice as much voltage as the single-layer resonator.
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Schlack, Sebastian, Hendrik Wulfmeier, and Holger Fritze. "Impact of electrode conductivity on mass sensitivity of piezoelectric resonators at high temperatures." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 11, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-299-2022.
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Abstract. High-temperature stable piezoelectric Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 and La3Ga5SiO14 resonators with keyhole-shaped Pt electrodes are coated with metal oxide films such as TiO2−δ and SnO2 that overlap the Pt electrodes. The resonators are exposed to reducing atmospheres in order to increase the electrical conductivity of the oxide film and then act as extended oxide electrodes. The resulting increase in the effective electrode radius causes an increase in the mass sensitivity of the resonators and, thereby, resonance frequency shifts. In other words, the effective mass of the Pt electrode becomes higher. An electrical circuit model is presented to describe the increase in the effective electrode radius of the resonator, which is used to calculate the related resonance frequency shift. Additionally, an electromechanical model is presented, which subdivides the resonator into two coupled oscillators. One is representing the resonator volume underneath the Pt electrode and the other underneath the oxide electrode at increased electrical conductivity. The model reflects how the oxide electrodes affect the resonance frequency. Furthermore, the impact of increasing oxide electrode conductivity on the resonance frequency is discussed with respect to the application of oxide electrodes and for gas sensing.
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Tao, Yunfeng, Yao Pan, Jianping Liu, Yonglei Jia, Kaiyong Yang, and Hui Luo. "A Novel Method for Estimating and Balancing the Second Harmonic Error of Cylindrical Fused Silica Resonators." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040380.
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The cylindrical resonator gyroscope (CRG) is a type of Coriolis vibratory gyroscope which measures the angular velocity or angle through the precession of the elastic wave of the cylindrical resonator. The cylindrical fused silica resonator is an essential component of the CRG, the symmetry of which determines the bias drift and vibration stability of the gyroscope. The manufacturing errors breaking the symmetry of the resonator are usually described by Fourier series, and most studies are only focusing on analyzing and reducing the fourth harmonic error, the main error source of bias drift. The second harmonic error also is one of the obstacles for CRG towards high precision. Therefore, this paper provides a chemical method to evaluate and balance the second harmonic error of cylindrical fused silica resonators. The relation between the frequency split of the n = 1 mode and the second harmonic error of the resonator is obtained. Simulations are performed to analyze the effects of the first three harmonic errors on the frequency splits. The relation between the location of the low-frequency axis of n = 1 mode and the heavy axis of the second harmonic error is also analyzed by simulation. Chemical balancing experiments on two fused silica resonators demonstrate the feasibility of this balancing procedure, and show good consistency with theoretical and simulation analysis. The second harmonic error of the two resonators is reduced by 86.6% and 79.8%, respectively.
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Guo, Fei-Fei, Shuai Ding, and Bing-Zhong Wang. "Wireless Power Transfer System Based on Strapping Resonators." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (November 22, 2018): 2341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122341.
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In this study, a kind of strapped resonator is proposed to deal with high power wireless power transfer (WPT) in microwave regimes. In many specific applications, such as high power microwave wireless power transfer system (WPT), a coil resonator is not suitable due to the frequency limitations. The high cost of the high-permittivity dielectric resonators also limits their application. As a high Q resonator, the strapped resonator is often used in the anode structure of a magnetron. The field distribution of π and π + 1 modes allow the system to operate in dual-frequency mode. Numerical simulation and experimental validation show that with a certain distance, the system provides power transfer efficiency of more than 80% and 70% at 630 MHz and 970 MHz, respectively. Compared to the system based on dielectric resonators, the proposed system has higher power capacity. The leakage and radiation loss of the system is also discussed using numerical methods.
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Lan, Bai Yang, Wen Jie Tian, Qing Jiang Zhao, and Yi Su Lv. "Study and Comparison on Temperature-Frequency Characteristic of Integrated Quartz Resonator." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 616–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.616.
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Combining the energy limit theory and the ANSYS finite element simulation analysis, this paper has designed the new integrated quartz crystal resonator and has used oscillator circuits to carry on the experimental comparison on its temperature-frequency characteristic in high-low temperature chamber. The experimental results show that the curve of its temperature-frequency characteristic is cubic in the coordinate system, which is basically consistent with that of the single electrode resonator. The frequency change of each resonator on the same substrate is basically the same when they are in the same circumstance and stimulation. According these similarities, this paper can implement differential processing on output frequencies of different resonators on the same substrate, which can effectively restrain the influence that temperature imposes on frequency.
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Udomariyasap, Pongputhai, Suthichai Noppanakeepong, and Nithiroth Pornsuwancharoen. "High Frequency Generation Based-On Nonlinear Micro Ring Resonator for Frequency Band Enhancement." Advanced Materials Research 979 (June 2014): 508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.979.508.
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Propose the simulation of THz carrier frequencies using the small device and a Gaussian beam propagating within the device system. We found that the generated output power with the high frequency can be achieved. This consisted of a serial nonlinear micro ring resonator system for generating pulse and signal filter by Add/Drop filter, a technology optical communication by the micro ring resonator which generates the THz frequency multiple, whereas channel capacity in term of multi frequency bands can be provided by optical Add/Drop multiplexing. The increase in the number of channel capacity can be obtained by the increase in frequency density, while the security was introduced by the specific frequency filter, which was operated by the central operator. The optical micro ring resonators for THz frequency generation and enhancement are reviewed. The advantage of proposed system can be implemented by using the simultaneous optical communication system.
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Kottapalli, Shravan, Remco van de Meerendonk, Nicholas Waterson, Gunes Nakiboglu, Avraham Hirschberg, and David M. J. Smeulders. "Analytical modelling and experimental validation of compliance-based low-frequency resonators for water circuits." Acta Acustica 6 (2022): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/aacus/2022050.
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Transmission losses of compact compliance-based resonators in water circuits are investigated. Experiments are performed to measure the anechoic transmission losses (TLan) of flexible-plate resonators and a gas resonator designed for frequencies between 10 and 100 Hz. The measurements are compared to theoretical results based on a lumped-element model and a finite-element model. The TLan is measured using a robust form of the multi-microphone method, which gave identical results for open and closed pipe acoustic terminations at the transmission side of the setup. When an estimate of the reflection coefficient at the termination is known, good results are obtained with only one transmission-side microphone. When TLan is high, a single microphone is sufficient on each side. For the flexible-plate resonators the TLan measurements are in agreement with theory except close to resonance, where the transmission signals are below the detection limit. Due to assumptions of a rigid cavity wall and a clamped top-plate, the theoretical resonance frequencies are too high except for the thinnest plate which displays static deformation stiffening. This deformation stiffening limits the possibility to lower the resonance frequency by using a thin flexible plate in a circuit with high static pressure. Low resonance frequencies are easier to reach with a gas resonator, in which a piston separates the water from a volume filled with air. For the gas-resonator, the measurements agree with the theoretical predictions when assuming a significant damping. The friction between the air-water-separation piston and cavity wall is suspected to cause this damping. Theory predicts that the TLan of both resonators designed for same resonance frequencies in absence of losses are equivalent. They therefore have quite similar performances except close to the resonance frequency. The flexible-plate resonator has a higher quality factor and higher (TLan) around the resonance frequency. The gas resonator is more complex and needs more maintenance but allows fine tuning of the resonance frequency by varying the gas volume.
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Lu, Kuo, Qingsong Li, Xin Zhou, Guoxiong Song, Kai Wu, Ming Zhuo, Xuezhong Wu, and Dingbang Xiao. "Modal Coupling Effect in a Novel Nonlinear Micromechanical Resonator." Micromachines 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11050472.
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Capacitive micromechanical resonators share electrodes with the same bias voltage, resulting in the occurrence of electrostatic coupling between intrinsic modes. Unlike the traditional mechanical coupling, the electrostatic coupling is determined by the structural electric potential energy, and generally, it only occurs when the coupling modes operate in nonlinear regions. However, previous electrostatic coupling studies mainly focus on the stiffness softening region, with little attention on the opposite stiffness hardening condition. This paper presents a study on the electrostatic modal coupling effect in the stiffness hardening region. A novel capacitive micromechanical resonator with different modal nonlinearities is designed and fabricated. It is demonstrated that activating a cavity mode can shift the fundamental resonance of the manipulated mode by nearly 90 times its mechanical bandwidth. Moreover, the frequency shifting direction is found to be related to the manipulated mode’s nonlinearity, while the frequency hopscotch is determined by the cavity mode’s nonlinearity. The electrostatic coupling has been proven to be an efficient and tunable dynamical coupling with great potential for tuning the frequency in a wide range. The modal coupling theory displayed in this paper is suitable for most capacitive resonators and can be used to improve the resonator’s performance.
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Choi, Bo-Hee, and Jeong-Hae Lee. "Design of Asymmetrical Relay Resonators for Maximum Efficiency of Wireless Power Transfer." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8247476.
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This paper presents a new design method of asymmetrical relay resonators for maximum wireless power transfer. A new design method for relay resonators is demanded because maximum power transfer efficiency (PTE) is not obtained at the resonant frequency of unit resonator. The maximum PTE for relay resonators is obtained at the different resonances of unit resonator. The optimum design of asymmetrical relay is conducted by both the optimum placement and the optimum capacitance of resonators. The optimum placement is found by scanning the positions of the relays and optimum capacitance can be found by using genetic algorithm (GA). The PTEs are enhanced when capacitance is optimally designed by GA according to the position of relays, respectively, and then maximum efficiency is obtained at the optimum placement of relays. The capacitance of the second resonator tonth resonator and the load resistance should be determined for maximum efficiency while the capacitance of the first resonator and the source resistance are obtained for the impedance matching. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement.
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Robertson, William M., Robert Carlyon, and Kyle Sprague. "Waveguide demultiplexer based on Helmholtz-resonator mediated extraordinary acoustic transmission." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016100.
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The design of an acoustic demultiplexer based on in-line Helmholtz resonators is demonstrated analytically via a modified transfer matrix method and computationally through finite element simulations. The modeled system consists of a single input waveguide that splits in a Y-configuration into two output waveguides. Each output arm has a single tuned Helmholtz resonator embedded in-line along the length of the guide. The Helmholtz resonators in each arm consist of a single cavity with two necks—one directed towards the input and output sides of the guide. The phenomenon of extraordinary acoustic transmission results in near perfect transmission of sound along each output arm in a small frequency interval about the Helmholtz resonant frequency. The demultiplexed frequencies are determined by the physical dimensions of the Helmholtz resonator. Using a single Helmholtz resonator in each output arm means that the system is more compact compared to other proposed schemes using either side-loaded Helmholtz resonators or stubs.
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Tomi, Matti, Andreas Isacsson, Mika Oksanen, Dmitry Lyashenko, Jukka-Pekka Kaikkonen, Sanna Tervakangas, Jukka Kolehmainen, and Pertti J. Hakonen. "Buckled diamond-like carbon nanomechanical resonators." Nanoscale 7, no. 35 (2015): 14747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr02820e.
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Conducting diamond-like carbon is a promising material for high-frequency nanoelectromechanical resonators. Using buckled films increases the frequency tuning of the resonator, which can be of advantage in rf applications.
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Coelho, Cláudia, João Gaspar, and Luís A. Rocha. "High Frequency FM MEMS Accelerometer Using Piezoresistive Resonators." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (November 12, 2018): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2131048.
Full textAbstract:
A novel frequency modulated (FM) accelerometer based on piezoresistive resonators is presented. The accelerometer uses two differential resonators, connected to the accelerometer proofmass by an amplifying leverage mechanism. The piezoresistive double-mass resonators are electrostatically driven in anti-phase and the output signal is measured piezoresistively by applying a bias current to the connecting microbeam of the double-mass resonators. Accelerometers were fabricated using SOI technology with a 5 µm device layer. Fabricated resonators show a high resonance frequency around 705 kHz and a Q-factor close to 20,000 when measured in vacuum. Preliminary measurements show a sensitivity around 0.46 Hz/g for a single resonator.
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Goharimanesh, Masoud, and Ali Koochi. "Nonlinear Oscillations of CNT Nano-resonator Based on Nonlocal Elasticity: The Energy Balance Method." Reports in Mechanical Engineering 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31181/rme200102041g.
Full textAbstract:
This paper deals with investigating the nonlinear oscillation of carbon nanotube manufactured nano-resonator. The governing equation of the nano-resonator is extracted in the context of the nonlocal elasticity. The impact of the Casimir force is also incorporated in the developed model. A closed-form solution based on the energy balance method is presented for investigating the oscillations of the nano-resonator. The proposed closed-form solution is compared with the numerical solution. The impact of influential parameters including applied voltage, Casimir force, geometrical and nonlocal parameters on the nano resonator’s vibration and frequency are investigated. The obtained results demonstrated that the Casimir force reduces the nano-resonator frequency. However, the nonlocal parameter has a hardening effect and enhances the system’s frequency.