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Journal articles on the topic 'Resolving the armed conflict'
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1
Findlaу, Т. "Preventing, Resolving, and Controlling Armed Conflict." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (1996): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-1996-1-24-33.
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Söderberg Kovacs, Mimmi. "Negotiating Sacred Grounds? Resolving Islamist Armed Conflicts." International Negotiation 25, no. 3 (July 16, 2020): 375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-bja10016.
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Abstract Under what conditions can Islamist armed conflicts be resolved through peace negotiations? Armed conflicts involving Islamist groups have emerged as one of the most pressing challenges on the global agenda for peace and security. But the track record of conflict resolution in these settings is not encouraging. While armed conflicts have generally decreased in the post-Cold War period, as many prolonged civil wars were resolved through negotiated settlements, this has not been true to the same extent for this sub-category of conflicts. Yet, we know surprisingly little about why this is the case. The purpose of this thematic issue is to address this gap. Each contributor tackles a different angle of the overarching research problem.
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Reznik, Nadiia. "Peculiarities and ways of resolving the military-political conflict." Electronic Scientific Journal Intellectualization of Logistics and Supply Chain Management #1 2020, no. 26 (August 2024): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46783/smart-scm/2024-26-4.
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The purpose of the article is to analyse the causes of the war that spread across the entire territory of Ukraine in February 2022. The main purpose of the study is to substantiate the essence of international economic and political conflicts, as well as scientific and theoretical approaches to resolving the political conflict that is the root cause of the russian-Ukrainian war. Various methods were used in the research, including the comparative-historical method, the method of source analysis, as well as induction, deduction, synthesis and analysis. This made it possible to gain a deeper understanding of the essence of political and political-economic conflict, as well as to divide political-economic conflicts into conflicts of values, interests, and identification, determining their essential causes. An armed conflict that turns into a war is the most dangerous form of political conflict, as it causes a transition to destructive actions on the territory of the country, involves the involvement of a large number of participants and significant losses among the military and the civilian population. The historical and modern reality in Ukraine since 2014 is characterized by the presence of political and armed conflicts that arose as a result of serious contradictions that were not resolved within the framework of the post-Soviet system. It is because of this that armed, political, economic and inter-ethnic conflicts became more frequent in the 21st century. For a long time, domestic science believed that state power and politics were aimed at finding a balance of the interests of seizing natural, energy and human resources, which was supposed to completely eliminate the conflict. However, the authorities of Ukraine did not cope with the invasion of certain territories, which has been going on for more than eight years. The article analyzes the prerequisites and nature of a full-scale invasion of the territory of Ukraine as a political conflict, and suggests key ways to resolve it. The conclusion states that Ukraine's accession to the EU and NATO is a significant prospect for ensuring future guarantees of peace and protection against further or new invasion of the Russian Federation on our territory.
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Ujunwa, Augustine, Chinwe Okoyeuzu, and Ebere Ume Kalu. "Armed Conflict and Food Security in West Africa: Socioeconomic Perspective." International Journal of Social Economics 46, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 182–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2017-0538.
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Purpose West Africa represents a very good case of a sub-region currently plagued with the problem of food insecurity. Traditional theories have attributed the increasing food insecurity in the region to problems of poor governance, corruption and climate change. In view of the persistent and increasing nature of armed conflict in the sub-region, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of increasing armed conflict on food security in Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) member countries. Design/methodology/approach The study utilized the dynamic generalized method of moments (GMM) to investigate the effect of conflict intensity on food security in the 14 member states of the ECOWAS using annualized panel data from 2005 to 2015. Findings The findings reveal that armed conflict is a significant predictor of food security in West Africa. Research limitations/implications The findings of the study bring to fore, the urgent need to rethink global initiative for combating food insecurity. The effort must also identify the causes of armed conflicts and design sound strategies for de-escalating the armed conflicts. Resolving the escalating armed conflict entails developing a conflict resolution framework that is extremely sensitive to the causes of conflict in Africa and adopting localized ex ante institutional diagnostics that would help in understanding the nature of the conflicts. Originality/value Traditional theory perceives climate change, social injustices, property right, food insecurity, religious extremism and bad governance as the predictors of armed conflicts. In this study, the authors departed from the traditional theory by demonstrating that the nature and trend of armed conflict could also pose a serious threat to food security.
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Stojarová, Vera, and Gabriel J. Felbermayr. "Geopolitical world map with respect to the Involvement of European Continent in wars and armed conflicts (detailed political and sociological analysis)." EUROPEAN CHRONICLE 7, no. 3 (August 13, 2022): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.59430/euch/3.2022.05.
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The relevance of this study stems from the fact that since the beginning of the 21st century, the European Union has become more actively involved in conflict prevention and peacekeeping in hot spots of the world; this is, in particular, determined by a wide range of instruments and mechanisms of the security system of the EU states, which, however, has its shortcomings and obsolete structural elements. The purpose of this study is to provide a brief analysis on the emergence and dynamics of the most significant armed conflicts and wars of the 21st century; to qualitatively and quantitatively characterise the degree of participation of European states in conflict resolution; to outline the main issues in conflict resolution at the level of the European Union; and to identify ways to improve coordination of actions in the area of maintaining peace and stability in the world with the participation of the European community states. The main scientific method used in writing this paper is the method of political and sociological research, which helped to identify the main hotspots on the geopolitical map of the world in the twenty-first century, to establish and characterise the level of influence and involvement of the European continent in modern military conflicts, and to define the main difficulties faced by European countries in preventing and resolving armed conflicts. The main results obtained from the study are as follows: identification of active centres of conflict and armed confrontation in the world; characterisation of the level of involvement and activities of the European Union in resolving military conflicts; emphasis on the basic problems of European countries in conflict resolution; and proposals for improving the pan-European system of conflict prevention and resolution in the world. The findings and conclusions of the study can be used as a basis for further research on this topic, including in areas that have a common basis with this topic; in the sphere of international relations – as a basis for choosing a scheme for resolving certain armed conflicts in the region; in historical sciences – as part of a course on the history of the outbreak and development of conflicts and wars in Europe and the world in the 21st century; in higher education, in particular, for the specialities of political science, conflict studies, basics of diplomacy, where certain factors, characteristics, signs and events identified in the study serve as a tool for research
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Waas, Armelia Febriyanty. "Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Anak Korban Kekerasan Seksual Pada Konflik Bersenjata Non-Internasional." Balobe Law Journal 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2024): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/balobe.v4i2.2054.
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Introductioan: Cases of sexual violence against children in non-international armed conflicts have long been recognized as deliberate and systematic violence. After that, legal protection against violence becomes very important to provide not only in times of peace but also in times of conflict. Sexual violence committed in non-international armed conflicts is categorized as a war crime and a crime against humanity, especially for minors as victims. So it is necessary to implement legal protection for children as victims of sexual violence in non-international armed conflicts.Purposes of the Research: Examining and analyzing the legal protection provided to children as victims of sexual violence in non-international armed conflicts.Methods of the Research: The research was conducted through normative legal research with a legal approach to examine and analyze regulations relating to the legal protection of children as victims of sexual violence in non-international armed conflicts.Results of the Research: There are regulations relating to the protection of victims of sexual violence, especially children, committed intentionally by combatants in armed conflict. Legal protection, especially in non-international armed conflicts, is also part of the State's responsibility in resolving this case. So that there is implementation of rules related to the protection of human rights in armed conflict with all assistance from international organizations based on international humanitarian law which has provided legal protection for victims of sexual violence.
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Rwandarugali, Stanislas, and Njoya Ngeta. "The application of Geographical Information Systems to armed violent conflict resolution and peacebuilding: a literature review." South African Journal of Geomatics 11, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v11i2.5.
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Many conventional approaches to resolving armed violent conflicts, including negotiations, peace talks, and stabilization, have been adopted, especially in Asia and Africa, but sustainable peace is still illusive in some of these areas. Most of these approaches emphasize the economic and political aspects of peace negotiations and tend to ignore the spatial component. There are several innovative technologies, such as smart cell phones, the internet, Global Position Systems (GPS), and satellite data for mapping armed violent conflict resolution. However, GIS has been recognized as an invaluable tool, a decision support system, and has the potential to assist in conflict resolution. This paper aims to review literature on the application of GIS in the prevention of armed violent conflict, its resolution, post-conflict reconstruction, and peacebuilding. The literature review reveals that while GIS continues to be applied in armed violent conflict resolution and peacebuilding, several challenges remain, including amongst others, its availability, its acceptance by conflicting parties, its accessibility, the accuracy of its data, and the expertise of GIS personnel undertaking the data analysis and integration of data from different sources. A suggested area of further study includes either the application of remote sensing to violent conflict resolution or an integrated application of GIS and Remote Sensing to armed conflict resolution.
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MAHFUD, MAHFUD. "LANGKAH PENCEGAHAN KONFLIK BERSENJATA." University Of Bengkulu Law Journal 1, no. 1 (April 22, 2017): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ubelaj.1.1.68-85.
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Abstract Completion of the armed conflict in both the legal and political framework set in customary international law and the Hague Convention I of 1899 and 1907 on the peaceful resolution of disputes, as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Mechanisms for resolving armed conflicts as well as measures to prevent the emergence of armed conflict refers to the two methods of dispute resolution, the peaceful resolution of disputes and the settlement of disputes by force or violence. Patterns in the context of conflict resolution approach more focused on the efforts of early stage to prevent the emergence of armed-conflict. Such efforts can be done with diplomacy and political mediation efforts by involving the various parties that are considered to be actors of peace. While humanitarian law in the context of normative law enforcement efforts imprinted on the situation of the ongoing war, one of its forms through foreign intervention in the ongoing armed conflict itself. In the present context of the humanitarian intervention of humanitarian law known as the Responsibility to Protect (R to P). In addition through the UN mechanism for the continuous efforts of the international community to prevent the emergence of armed conflict also involving a number of other actors who can be considered a partner for peace. One of them involving specific groups that can be considered a party to break the chain of armed conflict itself. One of them is through the mechanism of the Kimberley Process.
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MAHFUD, MAHFUD. "LANGKAH PENCEGAHAN KONFLIK BERSENJATA." University Of Bengkulu Law Journal 1, no. 1 (April 22, 2017): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ubelaj.v1i1.1328.
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Abstract Completion of the armed conflict in both the legal and political framework set in customary international law and the Hague Convention I of 1899 and 1907 on the peaceful resolution of disputes, as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Mechanisms for resolving armed conflicts as well as measures to prevent the emergence of armed conflict refers to the two methods of dispute resolution, the peaceful resolution of disputes and the settlement of disputes by force or violence. Patterns in the context of conflict resolution approach more focused on the efforts of early stage to prevent the emergence of armed-conflict. Such efforts can be done with diplomacy and political mediation efforts by involving the various parties that are considered to be actors of peace. While humanitarian law in the context of normative law enforcement efforts imprinted on the situation of the ongoing war, one of its forms through foreign intervention in the ongoing armed conflict itself. In the present context of the humanitarian intervention of humanitarian law known as the Responsibility to Protect (R to P). In addition through the UN mechanism for the continuous efforts of the international community to prevent the emergence of armed conflict also involving a number of other actors who can be considered a partner for peace. One of them involving specific groups that can be considered a party to break the chain of armed conflict itself. One of them is through the mechanism of the Kimberley Process.
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Movchan, Mariia, Iryna Zaichenko, Mykola Bondarenko, and Roman Kovalchuk. "The Model of Analysis of Modern Armed Conflicts and Political Practices of Conflict Management." Empirio 1, no. 2 (July 11, 2024): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/3041-1718.2024.1.2.65-75.
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The paper proposes a model of analysis of modern armed conflicts in the world, based on the studied political practices of conflict management in Croatia, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Moldova. The authors highlight the critical conditions for resolving armed conflicts, including addressing security issues, consensus on a peace plan, involvement of minority groups in negotiations, establishing inclusive political institutions, promoting sustainable economic development, and strengthening the role of international organizations in mediating and monitoring peace agreements. The model endeavors to integrate political, economic, and social aspects to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing armed conflict management and settlement.Comparing the conflicts in Croatia, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Moldova, the authors considered the unique historical features of each case and identified their common object. The study of the conflicts allowed for the identification of the main stages of analysis. These stages include forming a historical background of the conflict, explaining its features, conducting an event analysis, studying the main stages of escalation and the current state of the conflict, identifying the main features of its settlement, as well as the characteristics of the post-conflict territories management policy.The study examines how local and international dynamics interact in maintaining or ameliorating conflicts, offering a comparative analysis of different approaches and their effectiveness in various contexts. In this way, the model considers the unique characteristics of armed conflicts in border areas and their governance practices, combining security, economic, social, and political factors essential for understanding the emergence of conflicts, their consequences, and possible solutions.This model has the potential to improve the study and development of conflict resolution policies, as well as to create strategies for conflict prevention and post-conflict reconstruction.
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Adjeta, Essossinam. "LA RESOLUTION POLITIQUE DE LA CRISE MALIENNE DE 2012 PAR LA COMMUNAUTE ECONOMIQUE DES ETATS DE LAFRIQUE DE LOUEST (CEDEAO)." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 09 (September 30, 2024): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/19468.
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The armed conflict constitutes one of the greatest obstacles to development in Africa in general and in the West African sub-region in particular. ECOWAS, which is one of the sub-regional organizations whose mission is to prevent or resolve these conflicts, seems to be sometimes ineffective, especially with regard to the outbreak of the Malian armed conflict in 2012. The aim of this study is to evaluate the mission of resolving this Malian crisis by ECOWAS. The documentary analysis made it possible to define the context of the Malian armed conflict, the intervention of the mission of the sub-regional organization and its limits. The results of the research indicate that ECOWAS, which should play the role of peacekeeper, seems to be failing in its mission since the proposed solution to the Malian crisis will come later from France, the former metropolis, through the military operation serval.
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Krstić, Ljiljana, and Marko Milović. "Resolving the issue of missing persons with reference to the role of the international community." Megatrend revija 18, no. 2 (2021): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2102099k.
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The existence of the problem of missing persons is a necessary consequence of armed conflicts, even conflicts that arose on the territory of the former Yugoslavia. After twenty years or more, we still have a fairly large number of wanted persons who are listed as missing. The attempts of the international community to help solve these painful issues, which especially concern their families and which arose both during and after the armed conflict, especially in Croatia and on the territory of Kosovo and Metohija, were pointed out. In this regard, a review was given of the Declaration on the Role of the State in Resolving the Issue of Missing Persons from 2014, which was signed by four countries in the region and which should be an incentive in resolving this issue.
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Beardsley, Kyle, David E. Cunningham, and Peter B. White. "Resolving Civil Wars before They Start: The UN Security Council and Conflict Prevention in Self-Determination Disputes." British Journal of Political Science 47, no. 3 (August 24, 2015): 675–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123415000307.
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A large literature has demonstrated that international action can promote the resolution of civil wars. However, international actors do not wait until violence starts to seek to manage conflicts. This article considers the ways in which the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) reduces the propensity for self-determination movements to escalate to civil war, through actions that directly pertain to the disputing actors or that indirectly shape actor incentives. It examines the relationship between the content of UNSC resolutions in all self-determination disputes from 1960 to 2005 and the onset of armed conflict in the disputes. The study finds that diplomatic actions that directly address disputes reduce the likelihood of armed conflict, and that military force and sanctions have more indirect preventive effects.
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Balas, Hashem, Ahmed Al-Btoosh, and Reem Shatnawi. "International Protection of Human Rights in Non-International Armed Conflicts." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 11 (July 3, 2024): 2795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/drj2m024.
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This research examines the foundations for protecting human rights in non-international armed conflicts. The meaning and importance of the International Bill of Human Rights will be clarified, and the applicable rules for resolving non-international armed conflicts will be explained. The research relied on descriptive and analytical methods and was the primary objective. The results yielded several important results, the most important of which is that due to the International Committee of the Red Cross's tireless efforts and coordinated regional and global efforts, it introduced the draft articles created by the four agreements to the Diplomatic Conference held in 1949. This Article was delivered to the Conference and attempted to apply the principles of the agreements to all instances of armed conflict, including those involving non-international armed conflicts. The study suggested reviewing the texts of the Geneva Conventions of 1949, considering the past experiences of non-international armed conflicts to ensure greater protection of human rights.
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Severinova, Oleksandra. "EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF «ARMED CONFLICT»: HISTORICAL, LEGAL AND THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS." Law Journal of Donbass 74, no. 1 (2021): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2523-4269-2021-74-1-20-26.
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The article analyzes the theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation and development of doctrinal ideas about the meaning of the concept of «armed conflict» in the history of world political and legal thought. The question of the name of the branch of law that regulates armed conflict, by analyzing its historical names such as «law of war», «laws and customs of war», «law of armed conflict», «international humanitarian law» and «international humanitarian law, used in armed conflicts». As a result of this analysis, it can be concluded that it would be most appropriate to use the terms «international humanitarian law» only in a narrow sense or «international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts», which is more cumbersome but most accurately describes the field. It is emphasized that due to the availability of new powerful weapons (economic, political, informational, cultural and weapons of mass destruction), which are dangerous both for the aggressor and for the whole world; the aggressor's desire to downplay its role in resolving conflicts in order to avoid sanctions from other countries and international organizations, as well as to prevent the loss of its authority and position on the world stage; the attempts of the aggressor countries to establish their control over the objects of aggression (including integrating them into their political, economic and security systems) without excessive damage to them is the transformation of methods and means of warfare. It is determined that the long history of the formation of the law of armed conflict has led to the adoption at the level of international law of the provision prohibiting any armed aggression in the world, which is reflected in such a principle as non-use of force or threat of force. At the same time, the UN Charter became the first international act in the history of mankind, which completely prohibited armed aggression and enshrined this principle at the international level, which is binding on all states of the modern world.
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Ngam, Confidence Chia. "The Ordeal of Traditional Authorities and Sacraments in the Cameroon Anglophone Armed Conflict." Global Academic Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 5, no. 04 (August 17, 2023): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i04.002.
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One of the main challenges that the world and Africa have faced for the past fifty years has been the proliferation of armed conflicts. These armed conflicts mostly occurred paradoxically in areas rich with a variety of cultural heritage. In fact, since WWII, several areas harboring rich cultural heritages have been destroyed by armed conflicts. Frequent armed conflicts turn to destroy the cultural heritage which is an expression of the ways of living developed by a community and passed on from generation to generation, including customs, practices, places, objects, artistic expressions, and values. In reality, cultural heritage can provide an automatic sense of unity and belonging within a group and permit people to better understand previous generations and the history of where they come from. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate how the armed conflicts in the English-speaking regions of Cameroon (North West and South West regions) are gradually destroying the cultural heritages of communities that live in these two regions. The main question posed in this study is: what are the stakes of armed conflict on the socio-cultural heritage of the English-speaking regions of the republic of Cameroon? How can cultural heritage awareness contribute in resolving the armed conflicts in the area? And finally, what is the future of the people without a cultural background? This cultural effacement has been substantiated by the burning and profanation of traditional palaces with all their contents as well as, the looting, kidnapping, torture, and even killing of traditional authorities who prior to the War held the affidavit of all forms of unity, love and power within these traditional communities. Findings in this paper revealed that, so far, the armed conflict in the English-speaking regions of Cameroon has seriously affected the socio-cultural heritage of several communities in the area of study The fact too that armed combatants of this region have rather concentrated on eradicating all the entire paraphernalia of chieftaincies and its network of norms f hierarchy has made the palaces hitherto held to be sanctuary of all cultures to become unsecured thereby, causing the fons to flee for survival elsewhere, also indicates the pressure brought by this armed conflicts to local norms and traditions. It submits that war does far more than kill just belligerents as it sinks far deep into the yards of effacing established customs and traditions that provide the adhesive threads for most generations. This submission is therefore valid not just for the current armed conflict plaguing the Anglophone regions of Cameroon but also for any society that has resulted to seek justice through armed conflict.
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Tragniuk, O., and T. Anakina. "Some issues of the application of public-law mediation with the participation of states in the settlement of the Cyprus conflict." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 6 (February 18, 2023): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.06.60.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of public law mediation in the settlement of international conflicts. Using the example of the armed confrontation on the territory of the Republic of Cyprus that took place in 1974, the authors analyze the role of international intermediaries (mediators) in resolving the armed conflict and overcoming its consequences. The causes of the Cyprus armed conflict are studied, and the conditions under which public law mediation is expedient are analyzed. At the same time, the conditions for providing mediation services in the settlement of such conflicts are evaluated.
In the conditions of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the study of the role of mediation in international law plays a positive role, taking into account the aspiration of some UN member states to play a positive peaceful conciliatory role in the cessation of military aggression by the aggressor state.
Along with the abovementioned, the positive features of public-law mediation are noted and the consequences of using this institute of mediation procedure in armed conflicts are described. The criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of public legal mediation are expressed. It also describes the conditions under which the guarantor states assumed international obligations regarding the settlement of the Cyprus crisis.
The conclusions indicate attempts to settle it, which, unfortunately, did not find the support of the population of this island state. Along with this, it is noted that the subjects of public-legal mediation act as mediators not only in the solution, but also in the possible introduction of peaceful measures that will mitigate the international conflict. As an example, Turkey's participation in unblocking the work of Ukrainian seaports for the purpose of exporting food products by sea transport during the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2022 is given.
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Lopičić-Jančić, Jelena. "The protecting power in an armed conflict." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 76, no. 9 (2004): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv0404129l.
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The notion of Protecting Power is a very important legal institution in the settlement of many issues between the parties to the conflict in contemporary international law. It is regulated by the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12, 1949 and thus accepted by a large number of states. The Geneva Convention of 1949 provides for the supervision and control of implementation of international humanitarian conventions as well as international treaty and customary law of the war and this fact is of special importance for resolving the problems related to the prisoners of war. Another important novelty introduced by this Convention is that in addition to the International Committee of Red Cross it includes other impartial humanitarian organizations in the category of Protecting Powers. Undoubtedly, this Convention brings humanization of the status of war prisoners. In addition, the institution of the Protecting Power as well as the Convention as a whole, contribute to better criminal law protection of the prisoners of war.
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Bastaki, Basil, Paul Staniland, and Bryan Popoola. "Stabilizing Civil Wars without Peacekeeping: Evidence from South Asia." International Security 49, no. 1 (2024): 133–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00489.
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Abstract Peacekeeping is helpful in resolving civil wars, but there is little chance of peacekeeping operations or other international peace-building interventions for many conflicts. How do internal wars stabilize in the absence of meaningful international involvement? Two key factors, the government's political space for bargaining and the relative power of armed groups, help to explain when it is possible to reach either stable cooperation between states and armed groups or negotiated settlements. We analyze three conflict trajectories—“long-term limited cooperation” arrangements, state incorporation or disarmament, and ongoing conflict—to show that the paths to stabilization are often ethically fraught and empirically complicated but exist even when international involvement is off the table. We use quantitative and qualitative data to study the relationships between armed groups and governments in much of post-colonial South Asia, including during periods of little or no violence. Understanding these trajectories provides policymakers, analysts, and scholars with useful tools for identifying policy options and political trade-offs as they seek to reduce the human costs of war.
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Merina, Bresca. "Papua Conflict: An Article Review from the Best Conflict Resolution Method." JESS (Journal of Education on Social Science) 8, no. 1 (May 31, 2024): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jess.v8i1.549.
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This article is aimed to review conflict resolution process of Armed Criminal Group in Papua (KKB). This study is a scientific-article review using comparison technique, which compares horse trading method, counter-insurgency (COIN) model, and Military Operations Other Than War (OMSP) to later review the best method in conflict resolution and renew or develop it. This study starts from revealing the background of Armed Criminal Group (KKB) happening in Papua, and then discussing conflict resolution process referring to the separatist movement development from KKB using horse trading method, which is proven effective to resolve this conflict if it is supported by the trust between two parties to have a dialogue where both parties are allowed to deliver their purposes openly. It is different from the application of McCormick’s COIN strategy model which narrowly fails in resolving Papua conflict, and even is possible to create a chance of the new dynamics’ existence in its international dimension, so it is needed to have a new interpretation towards COIN model in Papua, which is by giving solution to conflict-root elimination instead of total elimination by military. Meanwhile, applying Military Operations Other Than War approach (OMSP) is mandatory which is done by every country in order to tackle separatism movements. By those three models mentioned earlier, several strategic steps are formulated later in conflict resolution of Armed Criminal Group (KKB) in Papua.
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Ahmadov, E. M. "Conflict in Transnistria and OSCE efforts for its settlement: issues of international law and international relations." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (September 11, 2024): 674–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2024.04.112.
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The academic work is dedicated to the analysis of legal and political aspects of one of the ongoing prolonged conflicts that began after the end of the Cold War - the conflict in Transnistria. Compared to other post-Soviet conflicts, the armed clashes in the Transnistrian region at the onset of the conflict were not as destructive and large-scale, and the subsequent situation in the region has been predominantly characterized by stability. Nevertheless, the mere fact of the continuation of this conflict, which is referred to in scientific circles as one of the so-called “frozen conflicts,” indicates that international efforts to resolve this conflict are clearly insufficient. As is known, negotiations for resolving the conflict in Transnistria are conducted in the “5+2” format and through separate specialized working groups. In the “5+2” format, a key role is played by mediators, represented by the OSCE, Ukraine, and Russia. Naturally, the most influential and authoritative mediator is the OSCE, represented by the Special Representative of the OSCE Chairperson-in-Office. The activities of the OSCE Mission to Moldova, established in early 1993, play an important role in the overall international efforts of the OSCE. In particular, the Mission’s staff conduct field operations on Moldovan territories, through which numerous local incidents occurring on both sides of the Dniester River are effectively resolved. Therefore, such multifaceted activities of the OSCE in resolving the conflict in Transnistria provoke significant scientific discussions and debates. Studying the OSCE’s practices, relying on the scientific works of scholars in the field of international law, gives this research a distinctive specificity among scientific works dedicated exclusively to the political aspects of the conflict in Transnistria. The central issue in the Transnistrian settlement is considered to be the question of Transnistria’s status. This issue is the cause of numerous discussions between the parties, each of which offers its own narratives to justify its position. The legal arguments justifying this or that option for resolving the issue of Transnistria’s status also vary significantly. Therefore, during the research, an analysis of legal norms was carried out that can serve as a basis for identifying the most objective options for resolving the status of Transnistria. The aim of the scientific article is to study the legal and political issues of the Transnistrian settlement and to identify the main shortcomings of international practice in resolving such conflicts. As a result of the research, the main factors hindering more effective OSCE activities in resolving the conflict in Transnistria were identified.
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Ivanova, Nadezhda A. "U.S. policy towards Israel in the context of the Israeli-Jordanian armed clashes (1954)." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 5 (2022): 1343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2022-27-5-1343-1351.
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The U.S. policy towards Israel in 1954 is considered on the example of foreign policy decisions taken by the American side during the Israeli-Jordanian armed clashes. As part of the unresolved Arab-Israeli conflict, the U.S. administration considered the vector of establishing partnerships with Arab countries as one of the ways to counteract the expansion of Soviet influence in the region. When resolving the issue of the Israeli-Jordanian border conflicts, the U.S. resorted to a policy of maneuvering, trying to maintain a balanced interaction with each of the parties. Meanwhile, this did not improve relations with the Arab countries, which emphasized the ongoing U.S. financial and political assistance to Israel. There was also a cooling of relations with the Jewish state, whose government was concerned about the prevailing positive trends in relations between the Arab countries and the United States. It is concluded that by 1954 the U.S. policy towards Israel was still at the stage of its formation, which was reflected in the contradictory opinions within the U.S. administration itself when resolving issues related to the foreign policy strategy regarding the Jewish state, and manifested itself in the process of unsuccessful resolution of the Israeli-Jordanian conflict.
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JABBA, Furqan Adil, and Hussein Mezher KHALAF. "COLOMBIA: ASSESSING THE ROLES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND PEACEBUILDING." Conflict Studies Quarterly, no. 47 (April 5, 2024): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.47.1.
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Colombia’s internal armed conflict, dating back to the 1960s, has garnered interna tional attention and become a priority for many donor countries. The resurgence of violence in the 1990s, combined with the influx of drug trafficking funds and the emergence of new illegal actors, resulted in fresh humanitarian crises and human rights violations. Concurrently, the internationalization of the armed conflict, spearheaded by the government of Andrés Pastrana (1998-2002) through the policy of diplomacy for peace, brought the shared responsibility approach to drug control onto the global stage. The European Union has played a significant role in Colombia, particularly in conflict resolution, peacebuilding, and supporting the country’s development process. In contrast to US cooperation, European engagement has been characterized by a less militaristic approach to addressing the ongoing armed conflict in Colombia. This approach is evident in intervention strategies more directly linked to civil society. These strategies encompass cooperation in peacebuilding and the promotion of human rights. This research aims to elucidate and analyze the strategies employed by the European Union in resolving the conflict and fostering peace in Colombia, while also as sessing their effectiveness. Keywords: European Union, Colombia, strategies, peacebuilding, conflict resolution.
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Stochel, Jacek. "Odpowiedzialność za naruszenie międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego przez siły pokojowe Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych." Studia Prawa Publicznego, no. 1(29) (March 15, 2020): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/spp.2020.1.29.3.
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Operations under the auspices of the Security Council mandate span over 70 years. Repeatedly involved in resolving armed conflicts, they have made a significant contribution to ensuring security and stability around the world. In practice, they have taken the form of operations by individual states, coalitions, other international organizations or simply as United Nations missions composed of contingents provided by Troop Contribution Countries (TCC). While operations under the auspices of the United Nations have been involved on several occasions in offensive activities under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, and the question of responsibility for these actions has been the subject of many legal analyses and judgments, missions organized by the United Nations are always recognized as neutral, and their activities as conciliatory and focused on monitoring the cessation of hostilities, or supervising the disengagement between the parties of the conflict, with the use of force limited to self-defence. Thus, such operations benefited from legal protection, and any action against them was considered a violation of international law. The current engagement of United Nations goes far beyond the traditional understanding of peacekeeping operations. UN missions are frequently authorized to employ all necessary means, up to and including the use of lethal force or even neutralization of the armed group. This creates a situation where in the light of International Humanitarian Law, such actions can be recognized as involvement in armed conflict. This article is intended to show the problems that the international community will soon face to in using United Nations’ missions as an instrument for resolving armed conflicts and as a tool for restoring peace and providing stability and securityin the area of operations. It presents the processes of decision-making and subordination, which in some circumstances might result in the United Nations missions being deprived of legal protection and, in addition, made liable for non-compliance with the provisions of International Humanitarian Law.
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Fabre, Cécile. "MILITARY INTERVENTION IN INTERSTATE ARMED CONFLICTS." Social Philosophy and Policy 40, no. 2 (2023): 431–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052524000141.
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AbstractSuppose that state A attacks state D without warrant. The ensuing military conflict threatens international peace and security. State D (I assume) has a justification for defending itself by means of military force. Do third parties have a justification for intervening in that conflict by such means? To international public lawyers, the well-rehearsed and obvious answer is “yes.” Threats to international peace and security provide one of two exceptions to the legal and moral prohibition (as set out in Article 2[4] of the UN Charter) on using force as a means for resolving interstate disputes. Just war theorists are not as verdictive. Compared to the ethics of humanitarian intervention and the ethics of national self-defense, the ethics of third-party military involvement in interstate conflicts remains underdeveloped in contemporary just war theory. This essay begins to fill that gap. I argue that to defend such interventions is tantamount to defending preventive military force, deterrent military force, and the resort to force in more cases than standardly thought. I then provide an account and limited defense of the deterrence argument. I show that deterrence is morally justified in relatively few cases and examine two problems with the argument: deterrence failures and the level of uncertainty under which leaders who use deterrent force operate. I conclude that we should take seriously the possibility that nonintervention, construed as the rejection of the direct use of military force, is the morally correct response to the most serious threats to international peace and security.
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Karakuş, D. "Resolution of local conflicts involving armed Islamists: the Syrian civil war, 2011–2021." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 1 (2023): 58–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2023-1-58-75.
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In the 2010s, violent Islamist actors have become increasingly involved in intrastate armed conflicts, but little is known about how these conflicts can be resolved. Previous studies have found that negotiations are less likely to be successful in resolving armed conflicts that involve violent Islamists. Ceasefires are another tool of conflict resolution related to negotiation that may be reached before, during, or after the negotiation process. This article investigates the conditions for reaching ceasefire agreements with Islamist armed groups in Syria by expanding the author’s earlier dataset, codifying the data, and using logistic regression analysis to test three main hypotheses. From 2011 to 2021, 141 local ceasefire agreements were reached in 190 distinct locations during the Syrian сivil war, comprising about half of the agreements reached with Islamist armed actors. The finding is that such actors were more receptive to a ceasefire if the drafting of agreements prioritized (a) humanitarian considerations above tactical ones and (b) gradual implementation as opposed to immediate. Long-lasting sieges, fighting exhaustion, and the associated public pressure on combatants may further explain why humanitarian incentives are motivating for agreements. The gradual pace of implementation might be attributed to efforts made to create confidence. In contrast, as anticipated by earlier studies, the involvement of third parties does not significantly explain a relationship to achieve a ceasefire with these armed actors.
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Silva, Nina Bries, and Esteban Díaz Montenegro. "In other words: the strategic use of Nasa Indigenous language in legal settings." Cambridge International Law Journal 12, no. 2 (December 28, 2023): 288–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/cilj.2023.02.07.
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After 56 years of internal armed conflict, Colombia undertook a transitional justice process and established the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (SJP or JEP in Spanish) as the court in charge of resolving cases related to the conflict. In 2018, the JEP opened a case to investigate gross violations committed against the Nasa Indigenous people and their ancestral territory during armed conflict. In the proceedings before the JEP, Nasa authorities and lawyers, most of whom are fluent in Spanish, have been purposely using linguistic constructions in Nasa Yuwe, their native language. This article explores the purpose behind this linguistic practice and its potential implication for the JEP and international law. Through critical discourse analysis and socio-linguistic analysis of legal documents, the article outlines different strategic uses of language by an ethnic minority, such as the Nasa, to strengthen and broaden their rights.
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Popov, Maxim. "Conflict Resolution Strategy as Political Integration Resource: Theoretical Perspectives on Resolving Ethnic Conflicts in the North Caucasus." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.3368.
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This article explores the different approaches to study of conflict resolution strategyfrom a variety of interdisciplinary perspectives. It argues that conflict resolution strategy aspolitical integration resource is a necessary tool for overcoming deep-rooted ethnic conflictsin the instable region of North Caucasus. The author considers structural factors of protractedconflicts and emphasizes a destabilizing role of the re-politicization of ethnicity of a regionsociety in crisis. The concept of ethnic “identity-based” conflicts is the heuristic theoreticalmodel of exploring causes for increased ethno-confessional tensions in the North Caucasus.The article focuses on the ability of conflict resolution theory to de-escalate growing ethnoconfessionaltensions and transform protracted ethnic conflicts. Interdisciplinary approach toanalyzing conflict resolution strategy as political integration resource, while combining conflicttheory and neo-functionalistic paradigm, is the methodological basis of this research. The needto stimulate political integration is caused by moral and structural causes: from the ethical pointof view, the creation of an inclusive society is the fundamental societal goal; structural factorsare related to the need to reduce inequalities and differences leading to social fragmentationand escalation of ethnic conflicts. Among the socio-political conditions of the North Caucasianconflicts, the author calls social inequalities, civil identity crisis, authoritarian and ethnopolitical“renaissance”, economic polarization, “ideological combat” between the secular modernizationand fundamentalism. Discussing conflict resolution strategy as political integration resource,it is necessary to consider the following: 1) North Caucasian integration is a macro-politicalproject, the content of which is determined by issues of social security of multiethnic Russia;2) development of the North Caucasus after the end of armed ethnic conflicts shows theinadmissibility of structural demodernization, fundamentalism and cultural isolationism. Today,the North Caucasus remains a crucially geopolitical macro-region, as it forms the southernvolatile frontier of Russia. In this case, conflict resolution strategy must serve as preventive tool onthe conflict environment by way of providing structural solutions for deep-rooted socio-culturalproblems, transforming and rationalizing regional ethnic contradictions.
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Nikolić, Kosta, and Marina Ilić. "Causes of the armed conflict in Croatia 1991. Resolving conceptual and methodological inconsistencies." Istorija 20. veka 34, no. 2/2016 (August 1, 2016): 179–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.29362/ist20veka.2016.2.nik.179-206.
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Maistrenko, К., and А. Tseitlina. "IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNICATIVE POLICY DURING MILITARY CONFLICTS: ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE." East European Scientific Journal 3, no. 12(76) (January 27, 2022): 04–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/essa.2782-1994.2021.3.76.209.
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The article summarizes and analyzes the experience of implementing communication policy during military conflicts in foreign countries. The authors note that today communications are playing an increasingly important role in resolving armed conflicts. It is proved that the strategic formation of communication policy contributes to the optimal functioning of modern Ukrainian society, improving the national security system of Ukrainian society, the possibility of deoccupation and reintegration of the population of eastern Ukraine in the Ukrainian-Russian military conflict, ensuring sustainable development of the Ukrainian state. tactics of safe development of domestic society. It is concluded that a single state institution should be created in Ukraine, which would have a full range of communication tools sufficient for confrontation in modern military conflicts. It was stressed that this would significantly increase the importance of adequate assessment of the military-political situation, timely detection of military threats, as well as consolidate the areas of public administration and coordination of actions of public authorities in the conflict in eastern Ukraine.
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Fitria, Fitria, and Gilang Rizki Aji Putra. "Problematika Antara Israel dan Palestina." ADALAH 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 40–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/adalah.v6i2.26872.
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This article examines how Indonesian diplomacy takes place in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Armed friction and clashes between Palestinian fighters and the Israeli military still occur and can even affect Palestinian civilians. Judging from the history of Indonesia's closeness to Palestine, Indonesia is one of the countries that actively call for the independence of Palestine with a two-state solution. This article is described using conflict resolution theory. Furthermore, the author finds the findings of Indonesian diplomacy in resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Indonesia plays an active role through its role as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council.
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Sobseh, Emmanuel Yenkong. "Cameroon-Nigeria Border Conflict Prevention and Resolution Over the Bakassi Peninsula, 1884 – 2008: Model for Peacebuilding in Africa." International Journal of Conflict Management 4, no. 1 (May 29, 2023): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijcm.1292.
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Purpose: Relations between Nigeria and Cameroon have been strained for a number of years due to conflicts over the ownership and administration of the resource-rich Bakassi Peninsula. After independence, Cameroon and Nigeria accepted the colonial borders, but Nigerian authorities decided in 1980 to question these borders. Following several failed diplomatic attempts to prevent and resolve the conflict, Cameroon approached the International Court of Justice (ICJ) at the Hague with a petition on March 29, 1994 and at the end of the process which lasted eight years, the ICJ rendered its final verdict on October 10, 2002 in favour of Cameroon. This study seeks to examine the geopolitics and historical context of the Bakassi dispute. It argues that, the different conflict prevention measures adopted through the creation of the Joint Cameroon–Nigeria Border Commission in 1965; Yaounde I Declaration of August 14, 1970; Yaounde II Declaration of April 4, 1971; Kano Declaration of September 1, 1974; Maroua Declaration of June 1, 1975; and the activities of the Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed Commission from 2002 to 2007 provided a model for dialogue and mediation in the prevention of armed conflicts in Africa.
Methodology: The study utilized primary and secondary sources to investigate the measures adopted in preventing the conflict and to ascertain that the methods of conflict resolution such as mediation, bilateral negotiation, facilitation, adjudication, agreement and dialogue applied were very successful.
Findings: The study concludes that, addressing the shortcomings of conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms could improve stability, guarantee security and maintain peace. The study recommends that, governments, the general public, litigants, mediators and policymakers involved in the prevention and resolution of border conflicts should be educated and trained on alternative dispute resolution processes in Africa.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study contributes to theory, policy and practice in the sense that, conflict prevention through dialogue, creation of joint and mixed commissions, and the arrival of consensus through declarations and agreements have significant potentials for handling and resolving the growing number of armed border conflicts in Africa.
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Pasha, Aura Alifia Kamilla, and Levina Yustitianingtyas. "Peran United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) dalam Memberikan Perlindungan Hak Anak Sebagai Korban Perekrutan Tentara Bersenjata di Republik Demokratik Kongo." Wajah Hukum 8, no. 1 (April 4, 2024): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v8i1.1409.
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This legal research focuses on the issue of the extent of UNICEF’s role in protecting the rights of children who are victims of exploitation and abuse, on of which is that occur in conflict areas Republic Democratic of Congo. One of the phenomena that occurs is the recruitment of armed soldiers which occurs among children. This case of child soldiers that occurred in the Republic Democratic of Congo involved various armed Rally Constitutional Democratic (RCD) parties in fighting pro government parties and creating political grudges that could attract children in this country to take part in the conflict as child soldiers. This legal issue in this research discusses the role of UNICEF in providing protection for children recruited as armed soldiers in the Republic Democraic of Congo from the perspective of International Humanitarian Law. Research methods juridical normative with a descriptive approach to invitation regulations based on primary, secondary, and tertiary data sources. This results of this research show that children as victims of exploitation by armed soldiers have not received optimal treatment because UNICEF is experiencing obstacles in resolving children’s rights in the Republic Democratic of Congo.
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Suraningsih, Adelia Ratna, Regina Michelle Tansaya Pramono, Lucio Castanheira da Cruz dos Santos, and Septyanto Galan Prakoso. "An Exploration of The Existence and Humanitarian Role of The Icrc in Resolving the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in The Gaza Region." AL IMARAH : JURNAL PEMERINTAHAN DAN POLITIK ISLAM 9, no. 1 (July 24, 2024): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/imr.v9i1.4851.
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The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, especially in the Gaza Strip, has become a complex and long-standing geopolitical problem, marked by historical, religious, and territorial disputes. The Gaza Strip, a narrow coastal region, has been a focal point of intense conflict, characterized by repeated hostilities, military operations, and political tensions. The region has witnessed multiple wars and clashes, leading to humanitarian crises and significant infrastructure challenges. The impact of these conflicts on civilian populations has been enormous, causing widespread displacement, economic hardship, and severe restrictions on daily life. Amid these tumultuous conditions, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), a neutral and independent humanitarian organization, has played an important role. The ICRC operates based on the principles of humanity, impartiality, neutrality, and independence, with a mandate to protect and assist those affected by armed conflict and other situations of violence. This paper explores the important role of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in overcoming the protracted Israeli-Palestinian conflict, especially in the volatile Gaza region. By examining the historical context, objectives, and humanitarian approach adopted by the ICRC in this conflict scenario, this research aims to explain the organization's impact in mitigating the suffering of the affected population.
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Ryan, Kirsten Ortega. "“Urban Killing Fields:” International Humanitarian Law, Gang Violence, and Armed Conflict on the Streets of El Salvador." International and Comparative Law Review 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 97–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2020-0005.
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SummaryEl Salvador is currently one of the most violent countries in the world with rates of violent death second only to Syria. With gangs running rampant and state security forces unchecked, the streets have become “urban killing fields”1 while the rest of the world has turned a blind eye to the atrocities. It is time for the international community to refocus on El Salvador and work towards a solution to this dire humanitarian crisis. To that end, it is imperative that the gang violence in El Salvador should be understood by the global community as an internal “armed conflict” under international humanitarian law. By recognizing the violence in El Salvador as an “armed conflict,” international attention to resolving this human rights tragedy will increase, and Salvadoran gang leaders and government forces can be prosecuted internationally for war crimes and crimes against humanity.
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Tseveliov, Oleh. "CURRENT THREATS NEAR THE BORDERS OF UKRAINE AND THEIR POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 50, no. 1 (April 28, 2022): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/5027.
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The armed conflict in eastern Ukraine is one of the main threats and challenges to the national security of Ukraine. Ukrainian society is already tired of long-term impossibility to resolve the issue of ending the war, thus there has been a tendency in favor of direct negotiations with a neighboring country, namely the Russian Federation, with the social opinion supporting such procedure for resolving a sensitive issue. The Minsk agreements have failed and in the near future will fail in finding a positive solution to the armed conflict in favor of one of the parties, and Ukrainian society is divided over the consistent implementation of their measures. Some people have an extremely negative attitude to the implementation of certain provisions, others support their implementation, while a third of the society generally votes for the separation of Donbass from Ukraine. Although the armed conflict is formally happening between the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the illegal military formations of the DPR/LPR, it has a much deeper and more complex structure. Given the lack of national unity in the state regarding the settlement of the conflict in the Donbas, an important issue arises regarding the beginning of a socio-political dialogue within Ukraine and the development of effective mechanisms for state response to threats to national security. Holding open and transparent discussions between all regions of Ukraine, between two neighboring countries, taking into account the socio-economic situation, cultural and family ties, will provide an opportunity to develop common ways to solve aggravated problems supported by the majority of society.
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Dixi, Revista, Oleksii M. Lytvynov, Yurii V. Orlov, Andrei M. Yashchenko, and Kseniya V. Yurtayeva. "The Criminogenic Risks of Irregular Migration in Conditions of Armed Conflict in Ukraine." DIXI 23, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/2357-5891.2021.02.09.
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The purpose of the paper is to comprehend and examine dimensions of irregular migration, namely its criminogenic, victimological sources and its background influence on criminal processes in conditions of armed conflict in Ukraine.
Results of the study allows us to draw a sound conclusion that irregular migration poses a number of criminogenic risks to Ukrainian national security as well as to the rights and freedoms of Ukrainian citizens, especially of those who remain or arrive to the occupied territories. The research ascertains that criminogenic potential of migration may be viewed from two related perspectives associated with the phenomenon of migrants’ criminality and migrants as potential or real victims of crime. The research outlines the factors providing a favourable environment for engaging irregular migrants into criminal activities. Basing on the recent amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine and current criminal statistic the research ascertains the links of ethnic minority criminality and mercenary activities with irregular migration in Ukraine. The research provides arguments that internally displaced persons can be viewed as a contemporary type of intra-state migration that poses additional criminogenic hazards in conditions of the armed conflict in Ukraine.
Practical implications of the study lie in the recommendations for decreasing the risks of irregular migration, in conditions of armed conflict in Ukraine, defined a following: resolving the issue on the legal status of the armed conflict in Eastern regions of Ukraine, as well as recognising Lugansk Public Republic and Donetsk Public Republics terrorist’s organisations on the national level. Reinforcing suppression of all kinds of smuggling, international.
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Skrypnyk, Olena. "The Position of the European Union in Georgian War." European Historical Studies, no. 12 (2019): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2019.12.77-91.
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In the article explores the reasons for the military conflict in Georgia in August 2008, which arose with the collapse of the Soviet Union and Georgia’s proclamation of independence. As result of the armed conflict between 1992 and 1993, Georgia actually lost control of two regions – Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which de facto were independent under the Russian military support. The position of the European Union regarding this conflict was analyzed, which from the beginning of the Russo-Georgian armed conflict, made significant diplomatic efforts for its speedy settlement. In particular, France has developed six points for a peaceful settlement of the conflict. It was clarified what kind of assistance the EU provided in the termination of Russian-Georgian war. The activity of the EU Monitoring Mission (EUMM) in Georgia has been analyzed, which started its work on October 1, 2008 and is currently in operation. The EUMM is unique among the missions under the overall European Union security and defense policy, she does not provide counseling, does not conduct training or training, she only observing and reporting on the situation in Georgia to allow EU member states to develop a policy towards Georgia. It was concluded that thanks to the creation of the EU Monitoring Mission in Georgia, the EU’s weight in resolving the conflict in Georgia has increased significantly. Despite some technical problems in the initial implementation phase, the Mission is a success for the EU’s Common Security and Defenсe Policy. The Mission continues to make an important contribution to stabilizing the conflict situation in the region, especially after the termination of the OSCE and UN Mission in Georgia. Noted that during the Russo-Georgian War in August 2008, the European Union has developed its own strategy for settling conflicts in the South Caucasus.
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Karamalla-Gaiballa, Nagmeldin. "The European Union Role in Resolving the Armed Conflict in the Western Sudanese Province of Darfur." Reality of Politics 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop201403.
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The article outlines the role of the EU in resolving the armed conflict in the western Sudanese province of Darfur, and explains the important role played by the EU in its engaged in peacekeeping and that guided his condition, as well as how it actions and decisions were received by the Darfurians and the government in Khartoum. Unfortunately, the nature and progress of the conflict, and above all, the great ignorance of the region and the population, makes all attempts to resolve the conflict are ineffective. Through these years, the EU has introduced a number of resolutions, declarations and sanctions. All this was not only to save the life of hundreds of thousands of civilians, but also opposition to the regime and impact on its interests. Unfortunately, there was no general coordination of EU the actions, not only in Darfur, but also in the whole of Sudan. That resulting chaos in actions related to the quality of cooperation between the EU bodies. There was no close co-operation aimed at planning of aid from the United Nations, also because it was a kind of rivalry between EU and UN organizations who want to be seen as a major mediator in peacekeeping.
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Lolić, Sofija, and Julijana Račić. "The importance and role of legal sciences in resolving the problems of missing persons in armed conflicts in the former SFRY and AP KiM." Megatrend revija 18, no. 2 (2021): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2102141l.
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In this paper, the authors accentuate constitutional and legislation governing human rights through the issue of missing persons in armed conflicts in the period from 1992 to 2000. At the same time, it contains statistical data on the reported international Committee in so-called closed cases, open cases, cases closed since the beginning of 2020, the persons presumed to be dead but whose remains are assumed. They have not yet been found and returned to families, whose fate is still unknown, about the persons who are known to be alive, found by the persons identified and submitted to families, and finally cases that are closed for administrative reasons. The need to be adopted by the Law on Persons who have disappeared during the armed conflict. What was preceded by this work were two decades without an answer to the question of what happened to the missing persons on the territory of the SFRY, with special reference to KiM.
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Averianova, Nina. "PLACE OF ART IN THE CONTEXT OF DECONFLICTIZATION OF MODERN UKRAINIAN SOCIETY." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 24 (2019): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2019.24.18.
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Art has always been a part of every day life. People can get values and ideas trough art and it's in a way that people enjoy. There are a lot of visual art representing sorrow and sadness regarding to an actual conflict. Not only to make people understand, this art also can be a way of seeking help, to truly understand the condition of people and what is the conflict about. It is well known that in the modern world art is actively used for the purpose of relaxation, rehabilitation and reduction of emotional tension in conflict situations. The importance of art as a specific tool of influence, which helps in resolving complex conflicts in society and contributes to peacekeeping, is analyzed. It is stated that the present day Russian-Ukrainian armed confrontation significantly intensifies the processes of conflict of different spheres of public life of Ukrainian citizens. It is suggested to use art therapy as an effective method of solving various conflict situations, in particular, in the current conditions of armed conflict in Ukraine. As art therapy has proven itself to be an effective method of exiting a person from a morbid condition, now in Ukraine, in order to deconflictization of society, it is necessary to use art therapy in the psychological rehabilitation of warriors and internally displaced persons. Art therapy was formed as a specific activity that includes art, psychology and psychotherapy. Art therapy can deprive a person of negative feelings, encourage him and help build new life patterns. That is why the issues of deconflictization of the society and restoration of peace in Ukraine are considered in the context of holding various cultural state events, in particular artistic ones. It is also important that modern technological development has created wide-ranging opportunities for art as a stabilizing factor in the state.
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Usman, Hazrat, Raja Ishtiaq Ahmed, and Syed Suliman Ali. "Navigating the Gray Area: A Comprehensive Analysis of Cyber Warfare and its Relationship to the Law of Armed Conflict." Global Legal Studies Review VII, no. III (September 30, 2022): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2022(vii-iii).05.
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This scholarly research delves into the interplay between the realms of cyber hostilities and the norms governing the law of armed conflict. It commences by meticulously defining cyber warfare and expounding upon its multiple forms, including incursions into vital infrastructure, cyber espionage operations, and the deployment of malicious software. Subsequently, the study scrutinizes the legal paradigm that regulates the deployment of military force in the realm of cyberspace, encompassing the United Nations Charter and the Tallinn Manual. Additionally, the paper conducts a thorough examination of the difficulties encountered in the application of the law of armed conflict to the realm of cyber warfare, such as the complicated nature of attributing cyber-attacks and the absence of precise regulations for proportionality. Lastly, the paper proffers constructive recommendations aimed at resolving these challenges and identifies avenues for future research. In sum, the paper endeavors to furnish a comprehensive comprehension of the legal quandaries associated with cyber warfare and possible methods to address them.
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Orzeszyna, Krzysztof. "Convergence of International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law in Armed Conflicts." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 32, no. 3 (September 29, 2023): 237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2023.32.3.237-252.
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The article concerns the convergence of international humanitarian law and international human rights law in armed conflicts. International humanitarian law and human rights law converge and permeate each other because both these disciplines of public international law are founded on natural law. Although international humanitarian law constitutes a lex specialis, the general rules on the interpretation of treaties clearly indicate that international human rights law must be interpreted in the context of other rules of international law, and its derogations, if any, must be compatible with other international obligations of the state, including with humanitarian law. Where a conflict arises between international humanitarian law and international human rights law, the mechanism for resolving conflicts between norms has been supplemented by the International Court of Justice by applying an interpretation based on the principle of systemic integration, resulting in the “humanization” of international humanitarian law. As regards the application of universal and regional instruments of international human rights law, we face a “humanization” of them. That is why more and more attention is paid in practice to the complementarity of international humanitarian law and international human rights law, and this is confirmed in United Nations discussions and resolutions on the situation in armed conflicts.
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Malkerov, Victor. "Some aspects of the role of agricultural production for sustainable development of the state." E3S Web of Conferences 291 (2021): 02033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129102033.
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The author draws attention to the development of crisis phenomena in most of the developed countries of the world. Possible scenarios for resolving the growing crisis contradictions are briefly analyzed. It is noted that quite serious armed conflicts are not excluded, in which a drop in the standard of living of the population of many countries of the world is inevitable. It is noted that in this scenario, the developed agriculture will contribute to the minimum inevitable losses among the population of those countries that will be involved in the conflict. In a scenario in which armed clashes will not be a serious enough problem for developed countries, there will be a problem of a decrease in the number of the indigenous population of these countries, their replacement by a population with other cultural traditions, or, in general, a critical decrease in population density. The author analyzes the reasons for this phenomenon and comes to the conclusion that it is possible to reverse the current trend by involving the population in the development of agriculture on modern principles.
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Goncharov, V. V., and N. N. Berzeova. "MODERN PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE OBSERVANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MILITARY CONFLICT ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE." Law Нerald of Dagestan State Universit 34, no. 2 (2020): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2224-0241-2020-34-2-93-99.
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The article deals with the problems of human rights in the context of armed conflict and the actions of the anti-terrorist operation in the South-East of Ukraine. The analyzes the fundamental documents of international law and the law of Ukraine in the field of basic human rights and freedoms and identifies violations of regulations in the field of ensuring the security of citizens, the use of the army and prohibited weapons against civilians and civilian infrastructure. Based on the research carried out in the article, the author identifies and justifies the following ways to resolve the conflict: the introduction of troops of peacekeepers in the zone of military conflict; resolving issues of actual compensation for victims and relatives of victims; the implementation of international justice against those responsible for unleashing the conflict and war crimes against citizens.
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Setyawati, Anak Agung Ayu Diah, and Asyaffa Rizdqi Amandha. "Indonesia’s Cooperation with ASEAN Countries in Handling Transnational Crime Cases: South China Sea Dispute." Law Research Review Quarterly 8, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v8i1.52813.
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The dispute over the South China Sea is one of the disputes that has a high potential for conflict, especially in the ASEAN region. The South China Sea is a sea that irrigates many countries, such as Brunei, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines China, Taiwan and Indonesia itself. Many things belong to the South China Sea, ranging from strategic interests and natural resources owned by the South China Sea. ASEAN in general and Indonesia specifically want territorial disputes in the South China Sea not to escalate into armed conflict. Therefore, Joint Development Authorities are formed in overlapping claim areas to develop the area and share the proceeds fairly without resolving the issue of sovereignty over the territory. Although not directly involved, Indonesia is neutral in disputes in the South China Sea. Indonesia has an interest in reducing the potential for such conflicts. The legal and diplomatic approach in the South China Sea conflict has been carried out by Indonesia for a long time, since the first president to the seventh president, President Jokowi and until now Indonesia is actively conducting diplomacy to realize a conducive and peaceful territorial area.
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Anisimova, Olga. "FINANCING EDUCATION SECTOR DURING THE MARTIAL LAW: BEST PRACTICES." Educational Analytics of Ukraine, no. 3 (2022): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32987/2617-8532-2022-3-104-118.
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Adequate financing of education is necessary to maintain an efficient system and provide high quality education. The armed conflicts have a negative impact on economic development, as a result, the available resources become limited. Usually, the education sector is not a priority for financing, but educating the population remains important. The purpose of our article is to determine the best practices of funding the education sector during wars and armed conflicts. Our analysis of the impact of the wars and armed conflicts on the economic development of the parties involved showed that the lack of funds leads to the reallocation of the government expenditures towards military and defense sectors, usually at the expense of others, including education. It has been established that the impact of armed conflicts on the financing of the education sector is determined by several factors, in particular, the drop in economic growth rates, the disruption of trade relations, and the reallocation of expenditures from other sectors to defense and the army. This means that the state requires external help to finance educational sector. Globalization caused the growing interdependence of the national economies, so the neighbor countries are particularly interested in resolving that conflict and supporting the afflicted party. As such the international community created a program to support education development in emergencies (including natural disasters, wars, armed conflicts etc.) and practical recommendations for their implementation. There are several parts of the program for different scenarios including creating temporary facilities to provide preschool and school education, and relocation of the children (including abroad) for the purposes of subsequent repatriation or integration. As a result, the external support includes official development aid (financing the education sector of the recipient) and providing aid to the refugees. It has been established that at the moment only 29 countries are donors of the official development assistance in the field of education, and most of it is provided by 5 countries. On the other hand, most of developed countries have established practices to provide help for education of the migrants and refugees.
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Soroka, O. Ya. "Retrospection of the State Regulation of Medical Activities in the Conditions of Armed Conflict: the Historical Experience of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic (1918-1919)." Medicne pravo, no. 2(34) (October 30, 2024): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25040/medicallaw2024.02.045.
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The article provides a retrospective analysis of the state regulation of medical activity during the period of existence of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic (1918-1919). The research is conducted through the prism of challenges of the ongoing armed conflict, in which Ukraine found itself both at present time, and a century ago, with the aim of clarifying the impact of these processes on resolving issues of societal life, in particular, activities related to decision-making in the field of healthcare. The research has scientific and practical significance, primarily owing to the fact that at present time, the Ukrainian state, being in the conditions of an armed conflict, not only ensures the operation of the healthcare system, but also continues the process of its reforming. At the same time, it is worth noting that considering the historical experience in such processes is an objective necessity. A well-studied and well-thought-out historical experience enables predicting the future development of events, as the Renaissance politician Niccolo Machiavelli once so aptly said: «To know what should happen, it is enough to trace what happened».
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Burbidge, Peter. "Justice and Peace? – The Role of Law in Resolving Colombia's Civil Conflict." International Criminal Law Review 8, no. 3 (2008): 557–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181208x308556.
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AbstractThe Colombian Parliament's Justice and Peace law of 2005, introduced by the government of President Alvaro Uribe, allows members of armed groups involved in Colombia's 40-year old conflict to re-enter civilian life by paying an alternative penalty of 5-8 years' prison, even where their crimes concern mass-murder. The process is conditional on a full confession and the proper recompense for the victims. The Law however benefits primarily the pro-state paramilitaries, as the left-wing guerrilla groups have yet to make peace, and has thus been described as a transitional justice system without the transition. This article considers the provisions of the 2005 law against the background of the Constitutional Court's 2006 decision on its validity and the requirements of international criminal law and human rights law. It considers whether it satisfies the requirements of the International Criminal Court, which has jurisdiction over Colombia's conflict but with an opt-out till 2009 for war-crimes. Will the process resolve the problem of Colombia's "impunity" – the failure to prosecute paramilitary crimes - which has been condemned by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights? In conclusion it compares the process to other transitional justice systems in South Africa and Northern Ireland.
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Francis, Diana. "Reflection: The Challenge and Power of Dialogue." Journal of Dialogue Studies 5 (2017): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/ufhp6744.
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The word ‘dialogue,’ though in its dictionary definition the equivalent of ‘conversation,’ is most often used with a sense of purpose, usually that of bridging a gap of some kind, ending alienation, or resolving conflict. Like most people, I have had plenty of experience with dialogue: in my case as a family member and as a parent, trying to reach agreements with teenagers; as a peace activist, trying to achieve consensus in groups and committees and trying to engage with a sceptical public; as a third party facilitator of dialogue in conflicts between neighbours and within organisations; and, particularly, in situations of violent or potentially violent conflict between politicians and/or armed groups. I have used this opportunity for reflection to gather together some of the salient things I have learnt over the years, from others involved in nonviolent activism and peace making and from my own experience. I have focused on dialogue as something distinct from negotiation, though the two things often overlap, especially at a point where the focus is on practical solutions of a political nature.