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Chadil, Mohamed-Amine. "Penalty methods for the simulation of fluid-solid interactions with various assemblies of resolved scale particles." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0205/document.
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Les simulations des écoulements diphasiques à l’échelle réelle de l’application nécessitent des modèles pour les termes non fermés des équations macroscopiques. Des simulations numériques directes à particule résolue utilisant la méthode de pénalisation visqueuse ont été réalisées afin de mesurer les interactions entre des particules de différentes formes (sphérique et ellipsoïdale) et le fluide porteur à différents régimes d'écoulement (de stokes à l'inertiel). Deux méthodes ont été développées durant cette thèse afin d'extraire les forces hydrodynamiques ainsi que le transfert de chaleur sur les frontières immergées représentant les particules. Plusieurs validations ont été conduites pour différentes configurations de particules : de la simulation d’une particule isolée à un réseau aléatoire de sphères en passant par réseau cubique face centrée de sphères. Une corrélation du nombre de Nusselt est proposée pour un sphéroïde allongé plongé dans un écoulement uniformeThe simulations of multiphase flows at real application scale need models for unclosed terms in macroscopic equations. Particle-Resolved Direct Numerical Simulations using Viscous Penalty Method have been carried out to quantify the interactions between particles of different shapes (spheres, ellipsoids) and the carrier fluid at different regimes (from Stokes to inertial). Two methods have been developed to extract hydrodynamic forcesand heat transfers on immersed boundaries representing the particles. Validations have been conducted for various configuration of particles: from an isolated sphere and spheroid to Face-Centered Cubic to a random arrangement of spheres. A correlation of the Nusselt number for an isolated prolate spheroid past by a uniform flow is proposed
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He, Long. "Study of Fluid Forces and Heat Transfer on Non-spherical Particles in Assembly Using Particle Resolved Simulation." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91400.
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Gas-solid flow is fundamental to many industrial processes. Extensive experimental and numerical studies have been devoted to understand the interphase momentum and heat transfer in these systems. Most of the studies have focused on spherical particle shapes, however, in most natural and industrial processes, the particle shape is seldom spherical. In fact, particle shape is one of the important parameters that can have a significant impact on momentum, heat and mass transfer, which are fundamental to all processes. In this study particle-resolved simulations are performed to study momentum and heat transfer in flow through a fixed random assembly of ellipsoidal particles with sphericity of 0.887. The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved using the Immersed Boundary Method (IBM). A Framework for generating particle assembly is developed using physics engine PhysX. High-order boundary conditions are developed for immersed boundary method to resolve the heat transfer in the vicinity of fluid/particle boundary with better accuracy. A complete framework using particle-resolved simulation study assembly of particles with any shape is developed. The drag force of spherical particles and ellipsoid particles are investigated. Available correlations are evaluated based on simulation results and recommendations are made regarding the best combinations. The heat transfer in assembly of ellipsoidal particle is investigated, and a correlation is proposed for the particle shape studied. The lift force, lateral force and torque of ellipsoid particles in assembly and their variations are quantitatively presented and it is shown that under certain conditions these forces and torques cannot be neglected as is done in the larger literature.Ph. D.
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Lui, Kwok-on, and 呂國安. "Single particle analysis by time-resolved ICP-MS measurement." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46582630.
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Payne, Stephen John. "Critical scattering and time resolved neutron diffraction studies of phase transitions." Thesis, Keele University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245355.
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Zhang, Hua, and 张华. "Characterization of signal-production processes of single particles inICP by time-resolved ICP-AES." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47150567.
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The research in this thesis aims to characterize the signal-production processes of single particles in the ICP using time-resolved ICP-AES. Signal-production processes, including desolvation, vaporization, atomization, ionization, and diffusion, determine the temporal emission intensity of a single particle. Bimetallic nanoparticles of BaTiO3 (average diameter = 115 nm) were used as test particles. The particles were introduced into the ICP by nebulization of the suspension of the particles in water. As the ion plume of a particle moves up in central channel of the ICP, a temporal emission peak of the analyte atoms in the plume is produced. The emission intensity at any point of time in the temporal profile is related to the degree of vaporization and excitation of the particle at the corresponding vertical position of the ICP. The signal-production processes can, in principle, be studied by measuring the temporal emission profiles. However, the emission intensity of single particles is typically low. Continuous integration of the entire ICP central channel further reduces the signal-to-background ratio (SBR).
A novel double-slit method has been developed to measure the temporal emission intensity of a single particle at two pre-defined ICP vertical positions. Two horizontal slits of slit height of 1 mm were placed in front of the monochromator. As the ion plume passes through the double-slit, two peaks in the temporal emission profile are produced. The configuration of the double-slit (slit height and distance between the two slits) was optimized for maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and temporal resolution of the double-peaks.
Fast data sampling rate (50,000 Hz) was used in proper sampling of the temporal emission peaks. Large data sets were obtained. Custom programs were developed to extract the relatively weak double-peaks from the temporal emission profiles. The data treatment strategy includes smoothing of the temporal profile to increase SNR and automated peak extraction based on the characteristics of the double-peaks (peak height, peak width, time-difference of the peak pair, and SNR). Four smoothing methods, including Moving Average Filtering, Savitzky-Golay Filtering, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Wavelet Transform, were tested. FFT was adopted because the method requires only one parameter (the cutoff frequency) and is relatively easy to optimize.
Hundreds of double-peaks were obtained in a typical temporal profile of time duration of approximately 120 s. The emission intensity and peak width of the peak pair are correlated to determine the degree of vaporization of the analyte atoms, the extent of diffusion of the analyte atoms and the plume size, and the velocity of the plume in the ICP. Two types of double-peaks are identified. The relative peak height and peak width of the double-peaks in each type are related to the degree of vaporization of the single particles. Simulation of the evaporation rate of water droplets that enclose the single BaTiO3 particles shows that the time required for complete evaporation of water is a major factor that determines the degree of vaporization of BaTiO3 particles at the double-slit. Aggregation of BaTiO3 particles in the suspension was also investigated.published_or_final_version
Chemistry
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Benia, Hadj Mohamed. "Spatially resolved optical measurements on supported metal particles and oxide surfaces with the STM." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15862.
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In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde mit Hilfe eines Photon-STM die Korrelation zwischen optischen Eigenschaften und der lokalen Morphologie an zwei unterschiedlichen Systemen untersucht. Hierfür wurden zum einem oxidgetragene Ensemble von Silber-Partikeln präpariert, wobei sowohl die Partikelform (Kuppel- und Scheibenform) als auch die deponierte Partikeldichte variiert werden konnte. Neben der Präparation solcher Partikel auf Al10O13/NiAl, konnten sphärische Silber-Kolloide geordnet, als auch ungeordnet auf HOPG aufgebracht und untersucht werden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass das Verhältnis von Höhen zu Breiten nicht nur einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Mie-Resonanz des einzelnen Partikels hat, sondern auch die elektromagnetische Kopplung der Partikel in einem Ensemble stark kontrolliert. Die energetische Lage der Mie-Resonanz zeigt im Fall der kuppelförmigen Ag-Partikel eine starke Abhängigkeit vom Intepartikel-Abstand, was sich in einer Verschiebung zu höheren Energien für eine steigende Partikeldichte äußert. Eine solche Abhängigkeit konnte bei den Ensembles der scheibenförmigen Partikel nicht beobachtet werden. Des weiteren zeigte sich, dass, verglichen mit den ungeordneten Ensembles, die selbstorganisierte langreichweitige Ordnung der Silber-Kolloide auf HOPG nur einen schwachen Einfluss auf die energetische Position der Mie Resonanz hat.Das zweite hier untersuchte System sind dünne MgO Filme unterschiedlicher Dicken auf einem Mo(001) Substrat. Diese zeigen ein reichhaltiges Wachstumsverhalten, welches durch eine Differenz in den Gitterkonstanten von 5.3% begründet ist und erst ab etwa 25 ML zu einem flachen und defektarmen Film führt. Die so induzierte Spannung relaxiert bis zu einer Dicke von etwa 7 ML in einer periodischen Überstruktur die aus abwechselnd flachen und verkippten Ebenen an der MgO-Mo Grenzschicht hervorgeht. Für MgO Filme mit einer Dicke von etwa 12 ML werden dann Schraubenversetzungen, ausgedehnte verkippte Ebenen und Stufenkanten mit einer Orientierung entlang der Richtung beobachtet. Die optische Charakterisierung durch Feldemission von Elektronen aus der STM-Spitze in den MgO-Film wird dominiert von zwei Emissionsmaxima bei Energien von 3.1 eV und 4.4 eV. Die kontrollierte Nukleation von Gold Partikeln und die Erzeugung von Farbzentren im MgO Film erlaubten eine Zuordnung dieser Emissionen zu strahlenden Zerfällen von Exitonen an Ecken, Kinken bzw. Stufen des Magnesiumoxids. Solche Emissionsprozesse konnten allerdings nur unter Einstellungen beobachtet werden, bei denen ein gleichzeitiges Rastern der Oberfläche unmöglich ist. Bei moderaten Einstellungen war auch eine ortsaufgelösten Spektroskopie möglich, wobei dann neue Emissionsmechanismen beobachtet wurden. Dabei sind zwei Prozesse wesentlich; zum einen die Ausbildung von sog. Spitzen-induzierten Plasmonen im Bereich zwischen Spitze und dem Mo-Substrat, zum anderen strahlende Elektronenübergänge zwischen sog. Feldemissionsresonanzen, die sich im Spitze/MgO-Film System ausbilden.In this thesis, the correlation between the optical properties and the local morphology of supported silver nanoparticle ensembles and MgO thin films deposited on Mo(001) systems is explored by means of Photon-STM. In the first section, dome and disk shaped Ag nanoparticle ensembles with increasing density on an alumina film on NiAl(110) were analyzed as well as ordered and disordered ensembles of Ag nanocolloids on HOPG. The aspect ratio of the Ag nanoparticles was found to have a significant influence not only on the Mie plasmon resonance of a single particle, but also on the electromagnetic coupling within the nanoparticle ensembles. The Mie resonance in the ensemble of dome shaped Ag nanoparticles shows a strong dependence on the interparticle distance, where it shifts to higher energies with increasing particle density, due to destructive interference effects. In the disk-like Ag ensembles, however, the plasmon energy is independent of particle-particle separation. The long-range lateral ordering of size-selected Ag nanocolloids is found to induce a high dipole-dipole coupling within the ensemble. This is mainly reflected by the enhancement of the spectral intensity of the in-plane Mie mode, due to constructive coupling. However, ensembles with either well-ordered or disordered arrangements reveal no important difference in their optical properties, reflecting the weak influence of the long-range order in the particle ensemble. Thin MgO films with different thicknesses were grown on a Mo(001) surface. The stress resulting from the 5.3% lattice mismatch between the MgO(001) and the Mo(001) lattice parameters is found to control the surface morphology of the MgO film until thicknesses of around 25ML at which flat and defect-poor films are obtained. The relaxation of the stress induces a periodic network in the first 7ML of the MgO film, consisting of alternated flat and tilted mosaics. The presence of screw dislocations, steps oriented along the MgO directions, and tilted planes is observed when the MgO films are approximately 12ML thick. In addition, an increase of the MgO work function around these new surface features is revealed from STM spectroscopy. The photon emission induced by field-emitted electron injection from the STM tip into the MgO films is dominated by two emission bands located at 3.1eV and 4.4eV. To check the origin of these bands, further experiments, namely, nucleation of Au particles and creation of F-centers on the MgO surface, have been performed. The nucleation of Au particles at the low coordinated sites is found to quench the MgO optical signal, while the creation or annihilation of F-centers does not alter the MgO emission bands. The 3.1eV and the 4.4eV bands are therefore assigned to the radiative decay of MgO excitons at corner and kink sites, and step sites, respectively. Besides, spatially resolved optical measurements in the tunneling mode of the STM revealed different light emission mechanisms. These radiative processes are mainly related to tip-induced plasmons that form between the tip and the Mo support and to electron transitions between field-emission-resonance states in the STM tip-MgO film junction. The signal from exciton decays at corners and kinks of the MgO surface is however only observed at excitation conditions where the spatial resolution is already strongly reduced.
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Tufano, Giovanni Luigi [Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Kronenburg. "Fully-resolved simulations of ignition and combustion of single coal particles and coal particle clouds / Giovanni Luigi Tufano ; Betreuer: Andreas Kronenburg." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2021. http://d-nb.info/123911608X/34.
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Shingler, Taylor, and Taylor Shingler. "Investigations of Physicochemical Properties of Size-Resolved, Subsaturated, Atmospheric Aerosol Particles: Instrument Development, Field Measurements, and Data Analysis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/620958.
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Aerosol particle properties and their impact on air quality, clouds, and the hydrologic cycle remain a critically important factor for the understanding of our atmosphere. Particle hygroscopic growth leads to impacts on direct and indirect radiative forcing properties, the likelihood for particles to act as cloud condensation nuclei, and aerosol-cloud interactions. Current instruments measuring hygroscopic growth have a number of limitations, lacking either the ability to measure size-resolved particles or process samples at a fast enough resolution to be suitable for airborne deployment. Advanced in-situ airborne particle retrieval and measurements of aerosol hygroscopic growth and scattering properties are analyzed and discussed.To improve the analysis of cloud nuclei particles, an updated counterflow virtual impact inlet was characterized and deployed during the 2011 E-PEACE field campaign. Theoretical and laboratory based cut size diameters were determined and validated against data collected from an airborne platform. In pursuit of higher quality aerosol particle hygroscopicity measurements, a newer instrument, the differential aerosol sizing and hygroscopicity probe (DASH-SP) has been developed in the recent past and only flown on a handful of campaigns. It has been proven to provide quality, rapid, size-resolved hygroscopic growth factor data, but was further improved into a smaller form factor making it easier for deployment on airborne platforms. It was flown during the 2013 SEAC4RS field campaign and the data was analyzed to composite air mass based hygroscopicity and refractive index (real portion only) statistics. Additionally, a comparison of bulk and size-resolved hygroscopic growth measurements was conducted. Significant findings include a potential particle size bias on bulk scattering measurements as well as a narrow range of ambient real portion of refractive index values. An investigation into the first reported ambient hygroscopicity measurements of particle shrinkage, or "sub-1" growth is conducted. Possible explanations, including particle restructuring, measurement sensitivity to refractive index, evaporative loss, and influence of ambient external mixtures on data processing are examined.
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Shrestha, Kristina. "Time-Resolved Temperature Measurements and Thermal Imaging using Nano-Thermometers in Different Environments." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1593706274306985.
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Chan, Alan Jenkin. "3D Time-Resolved Hetero-Coagulation of Soft Latex and Hard Colloidal Particles and the Structuration of the Resulting Gel Network." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS026.
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Le caoutchouc naturel (NR pour Natural Rubber) est une matière première indispensable à la fabrication de milliers de produits !Le choix du latex naturel tient principalement à ses propriétés physico-chimiques intrinsèques bien supérieures à celles des latex synthétiques. Industriellement, le NR est cependant rarement utilisé seul mais associé à des particules de renfort, appelées charges, pour former un matériau composite aux propriétés mécaniques grandement améliorées en particulier la résistance à l’usure.Des études récentes ont mis en évidence que la méthode conventionnelle consistant à introduire les charges sous forme de poudres fines au sein d’un bloc de NR solide ou fondu n’est pas la plus efficace. Une nouvelle approche consistant à mélanger les deux entités, NR et charges, en phase liquide avant séchage s’annonce prometteuse industriellement, mais la littérature à ce sujet est encore très limitée. Ce travail de thèse a visé à parfaire la compréhension des processus gouvernant les interactions NR-charges renforçantes en phase liquide. Pour ce faire nous avons (i) décrit les propriétés physico-chimiques de surface des particules NR en phase liquide, (ii) étudier les effets de la charge renforçante (en termes de taille, composition, fonctionnalisation de surface, concentration) et de la solution (ions valence) sur l'interaction NR-charge et (iii) quantifier les propriétés mécaniques des particules NR.Nous avons été en mesure d’identifier les paramètres clés qui permettent en phase aqueuse diluée, non seulement d’influencer l’interaction particule de NR-charge mais aussi de réguler la dynamique d'interaction et de contrôler la structure des hétéro-agrégats formés.Cette approche originale de l’hétérocoagulation NR-charge en phase liquide ouvre de nombreuses perspectives en vue d’améliorer les propriétés des matériaux composites NR-particules de renfortNatural rubber (NR) is an indispensable raw material used in the manufacturing of more than 40,000 products primarily due to its excellent intrinsic physical properties. However, NR is seldom used in its raw state. Often, it needs to be reinforced with particulate fillers (nanoparticles) to further improve its physical strength required for most applications. The precise origin of this mechanical reinforcement effect remains unclear, however, optimal reinforcements appears to depend on the dispersion of filler in the NR matrix and the interaction of NR and filler.It was found that the conventional method of pouring fine powders in a solid block of rubber/melt is not the most efficient way to disperse the fillers. The new alternative approach in which the two components are first dispersed in liquid has shown promising results but available literature is still very limited. Furthermore, the microscopic mechanism involved in the interaction of NR and filler in liquid is still unknown. In this context, we (i) described the physico-chemical surface properties of NR particles in liquid, (ii) identified key filler (size, composition, surface activity, concentration) and solution (ion valence) related parameters to comprehend the structural, morphological, and dynamical evolution of the NR-filler interaction, and (iii) quantified the mechanical properties of the NR particles. With this approach we were able to provide the first reports on the physical processes involved in the interaction of NR and filler. More importantly, a recipe for the basic yet crucial parameters that controls and modulates NR-filler heteroaggregation was established. This could open the way to further understand the reinforcement effect
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Ojo, Anthony Oladeji. "A new laser-based technique for simultaneous time-resolved point measurements of flow temperature and velocity using thermographic phosphor tracer particles." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/62813.
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Turbulent flows involving heat transfer or chemical reactions are important processes in the operation of numerous devices such as engines, and heating and cooling systems. Laser-based measurements of flow temperature and velocity have aided our understanding of the underlying flow physics in such processes. Recently, micron-size thermographic phosphor tracer particles, which are solid materials with temperature-dependent luminescence properties, have been exploited for simultaneous temperature and velocity imaging. However, the measurement strategy, which requires pulsed lasers to illuminate and excite the particles, is typically implemented at low temporal (~10 Hz) and spatial resolutions (>400 μm). Also, it is difficult to implement the technique for near-wall measurements or where limited optical access is required. In this dissertation, an alternative and complementary single-point measurement technique is presented, also based on thermographic phosphor particles. Here, particles seeded in a flow are probed individually when crossing a probe volume formed using continuous wave (CW) lasers. Using photomultiplier tubes to detect the scattering and luminescence signals from the same particle, velocimetry and thermometry are performed simultaneously, at sampling rates up to kHz’s and spatial resolution of 150 μm using a combined laser Doppler velocimetry and phosphor thermometry technique. The development of this measurement technique, based on the two-colour ratio strategy in phosphor thermometry is first described. The technique is demonstrated, using the phosphor BaAl10Mg17:Eu2+, in a heated jet from 293 - 670 K with temperature precision of 4-8%, and accuracy better than 2%. The utility of the technique is further demonstrated for near-wall measurement with accurate measurements performed as close as 200 μm from a heated surface. Another temperature evaluation strategy, which exploits the temperature dependence of the luminescence lifetime, by probing the phase-shifted luminescence from the same phosphor particles when using a modulated excitation source, is also described. The concept is demonstrated in a heated jet above 600 K, with a measurement precision as high as 1% obtained at 840 K. A discussion on applications and future developments of the concept of the ‘thermographic laser Doppler velocimetry’ is also provided.
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Lee, Jason W. L. "Novel developments in time-of-flight particle imaging." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:195be057-7ce0-4a15-b639-b08892fde312.
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In the field of physical chemistry, the relatively recently developed technique of velocity-map imaging has allowed chemical dynamics to be explored with a greater depth than could be previously achieved using other methods. Capturing the scattering image associated with the products resulting from fragmentation of a molecule allows the dissociative pathways and energy landscape to be investigated. In the study of particle physics, the neutron has become an irreplaceable spectroscopic tool due to the unique nature of the interaction with certain materials. Neutron spectroscopy is a non-destructive imaging technique that allows a number of properties to be discerned, including chemical identification, strain tensor measurements and the identification of beneath the sample surface using radiography and tomography. In both of these areas, as well as a multitude of other disciplines, a flight tube is used to separate particles, distinguishing them based upon their mass in the former case and their energy in the latter. The experiments can be vastly enhanced by the ability to record both the position and arrival time of the particle of interest. This thesis describes several new developments made in instrumentation for experiments involving time-of-flight particle imaging. The first development described is the construction of a new velocity-map imaging instrument that utilises electron ionisation to perform both steps of molecular fragmentation and ionisation. Data from CO2 is presented as an example of the ability of the instrument, and a preliminary analysis of the images is performed. The second presented project is the design of a time-resolved and position-resolved detector developed for ion imaging experiments. The hardware, software and firmware are described and presented alongside data from a variety of the experiments showcasing the breadth of investigations that are possible using the sensor. Finally, the modifications made to the detector to allow time-resolved neutron imaging are detailed, with an in-depth description of the various proof-of-concept experiments carried out as part of the development process.
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Rydefalk, Staffan. "Particle Measurements Using Fluctuations in the Regular Transmittance of Light Through a Particle Dispersion : Concentration and Particles size - Theory, Measurement Principles and Applications for Pulp and Paper Production." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10639.
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The regular transmittance of light or similar radiation through a flowing suspension of particles fluctuates because of the random occurrence of particles in the beam.In the work presented here, a theory for this fluctuating behaviour with the emphasison dispersions of mm-length slender cylindrical particles having circular crosssections is given. The particles in question are wood pulp fibres, which as a first approximation are considered to have a cylinder shape. Four possible measurementprinciples are described theoretically and experimentally. The four principles are for the measurement of concentration, length distribution characterized as lengthclasses, mean length, and mean width. The usefulness in industrial process monitoring of two of these principles is exemplified with pulp measurements. In order to estimate model errors, numerical simulations were used. Although other techniques such as image analysis may compete, the technique presented here is attractive because of the simplicity of the measurement device used.QC 20100806
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Sarakini, Timon. "Image-based characterization of small papermakting particles - method development and particle classification." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad fysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-181778.
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Shimizu, Yuma. "Enhanced Particle Methods with Highly-Resolved Phase Boundaries for Incompressible Fluid Flow." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/244528.
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Seltz, Andréa. "Application of deep learning to turbulent combustion modeling of real jet fuel for the numerical prediction of particulate emissions Direct mapping from LES resolved scales to filtered-flame generated manifolds using convolutional neural networks Solving the population balance equation for non-inertial particles dynamics using probability density function and neural networks: application to a sooting flame." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMIR08.
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Face à l'urgence climatique, l’efficacité énergétique et la réduction des émissions polluantes est devenue une priorité pour l'industrie aéronautique. La précision de la modélisation des phénomènes physicochimiques joue un rôle critique dans qualité de la prédiction des émissions de suie et des gaz à effet de serre par les chambres de combustion. Dans ce contexte, des méthodes d’apprentissage profond sont utilisées pour construire des modélisations avancées des émissions de particules. Une méthode automatisée de réduction et d’optimisation de la cinétique chimique d’un combustible aéronautique réel est dans un premier temps appliquée à la simulation aux grandes échelles pour la prédiction des émissions de monoxyde de carbone. Ensuite, des réseaux de neurones sont entraînés pour simuler le comportement dynamique des suies dans la chambre de combustion et prédire la distribution de taille des particules émisesWith the climate change emergency, pollutant and fuel consumption reductions are now a priority for aircraft industries. In combustion chambers, the chemistry and soot modeling are critical to correctly quantify engines soot particles and greenhouse gases emissions. This thesis aimed at improving aircraft numerical pollutant tools, in terms of computational cost and prediction level, for engines high fidelity simulations. It was achieved by enhancing chemistry reduction tools, allowing to predict CO emissions of an aircraft engines at affordable cost for the industry. Next, a novel closure model for unresolved terms in the LES filtered transport equations is developed, based on neural networks (NN), to propose a better flame modeling. Then, an original soot model for engine high fidelity simulations is presented, also based on NN. This new model is applied to a one-dimensional premixed sooted flame, and finally to an industrial combustion chamber LES with measured soot comparison
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Koch, Bernd. "Angular resolved measurements of particle and energy fluxes to surfaces in magnetized plasmas." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=973051116.
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Klinkenberg, Joy. "Transition in Particle-laden Flows." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Stabilitet, Transition, Kontroll, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-133303.
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This thesis presents the study of laminar to turbulent transition of particle laden flows. When a flow becomes turbulent, the drag increases one order of magnitude compared to a laminar flow, therefore, much research is devoted to understand and influence the transition. Previous research at the Linne Flow Centre at KTH has concentrated on the understanding of the bypass transition process of single-phase fluids. Though there are still questions, the principles of this process are now, more or less, known. However, little is known of the influence of particles on transition. While experiments in the 1960s already showed that particles can reduce the friction in turbulent channel flows significantly. The question explored in this thesis is whether this can be attributed to their influence on transition. The initial onset of transition has been investigated with both modal and non-modal linear stability analysis in a Poiseuille flow between two parallel plates. Particles are introduced as a second fluid and they are considered to be solid, spherical and homogeneously distributed. When the fluid density is much smaller than the particle density, ξ (≡ ρf/ρp) << 1, an increase of the critical Reynolds number is observed. However, transient growth of streamwise vortices resulting in streaks is not affected by inclusion of particles. Particles with ξ ∼ 1 hardly seem to have an effect on stability. Although linear analysis shows that particles hardly influence the transient growth of disturbances, they might affect other (non-linear) stages of transition. To investigate such effects, the full Navier-Stokes equations for 3D Poiseuille flow between two parallel plates are numerically solved and particles are introduced as points with two-way coupling. For particles in a channel flow with ξ<<1, results show that the transition to turbulence is delayed for mass fractions ƒ (=mp N / ρf) larger than 0.1. For a mass fraction of ƒ=0.4 the initial disturbance energy needed to get a turbulent flow increases with a factor of four. Even if lower particle mass fractions ƒ are used, locally there could be large particle mass fractions. Therefore, the next step is to investigate the generation of local large particle mass fractions ƒ. Such particle clusters can be as large as the typical flow structures in the flow, like streak width and vortex size. Then they might change the flow field and (in)stability mechanisms. Numerical simulations of bypass transition in a boundary layer flow are used to determine whether particles cluster and where they tend to cluster. It is found that point particles with ξ<<1 and a large particle relaxation time tend to move in the low speed regions of the flow. In case of streaks, the low speed streaks are most favourable. For smaller particle relaxation times, particles act as tracers and do not have a preferential position and are homogeneously distributed. For particles with ξ∼1 the linear stability analysis showed no transition effect at any ƒ. However, one effect neglected until now is that of particle size. For particles with dimensions of the same order of magnitude of the flow disturbance, particles might influence the flow field. To investigate whether such particles migrate towards positions where they can affect transition some exploratory numerical simulations and experiments are performed. Numerically, the lateral migration of large particles (H/d=5) with ξ=1 in a 3D Poiseuille flow between two parallel plates is investigated. In laminar channel flow, large particles tend to move laterally due to shear to an equilibrium position. For a single large particle some key parameters for migration are identified: the size of the particle and the velocity of the fluid. When multiple particles are present, they tend to form particle trains. If particles are close, they influence each other and the equilibrium position shifts towards the wall, where the final position is dependent on the inter particle spacing. Also, not one steady equilibrium position is present, but particles move around an equilibrium position. Experimentally, migration of particles in bypass transition with ξ=1 is investigated to find out whether neutrally buoyant particles have a preferential position within streaks. The first results with tracer particles (d∼50μm) and few large particles (d∼200μm) do not show detectable preferential positioning.QC 20131030
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Schneiders, Lennart [Verfasser]. "Particle-Resolved Analysis of Turbulent Multiphase Flow by a Cut-Cell Method / Lennart Schneiders." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1135597065/34.
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Xu, Qian, and Qian Xu. "Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements of the 3D Single-Mode Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623084.
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The Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability (RMI) (Commun. Pure Appl. Math 23, 297-319, 1960; Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Maekh. Zhidk. Gaza. 4, 151-157, 1969) occurs due to an impulsive acceleration acting on a perturbed interface between two fluids of different densities. In the experiments presented in this thesis, single mode 3D RMI experiments are performed. An oscillating speaker generates a single mode sinusoidal initial perturbation at an interface of two gases, air and SF6. A Mach 1.19 shock wave accelerates the interface and generates the Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability. Both gases are seeded with propylene glycol particles which are illuminated by an Nd: YLF pulsed laser. Three high-speed video cameras record image sequences of the experiment. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is applied to measure the velocity field. Measurements of the amplitude for both spike and bubble are obtained, from which the growth rate is measured. For both spike and bubble experiments, amplitude and growth rate match the linear stability theory at early time, but fall into a non-linear region with amplitude measurements lying between the modified 3D Sadot et al. model (Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1654-1657, 1998) and the Zhang & Sohn model (Phys. Fluids 9. 1106-1124, 1997; Z. Angew. Math Phys 50. 1-46, 1990) at late time. Amplitude and growth rate curves are found to lie above the modified 3D Sadot et al. model and below Zhang & Sohn model for the spike experiments. Conversely, for the bubble experiments, both amplitude and growth rate curves lie above the Zhang & Sohn model, and below the modified 3D Sadot et al. model. Circulation is also calculated using the vorticity and velocity fields from the PIV measurements. The calculated circulation are approximately equal and found to grow with time, a result that differs from the modified Jacobs and Sheeley's circulation model (Phys. Fluids 8, 405-415, 1996).
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Mei, Nanxuan. "Characterization of Stainless Steel Welding Fume Particles : Influence of Stainless Steel Grade, Welding Parameters and Particle Size." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189203.
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Welding is a widely used method to join two pieces of stainless steel. Since it produces a large amount of fume during the process, it can cause adverse health effects. The welding fume particles contain many elements. Among them Cr, Mn and Ni are of concern. These three elements can cause diseases if inhaled by humans, especially Cr(VI). In this project, welding fume particles are collected during welding of different stainless steel grades (austenitic AISI 304L and duplex LDX2101). Furthermore, different welding types (manual metal arc welding and metal active gas welding), shielding gas (MISON 2, MISON 18 and CORGON 18) and welding electrodes were varied (solid and flux cored wire). The particles were tested by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The composition of the particles was measured and the surface chemical speciation estimated. In addition, metal release (Fe, Cr, Mn, and Ni) in phosphate buffered saline solution (pH 7.4, 37℃, 24h) from the particles was tested. Fe, Cr and Mn were found on the surface of the particles and released to different extent in the phosphate buffered saline solution (dominated by Cr).
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Butaye, Edouard. "Modélisation et simulations résolues d'écoulement fluide-particules : du régime de Stokes aux lits fluidisés anisothermes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Perpignan, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PERP0029.
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Les centrales solaires à tour utilisent le flux solaire concentré pour chauffer un fluide caloporteur et générer de l'électricité grâce à un cycle thermodynamique. Pour augmenter le rendement de conversion thermique/électrique, on cherche à augmenter la température de sortie du récepteur à au moins 800°C. Une alternative aux fluides conventionnels réside dans l'utilisation de particules fluidisées par de l'air pour ainsi augmenter la température de travail et maximiser le transfert de chaleur pariétal. Les particules solides utilisées peuvent supporter des températures dépassant les 1000°C sans dégradation de leurs propriétés physiques et peuvent également stocker efficacement la chaleur. Pour répondre à ces enjeux, il est nécessaire de caractériser l'écoulement au sein du tube récepteur ainsi que les mécanismes physiques de transfert de chaleur dans ces configurations. Ce travail s'intéresse particulièrement à la description locale des écoulements anisothermes fluide-particules à l'aide de simulations numériques directes en particules résolues (PR-DNS) réalisées en calcul hautes performances. Des améliorations de l'outil permettant de réaliser des simulations résolues de ces écoulements sont tout d'abord apportées au code pour calculer des grandeurs d'intérêts et optimiser la méthode. Ensuite, plusieurs configurations de lits fluidisés liquide-solide sont étudiées pour caractériser extensivement la dynamique de l'écoulement. Les transferts thermiques pariétaux sont également capturés ainsi que les transferts thermiques entre le fluide et les particules. Des configurations gaz-solide sont étudiées afin de valider l'outil de simulation numérique pour modéliser ces écoulements. Finalement, une nouvelle échelle de résolution est proposée, en particules résolues avec une correction sous-mailles (PR-SCS). Cette échelle permet de modéliser précisément les efforts hydrodynamiques malgré une résolution grossièreSolar tower power plants harness concentrated solar flux to heat a fluid and generate electricity through a thermodynamic cycle that generates steam and drives a turbo-alternator. To increase thermal/electrical conversion efficiency, it is a required to raise the receiver outlet temperature to at least 800°C. An alternative to conventional fluids is to use air-fluidized particles to raise the working temperature and maximize parietal heat transfer. The solid particles used can withstand temperatures in excess of 1000°C without degrading their physical properties, and store heat efficiently. To meet these challenges, it is necessary to characterize the flow within the receiving tube, as well as the physical mechanisms of heat transfer in these configurations. This work focuses on the local description of anisothermal fluid-particle flows using particle-resolved direct numerical simulations (PR-DNS) with high-performance computing. Improvements are first implemented in the code to compute quantities of interest and optimize the numerical method. Next, several liquid-solid fluidized bed configurations are studied to extensively characterize flow dynamics. Parietal heat transfers are also computed as well as fluid-particle heat transfers. Gas-solid configurations are studied to validate the numerical simulation tool for modeling these flows. Finally, a new scale of resolution is proposed, referred to as Particle Resolved - Subgrid Corrected Simulation (PR-SCS). This scale enables hydrodynamic forces to be accurately modeled despite the coarse resolution
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Vogt, Carsten. "Ultrafine particles in concrete : Influence of ultrafine particles on concrete properties and application to concrete mix design." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-12161.
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Bäckebo, Markus. "The influence of particle size distribution on bio-coal gasification rate as related to packed beds of particles." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-79084.
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This thesis is a part of a collaboration between Höganäs AB and Luleå University of Technology, aiming at replacing fossil process coal with bio-coal in their sponge iron process. The difference in gasification reactivity, i.e. reaction rate, between fossil coals and bio-coals is the major challenge in the endeavor to decrease the climate impact of the existing process. The goal of this thesis is to develop a model of reaction rate for bio-coals in relation to particle size distribution. Different particle size distributions were combined and tested to see how that affects the effective reaction rate. Within the scope of this work, gasification reactivities of different materials, including coal, cokes, and bio-coals, were determined. Three bio-coals were selected to study the effect of particle size distribution on reactivity. Kinetic parameters were determined by using thermogravimetric analysis in the temperature range of 770-850 °C while varying CO2 partial pressure between 0.1-0.4 atm. The effect of particle size on the reaction rate was investigated by using particles with diameter between 0.18 and 6.3 mm. The effect of particle size distribution on the reactivity of bio-coal in a packed bed was carried out in a macro thermogravimetric reactor with a constant bed volume of 6.5 cm3 at 980 °C and 40% (vol.) of CO2. The experimental investigation in three different rate-limiting steps was done for one bio-coal sample, i.e. Cortus Bark bio-coal. The activation energy of the bio-coal was 187 kJ mol-1, and the reaction order was 0.365. For the internal diffusion control regime, an increase in particle size resulted in low reaction rate. The effective diffusivity calculated from the Thiele modulus model was 1.41*10-5 m2 s-1. For the external diffusion control regime, an increase in particle size increased the reaction rate up to a certain point where it plateaued at >1 mm. By choosing two discrete particle size distributions, where a smaller average distribution can fit into a larger average distribution the reaction rate was lowered by 30% compared to only using a single narrow particle size distribution. This solution decreased the difference of apparent reaction rate in a packed bed between the bio-coal and anthracite from 6.5 times to 4.5 times. At the moment the model is not generalized for all bio-coals. However, the developed methodology can be routinely applied to assess the different bio-coal samples. One possible error can be that pyrolysis influences the gasification rate for bio-coal that is pyrolyzed below the temperature of the gasification test. There is a clear correlation between particle size distributions, bulk density, and apparent reactivity. By mixing two distributions the reaction rate of Cortus Bark was reduced from 6.5 times the reaction rate of anthracite to 4.5.
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Hussain, Mian M. "Time-Resolved Analysis of Circulation Control over Supercritical Airfoil using Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40538.
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Active pneumatic flow control methods as applied to aerospace applications have shown noteworthy improvements in lift compared to traditional means. The General Aviation Circulation Control (GACC) concept currently under investigation at NASAâ s Langley Research Center (LaRC) is an attempt at addressing some of the fundamental obstacles related to the successful development and implementation of such techniques. The primary focus of research in the field of high lift pneumatic devices is to investigate ways of obtaining significant improvements in the lift coefficient without resorting to moving surfaces. Though it has been demonstrated that the lift coefficient can be amplified in a variety of ways, the chosen method for the current work is via enhanced circulation stemming from a trailing edge Coanda jet. A secondary objective is to reduce the amount energy expenditure used in these pneumatic techniques by implementing time-variant flow.
This paper describes experimental observations of the flow behavior at the trailing edge of a modified water tunnel based supercritical airfoil model that exploits both steady and pulsed Coanda driven circulation control. A total of 10 sets of data, excluding a baseline case of no Coanda jet, were sampled with five cases each for steady and pulsed flow, the latter at a reduced frequency, f+, of 1. Two cases of equal momentum coefficient but with varying forced frequencies were isolated for further study in an attempt to accurately compare the resultant flow dynamics of each method. All measurements were taken at a zero-lift angle of attack by means of a non-invasive time accurate flow visualization technique (DPIV). Vorticity behavior was investigated using Tecplot® and a MATLAB® program was developed to quantify the Strouhal Number of time-averaged velocity fluctuations moving aft of the Coanda surface for each case.Master of Science
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Niaki, Seyed Reza Amini. "Effects of inter particle friction on the meso-scale hydrodynamics of dense gas-solid fluidized flows." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18147/tde-10122018-165927/.
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Gas-solid fluidized bed reactors are widely applied in chemical and energy industries, and their design and scale-up are virtually empirical, extremely expensive and time consuming. This scenario has motivated the development of alternative theoretical tools, and two-fluid modeling, where gas and particulate are both treated as interpenetrating continuum phases, has appeared as a most promising approach. Owing to the large domains to be resolved in real-scale fluidized bed reactors, only filtered modeling approaches are feasible, and closure models become necessary to recover sub-grid effects that are filtered by the very coarse numerical grids that are imposed owing to computational limitations. Those closure models, which in hydrodynamic formulations account for filtered interphase momentum exchanges and filtered and residual stresses in the phases, can be derived from results of highly resolved simulations (HRS) performed over small size domains under refined numerical grids. One widely practiced approach consists of applying two-fluid modeling under micro-scale defined closures, generally known as microscopic two-fluid modeling. This approach includes microscopic closures for solid phase stresses derived from the kinetic theory of granular flows (KTGF), which accounts for kinetic-collisional effects only, and is adequate to dilute flows. Otherwise, the conventional KTGF does not account for interparticle friction effects, and its application to dense flow conditions is quite questionable. In this work a literature available modified version of KTGF is applied which also accounts for interparticle friction, and highly resolved simulations are performed for dense flow conditions in order to evaluate the effects of friction over relevant filtered parameters (namely effective drag coefficient, filtered and residual stresses). Ranges of domain average solid volume fractions and gas Reynolds numbers are considered (macro-scale conditions) embracing dense gas-solid fluidized flows from suspensions up to pneumatic transport. The MFIX open source code is used in all the simulations, which are performed over 2D periodical domains for a unique monodisperse particulate. The HRS results (i.e. meso-scale flow fields) are filtered over regions compatible with grid sizes in large scale simulations, and the relevant filtered parameters of concern are derived and classified by ranges of other filtered parameters taken as independent variables (filtered solid volume fraction, filtered slip velocity, and filtered kinetic energy of solid velocity fluctuations, which are referred to as markers). Results show that the relevant filtered parameters of concern are well correlated to all of those filtered markers, and also to all of the imposed macro-scale conditions. Otherwise, interparticle friction showed no significant effects over any filtered parameter. It is recognized that this issue clearly requires further investigation notably regarding the suitability of the markers that were assumed for classifying the filtered results. The current work is intended as a contribution for future developments of more accurate closure models for large scale simulations of gas-solid fluidized flows.Reatores de leito fluidizado de escoamento gás-sólido são largamente utilizados nas indústrias química e de energia, e o seu projeto e escalonamento são virtualmente empíricos, extremamente caros e demorados. Este cenário tem motivado o desenvolvimento de ferramentas teóricas alternativas, e a modelagem de dois fluidos, onde gás e particulado são ambos tratados com fases contínuas interpenetrantes, tem surgido como uma aproximação muito promissora. Devido aos grandes domínios a serem resolvidos em reatores de leito fluidizado de escala real, apenas aproximações de modelagem filtradas são viáveis, e modelos de fechamento tornam-se necessários para recuperar efeitos sub-malha que são filtrados pelas malhas numéricas grosseiras que são impostas devido as limitações computacionais. Estes modelos de fechamento, que em formulações hidrodinâmicas respondem principalmente por trocas de momentum filtradas entre fases e tensões filtradas e residuais nas fases, podem ser obtidos de resultados de simulações altamente resolvidas (SAR) realizadas em domínios de dimensões reduzidas sob malhas numéricas refinadas. Uma aproximação largamente praticada consiste na aplicação de modelagem de dois fluidos sob fechamentos definidos na micro-escala, genericamente conhecida como modelagem microscópica de dois fluidos. Esta aproximação inclui fechamentos microscópicos para tensões da fase sólida obtidos da teoria cinética dos escoamentos granulares (TCEG), que considera apenas efeitos cinéticos-colisionais, e é adequada para escoamentos diluídos. Por outro lado, a TCEG convencional não leva em conta efeitos de fricção interpartículas, e sua aplicação para condições densas de escoamento é bastante questionável. Neste trabalho aplica-se uma versão modificada da TCEG disponível na literatura que também leva em conta fricção interpartículas, e simulações altamente resolvidas são realizadas para condições de escoamentos densos visando avaliar os efeitos da fricção sobre os parâmetros filtrados relevantes (coeficiente de arrasto efetivo, tensões filtradas e residuais). Considera-se faixas de frações volumétricas de sólido e números de Reynolds do gás médios no domínio (condições de macro-escala) abrangendo escoamentos gás-sólido fluidizados densos desde suspensões até transporte pneumático. O código aberto MFIX é utilizado em todas as simulações, que foram executadas sobre domínios periódicos 2D para um único particulado monodisperso. Os resultados das SAR (i.e., campos de escoamento de meso-escala) foram filtrados sobre regiões compatíveis com tamanhos de malha praticados em simulações de grandes escalas, e os parâmetros filtrados relevantes de interesse são calculados e classificados por faixas de outros parâmetros filtrados tomados como variáveis independentes (fração volumétrica de sólido filtrada, velocidade de deslizamento filtrada, e energia cinética das flutuações de velocidade da fase sólida filtrada, que são referidos como marcadores). Os resultados mostram que os parâmetros filtrados relevantes de interesse são bem correlacionados com todos os marcadores, e também com todas as condições de macro-escala impostas. Por outro lado, a fricção interpartículas não mostrou efeitos significativos sobre qualquer parâmetro filtrado. Reconhece-se que este aspecto claramente requer investigações adicionais, notadamente com respeito à adequação dos marcadores que foram considerados para classificação dos resultados filtrados. O trabalho corrente é posto como uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento futuro de modelos de fechamento mais acurados para simulações de grandes escalas de escoamentos gás-sólido fluidizados.
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Larsson, Andreas. "Real-Time Persistent Mesh Painting with GPU Particle Systems." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Informationskodning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138145.
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Particle systems are used to create visual effects in real-time applications such as computer games. However, emitted particles are often transient and do not leave a lasting impact on a 3D scene. This thesis work presents a real-time method that enables GPU particle systems to paint meshes in a 3D scene as the result of particle collisions, thus adding detail to and leaving a lasting impact on a scene. The method uses screen space collision detection and a mapping from screen space to texture space of meshes to determine where to apply paint. The method was tested for its time complexity and how well it performed in scenarios similar to those found in computer games. The results shows that the method probably can be used in computer games. Performance and visual fidelity of the paint application is not directly dependent on the amount of simulated particles, but depends only on the complexity of the meshes and their texture mapping as wellas the resolution of the paint. It is concluded that the method is renderer agnostic and could be added to existing GPU particle systems and that other types of effects than those showed in the thesis could be achieved by using the method.
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Berggren, Jonas. "Engineering of Pharmaceutical Particles : Modulation of Particle Structural Properties, Solid-State Stability and Tabletting Behaviour by the Drying Process." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Pharmacy, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3353.
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Relationships between stresses during the drying process, particle structural and functional properties, and particle engineering by the drying process were addressed in this thesis. In the first part, the importance of the drying phase and the effect of the drying rate on the intragranular porosity of microcrystalline cellulose pellets were investigated. Differences in porosities of dried pellets could be explained by liquid-related differences in densification during convective drying rather than by differences in densification during wet agglomeration. An increased drying rate gave more porous pellets with a lower compression shear strength, and thereby stronger tablets. The next part dealt with modulation of solid-state stability and tabletting behaviour of amorphous lactose by incorporation of different polymers by spray drying. Increased content and molecular weight of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) resulted in an increased resistance to crystallisation provoked by heat and moisture. The stabilising effect was even more evident after long-term storage. However, the glass transition temperature was almost unaffected and may, therefore, be questioned as a stability indicator for these types of materials. The presence of the polymers resulted in somewhat less deformable particles. Incorporation of PVP increased the compactability, whilst a surfactant decreased it, which could be shown to be related to differences in particle-particle adhesivity between the different particles. This thesis contributes to increased mechanistic understanding in the area of particle engineering that may lead to better prediction and optimisation of the functionality of pharmaceutical particles, which is of the utmost importance in the development and production of solid dosage forms.
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Wahlström, Jens. "Towards a simulation methodology for predictionof airborne wear particles from disc brakes." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Machine Design (Div.), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11044.
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During braking, both the rotor and the pads in disc brakes are worn. Since disc brakes are not sealed, some of the wear particles generated can become airborne. Several studies have found an association between adverse health effects and the concentration of particles in the atmosphere, so it is of interest to improve our knowledge of the airborne wear particles generated by disc brakes. However, in field tests it is difficult to distinguish these particles from others in the surrounding environment, so it may be preferable to use laboratory test stands and/or simulation models to study the amount of airborne wear particles generated.
This thesis deals with a simulation methodology for prediction of airborne wear particles from disc brakes and three experimental methods for testing disc brake materials with focus on airborne wear particles. The four appended papers discuss the possibility to both measure and predict the number and size distribution of airborne wear particles that originate from the pad to rotor contact. The objective is to develop a simulation methodology that predicts the number and size distribution of airborne wear particles from disc brakes.
Paper A describes how a modified pin-on-disc machine was used to study airborne wear particles originating from different disc brake materials. The results indicate that the test setup can be used to measure and rank the number concentration and size distribution of the airborne wear particles generated.
Paper B describes a disc brake assembly test stand for measurements of airborne wear particles from disc brakes. The results indicate that the test setup can be used to measure the number concentration and size distribution of airborne wear particles generated from disc brake materials. The results also indicate a promising ability to rank different pad/rotor material combinations with respect to the number concentration of airborne wear particles.
Paper C compares measurements made in passenger car field tests with measurements made in a disc brake assembly test stand and in a pin-on-disc machine. A promising correlation between the three different test methods is found.
Paper D presents a simulation methodology for predicting the number and size distribution of airborne wear particles using finite element analysis (FEA). The simulated number distribution is compared with experimental measurements at component level. The result indicates that the proposed methodology may be used to predict the number concentration and size distribution of airborne particles generated in the pad-to-rotor contact.
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Wahlström, Jens. "Towards a simulation methodology for prediction of airborne wear particles from disc brakes." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Avd.), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11044.
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During braking, both the rotor and the pads in disc brakes are worn. Since disc brakes are not sealed, some of the wear particles generated can become airborne. Several studies have found an association between adverse health effects and the concentration of particles in the atmosphere, so it is of interest to improve our knowledge of the airborne wear particles generated by disc brakes. However, in field tests it is difficult to distinguish these particles from others in the surrounding environment, so it may be preferable to use laboratory test stands and/or simulation models to study the amount of airborne wear particles generated. This thesis deals with a simulation methodology for prediction of airborne wear particles from disc brakes and three experimental methods for testing disc brake materials with focus on airborne wear particles. The four appended papers discuss the possibility to both measure and predict the number and size distribution of airborne wear particles that originate from the pad to rotor contact. The objective is to develop a simulation methodology that predicts the number and size distribution of airborne wear particles from disc brakes. Paper A describes how a modified pin-on-disc machine was used to study airborne wear particles originating from different disc brake materials. The results indicate that the test setup can be used to measure and rank the number concentration and size distribution of the airborne wear particles generated. Paper B describes a disc brake assembly test stand for measurements of airborne wear particles from disc brakes. The results indicate that the test setup can be used to measure the number concentration and size distribution of airborne wear particles generated from disc brake materials. The results also indicate a promising ability to rank different pad/rotor material combinations with respect to the number concentration of airborne wear particles. Paper C compares measurements made in passenger car field tests with measurements made in a disc brake assembly test stand and in a pin-on-disc machine. A promising correlation between the three different test methods is found. Paper D presents a simulation methodology for predicting the number and size distribution of airborne wear particles using finite element analysis (FEA). The simulated number distribution is compared with experimental measurements at component level. The result indicates that the proposed methodology may be used to predict the number concentration and size distribution of airborne particles generated in the pad-to-rotor contact.
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Klinkenberg, Joy. "Stability analysis of channel flow laden with small particles." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Stabilitet, Transition, Kontroll, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-42271.
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This thesis deals with the stability of particle laden flows. Both modal and non-modal linear analyses have been performed on two-way coupled particleladen flows, where particles are considered spherical, solid and either heavy or light. When heavy particles are considered, only Stokes drag is used as interaction term. Light particles cannot be modeled with Stokes drag alone, therefore added mass and fluid acceleration are used as additional interaction forces. The modal analysis investigates the asymptotic behavior of disturbances on a base flow, in this thesis a pressure-driven plane channel flow. A critical Reynolds number is found for particle laden flows: heavy particles increase the critical Reynolds number compared to a clean fluid, when particles are not too small or too large. Neutrally buoyant particles, on the other hand, have no influence on the critical Reynolds number. Non-modal analysis investigates the transient growth of disturbances, before the subsequent exponential behavior takes over. We investigate the kinetic energy growth of a disturbance, which can grow two to three orders of magnitude for clean fluid channel flows. This transient growth is usually the phenomenon that causes transition to turbulence: the energy can grow such that secondary instabilities and turbulence occurs. The total kinetic energy of a flow increases when particles are added to the flow as a function of the particle mass fraction. But instead of only investigating the total energy growth, the non-modal analysis is expanded such that we can differentiate between fluid and particle energy growth. When only the fluid is considered in a particle-laden flow, the transient growth is equal to the transient growth of a clean fluid. Besides thes Stokes drag, added mass and fluid acceleration, this thesis also discusses the influence of the Basset history term. This term is often neglected in stability analyses due to its arguably weak effect, but also due to difficulties in implementation. To implement the term correctly, the history of the particle has to be known. To overcome this and obtain a tractable problem, the square root in the history term is approximated by an exponential. It is found that the history force as a small effect on the transient growth. Finally, Direct numerical simulations are performed for flows with heavy particles to investigate the influence of particles on secondary instabilities. The threshold energy for two routes to turbulence is considered to investigate whether the threshold energy changes when particles are included. We show that particles influence secondary instabilities and particles may delay transition.QC 20111013
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Rosén, Tomas. "The influence of inertia on the rotational dynamics of spheroidal particles suspended in shear flow." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Mekanik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-143663.
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Dispersed particle flows occur in many industrial, biological and geophysical applications. The knowledge of how these flow behave can for example lead to improved material processes, better predictions of vascular diseases or more accurate climate models. These particle flows have certain properties that depend on single particle motion in fluid flows and especially how they are distributed both in terms of spatial position and, if they are non-spherical, in terms of orientation. Much is already known about the motion of perfectly spherical particles. For non-spherical particles, apart from their translation, it is important to know the the rotational motion due to local velocity gradients. Such studies have usually been restricted by the assumption that particles are extremely small compared to fluid length scales. In this limit, both inertia of the particle and inertia of the fluid can be neglected for the particle motion. This thesis gives a complete picture of how a spheroidal particle (a particle described by a rotation of an ellipse around one of its principal axes) behave in a linear shear flow when including both fluid and particle inertia, using numerical simulations. It is observed that this very simple problem possess very interesting dynamical behavior with different stable rotational states appearing as a competition between the two types of inertia. The effect of particle inertia leads to a rotation where the mass of the particle is concentrated as far away from the rotational axis as possible, i.e.\ a rotation around the minor axis. Typically, the effect of fluid inertia is instead that it tries to force the particle in a rotation where the streamlines of the flow remain as straight as possible. The first effect of fluid inertia is thus the opposite of particle inertia and instead leads to a particle rotation around the major axis. Depending on rotational state, the particles also affect the apparent viscosity of the particle dispersion. The different transitions and bifurcations between rotational states are characterized in terms of non-linear dynamics, which reveal that the particle motion probably can be described by some reduced model. The results in this theses provides fundamental knowledge and is necessary to understand flows containing non-spherical particles.Flöden med dispergerade partiklar påträffas i många industriella, biologiska och geofysiska tillämpningar. Kunskap om hur dessa flöden beter sig kan bl.a. leda till förbättrade materialprocesser, bättre förutsägelser om hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar eller mer noggranna väderprognoser. Dessa flödens egenskaper beror på hur enskilda partiklar rör sig i en fluid och speciellt hur de är fördelade både i termer av position och, om de är icke-sfäriska, i termer av orientering. Mycket är redan känt om rörelsen av perfekt sfäriska partiklar. För icke-sfäriska partiklar är det inte bara translationen som är av intresse utan det är även viktigt att veta hur partiklarna roterar till följd av lokala hastighetsgradienter. Sådana studier har tidigare varit begränsade av antagandet att partiklarna är extremt små jämfört med fluidens typiska längdskalor. I denna gräns kan både partikelns och fluidens tröghet antas försumbar. Den här avhandlingen ger en komplett bild av hur en sfäroidisk partikel (en partikel som beskrivs av en rotation av en ellips runt en av dess huvudaxlar) beter sig i ett linjärt skjuvflöde när tröghetseffekter inkluderas. Resultaten har erhållits genom numeriska simuleringar. Det visar sig att detta enkla problem är väldigt rikt på olika dynamiska beteenden med flera stabila rotationstillstånd som uppstår tilll följd av både partikel- och fluidtröghet. Inverkan av partikeltröghet leder till en rotation där massan av partikeln är koncentrerad så långt ifrån rotationsaxeln som möjligt, d.v.s. en rotation runt lillaxeln. Den typiska inverkan av fluidtröghet är istället att fluiden försöker påtvinga partikeln en rotation där strömlinjer förblir så raka som möjligt. Primärt leder detta till att partikeln istället roterar runt storaxeln. Beroende på rotationstillstånd, så har partikeln även olika inverkan på den märkbara viskositeten av partikeldispersionen. De olika övergångarna och bifurkationerna mellan rotationstillstånd är karaktäriserade i termer av icke-linjär dynamik, vilket visar på att partikelrörelserna förmodligen kan beskrivas med en reducerad modell. Resultaten i denna avhandling är därför fundamental kunskap och ett nödvändigt steg mot att förstå beteendet av flöden med dispergerade, icke-sfäriska partiklar.
QC 20140328
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Csontos, Botond. "Development of a method to measure “soft particles” in the fuel." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-206547.
Full textAbstract:
As environmental awareness raises the expectations to reduce emission of modern diesel engines are growing as well. Fuel diversity and the advanced injector systems requires even more attention on an ever existing problem which is called nozzle hole fouling. Recent literature and observations at Scania indicate the phenomena is connected to fuel filter plugging caused by metal carboxyl contaminants through the formation of “soft particles”. This report begins with a literature review about the nature of agglomerates in biodiesel. Followed by the evaluation of six particle sizing equipment. This include one ensemble technique based on Brownian motion, namely dynamic light scattering. The remaining five techniques are single particle counters, including a high speed camera system, light blocking system, Nano tracking analysis and two different approaches using light microscope. To characterise the structure and chemical components of the particles SEM, EDX, FT-IR and ICP-OES were used. From the above mentioned methods optical microscopy was chosen to be the best method to evaluate the particle distribution. The main reasons for this is the ability to measure particles in the solution in the desired size range and the possibility to couple it with a Raman spectrometer, providing possibilities for future studies. Besides finding the best technique to measure the particles, a secondary result is the negation of Zinc-neodecanoate creating particles in the fuel. It opposes the assumption made in the literature about filter blocking, and it finds the need for deeper understanding of the nature of soft particles.
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RESSEGUIER, CORINNE. "Distributions energetiques resolues angulairement de particules emises lors d'un processus de pulverisation." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112249.
Full textAbstract:
Le travail effectue dans cette these se situe dans la continuite d'une etude portant sur la comprehension des phenomenes physiques mis en jeu lors de l'interaction ion-surface. Une application directe de cette etude consiste a chercher a ameliorer les qualites electriques et cristallines de couches minces deposees par pulverisation ionique. Le travail qui fait l'objet de ce memoire, porte sur les distributions energetiques resolues angulairement des particules rapides emises par la cible pulverisee. Un dispositif experimental original permettant l'acquisition de ces distributions a ete realise et mis au point. Il est base sur une selection energetique des particules (0-20 kev) par un champ retardateur, la selection angulaire etant assuree par la mobilite du systeme d'acquisition (de 5 a +90) dans le plan d'incidence. Dans le cas de particules neutres, l'ionisation laser resonnante multiphotonique est utilisee au prealable. Un etat de l'art des resultats obtenus sur ces distributions, est presente. L'etude menee sur les ions secondaires montre, dans le cas ou des ions xenon de 10 kev bombardent une cible de silicium a 45, l'existence de deux populations ioniques; l'une est en accord avec la litterature (8 ev), l'autre est attribuee a des ions rapides (220 ev). La faisabilite de l'etude mettant en uvre l'ionisation multiphotonique des atomes de gaz rare, a ete mise en evidence
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Zhang, Zailan. "Electronic structures, quasi-particle and gap dynamics in copper oxides superconductors using Time and Angle Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066126/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les supraconducteurs à base d'oxyde de cuivre ont fait l'objet d'études approfondis mais ils restent toujours au centre de nombreux débats. Après 30 années de recherche, certaines questions scientifiques ont été éclairées, alors que d'autres restent controversées. L'évolution du paramètre d'ordre supraconducteur avec la température et le dopage en est un cas exemplaire. Dans cette thèse nous décrivons notre étude systématique de supraconducteurs à haute temperature critique par Angle Resolved PhotoEmission Spectroscopy (ARPES: Spectroscopie de photoémission résolue en angle) et par ARPES resolué en temps. On a mesuré du Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ avec dopage optimale (c.a.d. montrant la Tc la plus élevé), afin d'explorer la possibilité que une photo-excitation très intense du supraconducteur crée un état avec des paires de Cooper incohérentes et sans aucune densité superfluide. La méthode expérimentale employée nous a permis de mesurer la dynamique des électrons hors équilibre et du gap supraconducteur, en fournissant des informations complémentaires à l'ARPES conventionnelle et aux mesures optiques. Nos données de ARPES résolue en temps sur Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ montrent que une photo-excitation génère un effondrement du gap supraconducteur qui dépend du moment. La relaxation des quasi-particules acquiert une composante rapide à la fluence F de seuil ou le gap s'effondre complètement. La comparaison entre le F_pair et le F_phase spar spectroscopie optique THz résolue en temps suggère que il y aurait un régime de fluence ou les paires de Cooper survivent, mais ne portant plus un courant superfluide.Un autre défi majeur dans la physique des cuprates supraconducteurs à haute température critique (HTSCs) est la compréhension de l'état normale à haute température. Nous presentons aussi un étude ARPES du pseudo-gap proche du point nodale de la surface de Fermi dans le système La2-xBaxCuO4 (LBCO), qui montre un possible lien avec les modulations de densité de charge (stripes). Nos données suggerent que le gap s'ouvre en dessous de la transition LTT-LTO associé à l'apparition des modulations de charge tandis que la fonction spectrale n'est pas affecté par le modulation de la densité de spin. On observe aussi que la structure de bande dans LBCO est rénormalisé avant le "kink" à environs 70 meV. Nous corrélons cette rénormalisation en énergie et moment à l'amollissement du mode d'étirement de la liaison Cu-OThe superconductors of the copper-oxide family have been matter of extensive investigations and are still subject of fierce debates. After 30 years of research, some issues have been settled, whereas others remain controversial. The evolution of the superconducting order parameter with temperature and doping level is an exemplary case. In this thesis, we report a systematic Time resolved Angle Resolved PhotoEmission Spectroscopy (ARPES) study of the optimally doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ to explore the possibility that an intense photoexcitation of the superconductor can generate a state with incoherent copper pairs and no superfluid density. The employed experimental methods allow us to measure the dynamics of non-equilibrium electrons and of the superconducting gap, providing complementary information to conventional ARPES and optical measurement. Our time resolved ARPES data of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ, report a momentum-dependent collapse of the superconducting gap upon photoexcitation. Interestingly, the QP relaxation develops a faster component at the threshold fluence F_pair where the gap has fully collapsed. The comparison between the F_pair and the F_phase extracted by tr-THz suggested the existence a fluence regime when the Cooper pairs have survived, but without holding superfluid current. A second major challenge in the physics of HTSCs is the poor understanding of the normal phase at high temperature. We also present the ARPES study of the near nodal pseudo-gap in La2-xBaxCuO4 (LBCO) to show a possible link with charge modulation (stripes). Our data show that the near nodal gap open below the LTT-LTO transition, which is linked to the formation of such modulations, instead of the one where spin modulations appear. The data show that the band structure of LBCO is affected by a renormalization setting in prior to the 70 meV kink. We were able to correlate this renormalization of the ARPES data to the region where the Cu-O bond-stretching mode soften, both in energy and momentum space
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Zhang, Zailan. "Electronic structures, quasi-particle and gap dynamics in copper oxides superconductors using Time and Angle Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066126.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Les supraconducteurs à base d'oxyde de cuivre ont fait l'objet d'études approfondis mais ils restent toujours au centre de nombreux débats. Après 30 années de recherche, certaines questions scientifiques ont été éclairées, alors que d'autres restent controversées. L'évolution du paramètre d'ordre supraconducteur avec la température et le dopage en est un cas exemplaire. Dans cette thèse nous décrivons notre étude systématique de supraconducteurs à haute temperature critique par Angle Resolved PhotoEmission Spectroscopy (ARPES: Spectroscopie de photoémission résolue en angle) et par ARPES resolué en temps. On a mesuré du Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ avec dopage optimale (c.a.d. montrant la Tc la plus élevé), afin d'explorer la possibilité que une photo-excitation très intense du supraconducteur crée un état avec des paires de Cooper incohérentes et sans aucune densité superfluide. La méthode expérimentale employée nous a permis de mesurer la dynamique des électrons hors équilibre et du gap supraconducteur, en fournissant des informations complémentaires à l'ARPES conventionnelle et aux mesures optiques. Nos données de ARPES résolue en temps sur Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ montrent que une photo-excitation génère un effondrement du gap supraconducteur qui dépend du moment. La relaxation des quasi-particules acquiert une composante rapide à la fluence F de seuil ou le gap s'effondre complètement. La comparaison entre le F_pair et le F_phase spar spectroscopie optique THz résolue en temps suggère que il y aurait un régime de fluence ou les paires de Cooper survivent, mais ne portant plus un courant superfluide.Un autre défi majeur dans la physique des cuprates supraconducteurs à haute température critique (HTSCs) est la compréhension de l'état normale à haute température. Nous presentons aussi un étude ARPES du pseudo-gap proche du point nodale de la surface de Fermi dans le système La2-xBaxCuO4 (LBCO), qui montre un possible lien avec les modulations de densité de charge (stripes). Nos données suggerent que le gap s'ouvre en dessous de la transition LTT-LTO associé à l'apparition des modulations de charge tandis que la fonction spectrale n'est pas affecté par le modulation de la densité de spin. On observe aussi que la structure de bande dans LBCO est rénormalisé avant le "kink" à environs 70 meV. Nous corrélons cette rénormalisation en énergie et moment à l'amollissement du mode d'étirement de la liaison Cu-OThe superconductors of the copper-oxide family have been matter of extensive investigations and are still subject of fierce debates. After 30 years of research, some issues have been settled, whereas others remain controversial. The evolution of the superconducting order parameter with temperature and doping level is an exemplary case. In this thesis, we report a systematic Time resolved Angle Resolved PhotoEmission Spectroscopy (ARPES) study of the optimally doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ to explore the possibility that an intense photoexcitation of the superconductor can generate a state with incoherent copper pairs and no superfluid density. The employed experimental methods allow us to measure the dynamics of non-equilibrium electrons and of the superconducting gap, providing complementary information to conventional ARPES and optical measurement. Our time resolved ARPES data of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ, report a momentum-dependent collapse of the superconducting gap upon photoexcitation. Interestingly, the QP relaxation develops a faster component at the threshold fluence F_pair where the gap has fully collapsed. The comparison between the F_pair and the F_phase extracted by tr-THz suggested the existence a fluence regime when the Cooper pairs have survived, but without holding superfluid current. A second major challenge in the physics of HTSCs is the poor understanding of the normal phase at high temperature. We also present the ARPES study of the near nodal pseudo-gap in La2-xBaxCuO4 (LBCO) to show a possible link with charge modulation (stripes). Our data show that the near nodal gap open below the LTT-LTO transition, which is linked to the formation of such modulations, instead of the one where spin modulations appear. The data show that the band structure of LBCO is affected by a renormalization setting in prior to the 70 meV kink. We were able to correlate this renormalization of the ARPES data to the region where the Cu-O bond-stretching mode soften, both in energy and momentum space
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Andrea, Bergqvist. "Coating fine particles." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kemi - Ångström, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-235233.
Full textAbstract:
Controlled release of an active is used in many applications. An example is drug delivery were it is desirable to release the active substance close to the target. In paints can anti-mold substances be encapsulated and released slowly during a long time which can extend the lifetime of the paint. This work investigated a coating process of loaded particles with as low leakage of the active substance as possible. It was also studied if the coating process was scalable. The particles in use were porous silica that was coated with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), polyethyleneimine (PEI) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). To fill particles, the active was dissolved in a solution and the particles were added. The active adsorbed into the pores of the particle. The coating principle was about the same for all layers. The coating molecules were dissolved in a solvent and the particles were added during stirring. After centrifugation the coated particles were separated from the solvent and left to dry. The thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to calculate the amount of adsorbed polymers on the particle surface. UV/VIS spectrometer analyzed the release rate of the active. As the recipe was optimized, SDS could be excluded from the process. An adsorption isotherm for PEI on the particle surface showed that 0.5 g PEI/ g particle the ratio required for covering the surface completely. It was proved that if the active was dissolved in all coating solutions during the coating, less leakage appear and makes the coating process more controlled. A higher amount of both PEI and TEOS improves the encapsulation of the active, which reduces the release rate. The coating process is proved to be scalable as the particle concentration is increased from 4.72 % to 16.5 % without too much agglomeration.
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Grissino, Alan S. (Alan Scott) 1971. "Combined dual emission laser induced fluorescence and particle image velocimetry to resolve temperature and velocity." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/89345.
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Hubble, David Owen. "An experimental investigation of the mechanism of heat transfer augmentation by coherent structures." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26784.
Full textAbstract:
The mechanism by which convective heat transfer is augmented by freestream turbulence in the stagnation region was studied experimentally. Previous work has suggested that the primary mechanism for the observed augmentation is the amplification of vorticity into strong vortices which dominate the flow field near the surface. Therefore, two separate experimental investigations were performed to further study this phenomenon. In the first, the spatiotemporal convection from a heated surface was measured during the normal collision of a vortex ring. The convection was observed to increase dramatically in areas where vortices forced outer fluid through the natural convection boundary layer to the surface. Regions where fluid was swept along the surface experienced much smaller increases in convection. These observations led to the development of a mechanistic model which predicted the heat transfer based on the amount of time that fluid remained within the thermal boundary layer prior to reaching the surface. In subsequent testing, the model was able to accurately predict the time-resolved convection based solely on the transient properties of the vortex present. In the second investigation, the model was applied to the vortices which form in a stagnating turbulent flow. Three turbulence conditions were tested which changed the properties of the vortices produced. Again, the model was successful in predicting the time-resolved convection over much of the experimental measurement time.
The work of designing and calibrating the heat flux sensor used is also reported. A new sensor was developed specifically for the convection research performed herein as no existing sensor possessed the required spatiotemporal resolution and underwater capabilities. Utilizing spot-welded foils of thermoelectric alloys resulted in a very robust and sensitive sensing array which was thoroughly analyzed and calibrated. In the final section, the hybrid heat flux (HHF) method is presented which significantly increases the performance of existing heat flux sensors. It is shown (both numerically and experimentally) that by combining the spatial and temporal temperature measurements from a standard sensor, the time response increases by up to a factor of 28. Also, this method causes the sensor to be insensitive to the material to which it is mounted.Ph. D.
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Gifford, Andrew R. "The Physical Mechanism of Heat Transfer Augmentation in Stagnating Flows Subject to Freestream Turbulence and Related Studies." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26097.
Full textAbstract:
The mechanism of heat transfer augmentation due to freestream turbulence in
classic Hiemenz stagnation flow was studied experimentally for the first time using time-resolved digital particle image velocimetry (TRDPIV) and a new thin film
heat flux sensor called the Heat Flux Array (HFA). Unique measurements of simultaneous, time-resolved velocity and surface heat flux data were obtained along the
stagnation line on a simple, rectangular flat plate model mounted in a water tunnel
facility. Identification and tracking of coherent structures in the stagnation region
lends support to the theory that coherent structures experience stretching and amplification of vorticity by the mean flow strain rate upon approaching the stagnation
surface. The resulting flow field in the near-wall region is comprised primarily of high
strength, counter-rotating vortex pairs with decreased integral length scale relative to
the imposed freestream turbulence. It is hypothesized that the primary mechanism
of heat transfer augmentation is the movement of cooler freestream fluid into the
heated near-wall region by these coherent structures. Furthermore, the level of heat
transfer augmentation is dictated by the integral length scale, circulation strength,
and core-to-surface distance of the coherent structures. To test this hypothesis, these
properties were incorporated into a mechanistic model for predicting the transient,
turbulent heat transfer coefficient. The model was successful in predicting the shape
and magnitude of the measured heat transfer coe±cient over much of the experimental
measurement time.
In a separate yet related set of studies, heat flux sensors and calibration methods
were examined. The High Temperature Heat Flux Sensor (HTHFS) was designed
and developed to become one of the most durable heat flux sensors ever devised for
long duration use in high temperature, extreme environments. Extensive calibrations
in both conduction and convection were performed to validate the performance of the
sensor near room temperature. The measured sensitivities in conduction and convection were both very close to the predicted sensitivity using a thermal resistance model
of the HTHFS. The sensor performance was unaffected by repeated thermal cycling
using kiln and torch firing. Finally, the performance of Schmidt-Boelter heat flux
sensors were examined in both shear and stagnation flow using two custom designed
convection calibration facilities. Calibration results were evaluated using an analytical sensitivity model based on an overall sensor thermal resistance from the sensor
to the heat sink or mounting surface. In the case of convection the model included
a term for surface temperature differences along the boundary layer. In stagnation
flow the apparent sensitivity of the Schmidt-Boelter sensors decreased non-linearly
with increasing heat transfer coefficient. Estimations of the sensor's internal thermal
resistance were obtained by fitting the model to the stagnation calibration data. This
resistance was then used with the model to evaluate the effects of non-uniform surface
temperature on the shear flow sensitivity. A more pronounced non-linear sensitivity
dependence on heat transfer coefficient was observed. In both cases the main result
is that convection sensitivity varies a great deal from standard radiation calibrations.Ph. D.
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Mihaylova, Dessislava Dimitrova. "Submicron Particles and Inflammation." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bioteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18590.
Full textAbstract:
Iron nanoparticles occur naturally in the environment, but their exposure increases dramatically due to the field of nanotechnology and –medicine. It is poorly understood how the intracellular cooperative mechanisms of submicron particles and microorganisms function on mammalian immune system. In this study, superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) submicron particles will be used to benefit the research within environmental diseases, addressing the biocompatibility of these particles. The size-dependent effects in the immune system of two carboxyl coated SPIO particles with stated sizes 100 nm and 1 µm will be studied in vitro. It would be interesting to determine whether these particles were able to activate the inflammasome, but still, the precise molecular mechanisms for the activation remain unknown. In order to reveal the biocompatibility of these particles, tests were performed as a function of particle concentration ranging from 0.01 to 100 µg/mL using both whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from healthy donors. The monocytes were first primed with Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 strain, followed by stimulation with increasing concentrations of the submicron particles. Flow cytometry on whole blood samples identified up-regulation of CD11b monocytes and granulocytes by the particles. In addition, Terminal Complement Complex analyses proved activation of the complement system. It is possible that the particles have been coated with C3b by the complement and phagocytized by the monocytes through CD11b/CD18 receptor. Cytokine secretion from monocytes and whole blood was measured with sandwich ELISA and Bio-plex. The smaller particles seemed to induce higher inflammatory responses than the larger ones. It was, however, interesting to find that the particles themselves caused secretion of active IL-1β without being primed in advance. The mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation might be explained by ROS production due to iron imbalance in the cytoplasm. Toxicity of the particles was seen at 10 µg/mL, suggesting their potentially low biocompatibility above this concentration. However, it is suggested better biocompatibility of the silica coated 1 µm particles than the polysaccharide coated 100 nm particles.
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Sengupta, Rohini. "Long-Lived Particles at the FCC-ee." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad kärnfysik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444329.
Full textAbstract:
The presented project explores the current theoretical and experimental tools available within the study group for the Future Circular Collider (FCC) with focus on the electron-positron collider. The aim of the study is to evaluate the current frameworks used for simulation, and investigate the possibility of simulating long-lived particles, that could be dark matter candidates, through them. Pythia cards were run through the framework of Delphes and several different software packages were studied on the journey through the work. It was found that the current framework reconstructs the masses of a Z bosons and Higgs bosons accurately from the ZH signal, which is central for the analysis at the FCC-ee. When the same analysis was applied for the new physics case of a dark matter particle included in the new card for study, a ROOT file was produced indicating that the framework was able to handle the new case. When this card was run through the analysis software however, difficulties arose and a final output could not be achieved. Conclusively, it can be said that the current framework has the possibilities of handling new physics cases but further study is required to be able to run certain software packages on these cases.
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Bonner, Maxwell Scotland. "Characterization of composite broad band absorbing conjugated polymer nanoparticles using steady-state, time-resolve and single particle spectroscopy." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4741.
Full textAbstract:
As the global economy searches for reliable, inexpensive and environmentally friendly renewable energy resources, energy conservation by means of photovoltaics has seen near exponential growth in the last decade. Compared to state-of-the-art inorganic solar cells, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) composed of conjugated polymers are particularly interesting because of their processability, flexibility and the potential for large area devices at a reduced fabrication cost. It has been extensively documented that the interchain and intrachain interactions of conjugated polymers complicate the fundamental understanding of the optical and electronic properties in the solid-state (i.e. thin film active layer). These interactions are highly dependent on the nanoscale morphology of the solid-state material, leading to a heterogeneous morphology where individual conjugated polymer molecules obtain a variety of different optoelectronic properties. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to fundamentally study conjugated polymer systems at the single molecule or nanoparticle level instead of the complex macroscopic bulk level.This dissertation research aims to develop simplified nanoparticle models that are representation of the nanodomains found in the solid-state material, while fundamentally addressing light harvesting, energy transfer and interfacial charge transfer mechanisms and their relationship to the electronic structure, material composition and morphology of the nanoparticle system. In preceding work, monofunctional doped nanoparticles (polymer-polymer) were fabricated with enhanced light harvesting and Forster energy transfer properties by blending Poly((o-phenylenevinylene)-alt-(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene)) (BPPV) and Poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) at various MEH-PPV doping ratios.; While single particle spectroscopy (SPS) reveals a broad distribution of optoelectronic and photophysical properties, time-correlated single photon counting (TC-SPC) spectroscopy displays multiple fluorescence lifetime components for each nanoparticle composition, resulting from changing polymer chain morphologies and polymer-polymer aggregation. In addition, difunctional doped nanoparticles were fabricated by doping the monofunctional doped nanoparticles with PC[sub60]BM ([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) to investigate competition between intermolecular energy transfer and interfacial charge transfer. Specifically, the difunctional SPS data illustrated enhanced and reduced energy transfer mechanisms that are dependent on the material composition of MEH-PPV and PC[sub60]BM. These data are indicative of changes in inter- and intrachain interactions of BPPV and MEH-PPV and their respective nanoscale morphologies. Together, these fundamental studies provide a thorough understanding of monofunctional and difunctional doped nanoparticle photophysics, necessary for understanding the morphological, optoelectronic and photophysical processes that can limit the efficiency of OPVs and provide insight for strategies aimed at improving device efficiencies.ID: 030646223; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 134-152).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Chemistry
Sciences
Chemistry
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Wehinger, Gregor Dionys [Verfasser], Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Kraume, Matthias [Gutachter] Kraume, and Claude Franklin [Gutachter] Goldsmith. "Particle-resolved CFD simulations of catalytic flow reactors / Gregor Dionys Wehinger ; Gutachter: Matthias Kraume, Claude Franklin Goldsmith ; Betreuer: Matthias Kraume." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1156181887/34.
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Audureau, P. "Distributions energetiques resolues angulairement des particules emise lors d'un processus de pulverisation par faisceau d'ions." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112417.
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Les travaux rapportes dans le present memoire portent sur la comprehension des phenomenes physiques mis en jeu lors de l'interaction ion/solide. L'objectif principal est, au travers de l'analyse energetique resolue angulairement de l'emission ionique secondaire, de caracteriser les divers types de particules ionisees et de determiner les mecanismes correspondants. Dans cette optique, nous avons aussi cherche a comparer les lois d'emission des particules neutres pulverisees (atomes cibles) et des atomes de gaz rare reemis avec les lois d'emission de ces ions secondaires. L'etude menee sur les ions secondaires met en evidence, dans le cas d'ions xenon xe#+ de 10kev bombardant a 45 une cible de silicium amorphe, l'existence de deux populations ioniques: la plus importante possede une energie la plus probable autour de 8ev et est emise dans une direction preferentielle #p normale a la cible ; elle est issue d'un processus classique de cascades lineaires de collisions et est constituee majoritairement d'ions monocharges si#+ ; l'autre population est attribuee a des ions rapides - energie la plus probable autour de 220ev - emis selon une direction preferentielle proche de la direction de reflexion speculaire du faisceau primaire (#p autour de 55). L'influence des principaux parametres de l'interaction (energie et angle d'incidence, type d'ions primaires et materiau cible) sur l'emission ionique secondaire, indique que la population d'ions rapides est attribuable a un mecanisme collisionnel violent de surface associe avec un processus d'ionisation. Dans le cas des resultats obtenus sur les particules neutres pulverisees - atomes cibles - a partir des codes de simulation trim. Sp et tridyn v4. 0, on observe l'existence de neutres energetiques dont les caracteristiques confirment l'existence d'un mecanisme collisionnel violent de surface. A l'issue de cette etude, les resultats obtenus permettent d'attribuer la population d'ions secondaires energetiques aux ions multicharges si#2#+. Sur le plan des applications de l'interaction ion-surface a l'elaboration de couches minces, ces travaux confirment, pour exploiter au mieux les potentialites de la methode, l'interet d'utiliser des ions d'energie inferieure a 5kev ainsi que les zones d'irradiation minimale.
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Zackrisson, Samuel. "Suspensions with small, spherical particles." Thesis, KTH, Numerisk analys, NA, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168014.
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Feasibly computable analytic solutions for systems of many particles in fluid dynamics and electrostatics are few and far-between. Simulations and numerical approximations are essential to studying these systems. This is commonly done without directly calculating the interacting field between particles. In this report a method utilizing the spectral accuracy of the Fourier transform is studied to calculate particle velocities via the surrounding fluid velocity field. The method is applied to a periodic cube of a suspension of small, spherical particles sedimenting in a fluid affected by gravity, in an attempt to mimic the behaviour of a similar infinite system. Results for a few particles qualitatively relate the shape of the solution to the choice of interpolation between particles to grid and quantitatively maps some convergence properties of a certain class of interpolating functions, cardinal B-splines. The properties of the method on the periodic system are also examined and compared to a similar study of the infinite system for many, ~1000, particles.Det finns sällan vare sig tillräckligt med beräkningskraft eller analytiska lösningar för stora flerpartikelsystem i fluidsmekanik och elektrostatik. Simuleringar och numeriska approximationer är därför grundläggande metoder för att studera dessa system. Partiklarnas banor beräknas vanligen utan att direkt beräkna fluidens hastighetsfält. I denna rapport studeras en simuleringsmetod som utnyttjar den spektrala noggrannheten hos fouriertransformen för att finna partikelhastigheterna via fluidens hastighetsfält. Metoden tillämpas på en periodisk kub med en suspension av små, sfäriska partiklar påverkade av gravitationen i en fluid i ett försök att efterlikna beteendet hos ett likadant, icke-periodiska system. Resultat för fåpartikelsystem förklarar kvalitativt formen på lösningsströmningar i förhållande till valet av inerpolation mellan partikelpositioner och rutnät, samt kvantitativt kartlägger vissa konvergensegenskaper hos en viss klass av interpolerande funktioner, cardinal B-splines. Egenskaperna hos denna metod på det periodiska systemet studeras och jämförs med en liknande studie av det icke-periodiska systemet för många, ~1000, partiklar.
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Preuss, Frida, Julia Asp, Sofia Larsson, and Stephanie Kylington. "Separation of Nanoporous Silica Particles." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277106.
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In this study a sample of particles in a size region of 0.05-10 μm were run through a centrifugation process with the ambition to make it monodisperse. The product requirements were stated as follows, particles within the size range of 2 to 3.8 μm should be isolated and separated from the sample with a D90/D10 < 1.4 where the D90/D50/D10 values should be approximately 3.8 μm/2.5 μm/2 μm. It was found that two layers of sucrose with a 50/50 volume distribution of 45w% sucrose solution and 60w% sucrose solution respectively, was the most efficient density gradient arrangement for separation of this particular sample. The optimal time and RPM combination was found to be 5 min 3000 RPM with a fast acceleration and slower deceleration, ratio 9:6. Two centrifugation rounds on the same sample improved D90/D10 drastically. The effect of centrifugation rounds on D90/D10 was not investigated further than 3 rounds, however this would be a good starting point for further studies. The upscaled test runs indicated a positive result, i.e. the yields with respect to both mass and purity were reproducible. It is worth mentioning that the upscale was only in the volume, sample load volume and surface area factors. The gradient height or particle travel distance remained the same.
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Axebrink, Emma. "Automatic Classification of Snow Particles." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86017.
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The simplest form of a snow particle is a hexagonal prism which can grow into a stellar crystal by growing branches from the six corners of the prism. The snow particle is affected by the temperature and supersaturation in the air, giving its unique form. Manual classification of snow particles based on shape is tedious work. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) can therefor be of great assistance and are common in automatic image processing. From a data set consisting of 3165 images sorted into 15 shape classes, a sub set of 2193 images and 7 classes was used. The selected classes had the highest number of snow particle images and were used to train, validate and test on. Four data sets were constructed and eight models were used to classify the snow particles into seven classes. To reduce the amount of training data needed pretrained versions of neural networks AlexNet and ResNet50 were used with a technique called transfer learning. The 2193 images make up the first data set, Data set 1. To handle unbalanced classes in the first data set Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) was used to increase the number of snow particles in classes with few examples, creating Data set 2. A third data set was constructed to mimic a real world application. The data for training and validation was increased with SMOTE, while the test data only consisted of real snow particles. The performance of both ResNet50 and AlexNet on the data met the requirements for a practical application. However, ResNet50 had a higher overall accuracy, 72%, compared to AlexNet 69% on the evaluated data set. A t-test was conducted with a significance of p < 1·10−8. To enhance the shape of the snow particles a Euclidean Distance Transform (EDT) was used, creating Data set 4. However, this did not increase the accuracy of the trained model. To increase the accuracy of the models more training data of snow particles is needed, especially for classes with few examples. A larger data set would also allow more classes to be included in the classification.
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Knape, Marja. "Particle Zoo." Thesis, Kungl. Konsthögskolan, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kkh:diva-96.
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Dilanson, Nadea. "Halfsphere Derivatisation of Magnetic Micro Particles." Thesis, Mälardalen University, Mälardalen University, Department of Biology and Chemical Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-1415.
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Abstract
This exam project is an effort to derivatize one side of magnetic beads with one kind of molecule , and another one on the opposite side. First the surface of the sphere is loaded with a suitable linker with, e.g. amino or hydroxyl groups. In the second step, these groups are derivatized with a photosensitive protecting group such as Nitroveratryloxycarbonyl. In the third step, the particles are placed on a surface and then irradiated with UltraViolet light (320 nm) from above, which will cleave off the Nitroveratryloxycarbonyl on the upper half, while leaving in place the ones at the lower half. The linker groups of the upper half can now be derivatized by other reagents of choice. The remaining Nitroveratryloxycarbonyl groups can be removed by suspending the particles in a solvent and then exposing them to UltraViolet light. Finally the linker groups on this half of the particles can be derivatized by a second reagent.
Magnetic particles were marked with FITC, two different kinds of magnetic particles were selected, sikastar-NH2 function and sikastar-COOH function. Five different solvents were used to wash the magnetic particles and remove the bounded FITC, solvents are Acetone, 1-butanol, DMSO, 4-propanol, and Urea. Magnetic particles sikastar-NH2 and sikastar-COOH were washed with Tween 20 and SDS to remove non-specific binding of FITC. Sikastar particles were treated with IgG*FITC in constant presence of the following solvents: PBS*10, Pluronic-F127, Tween 20. Pegylation of sikastar particles got done to reduce non-specific binding. Derivatisation of Nitroveratryloxycarbonyl got done and specific bindning of IgG*FITC to micromer particles got done by protein thiolation.
When a different concentration of FITC was tested to control specific and non-specific binding to sikastar functions, we observed that we had a specific binding to sikastar-NH2 in the lowest concentration. In choice of magnetic particles we had specific binding with sikastar-NH2. Using a different solvents Acetone, 1-butanol, 4-propanol, and Urea to remove bounded FITC, sikastar-NH2 showed stronger fluoresence than sikastar-COOH after washing because of specific binding and it was difficult to remove FITC with Acetone, 1-butanol, 4-propanol,and Urea, on the other hand DMSO could remove bounded FITC from sikastar particles. When we washed magnetic particles sikastar-NH2 and sikastar-COOH with Tween 20 and SDS to remove non-specific binding of FITC, we could see that magnetic particles showed fluoresence in both functions due to non-specific binding. When sikastar particles got treated with IgG*FITC in constant presence of solvents PBS*10, Pluronic-F127, and Tween 20, we had a specific binding between sikastar particles and IgG*FITC in a presence of pluronic-F127. Pegylation of sikastar particles with a different kind of a PEG was possibl to reduce non-specific bindning. The derivatisation of Nitroveratryloxycarbonyl could be done in a N2 environment, and Nitroveratryloxycarbonyl-sikastar-NH2 could be radiated with UltraViolet light to remove Nitroveratryloxycarbonyl. Also thiolation method could be used to perform specific binding of IgG*FITC to micromer particles.