Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Résistivités électriques'
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Boubaki, Nerouz. "Détection de cavités par deux méthodes géophysiques : radar de sol et mesures de résistivités électriques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00855987.
Full textBebot-Courtois, Pascale. "Reconnaissance des sols à l'avancement lors d'excavation par tunnelier : utilisation d'une méthode fondée sur les résistivités électriques." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-99.pdf.
Full textCaffin, Jean-Pierre. "Elaboration et caractérisation de céramiques semi-conductrices à base de manganites de cuivre et de nickel : stabilisation des propriétés électriques des thermistances à coefficient de température négatif (C.T.N.) à faibles résistivités." Toulouse, INPT, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPT009G.
Full textAbou, Taha Mohammad. "Reversible modification of the surface properties of silica incorporated in ultra high molecular weight polyethylene : application to batteries separators." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1299.
Full textNotwithstanding the growth of the market of the new lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries still offer advantages that the new ones are not able to equate especially in terms of cost, manufacturing base and the actual market need. In this context, the aim of this work is to enhance the properties of lead-acid batteries PE- separators that predominate 90% of the market of lead-acid batteries separators. These porous membranes consist mainly of precipitated silica, a backbone of ultra-high molecular weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) and they are processed using a thermally induced phase separation process (TIPS) with naphthenic oil that is subsequently extracted. The resulting porosity is thereafter infiltrated with the electrolyte of the battery. Yet, due to the limited wettability of the pores of the membrane by the polar electrolyte, only a fraction of the available porosity is efficient. This thesis focuses on the enhancement of such wettable porosity by the electrolyte in order to reduce the electrical resistivity of the separator. The wettability of the pores is not only related to the presence of silica but also to the nature of silica surface. Paradoxically, hydrophobic silica favors the blend and the dispersion of aggregates; while hydrophilic silica promotes the wettability of the porosity by the electrolyte. To fulfill these criteria and obtain a material as homogeneous as possible with maximum accessible porosity, a reversible modification of the surface of silica was realized by physical impregnation of surfactants or by chemical modification before the blending and the dispersion in the membrane. Therefore, rheological characterization of the suspensions, contact angle and sorption isotherms and other techniques were used to evaluate the change in the surface properties of the new silica. Then, these tuned silica were dispersed in membranes and the prorosity, the structure, the electrical and mechanical properties were investigated
El, Baroudi Majid. "Auscultation du pergélisol par méthodes géo-électriques : tomographie de polarisation provoquée, diagraphie et tomographie de résistivité électrique en forages." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29864.
Full textIn Nunavik (Québec), frost-susceptible marine sediments were deposited along the coasts of Hudson Bay and Ungava Bay after their deglaciation and during the subsequent marine transgression. Following the postglacial emersion due to the isostatic uplift, the marine deposits came in contact with the cold air and ice-rich permafrost formed in these deposits. Therefore, the Inuit communities located along the coasts of Nunavik may be built on ice-rich permafrost and their infrastructures may be vulnerable to permafrost degradation. This vulnerability may impact the sustainable development of these communities affecting the performance, maintenance costs and service life of their infrastructures. In answer to the needs of efficient permafrost investigation in cold regions engineering to avoid zones vulnerable or use mitigation method to permafrost degradation, the main goals of this doctoral research project are: 1) to assess a conceptual geocryological model of an ice-rich permafrost mound in the discontinuous permafrost zone in Nunavik from the interpretation of five cone penetration tests carried out in the mound, 2) taking into account the previous model and using the forward modelling approach in geophysics, to develop an innovative geophysical approach based on different geo-electrical methods for permafrost investigation, 3) to test this geophysical approach for the characterization of the previous ice-rich permafrost mound, and 4) to contribute to knowledge development on the geocryology of permafrost mounds in Nunavik. The study site is located in a deep valley near the Inuit community of Umiujaq along the east coast of Hudson Bay. Permafrost environments characteristic of Nunavik such as ice-rich permafrost mounds are found in this valley which is accessible from this community. The research methodology consists in using the forward modelling approach in geophysics taking into account the conceptual geocryological model of the studied ice-rich permafrost mound to design the geophysical investigation based of induced polarization tomography and electrical resistivity logging. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional induced polarization tomography and electrical resistivity logging were then performed of the study site. Unidimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional models of electrical resistivity and chargeability of the study site were found from the inversion of these geo-electrical surveys. The conceptual geocryological model was then improved by interpretating these geo-electrical models. The ice-rich core of the permafrost mound was accurately delineated using this geophysical approach. In conclusion, the geo-electrical investigation approach developed herein for the two-dimensional and three-dimensional characterization of ice-rich permafrost environments can be used to delineate zones vulnerable to permafrost degradation before the construction of northern infrastructures or along existing infrastructures to assess their vulnerability.
Touron, Frédérique. "Simulation numérique 2D des sondes de résistivité électrique en forage." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30105.
Full textToumi, Jihene. "Développement de systèmes polymères fonctionnels et caractérisation de leur résistivité électrique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25504.
Full textNowadays, the use of composites increases with the progress of research. From this context, this work has been prepared for the master project. The project objectives are addressing two issues that affect the determination and the improvement of the electrical resistivity of polymer blends. The first part focuses on the features of the fluorescence in the field of polymers. The carbon black is acting as quencher; it causes the decrease of the fluorescence intensity of the anthracene to turn it off completely for a percentage of 1% in the films and 4x10-3 mol/L of chloroform solution. The second part studies the effect of a thermoplastic elastomer, on the electrical resistivity of the composite polyvinylidene fluoride /polyethylene terephthalate/ carbon black/graphite. It was observed that the electrical resistivity of the blends decreases with increasing carbon black concentration and the addition of 5% and 7.5% of the elastomer.
Naudet, Véronique. "Les méthodes de résistivité électrique et de potentiel spontané appliquées aux sites contaminés." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007727.
Full textBourreau, Lucas. "Diagnostic de corrosion sur ouvrage : fiabilité et aide à la décision." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4083/document.
Full textThis thesis work aims at studying the reliability of the corrosion diagnosis of reinforced concrete structures located in coastal marine environment. As part of the Project DéCoF-Ré, several non-destructive measurements were carried out on the piers of the Ré bridge in France, including half-cell potentials of the reinforcement and electrical resistivities of the concrete. The reliability firstly focused on the on-site measurement protocol and, secondly, on the interpretation of the measured data, in particular according to factors influencing the measurement. The results showed that in the case of marine structures, interpretations based on texts or recommendations available in the literature, widely used for structures exposed to atmospheric environment, may lead to erroneous conclusions indicating an overestimated degradation of the structure. Indeed, the tidal phenomenon may induce areas without oxygen for which the measurements concluded the presence of “at risk” zones that did not necessarily resulted from the corrosion of the reinforcements. Based on a major experimental campaign performed on the structure, the influence of the tide (high or low), the tidal and the seasons on the measurements was studied and quantified. By subtracting these environmental and time effects to raw data, interpretation of the corrosion diagnosis has been improved a made more reliable. This was confirmed and validated by autopsies (destructive tests), revealing the real state of corrosion of the reinforcements. Finally, a prioritization of the zones to be repaired was suggested using management's tools
Béhaegel, Mickaël. "Hydrogéophysique à l'échelle du petit bassin versant de La Soutte." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/BEHAEGEL_Mickael_2006.pdf.
Full textThis thesis concerns the hydrogeophysical study of a small water catchment called La Soutte through different geophysical prospecting methods and methodological developments concerning hydrogeophysical monitoring (i. E. , the time monitoring of physical parameters and properties related to underground flows). Streaming potential monitoring over a period of two years shows strong potential variations which are however difficult to interpret in term of flows dynamic. The continuous measurement of underground temperature variations allowed to characterize variations of soil water content and to characterize the maximal vadose zone thickness equal to 15 cm. Finally, resistivity tomography was used to characterize the transport of a salt plume in the ground (20 cm/day) in a saturated zone of the site. An Archie's law calibrated by in situ measurements allows to calculate salt concentrations that are comparable to those obtained by hydraulic (diffusive-advective) modelling of salt migration
Naar, Samuel. "Evaluation non destructive du béton par mesures de résistivité électrique et thermographie infrarouge passive." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13161.
Full textKnider, Fatima. "Etude ab initio de la résistivité de l'aluminium, le sodium, le plomb et le manganèse en phase liquide." Metz, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2007/Knider.Fatima.SMZ0733.pdf.
Full textThe resistivity of four liquid metals (Al, Na, Pb and Mn) just above the melting point have been calculated from the optical conductivity expressed in the Kubo-Greenwood formalism. The numerical simulations have been carried out within the SIESTA code based on the framework of the finite density functional theory combined with molecular dynamics. A relatively modest supercell size suffices to obtain results better than 1% compared towards the experimental values. It stems from a faithful description of the density of states owing to the flexible basis set up of double-zeta plus polarization functions. In order to reach agreement with experiment it is essential for liquid Na to correct the non locality of the pseudopotential when the dipolar matrix elements are performed. Both a magnetic and a non magnetic solution have been evidenced for liquid Mn. The Ziman approach as well as the Greenwood-Kubo one show that the magnetic solution leads to the best agreement with the measured resistivity. The magnetic solution exhibits an antiferromagnetic ordering where each pair of neighbour atoms bears local magnetic moments pointing in opposite direction giving rise to zero magnetization over the cell. The convincing results obtained for Al, Na, Pb and Mn indicate that the SIESTA code is appropriate to study all types of liquid metals such as simple, polyvalent and transition elements
Gensane, Olivier. "Sur des signaux électriques enregistrés dans des cavités souterraines." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GLOB0001.
Full textTaillet, Elodie. "Caractérisation des discontinuités dans des ouvrages massifs en béton par la diagraphie électrique de résistivité." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00982066.
Full textTaillet, Elodie. "Caractérisation des discontinuités dans des ouvrages massifs en béton par la diagraphie électrique de résistivité." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/128.
Full textLataste, Jean-François. "Évaluation non destructive de l'état d'endommagement des ouvrages en béton armé par mesures de résistivité électrique." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12609.
Full textGrellier, Solenne. "Suivi hydrologique des centres de stockage de déchet-bioréacteurs par mesures géophysiques." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066092.
Full textFargier, Yannick. "Développement de l'imagerie de résistivité électrique pour le reconnaissance et la surveillance des ouvrages hydrauliques en terre." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ECDN0042.
Full textIn France, a large stock of hydraulic earth structures dedicated to producing hydroelectricity, to navigation and to water supplying generates substantial economic and security challenges. Regarding flood protection structures, there is no year without a failure and more than 70 incidents were recorded in 25 years by the French Committee on Large Dams. The DC-Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method is very sensitive to soil state parameters and is widely accepted as one of the relevant geophysical methods for the survey and the monitoring of hydraulic earth structures. However, using ERI in a conventional manner is likely to yield image artifacts. This is due to the lack of information in the measured data and the fact that the full complexity of the problem and available a priori information are usually not accounted for. Therefore, new approaches of data acquisition and inversion have been developed. This development aims at filling the gap between more classical 2D and purely 3D approaches, by optimising a compromise between acquisition cost and model reliability. The research work has implied developing a finite element approach for the forward problem and a Gauss-Newton algorithm for the 3D inverse problem. Finally, experimental campaigns were conducted on both a semi-controlled embankment and a real hydraulic embankment in order to test and validate the developments in more realistic conditions. Outcomes indicate that interpretation capability and quality can be significantly enhanced by using these news approaches
Samouëlian, Anatja. "Analyse tridimensionnelle non destructive de la fissuration d'un sol cultivé à partir de mesures de résistivité électrique." Orléans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ORLE2008.
Full textSchneider, Sébastien. "Estimation des paramètres hydrodynamiques des sols à partir d'une modélisation inverse de données d'infiltration et de résistivité électrique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00459291.
Full textSchneider, Sebastien. "Estimation des paramètres hydrodynamiques des sols à partir d'une modélisation inverse de données d'infiltration et de résistivité électrique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00398650.
Full textSchneider, Sébastien. "Estimation des paramètres hydrodynamiques des sols à partir d’une modélisation inverse de données d’infiltration et de résistivité électrique." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112337.
Full textThis thesis work aims to establish an inverse method for estimating soil hydraulic properties using infiltration data (during a disc infiltromètre experiment) and electrical resistivity data obtained in the wetting bulb zone. After introducing the method and suggesting it’s the relevance, we realized numeric study (synthetic data) for demonstrating the capability of the method to get a correct estimation of the hydraulic parameters (parameters of the Mualem-van Genuchten). Therefore maps of the objective function have been realized, and inversion scenarios have been tested. Three hydraulic parameters and two petrophysical parameters witch allow to convert by the Rhoades's law (1976) the soil electrical resistivity to the volumetric water content. The numerical study showed that the method is well suited for estimating the hydraulic parameters but not for the petrophysical parameters. The last chapter deals will real experiments and their associated numerical inversions. For the 3 soil textures tested, 4 inverse scenarios were realized. In comparison with other methods, we concluded, that, for the loamy soil case, the method has led to the correct estimations of the hydraulic parameters, but estimations on the Rhoades parameters is incorrect. The dispersivity is estimated with a large uncertainty. For the sandy soil estimations the hydraulic parameters and of the dispersivity are less accurate than for the loamy case. For the clay soil, hydraulic parameters are also estimated with a large uncertainty. The method, at this stage of development, seems to be more adapted for soils with medium texture
Barry, Thierno Saidou. "Effet de l’empilement des anodes de carbone pendant la cuisson sur leur densification et sur leur résistivité électrique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67908.
Full textNowadays, the only industrially applicable process to produce aluminum is known as the Hall-Héroult process. The process essentially uses carbon-based materials as electrodes (anodes and cathodes). The productivity and energy efficiency of the process is closely linked to the quality of the anodes (uniformity and properties variations). In this project, we studied different parameters that could influence the uniformity of the anode final properties by mainly determining their electrical resistivity. The baking process is the last step in the anode manufacturing process. This is a very critical step while the anodes undergo the most significant microstructural transformations giving them the properties required for their use in the Hall-Héroult process. During baking, the anodes are stacked in the furnace and baked according to predefined temperature profiles leading to the generation of mechanical stresses, due to stacking, combined with thermochemical transformations, due to the baking process. The consequence of this phenomena can lead to anisotropy in terms of anode internal properties. The hypothesis is that during baking, the upper anodes can exert an external pressure on the lower anodes, thus causing the rearrangement of the coke particles in the internal structure of the anode. This change could lead to a reduction in the distance between particles, possibly affecting the electrical resistivity. In this work, the variations in the electrical resistivity of a series of industrial anodes as a function of their position in the baking furnace were first examined. Then, through experimental work carried out in the laboratory, anode samples were fabricated and baked under different external pressures. Finally, their electrical resistivity was determined to establish a relationship between the applied mechanical force and the electrical resistivity.
Gomez, Marin Enrique. "Etude du comportement de la résistivité électrique des monochalcogénures de plutonium et des alliages de plutonium et americium." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10018.
Full textNguyen, Anh Quan. "Evaluation non destructive du gradient de teneur en eau dans les structures en béton armé par résistivité électrique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30380/document.
Full textWe propose a new measurement procedure that allows drawing a resistivity curve as a function of the spacing between current electrode and potential electrode which is linked to the investigation depth and the water content gradient. The resistivity measurements above the rebars are performed and an inversion procedure to assess the resistivity gradient is carried out. For the experimental part two kinds of measurement are performed on concrete slabs (reinforced and unreinforced). Two gradient types are studied: drying and wetting. The presence of the reinforcement significantly decreases the measurement of the resistivity. The measurements show the interest of the proposed procedure for the study of the water content gradient. Two measurement results were considered in numerical analyses. The simulation shows that it is possible to assess the resistivity gradient and the electrochemical parameters of the rebar via the Butler-Volmer model
Brahmi, Ali. "Etude de la précipitation des carbures de fer en présence du manganèse et du nitrure d'aluminium dans les aciers extra-doux par mesure du pouvoir thermoélectrique." Lyon, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAL0103.
Full textThe achievement of thin sheets of low-carbon aluminium-killed steel of good quality is closely linked to the behaviour of the steel during the different heat and thermomechanical treatments occurring along the various process stages. The understanding of this behaviour and the knowledge of the influence of the different elements present in the steel on the evolution of the microstructure are of a primordial importance. The aim of this work is to improve the knowledges that have been already acquired concerning the thermoelectric power (TEP) sensitivity and the structural transformations which may be detected by this technic. So, two problems have been taken up : the manganese-carbon-carbides interaction and the aluminium nitride precipitation. Complementary investigation methods have been used : electrical resistivity, internai friction, hardness measurement, optical and electronic microscopy and microanalysis. Three steels with different manganese contents have been used to perform the study of the first problem. The results obtained show that the manganese content has no a particular effect on the precipitation kinetics of iron carbides, however, the migration of manganese from solid solution to the cementite particles has been made in evidence. Besides, the influences of manganese and of carbon both in solution on the TEP have been determined. The hypothesis of the formation of MnC complexes could not be confirmed. Concerning the second problem, a detailed study of the precipitation kinetics of AIN was carried out using a high purity Fe-Al-N alloy and allowed to define precisely the influences of aluminium and nitrogen in solid solution on the TEP
Besson, Arlène. "Analyse de la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la teneur en eau des sols à l’échelle parcellaire par la méthode de résistivité électrique." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2045.
Full textGauvin, Guillaume, and Guillaume Gauvin. "Investigation de l'augmentation de la résistivité des barres collectrices utilisées dans les cuves d'électrolyse d'aluminium." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22906.
Full textLa durée de vie des cuves d’électrolyse d’aluminium peut atteindre jusqu’à 3000 jours. Pendant cette période, les blocs cathodiques subissent divers changements physico-chimiques qui pourraient entraîner une augmentation de la résistivité électrique. L'augmentation peut être due à la migration du carbone de la fonte à la barre d'acier, à l’écart géométrique entre le bloc cathodique et la fonte, la fissuration de la cathode, etc. Ce mémoire se concentre toutefois uniquement sur l'évolution de la résistivité électrique dans les barres collectrices. Pour révéler les principaux phénomènes responsables de l'augmentation de la résistivité électrique, des analyses chimiques, des tests de résistivité électrique et des métallographies ont été faits sur deux barres d’acier prises à partir de cellules Hall-Héroult après autopsies. La perte de tension ainsi que la température ont été mesurées sur 16 échantillons le long de chaque barre d’acier. La résistivité électrique peut atteindre 1,21μΩ-m pour une barre d'acier de 2505 jours.
Life span of aluminium smelting electrolysis cells can reach up to 3000 days. During this period, cathode blocks go under various physical and chemical changes that could result in an increase of electrical resistivity. The increase may be due to carbon migration from the cast iron to the steel bars, gap evolution between the cathode block and the cast iron, cathode cracking, etc. This thesis focuses, however, only the evolution of electrical resistivity of collector steel bars. To reveal the main phenomena responsible for the electrical resistivity increase, chemical analysis, metallographic and electrical resistivity tests were conducted on two steels bars picked up from two Hall-Héroult cells after their autopsies. Cathode voltage loss and temperature were measured using electrically insulated internal probes and thermocouples on 16 samples from each steel bar. Electrical resistivity can reach up to 1.21μΩ-m for a steel bar aged for 2505 days and it depends on temperature and carbon concentration.
Life span of aluminium smelting electrolysis cells can reach up to 3000 days. During this period, cathode blocks go under various physical and chemical changes that could result in an increase of electrical resistivity. The increase may be due to carbon migration from the cast iron to the steel bars, gap evolution between the cathode block and the cast iron, cathode cracking, etc. This thesis focuses, however, only the evolution of electrical resistivity of collector steel bars. To reveal the main phenomena responsible for the electrical resistivity increase, chemical analysis, metallographic and electrical resistivity tests were conducted on two steels bars picked up from two Hall-Héroult cells after their autopsies. Cathode voltage loss and temperature were measured using electrically insulated internal probes and thermocouples on 16 samples from each steel bar. Electrical resistivity can reach up to 1.21μΩ-m for a steel bar aged for 2505 days and it depends on temperature and carbon concentration.
Vion, Denis. "Caractérisation physico-chimique de couches minces de niobium déposées par pulvérisation magnétron sur la surface interne de cavités électromagnétiques accélératrices." Lyon, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAL0065.
Full textThe energy efficiency of niobium coated superconducting radio frequency accelerating cavities is a function of the electrical resistivity at low temperature in the normal conducting state. This resistivity depends on the nature and the number of the different kinds of defects introduced in the films during their growth by magnetron sputtering. Some films with a residual resistivity ratio (RRR) of about 60 deposited en annealed copper substrates, and some films with an RRR of about 20 deposited on non-annealed copper were produced simultaneously Variation measurement methods were used on both kinds of film in order to defect plays the major role in determining the resistivity. Transmission Electronic Micros shows that only those films with high RRR have their Nb grains epitaxially grown on the Cu. These grains are two to three times larger than those of low RRR films. X-Ray Diffraction measurements show that deformations and micro deformations are approximately the same in both kinds of sample. It is also the case for argon entrapment during growth, measured by Vacuum Hot Extraction. Interstitial impurities contents were too low to be measured. It is although clear that the resistivity of non-epitaxialy grown films is due to grain boundaries. Their specific resistivity is about 3-4. E (-16) Ohm meter square. 'This work shows that quality improvement of Nb films requires an optimisation of the CU substrate pre-treatment
Jodry, Clara. "Développements méthodologiques pour l’imagerie et le suivi temporel par méthodes géoélectriques des structures de protection contre les inondations fluviales ou les submersions marines." Nantes, 2016. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=866caffc-868f-436f-9d0b-01237b677612.
Full textThe diagnosis and monitoring of flood protection structures are major concerns. As part of the RS2EOSUNA project (Region Pays de la Loire), this thesis has contributed to this by methodological developments centered on electrical resistivity imaging (ERI), combined with other geophysical methods and direct observations (permanent instrumentation). The developments have been specifically applied to two sites in real conditions: an embankment levee along the Loire River near Saumur and a grey dune on the island of Noirmoutier. The first scientific objective of this work involved the characterization of the internal structure of the investigated objects. A recent approach in ERI, that takes into account the 3D effects without increasing the cost of the method relative to a conventional 2D approach, has been adapted and tested. On the levee, the approach has proven to be very effective. For the grey dune, the preliminary results on this natural site still show imaging challenges. The second objective concerned the monitoring, on different time scales, of changes in internal properties of the medium. We used optimized acquisition protocols and conventional 2D inversion methods. On the levee, the temporal changes described by ERI are consistent with the direct measurements of the parameters of the soil. For the grey dune, the temporal variations have proven to be of very low amplitude due to an extremely specific geological setting. The work is ends with a methodological comparison between the two sites and proposes future prospects for further research and improvement of the developed approaches
Guissi, Guillaume Claver. "Contribution à l'étude des corrélations entre les variations de résistivité électrique et les variations de la résistance à la compression." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2004. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1249.
Full textSrayeddin, Iyad. "Transferts hydriques sol-plante et extraction racinaire : une approche de la spatialisation des prélèvements hydriques par tomographie de résistivité électrique." Avignon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AVIG0617.
Full textA better knowledge of the functioning of water uptake by plant roots is necessary in order to optimize agricultural water resources management. To this respect, the understanding of the acquisition of soil water by root systems is an important objective of agronomical research. However, characterization of water transfer in the soil-plant system and the spatialization of water uptake at the field scale are still problematic and challenging. Soil - plant environment is a complex system, varying in time and space. The depletion of soil water in the rooted zone is controlled by soil, plant and climatic factors. In order to spatialize the water uptake at the plant’s population scale, methodologies and proxy variable allowing an estimation of water extraction and its variability are highly needed. This would reflect simultaneously the overall and spatial heterogeneity of the population and its growing medium. To this aim, we used the Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) as an alternative approach to the classical methods of water measurements (local soil water balance) for estimating root water uptake. ERT results in a spatial estimation of soil electrical resistivity, the latter being related to the variability of soil water content. 2D or 3D imaging of soil electrical resistivity and its variations with time are related to water content variations as well as water extraction distribution in soil. This experimental study aims at evaluating ERT for spatializing water uptake at the field scale with various plants and different levels of water availability. Three types of plant (Maize, Sorghum and Broad bean) were selected because they exhibit different root systems morphologies and /or and water extraction capacities. These crops were subjected in the field to three levels of water availability ranging from rain fed to full irrigation. Water extraction and its variability, at the field scale, was estimated firstly by a “direct” approach which empirically links the temporal difference in soil electrical resistivity and the uptake. Secondly, an “indirect” more general approach, using in situ calibration between soil electrical resistivity and water content into a spatialized water balance calculation has been used. The water uptake images resulting from these estimations show high spatial and temporal variation of water uptake. The estimation of root water uptake at field scale by ERT is thus possible. However, this spatial estimation can be more or less severely restricted by different constraints which are related to: ERT sensitivity (decrease of ERT sensitivity with depth, accuracy of the in situ water content-resistivity calibration relationship: RMSE ~ 0. 03 cm3. Cm-3), the type of ERT measurement setup (decrease of resolution with depth with a surface array) and to the environmental conditions (problems for ERT measurements in dry and clay soil: decrease of soil-electrode contact and increase of soil heterogeneity due to soil cracking). This work contributes to a first methodological step, showing the possible use of ERT for spatializing and quantifying the spatial variations of root water uptake, if soil hydrodynamic data are available. More globally, this work traces new developments in the understanding of the spatial heterogeneity of root water uptake in relation with soil properties and root system growth
Tinguely, Cyril. "Réalisation d'interconnexions de faible résistivité à base de nanotubes de carbone biparois pour la nano-électronique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00525069.
Full textSirhan, Asal. "Méthodes électrique et électromagnétique d’exploration rapide du sous-sol : application à l’hydrogéologie et nouveau développement instrumental." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066528.
Full textAssi, Jean Patrice. "Contribution de la tomographie électrique 3D à la détermination de la variabilité spatiale du sol à l'échelle décimétrique : application au suivi des phénomènes d'infiltrations rapides." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066064.
Full textOulaaross, Zhor. "Étude climatologique, hydrogéologique et géophysique du Sahel Côtier des Doukkala (Maroc). Apport de l'analyse statistique et de l'inversion des données géoélectriques à l'étude du biseau salé de la lagune de Sidi Moussa." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13965/document.
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Buvat, Solène. "Caractérisation de l'organisation spatiale de la couverture pédologique par mesure de la résistivité électrique : application à la cartographie des sols en contexte agricole." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066497.
Full textThe increasing importance of environmental issues has led to a renewed interest in soils. Soils are subjected to numerous hazards that may threaten their quality and affect their properties. An optimal management and protection of soils goes through an accurate knowledge of their spatial variability. The goal of the presented work is to make use of electrical survey data through relying on the discriminating power of electrical resistivity towards the different horizons composing the soil cover in order to characterize their geometrical and typological properties. First of all, modeling of multi-depth electrical resistivity measurements was performed in order to define an optimal survey strategy and assess the efficiency and limitations of electrical method. The experimental study of a trench dug along several metres, including soil sampling and resistivity measurements, permitted us to characterize the vertical and lateral variability of the soil cover’s horizons. Relationships between electrical resistivity and pedological properties such as mass water content, volume water content or soil bulk density were established. Finally, a new and original method for exploiting data generated by multi-depth electric resistivity survey was put forward. The method is based on the confrontation of geophysical and pedological taxonomies, and on the mapping of vertical apparent resistivity profiles. It allowed finding back soil cartographic unit outlines that were coherent with the previously available soil map. This approach is a valuable tool for studying soil cover spatial variability and has potential for setting up a (semi-)automated method of soil mapping
Badr, Joanna. "Conception et validation d'un capteur noyé de résistivité électrique en vue du suivi des profils de teneur en eau dans les bétons." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30153.
Full textElectrical resistivity is a parameter sensitive to various properties of concrete, including water content, which is one of the key parameters governing concrete long-term durability. In this study, the problem of monitoring the concrete water content profile throughout the concrete structure thickness is addressed using a method based on DC- electrical resistivity measurements. This is of great importance for concrete repository structures used for radioactive waste and for applications requiring centimetric resolution of the water content profile over a thick structure. The aim of this thesis is to design and produce a novel multi-electrode embedded sensor for monitoring the resistivity profile over depth in order to estimate the water content profile. The study focuses on the design of two sensors based on printed circuit board (PCB), which brings several advantages, including geometric accuracy and mitigation of wiring issues, in order to increase the durability of the sensors and to reduce invasiveness. Different measurement configurations are analyzed and compared. In addition, numerical modeling of the sensor response and its ability to assess an imposed resistivity profile is carried out, as well as the influence of the steel reinforcement on the response of the sensors placed in the center of the reinforcement mesh. Experimental validations using saline solutions of known conductivity and concrete specimens subjected to drying are studied. The results demonstrate the capability of the sensor to evaluate resistivity profiles in concrete with centimetric resolution. To enlarge our scale and approach real structures, the sensors are embedded in two 30 cm thick concrete slabs instrumented by other sensors to compare the results. Calibration of the measurements is carried out to determine the water content profile taking the temperature into account. The saturation degree profiles obtained with the innovative sensors developed in this thesis are compared to the profiles obtained from reference measurements (thermohygrometric sensors and gammadensimetry) and give consistent results with the evolution of the concrete due to drying
Beauvais, Sébastien. "Etude de l'influence de la porosité sur les propriétés électriques de dépots céramiques réalisés par projection plasma." Paris, ENMP, 2003. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006592.
Full textSalles, Laurent. "Effets du bombardement ionique sur les propriétés électriques du polycarbonate et du PMMA : mesure de la résistivité superficielle, des charges d'espace et analyse de la graphitisation induite." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2001.
Full textPolymers are well appreciated materials in the field of electric and electronic components manufacturing, due to their excellent volume insulating properties. However, they have poor surface antistatic properties. Processes like ion bombardment can solve this problem. Polycarbonate and polymethylmethacrylate have been implanted by ions of various weights at different fluences, extraction tensions and ion flows. Surface resistivity has been measured and it has been demonstrated that this treatment makes these values decrease up to 8 orders of magnitude, without changing the volume resistivity. The influence of each parameter has been studied: all of them make the resistivity decrease when they increase. Space charges trapped into the matter have been studied by the means of the Alternating Thermal Waves Method. The samples that have been treated on the strongest conditions are the ones with the lowest space charges density. Formation of graphite nano-clusters is reported in scientific publications to be the cause of the change in electrical properties. Raman spectrometry analyses have been performed to detect this change in chemical structure. Some of the less resistive samples exhibit the signs of this kind of carbon whereas others do not, probably because of their lower implantation depth. The analysis of one very resistive sample has surprisingly revealed that he also contains graphite nano-clusters
Gioia, Andrea. "Influence de dopants M2O5 (M=Nb, Ta) sur les relations structure-résistivité électrique à hautes températures des matériaux réfractaires à haute teneur en zircone." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20220.
Full textThe television flat screens are made from borosilicate glass with a strong content of alumina and without alkali. For this particular glass, the furnace heating system by flames is buckled to an electric type, so the molten glass is well homogenized during the process of fusion and good mechanical and chemical stability are assured to the final product. The high temperatures of glass melting, up to 1600 °C, and the strong corrosion activity of melt make of the zirconia-based ceramic the most suitable refractory material for the glass furnace. THTZ® (Very High Content in Zirconia) is a fused-cast material composed of unstabilized zirconia mixed to an amorphous phase acting as inter-phase binder and providing the mechanical strength of this composite. THTZ® holds out against the corrosion but show a troublesome electrical behaviour at high temperature. Indeed the molten glass is characterized by a stronger electrical resistance and at high temperature the electrical current crosses through the refractory ceramics instead of the molten glass. Doping zirconia with a pentavalent oxide carry out a useful change of the electric resistivity by reducing the charge mobility in the zirconia network. However the doping effect in a mixing of zirconia and glass needs to be investigated. Due to the high temperature used for industrial application, the electric characterizations of the ceramics by complex impedance spectroscopy have to be proceeded at very high temperature. Structural (RX and neutron diffraction) and microstructural investigations (SEM and EBSD) have been performed to better understand the electrical properties of zirconia doped with pentavalent cations. In particular, the doping effect on the cell parameter, atomic positions and displacement parameter of oxygen anions in the phase transition region has to be investigated in high resolution neutron diffraction configuration (in situ)
Nguyen, Tuan Anh. "Approches expérimentales et numériques pour l'étude des transferts hygroscopiques dans le bois." Thesis, Limoges, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIMO0034/document.
Full textIn civil engineering constructions, the development of timber structures requires today to managers works some diagnostic tools and monitoring systems to monitor pathologies (excessive deflections, cracks, biological attack, etc.) but also to control moisture content in the element sections. In the last context, the proposed work in this PhD thesis is the development of a tool for characterization of the moisture content map in the cross sections of structural elements. Studied method is based on the resistivity measuring, comprising a measuring head (resistivity meter) associated with many connected probes in a multiplexed system, and an inverse method implemented in a finite element software. In the first part, it is studied the techniques of characterization of diffusion properties in wood samples characterized by orthotropic and nonlinear behaviors according to average moisture content measurements (gravimetric method) and spatial profiles gamma densitometer measures. It is shown that the coupling of the two measurements provides the intrinsic properties with more reliability and more robustness. The second part deals with the development of an experimental protocol in order to achieve 1D and 2D mapping of the moisture content field in a cross section. The technique is based on the generalization of multiplexed resistivity geophysical methods used in the study of stratified soils with 2-dimensional geometries. The algorithm is based on the coupling between the resistivity measurements and an inverse multiplexed analysis implemented in a finite element code. The 1D solution provides spatial profiles which can replace gamma densitometer measures. For a selected section, 2D profiles allow estimating the moisture content field at any point and thus provide a time tracking of moisture profiles
Jardani, Abderrahim. "Nouvelles approches géophysiques pour l’identification des dolines et des cavités souterraines dans un contexte karstique." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES045.
Full textThe self-potential method has strongly evolved during the last few years. In this Ph-D thesis, We have investigated the usefulness of this method in the context of karstic hydrogeology. Our goals were (1) to test its efficiency to map the pattern of trensient aquifers in the shallow subsurface and (2) to use this method to locate preferential drainage pathways associated with areas of preferential dissolution of the undrlying chalk formation (sinkholes and crypto-sinkholes). The sinkholes are indeed preferential ground water flow pathways that channels the shallow ground waters inside the deep aquifer located in the chalk formation at depth. We suceesfully located sinkholes from their self-potential signature evidencing the localization of preferential drainage pathways. Self-potential maps were obtained during the rainy season (spring) and the dry season (summer). These maps reveal the relationships between the hydrodynamics of the shallow ground water flow on one side and the hydroelectrical parameters of the vadose zone and the seld-potential measurements obtained at the ground surface on the other side. These measurements confirm that the downward percolation of the ground water and the evapotranspiration in the vadose zone yield negative and positive self-potential signatures at the ground surface, respectively. In the field of engineering, we have developed a new application of the self-potential method to the detection of caves. Indeed, in Haute-Normandie (France), there are thousands of abandonned anthropic caves over the chalk plateau The development of a simple method to locate these abandonned caves was a really challenge for the geophysicists. We have demonstrated the usefulness of the self-potential method to detect the roof of the cavities because of the impact of the cavities on the geometry of the flow of the ground water and the electrical resistivity contrast between the cavity and the surrounding sedimentary formations. We have been working also on the inversion of self-potential signals made at the ground surface of the Earth and associated with groundwaer flow at depth (streaming potential). We have developed 3D algorithms to invert the self-potential response in term of geometry of the water table corresponding to the piezometric surface of the nunconfined aquifer. We have also demonstrated that the self-potential method can be combined with other geophysical methods, like low-frequency electromagnetic methods (EM31 and EM34), and jointly inverted
Barsotti, Laura. "Effets des champs électriques pulsés sur les caractéristiques biochimiques et physico-chimiques de constituants et structures protéiques alimentaires." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20181.
Full textMary, Benjamin. "Développement de l'imagerie des systèmes racinaires dans les ouvrages hydrauliques en remblai par tomographie électrique et acoustique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4386/document.
Full textWoody vegetation from earth dikes or dams is a fragility factor which can promote mechanisms of degradation such as erosion. An accurate assessment of root system structure, from geophysical non-destructive methods, of root position into the embankment (depth, extension), and a good knowledge of soil conditions are critical in order to anticipate the consequences of vegetation development for the hydraulic structure’s safety. Laboratory experiments allowed determining intrinsic acoustical and electrical root properties leading to identify relevant signatures and discriminate anomalies related to roots in the field. The establishment of adapted experimental devices led us progressively to assess different parameters (roots mass, water content. . . ) under controlled conditions. Experiments in semi-controlled conditions with trees planted into a homogenous soil, were conducted to assess the relevance of different methodologies, such as the use of temporal induced polarization in complex resistivity tomography or the geometry of sensors for acoustical tomography. Innovative data processing such as wavelet analysis were used to valorize the rich database. The results were validated by the determination of actual root position.Finally, field investigations into an embankment have been performed to highlight a spatial variability of dike structures associated with trees presence. A methodology adapted to the geophysical diagnostic of vegetation roots in embankments was developed
Assouik, Jamal. "Une nouvelle famille de composes lamellaires d'insertion : les arseniographitures de potassium, de rubidium et de césium." Nancy 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN10009.
Full textBen, Hassine Lamia. "Contribution à l'étude expérimentale des propriétés de transport électronique des métaux liquides : influence de la bande d sur la résistivité et le pouvoir thermoélectrique absolu des alliages Ag-Y, Ag-Cr, Cd-Ga et In-Ni-Mn." Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Ben_Hassine.Lamia.SMZ0054.pdf.
Full textChaaba, Hassan. "Contribution à l'étude des propriétés de transport électronique : résistivité électrique et pouvoir thermoélectrique absolu d'alliage liquides à base de métaux divalents (Ag-Zn, Ag-Cd, Bi-Zn)." Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Chaaba.Hassan.SMZ0018.pdf.
Full textLoucif, Kamel. "Evolutions microstructurales d'alliages de zirconium trempes alpha ou bêta au cours de revenus compris entre l'ambiante et 750°C." Lyon, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAL0105.
Full textThe comprehension of zirconium alloys behaviour during elaboration and utilisation of final products requires an accurate study of their microstructure evolution during ageing. This point was the principal aim of our work which was realized by using mainly T. E. P. Measurements and which comprises two parts The subject of the first part is the microstructural evolution of quenched alloys from the upper 1imit of domain. We distinguished two evolution stages. One was attributed to interstitial atoms migration ta lattice defects and the later to the precipitation alloying elements iron, chromium and nickel. We show the greta influence of the alloying elements such as oxygen on the precipitation kinetics. The second art is devoted to the micro structure evolution of quenched alloys from the domain. Five stages was observed among which the two principals are du to elements precipitation and recrystallisation. A T. T. T. Diagram of Zircaloy-4 was established. This study gives a detailed description of the whole microstructural phenomenons occurring during ageing after quench
Aning, Akwasi acheampong. "Bosumtwi impact crater : use of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to map the geometry of the inner wall of the crater and the impact related structures." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00849778.
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