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Pierce, Kyle R., Clive Brewer, Michael W. Ramsey, Ronald Byrd, William A. Sands, Margaret E. Stone, and Michael H. Stone. "Youth Resistance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4140.
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Ramsey, Michael W. "Resistance Training for Aerobic Sports." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4082.
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Stone, Michael H. "Resistance Training: Setting the Load." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4524.
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Marston, Kieran John. "Preventing cognitive decline through resistance training." Thesis, Marston, Kieran John (2019) Preventing cognitive decline through resistance training. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51337/.
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The foundations for later-life cognitive health are often laid decades prior to the first symptoms of cognitive decline, therefore preventative strategies should be implemented early in life. Structured resistance training shows promise at reducing dementia risk and has been associated with enhanced cognitive function and biomarker profiles. More specifically, intense acute resistance exercise and chronic resistance training may increase levels of growth factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which influence the proliferation and maintenance of neural and vascular tissue. Furthermore, biomarkers associated with suboptimal cognitive health (e.g., homocysteine) are decreased following longer-term resistance training. Although promising, the current literature is inconsistent, with varying resistance exercise regimens implemented, contributing to conflicting reported effects on cognition and biomarkers. The aim of the current thesis was to evaluate the impact of different strength training protocols on cognitive health. Four studies were conducted to examine acute response in growth factors following resistance exercise in young and older adults, and the chronic response in neurotrophic growth factors and cognitive function following resistance training in older adults.
Chapters Four and Five explored the acute response in neurotrophic growth factors to intense resistance exercise in young or late middle-aged adults. Sixteen young adults were recruited (Chapter Four) to perform to-fatigue (i.e., maximal), high-volume acute resistance exercise bouts: i) traditional hypertrophy-based resistance exercise (i.e., three sets, 10 repetitions at 100% of 10 repetition maximum [RM]), or ii) traditional strength-based resistance exercise (i.e., five sets, five repetitions at 100% of 5RM). Levels of serum BDNF and blood lactate concentration (i.e., physiological marker of session intensity) were measured prior to and following exercise. Serum BDNF was increased (p<0.01; d=0.52) immediately post-hypertrophy resistance exercise when compared to strength resistance exercise. Change in serum BDNF levels were positively correlated (r=0.70; p<0.01) with change in blood lactate concentration immediately following hypertrophy-based resistance exercise only. The acute BDNF response to resistance exercise may not be consistent across the lifespan, and to-fatigue and high-volume resistance exercise is not practical in ageing adults. For this reason, Chapter Five explored the acute growth factor response to intense, yet pragmatic resistance exercise (i.e., submaximal and lower-volume) in 29 late middle-aged adults. Two resistance exercise sessions i) moderate-load (i.e., three sets, 10 repetitions at 70% of 1RM), or ii) high-load (i.e., five sets, five repetitions at 85% of 1RM) were performed in parallel groups (Chapter Six and Seven). Session intensity was determined by change in blood lactate concentration, and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Serum samples were taken prior to and following exercise for later BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF analysis. No acute changes in BDNF, IGF-1 or VEGF were observed. Changes in BDNF, IGF-1 or VEGF were not associated with changes in blood lactate concentration or sRPE. My findings provide evidence that to-fatigue, high-volume resistance exercise can increase acute levels of BDNF; however, under more practical resistance training scenarios (e.g., moderate volume, submaximal resistance exercise) this outcome is less likely to occur.
Resting levels of BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF and homocysteine are important predictors for later life cognitive function in ageing adults; thus, Chapter Six explored changes in resting blood markers following a 12-week period of intense, lower-volume resistance training twice per week in 45 late middle-aged adults. Participants were randomised into one of three groups; i) moderate-load (i.e., three sets, 10 repetitions at 70% of 1RM), ii) high-load (i.e., five sets, five repetitions at 85% of 1RM), or iii) a non-exercising (i.e., no intervention) control group for comparison. Fasted levels of serum BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF, and plasma homocysteine were quantified from blood samples collected before and after the 12-week intervention. No differences were observed in BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF, or plasma homocysteine from pre- to post- intervention between groups. Despite an intense training stimulus, it is possible that the protocols implemented here were not of high enough volume to enhance growth factors. However, high-intensity and high-volume resistance exercise is not a practical training model in ageing adults.
Chapters Four-Six placed a strong emphasis on the importance of physiology, and the levels of certain biomarkers, in regards to cognitive health. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the functional outcomes of resistance training on cognitive health. As part of the randomised controlled trial introduced in Chapter Six, Chapter Seven explored the response in cognitive function following 12 weeks of intense resistance training in 45 late middle-aged adults. Participants were randomised into either i) moderate-load resistance training, ii) high-load resistance training, or iii) a non-exercising control group. Cognitive function was assessed using the CogState computerised cognitive battery, which evaluates performance within several cognitive domains. Greater delayed short-term memory (p=0.02) was observed in high-load and moderate-load groups when compared to the control, with no difference observed between resistance training groups. No other differences for changes in cognitive function between groups were observed. In cognitively healthy adults, 12 weeks of intense resistance training enhances short-term memory, a finding supporting the use of structured resistance training to promote physical and cognitive health.
In conclusion, the findings presented in this thesis provide evidence that resistance exercise needs to be to-fatigue and high in volume to enhance BDNF levels. Intense resistance exercise in late middle-aged adults influences neither the acute nor chronic response in neurotrophic growth factors or homocysteine when resistance exercise is reduced in total volume. However, 12 weeks of intense resistance training enhances short-term memory in cognitively healthy adults, a relevant outcome that supports the hypothesis that resistance training can contribute to reducing dementia risk. These findings support the use of structured resistance training to promote full body health inclusive of physical and cognitive health.
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Stone, Michael H., Margaret E. Stone, and William A. Sands. "Principles and Practice of Resistance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/186.
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Principles and Practice of Resistance Training represents a true breakthrough in planning and monitoring strength training programs. This research-based book details how to systematically examine the physical, physiological, and biomechanical parameters associated with crafting resistance training programs to improve sport performance and strength and power in athletes. The authors bring together more than 100 collective years of teaching, conducting research, and coaching national- and international-level athletes to share their unique insights concerning adaptations to strength and conditioning.
The text is written in a manner that challenges professionals while remaining accessible to advanced coaches. It begins by presenting readers with an understanding of basic science. This scientific foundation allows readers to formulate a sound training process that is more likely to produce the desired short- and long-term results. Next, the text examines how to test, monitor, and evaluate adaptations to various types of training programs. It emphasizes the significance of appropriately monitoring training programs to identify elements of the program to adjust so the goals of clients or athletes are more effectively and efficiently achieved. Finally, the authors discuss exercise selection and present a practical example so readers can learn to apply the information in the text to build their own training programs. Each chapter is written in a “stand-alone” manner so that readers can refer back to the material as needed.
Principles and Practice of Resistance Training also explores key questions that currently have no clear, scientifically proven answers. For these issues, the authors offer reasoned, speculative explanations based on the best available information and data—including anecdotal evidence— intended to stimulate additional observation and research that will eventually offer a clearer understanding and resolution of the issues involved. In sharing their personal experiences as coaches and research scientists, the authors are able to address issues that are not normally dealt with in academic programs.
Principles and Practice of Resistance Training is far more than a general guide for strength training. It is an in-depth exploration of the science behind the training. Armed with the scientific understanding and the tools to put that information into practice, you will be able to develop training programs that help your athletes or clients excel.https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1206/thumbnail.jpg
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Stone, Michael H., and Margaret E. Stone. "Resistance Training Modes: a Practical Perspective." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4677.
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Raposo, Kelly. "The Effects of Pre-Exercise Carbohydrate Supplementation on Resistance Training Performance During an Acute Resistance Training Session." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3304.
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It appears that "carbohydrate loading" may enhance the performance of resistance training, but studies on CHO supplementation prior to a resistance-training bout are limited and have resulted in conflicting findings. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of pre-exercise CHO supplementation on high-intensity (>75% 1RM) resistance training performance for resistance-trained women during an acute bout of resistance exercise. METHODS: Thirteen resistance trained female participants (21.9 ± 4.8 yrs; 64.5 ± 3.0 in; 137.0 ± 14.8 lbs) came to the Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory on three separate occasions; the day of the Familiarization Trial (FT) and the two Exercise Testing sessions (ET1 and ET2, respectively) all separated by seven days. Familiarization testing determined each participant's 1RM of the bench press and leg press and then 75% of the bench press 1RM and 85% of the leg press 1RM was determined. The participants were then randomly assigned to either the CHO or P treatment session using a double blind, counterbalanced technique in a cross-over design with each participant consuming 1.0 g CHO/kg body weight or a non-caloric P beverage 60 minutes before beginning the exercise bout for each ET. The total volume of weight lifted during five sets of the bench press, the total volume of the weight lifted during five sets of the leg press, and whole body total lifting volume was analyzed by a two-way repeated measures within subjects ANOVA with significance set at P <.05. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the CHO and P treatments in the three variables analyzed. Specifically total volume of weight lifted in pounds during five sets of the bench press was 3,200 (± 912) and 3,152 (± 852) (p = 0.655), total volume of weight lifted during five sets of the leg press was 44,004 (± 29,711) and 37,705 (± 19,681) (p = 0.136), and total lifting volume was 47,204 (± 30,399) and 40,857 (± 20,434) for the CHO and P treatment, respectively (p = 0.138). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-exercise CHO supplementation does not improve high-intensity resistance training performance for resistance-trained women during an acute resistance training session. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: It is evident that consuming CHO 60 minutes prior to performing resistance training exercises will not increase the number of sets, repetitions, or total work volume completed during acute high-intensity (>75% 1RM) resistance training sessions for women. During lower-intensity resistance training sessions, however, pre-exercise CHO supplementation may provide ergogenic effects and enhance resistance-training performance.
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Stone, Michael H., and Margaret E. Stone. "Symposium on Special Topics in Resistance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4490.
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Cortobius, Daniel, and Niklas Westblad. "Optimizing strength training for hypertrophy : A periodization of classic resistance training and blood-flow restriction training." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-4373.
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Aim The main aim of this study was to investigate if a combination of classic resistance training and blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFRE) training would result in greater increases in quadriceps muscle growth compared with other strength training studies. The second aim was to investigate if there would be any difference in muscle hypertrophy between men and women after the training intervention. Method Twenty untrained subjects (10 males and 10 female) were recruited to participate in a 10-week unilateral resistance training intervention. Sixteen subjects completed the training intervention. After two familiarization sessions subjects performed three sessions per week in leg press and leg extension, except for week 4 and 8 were subjects performed five BFRE training sessions Monday to Friday. All subjects performed a one repetition maximum test in leg press and leg extension pre and post the training intervention. Ultrasound screening was performed pre and post training intervention to measure muscle thickness in m. vastus lateralis (VL). Results The 10-week intervention resulted in a significant increase of VL muscle thickness by 15,1 % ± 7,6 (p ≤ 0,01). Both men and women increased in VL muscle thickness, men (n=7) by 15,4 % ± 9,3 (p ≤ 0,01) and women (n=9) by 14,8 % ± 6,0 (p ≤ 0,01), with no difference between genders. Maximal strength increased for the entire group in the leg press by 59,1 % ± 27,4 (p ≤ 0,01) and in the leg extension by 19,8 % ± 13,1 (p ≤ 0,01). Men had an increase of 58,1 % ± 18,0 (p ≤ 0,01) and women with 60,3 % ± 32,8 (p ≤ 0,01) in the leg press. In the leg extension women and men increased their maximal strength by 23,3 % ± 7,4 (p ≤ 0,01) respectively 17,0 % ± 14,4 (p = 0,051). Conclusions Our unique training protocol resulted in a superior increase in muscle growth in comparison with most other strength training studies. Our result can be converted to an increase of 17,3 % (0,25 % per day) in VL muscle CSA, which is much greater than the mean increase of 0,11 % per day reported in a large meta-analysis (Wernbom, Augustsson & Thomeé 2007).
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Shaw, BS, I. Shaw, and GA Brown. "Self-reported dietary intake following endurance, resistance and concurrent endurance and resistance training." Journal of Sport Science and Medicine, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000761.
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With regards to obesity-related disease the impact of exercise
training on health depends on the ability of exercise to promote
a negative energy balance. Exercise’s effect on promoting a
negative energy balance is more likely to occur if exercise can
induce a favourable dietary intake such as a reduced relative fat
content in the diet. As such, the aim of this study was to evaluate
and compare the effectiveness of aerobic training, weight training
and concurrent aerobic and weight training on self-reported
dietary intake. The effects of 16 weeks of aerobic (n = 12),
weight (n = 13) and concurrent aerobic and weight training (n =
13) on self-reported dietary intakes were compared in previously
sedentary males using the computer-based Dietary Manager®
software programme. Only the concurrent aerobic and weight
training group showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions in total
kilocalories, carbohydrates, proteins and fats consumed while
the aerobic training group showed significant reductions in fat
intake at the completion of the experimental period (before: 91.0
± 42.1g versus after: 77.1 ± 62.1g). However, no changes were
observed in self-reported dietary intake in the weight training or
non-exercising control groups. It is concluded that concurrent
aerobic and weight training is the most effective mode of exercise
at promoting a favourable improvement in self-reported
dietary intake in the short term. This finding provides support
for efforts to promote increases in overall physical activity in an
attempt to modify the patterns of dietary intake.
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Haykowsky, Mark. "Effects of resistance training on left ventricular morphology." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0008/NQ34776.pdf.
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Robbins, Daniel. "Resistance training efficiency : The efficacy of paired sets." Thesis, University of Ballarat, 2009. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/46156.
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A paired set (PS) refers to the coupling of exercises targeting agonist-antagonist muscle groups and performed coincidentally. Although PS have been prescribed by strength and conditioning coaches as a means of developing strength and power, scientific research investigating their efficacy is limited. The aim of this research was to investigate not only the efficacy of PS, but also their efficiency.Doctor of Philosophy
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Flynn, Asher. "The Salivary Alpha-Amylase Response to Resistance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3625.
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The purposes of this dissertation were to investigate the response of salivary alpha-amylase to a single resistance training session and to a week-long resistance training over-reaching protocol. The major findings of this dissertation are as follows:
Study 1 – A single resistance training session consisting of 5 sets of 10 repetitions of squat and bench press at 95 percent of repetition maximum creates a statistically significant increase in salivary alpha-amylase concentrations.
Study 2 – Two resistance training sessions consisting of 5 sets of 10 repetitions of squat and bench press at 95 percent of repetition maximum within 5 days does not create a statistically significant change in resting baseline salivary alpha-amylase concentrations. These results are corroborated by not causing statistically significant change in perceived stress, as measured by Total Mood Disturbance, calculated from the Profile Of Mood States questionnaire, nor causing a change in perceived stress calculated from the Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes survey.
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Stone, Michael H., K. P. Pierce, Michael W. Ramsey, Margaret E. Stone, and Satoshi Mizuguchi. "Dispelling the Myths of Resistance Training for Youths." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://www.amzn.com/0415694892.
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Strength and Conditioning for Young Athletes offers an evidence-based introduction to the theory and practice of strength and conditioning for children and young athletes. Drawing upon leading up-to-date research in all aspects of fitness and movement skill development, the book adopts a holistic approach to training centred on the concept of long-term athletic development and the welfare of the young athlete.
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Stone, Michael H. "Development of Power. Symposium on Resistance Training Adaptations." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4550.
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Appleby, Brendyn B. "Bilateral and unilateral resistance training and athletic performance." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2019. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2229.
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Specificity is a key programming principle for optimal transfer of physiological adaptation of training to improved athletic performance. In resistance training, it has long been identified that the closer the mechanical specificity between the training exercise and outcome performance, the greater the transfer of improved capacity. Bilateral resistance exercises are predominately prescribed for the development of maximum strength and are well demonstrated to enhance athletic performance. However, unilateral exercises appear to demonstrate greater specificity to movements such as running and change of direction as these movements are predominantly single leg actions. Nonetheless, the unstable nature and comparatively lower magnitude of external resistance could be theorised to relegate unilateral exercises to be inferior to bilateral exercises and thus of less benefit for enhancing performance.
To investigate the differences in transfer between bilateral and unilateral resistance training to athletic performance of sprint acceleration and change of direction, a series of biomechanical and training intervention studies were implemented. The first study established the reliability of the one repetition maximum (1RM) step-up test (Chapter Three). Ten moderately trained participants completed four familiarisation sessions before two repeated strength testing sessions on separate days. Reliability was estimated as the typical error ±90% confidence limits (CL), expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV%) and the intraclass correlation (ICC). The CV% for all comparisons ranged between 2.0% and 5.3% with average of left and right leg CV% less than the smallest worthwhile change. Importantly, the test was deemed reliable to monitor improvements in lower body unilateral strength.
Second, the validity and reliability of barbell displacement in heavy back squats was established (Chapter Four). Twelve well-trained rugby players (1RM 90° squat = 196.3 ± 29.2kg) completed two sets of two repetitions at 70%, 80% and 90% of 1RM squats. Barbell displacement was derived from three methods across four load categories (120-129kg, 140-149kg, 160-169kg and 180-189kg) including: 1) Linear Position Transducer attached 65cm left of barbell centre, 2) 3D motion analysis tracking of markers attached to either end of the barbell, and 3) cervical marker (C7) (criterion measurement). Validity was calculated using typical error of the estimate as CV% ±90% CL, mean bias as a percentage and Pearson product moment correlation (r). Intraday reliability was calculated using ICC and the typical error expressed as CV% ±90% CL. Laterality of marker position increased bias between the criterion measure (C7) and predicted measures (LPT bias = 0.9-1.5%; r = 0.96-0.98; barbell ends bias = 4.9-11.2%; r = 0.71-0.97). Moderate reliability was obtained for most measures of barbell displacement (All loads: LPT: CV% = 6.6%, ICC = 0.67; barbell ends: CV% = 5.9- 7.2%, ICC = 0.55-0.67; C7: CV% = 6.6%, ICC = 0.62). Due to a combination of heavy external barbell load and the pliant nature of the barbell, overestimation can occur with increasing external load and as the position tracking location moves laterally (barbell ends). The linear position transducer demonstrated high validity to the criterion and high trial-to-trial reliability.
Completing methodological rigour, within-session reliability of kinetic and kinematic variables of the squat and step-up were investigated (Chapters Five to Eight). Fifteen welltrained rugby players completed two testing sessions. Session one involved squat and step-up 1RM strength testing. Session two involved four maximal repetitions of squat and step-up at 70%, 80% and 90% 1RM assessed by three-dimensional motion analysis and in-ground triaxial force plates. Reliability was calculated for each load range using CV% ±90% CL and ICC.
Across all load ranges squat and step-up peak and average ground reaction force (GRF) and total concentric impulse were found to have acceptable measures of reliability below 10% and ICC above 0.85. The majority of loads for squat and step-up displacement, concentric duration, and maximum knee flexion angle were reliable (CV% < 10%, ICC > 0.75). For the squat, measures of peak and average velocity were reliable (CV < 10%) whilst step-up velocity measures were less reliable (CV%0.60). Reliability findings permitted confident interpretation of key variables of squat and step-up performance and application to training.
A comparison of kinetics and kinematics between squat and step-up were conducted to provide insight for potential training application. In-ground tri-axial force plates and threedimensional motion analysis were used to capture force output and movement patterns of four maximal efforts of squats and step-ups at 70%, 80% and 90% of 1RM. The concentric phase kinetics and kinematics of each exercise were analysed using effect sizes (ES ± 90% confidence limits). Large to very large differences in peak and average GRF per leg were found for the step-up compared to the squat at all loads (Peak GRF ES: 2.56 ± 0.19 to 2.70 ± 0.37; Average GRF ES: 1.45 ± 0.27 to 1.48 ± 0.29). Additionally, per leg, the squat was inferior to the stepup for impulse at 70% (0.71 ± 0.40) and 80% (0.30 ± 0.41). The difference at 90% 1RM was unclear. Peak velocity was greater for the squat compared to the step-up across all loads squat produced large differences in peak velocity at all loads (ES = -1.74 ± 0.48 to -1.33 ± 0.48). The comparable GRF per leg between step-up and squat suggests overload sufficient for strength development in the step-up, despite a lower absolute magnitude of external resistance. Although appearing to provide sufficient overload for strength development, a training study was designed to determine the practical application of resisted step-ups on strength development and measures of speed and change of direction performance.
The final study recruited academy level rugby players (age = 23.1 ± 4.3 years, mean training age = 5.4 ± 2.9 years; 1RM 90° squat = 178 ± 27 kg) assigned to one of two groups – a bilateral (BIL) training group or a unilateral (UNI) training group. Subjects completed a comprehensive 18-week program involving a familiarisation, training and maintenance phases. Back squat and step-up strength testing was analysed for within- and between-group differences using ES ± 90% CL. Both intervention groups showed practically important within group improvements in their primary exercise during the training phase (ES ± 90% CL: BIL = 0.79 ± 0.40; UNI = 0.63 ± 0.17) with transfer to their non-trained resistance exercise (BIL stepup = 0.22 ± 0.37: UNI squat = 0.44 ± 0.39). Between groups, the improvement in squat 1RM was unclear (ES = -0.34 ± 0.55), however unilateral resistance training showed an advantage to step-up 1RM (ES = 0.41 ± 0.36). The bilateral and unilateral training groups improved 20m sprint (ES: BIL = -0.38 ± 0.49; UNI = -0.31 ± 0.31), however the difference between the groups was unclear (ES = 0.07 ± 0.58). Whilst both groups had meaningful improvements in COD (BIL COD average = -0.97 ± 0.32: UNI squat = -0.50 ± 0.54), bilateral resistance training had a greater transfer to COD performance than unilateral (between groups ES = 0.72 ± 0.55). As such, practically important increases in lower body strength can be achieved with bilateral or unilateral resistance training. Whilst increases in strength positively improved sprint acceleration, the BIL group demonstrated superior improvements in COD perhaps due to the limited eccentric training stimulus of the step-up exercise. This demonstrates the importance of targeting the underlying physiological stimulus for adaptation and not purely likeness of movement specificity of the target performance.
The research sought to address specificity and transfer of training as it pertains to bilateral and unilateral lower body resistance training. The results demonstrate that high GRF is produced per leg, comparable between the squat and step-up suggesting sufficient strength development stimulus of the step-up. Differences in total concentric impulse and velocity may provide variable training applications of either exercise. When incorporated into a resistance training program, unilateral and bilateral exercises can develop maximum strength. Importantly, strength development was demonstrated in the performance of the non-trained bilateral or unilateral exercise, demonstrating a level of transfer. Further, the training study revealed that sprint acceleration over 20m can be developed using either squat or step-up. However, whilst both groups improved COD performance, squat training had a superior transfer to COD than step-up training. This suggests that step-up training may sufficiently improve lower body strength and acceleration, however, the application to COD performance may require additional training stimulus to enhance adaptation potentially due to the lack of eccentric overload in the step-up.
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Lang, Henry. "The Relationship Between Cell-Free DNA and Resistance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3808.
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The primary purposes of this dissertation were to explore relationship between cell free DNA (cf-DNA), creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), vertical jump testing delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in response to a high-volume resistance training protocol, and to assess the sensitivity of cf-DNA to different resistance training volume loads. The secondary purpose was to examine the relationship between cf-DNA and relative strength. Study 1 was an exploratory attempt to discover relationships between cf-DNA, CK, CRP, delayed onset muscle soreness, and performance variables. Seventeen resistance trained males were recruited, 9 were randomly assigned to receive BCAAs while 8 received a placebo. Participants performed a high-volume resistance training session consisting of the back squat and bench press. Blood was drawn to measure serum cf-DNA, CK, and CRP levels prior to the training session, with cf-DNA collected immediately post, and CK and CRP at 24hr and 48hrs post. Self-reported DOMS on a scale of 1 to 10 was collected prior to training on day 2, day 3, and day 4. SJH, CMJH, and BOSCO were collected on day 1, day 3, and day 4. Fifty-seven correlations were run to explore the relationships between variables. Only the correlation between %Δ DOMS 48hr and %Δ CRP 48hr in the non-supplement group was significant (p = 0.02). The second study, designed to assess the sensitivity of cf-DNA to different resistance training volume loads, consisted of a high-volume resistance training protocol. Blood was drawn immediately before the resistance training session (T1), immediately after the third lifting set (T2), and immediately after the sixth lifting set (T3). cf-DNA increased significantly from T1 to T2 (p < 0.01) and T1 to T3 (p < 0.01). The linear regression model used to examine the capabilities of relative strength to predict %Δ cf-DNA from T1 to T3 was significant (p = 0.04). The results of this study demonstrate the short response time of cf-DNA in relation to variations in resistance training volume-load, suggesting it may be a valuable marker in monitoring the immune response to volume-load. Results also demonstrated the positive relationship between relative strength and %Δ cf-DNA.
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Hornsby, W. Guy, Jeremy A. Gentles, Paul Comfort, Timothy J. Suchomel, Satoshi Mizuguchi, and Michael H. Stone. "Resistance Training Volume Load with and without Exercise Displacement." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5829.
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Monitoring the resistance training volume load (VL) (sets × reps × load) is essential to managing resistance training and the recovery–adaptation process. Subjects: Eight trained weightlifters, seven of which were at national level, participated in the study. Methods: VL was measured both with (VLwD) and without (VL) the inclusion of barbell displacement, across twenty weeks of training, in order to allow for comparisons to be made of these VL calculating methods. This consisted of recording the load, repetition count, and barbell displacement for every set executed. Comparisons were made between VL and VLwD for individual blocks of training, select training weeks, and select training days. Results: Strong, statistically significant correlations (r ≥ 0.78, p < 0.001) were observed between VL and VLwD between all training periods analyzed. t-tests revealed statistically significant (p ≤ 0.018) differences between VL and VLwD in four of the seven training periods analyzed. Conclusion: The very strong relationship between VL and VLwD suggest that a coach with time constraints and a large number of athletes can potentially spare the addition of displacement. However, differences in percent change indicate that coaches with ample time should include displacement in VL calculations, in an effort to acquire more precise workload totals.
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Lang, Henry. "The Relationship Between Cell-Free DNA and Resistance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3808.
Full textAbstract:
The primary purposes of this dissertation were to explore relationship between cell free DNA (cf-DNA), creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), vertical jump testing delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in response to a high-volume resistance training protocol, and to assess the sensitivity of cf-DNA to different resistance training volume loads. The secondary purpose was to examine the relationship between cf-DNA and relative strength. Study 1 was an exploratory attempt to discover relationships between cf-DNA, CK, CRP, delayed onset muscle soreness, and performance variables. Seventeen resistance trained males were recruited, 9 were randomly assigned to receive BCAAs while 8 received a placebo. Participants performed a high-volume resistance training session consisting of the back squat and bench press. Blood was drawn to measure serum cf-DNA, CK, and CRP levels prior to the training session, with cf-DNA collected immediately post, and CK and CRP at 24hr and 48hrs post. Self-reported DOMS on a scale of 1 to 10 was collected prior to training on day 2, day 3, and day 4. SJH, CMJH, and BOSCO were collected on day 1, day 3, and day 4. Fifty-seven correlations were run to explore the relationships between variables. Only the correlation between %Δ DOMS 48hr and %Δ CRP 48hr in the non-supplement group was significant (p = 0.02). The second study, designed to assess the sensitivity of cf-DNA to different resistance training volume loads, consisted of a high-volume resistance training protocol. Blood was drawn immediately before the resistance training session (T1), immediately after the third lifting set (T2), and immediately after the sixth lifting set (T3). cf-DNA increased significantly from T1 to T2 (p < 0.01) and T1 to T3 (p < 0.01). The linear regression model used to examine the capabilities of relative strength to predict %Δ cf-DNA from T1 to T3 was significant (p = 0.04). The results of this study demonstrate the short response time of cf-DNA in relation to variations in resistance training volume-load, suggesting it may be a valuable marker in monitoring the immune response to volume-load. Results also demonstrated the positive relationship between relative strength and %Δ cf-DNA.
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Conlon, Jennifer Anne. "The efficacy of periodized resistance training in older adults." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2016. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1930.
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Sarcopenia describes the slow and inevitable age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and consequent function. Fortunately, a continually growing body of research highlights the robust adaptability of the aging neuromuscular system in response to resistance training (RT). Yet, despite an abundance of research studies describing the benefits of RT in the elderly, there is a large variation in the type of training programs employed. Therefore, within the extensive range of beneficial RT stimuli, it is vital to confirm what organizational structure of acute program variables is most effective (i.e. the appropriate dose). The process of organizing a training program considering all of these factors is referred to as periodization.
Despite the well-recognized value of periodization in younger populations, the application of periodized RT has received little attention among the aged. Also, despite a great deal of focus on the application of the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) in the management of training stressors, this tool remains to be explored in older adults. Together, a greater understanding of periodized RT and training load in this setting, would ultimately aid in optimizing RT guidelines for maintaining the structure, QOL and health of the aging population. Therefore, this thesis is a presentation of a comprehensive investigation of the efficacy of periodized RT strategies, specifically block periodization (BP) and daily undulating periodization (DUP) on key neuromuscular, physiological and health-related outcomes in older adults, in comparison to a non-periodized (NP) training program. Secondary aims included the examination of training load indices, perceived enjoyment and tolerance, and the application of sRPE across the different RT models.
In conclusion, NP, BP and DUP RT models are equally effective for promoting significant improvements in key physical function, physiological, and neuromuscular adaptations among apparently healthy untrained older adults. Consequently, periodization strategies are not critical during the initial stages of RT among the elderly. Additionally, periodized RT does not appear to impact an elder’s perceived tolerance or enjoyment of RT, yet may be important for the better management of training load, potentially reducing the risk of illness and injury beyond the initial stages of training. Finally, sRPE and related measures are not valid tools for RT monitoring purposes when compared to established methods.
The examination of periodization strategies among previously trained older iii adults is warranted, with alternate training models such as weekly undulating periodization (WUP) proposed for consideration. Finally, the use of true repetition maximum (RM) sets to momentary concentric muscular failure is not advised over chronic training periods, with other means of resistance load prescription such as % one-repetition maximum (1RM) proposed. Yet, above all else, practitioners should focus on engaging older adults in RT, via feasible and efficacious interventions targeting long-term adherence in minimally supervised settings.
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Coffey, Vernon Glenn, and vernon coffey@rmit edu au. "The Molecular Bases of Training Adaptation." RMIT University. Medical Sciences, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070131.123552.
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The molecular events that promote or inhibit specific training adaptations (i.e. skeletal muscle hypertrophy or mitochondrial biogenesis) are not completely understood. Accordingly, there is a need to better define both the acute and chronic responses to divergent exercise stimuli in order to elucidate the specific molecular mechanisms that ultimately determine skeletal muscle phenotype. Therefore, the primary aims of the studies undertaken for this thesis were to examine the acute molecular adaptation responses in skeletal muscle following resistance and endurance training. In order to determine the acute molecular events following repeated bouts of exercise, the study described in Chapter Two compared a high-frequency stacked training regimen designed to generate a summation of transient exercise-induced signalling responses with a conventional-frequency resistance training protocol. Groups (n= 6) of Sprague-Dawley rats performed either high-frequency training (four exercise bouts consisting of 3 - 10 repetitions separated by 3 h) or conventional-frequency training (three exercise bouts consisting of 4 - 10 repetitions with 48 h between sessions). Protocols were matched for total work, and repetitions were performed at 75% one-repetition maximum with 3 min recovery between sets. White quadriceps muscle was extracted 3 h after every training bout, and 24 and 48 h following the final exercise session of each protocol. AKT phosphorylation was significantly decreased 3 h following the 2nd bout of high-frequency training, an effect that persisted until 48 h after the final exercise bout (P less than 0.05), while the phosphorylation state of this kinase was unchanged with conventional training. These results suggest that high-frequency training suppressed IGF-1 mediated signalling. Furthermore, high-frequency training generated sustained and coordinated increases in TNFá and IKK phosphorylation (P less than 0.05), indicating an extended response of inflammatory signalling pathways. Conversely, and irrespective of an initial increase after the first bout of exercise, TNFá signalling ultimately returned to control Abstract values by DAY 5 of conventional-frequency training, indicative of a rapid adaptation to the exercise stimulus. Notably, despite differential AKT activation there were similar increases in p70 S6K phosphorylation with both training protocols. These results indicate high-frequency resistance training extends the transient activation of inflammatory cytokine-mediated signalling and results in a persistent suppression of AKT phosphorylation, but these events do not appear to inhibit kinase activity proximal to translation initiation. The aim of the study described in Chapter Three was to determine the effect of prior training history on selected signalling responses after an acute bout of resistance and endurance exercise. Following 24 h diet / exercise control 13 male subjects (7 strength-trained and 6 endurance-trained) performed a random order of either resistance (8 x 5 maximal leg extensions) or endurance exercise (1 h cycling at 70% peak O2 uptake). Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis at rest, immediately and 3 h post-exercise. AMPK phosphorylation increased after cycling in strength-trained, but not endurance-trained subjects (P less than 0.05). Conversely, AMPK was elevated following resistance exercise in endurance-, but not strength-trained subjects (P less than 0.05). Thus, AMPK was elevated only when subjects undertook a bout of exercise in a mode of training to which they were unaccustomed. Surprisingly, there was no change in AKT phosphorylation following resistance exercise regardless of the training background of the subjects. In the absence of increased AKT phosphorylation, resistance exercise induced an increase in p70 S6K and ribosomal S6 protein phosphorylation in endurance-trained but not strength-trained subjects (Pless than 0.05). AKT phosphorylation was increased in endurance-trained, but not strength-trained subjects after cycling (P less than 0.05). These results show that a degree of signalling
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Wetmore, Alexander. "The Effect of Training Status on Adaptations to 11 Weeks of Block Periodization Resistance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3859.
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The primary purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the effect of training status on adaptations to resistance training. A secondary purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the relationship between subjective and objective forms of monitoring resistance training (RT). The benefits of RT are well understood but training status may be a major influence on training outcomes. Fifteen males of various training status were recruited for this study. Subjects completed 11 weeks of block periodization (BP) training. Subjects were tested for absolute strength (ABS) and relative strength (REL) in the barbell back squat, 0kg and 20kg static jumps (SJ) and 0kg and 20kg countermovement jumps (CMJ). Initial levels of ABS and REL were significantly correlated with rates of improvement for ABS, REL, and SJ and CMJ values. All subjects statistically improved ABS (p
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Shaw, BS, I. Shaw, and GA Brown. "Comparison of resistance and concurrent resistance and endurance training regimes in the development of strength." Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001714.
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ABSTRACT
Shaw, BS, Shaw, I, and Brown, GA. Comparison of resistance
and concurrent resistance and endurance training regimes in
the development of strength. J Strength Cond Res 23(9):
2507–2514, 2009—Resistance and endurance training are
often performed concurrently in most exercise programs and in
rehabilitative settings in an attempt to acquire gains in more
than 1 physiologic system. However, it has been proposed that
by simultaneously performing these 2 modes of exercise
training, the strength gains achieved by resistance training
alone may be impaired. Thus, the aim of this study was to
compare the effects of 16 weeks of resistance training and
concurrent resistance and endurance training on muscular
strength development in 38 sedentary, apparently healthy
males (25 yr 6 8 mo). Subjects were age-matched and
randomly assigned to either a control (Con) group (n = 12),
resistance training (Res) group (n = 13), or concurrent
resistance and endurance training (Com) group (n = 13). After
16 weeks, no changes were found in the strength of the subjects
in the Con group. Resistance training and concurrent resistance
and endurance training significantly (p # 0.05) improved
strength in all of the 8 prescribed exercises. The data also
indicated that 16 weeks of concurrent resistance training and
endurance training was as effective in eliciting improvements in
strength as resistance training alone in previously sedentary
males. As such, concurrent resistance and endurance training
does not impede muscular strength gains and can be prescribed
simultaneously for the development of strength in sedentary,
apparently healthy males and thus may invoke all the physiologic
adaptations of resistance and endurance training at once.
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Shaw, BS, I. Shaw, and GA Brown. "Effects of resistance training on total, central and abdominal adiposity." South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001733.
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Abstract
Despite the clear benefits that resistance training might have in weight management
the effects of resistance training on adiposity in sedentary individuals are
unsubstantiated. As such, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of
resistance training on anthropometric measures of total, central and abdominal
adiposity. Twenty-five healthy, sedentary males not on an energy-restricted diet were
assigned to a non-exercising control group (CON) (n = 12) or a resistance training
group (RES) (n = 13) to determine the effect of 16 weeks of resistance training on
anthropometric measures of total, centrally located and abdominal adiposity.
Resistance training was prescribed three times weekly using eight exercises for three
sets of 15 repetitions at 60% of one-repetition maximum. Resistance training
decreased three of the six anthropometric measures of total adiposity and increased
body mass and body mass index (BMI). Resistance training had no impact on the
measures of centrally located and abdominal adiposity. Body mass and BMI should
be used with caution in risk calculations and measures of total adiposity in
individuals engaging in resistance training due to this mode of training increasing
lean mass (and thus body mass and BMI). Resistance training reduced total adiposity
but did not provide an effective stimulus to lower centrally located and abdominal
adiposity.
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Herman, Jennifer R. "Muscular Adaptations to Slow-Speed Versus Traditional Resistance Training Protocols." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1235763955.
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Kemper, Keisha L. "The Effects of Music on Perceived Exertion During Resistance Training." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1267556688.
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Lipford, Grayson. "Resistance exercise and vascular function: Training and obesity-related effects." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2256.
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Endothelial dysfunction, or the inability of an artery to dilate sufficiently when subjected to excessive shear stress, serves both as a predictor of future cardiovascular events as well as an early indication of atherosclerosis. Several chronic disease states, including obesity, have been shown to alter endothelial function, which may be mediated through circulating pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines. Still, the mechanisms by which obesity-related low-grade inflammation alters endothelial function are not fully elucidated. Acute and chronic endurance exercise training has previously been shown to be effective in improving endothelial function; however, chronic resistance exercise training is not universally regarded as beneficial to vascular functioning. Far fewer studies have examined the effect of acute resistance exercise on vascular function and adipokine release. To further understand the effects of resistance exercise training on vascular function, a meta-analysis was completed to examine the effects of resistance training on brachial artery flow mediated dilation (FMD), a common measure of endothelial function. The results of the meta-analysis indicate that resistance training has a small positive effect on FMD. Additionally, the effects of an acute bout of lower body resistance exercise on forearm blood flow (FBF) and two inflammatory cytokines were evaluated in obese (>30% body fat) and non-obese (≤30% body fat) subjects. It was hypothesized that the resistance exercise bout would increase FBF, that those changes would be greater in obese versus non-obese subjects, and that the changes in circulating cytokines (adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-α) would be related to changes in FBF. The results indicate that FBF measures in obese and non-obese subjects react in a divergent pattern immediately following resistance exercise but return to baseline within 24 hours. These changes were not related to changes in adiponectin or TNF-α although changes in adiponectin were related to changes in TNF-α. In conclusion, resistance exercise training programs may have a small positive effect on vascular function which may reduce overall cardiovascular disease risk. Additionally, obese and non-obese subjects display differing patterns of vascular responses to an acute bout of resistance exercise, supporting the view that obesity, and its associated low-grade inflammatory response, may negatively alter vascular homeostasis.
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Lloyd, Rhodri S., Avery D. Faigenbaum, Michael H. Stone, Jon L. Oliver, Ian Jeffreys, Jeremy A. Moody, Clive Brewer, et al. "Position Statement on Youth Resistance Training: The 2014 International Consensus." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4624.
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The current manuscript has been adapted from the official position statement of the UK Strength and Conditioning Association on youth resistance training. It has subsequently been reviewed and endorsed by leading professional organisations within the fields of sports medicine, exercise science and paediatrics. The authorship team for this article was selected from the fields of paediatric exercise science, paediatric medicine, physical education, strength and conditioning and sports medicine.
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Frost, David M. "A biomechanical comparison of pneumatic and free weight resistance." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/215.
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Blythe, Mark. "Resistance to commodification in further education : a case study." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360873.
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Pasturel, Solenn. "Assessing the efficacy of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Maximal Strength in Physical Education Students, Trained and Elite Athletes : A Review with a Systematic approach." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Biomekanik och biomedicin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-26108.
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Background: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is increasingly being usedoutside the realms of physical therapy. Acknowledged as an efficient method to enhancestrength parameters, athletes are increasingly using NMES to facilitate training andstrength gains. A review was designed with a systematic approach with the mainobjective: to assess the effectiveness of transcutaneous NMES on maximal strength inphysical education students, trained and elite athletes in studies involving isometricNMES and Dynamic NMES. Method: A search for all types of trials was performed onPubmed, Sportdiscus, Web of Science Core Collection and The Cochrane ControlledTrials Register, and results were recorded according to the PRISMA recommendations.Twenty-one studies were included and judged for risk of bias and quality according tothe Cochrane guidelines and GRADE. Results: Studies were judged as having either anunclear or high risk of bias. All studies were judged as ‘very low level’ according toGRADE and were lacking bias-limiting methods, detailed information of interventionsand general standardised procedures. Conclusion: Strength gains in physical educationstudents, trained or elite athletes from a training intervention involving either isometricNMES combined with or without voluntary exercise or dynamic NMES are inconclusivedue to the very low level of the quality of the studies. Meta-analysis performed in thisarea should be interpreted with caution as the studies have been judged as eitherunclear or high risk of bias.Key words: isometric NMES (electrical stimulation applied to relaxed muscle), dynamicNMES (electrical stimulation superimposed onto voluntary contractions), strength.
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Haff, G. Gregory, Ryan T. Hobbs, Erin E. Haff, William A. Sands, Kyle C. Pierce, and Michael H. Stone. "Cluster Training: A Novel Method for Introducing Training Program Variation." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4607.
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The introduction of novel training stimuli plays a crucial role in inducing specific training adaptations. One method that can be employed to introduce a novel stimulus to the training program while maximizing the velocity and power output of the training exercise is the inclusion of the cluster set configuration. The current review presents the theoretical and research foundation for the use of the cluster set in periodized training programs and offers examples of practical applications that can be used in the preparation of athletes in a variety of sports.
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Halliday, Tanya M. "Are the Initiation and Maintenance of a Resistance Training Program Associated with Changes to Dietary Intake and Non-Resistance Training Physical Activity in Adults with Prediabetes?" Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79770.
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Prediabetes is associated with an elevated risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and associated cardiovascular complications. Lifestyle factors such as physical activity (PA) and dietary intake are strongly implicated in the development of metabolic disease, yet few Americans meet PA and dietary recommendations. Middle-aged and older adults are at increased risk for developing prediabetes and T2DM due to age-related muscle loss, increased fat mass, and alterations in glucose handling. In addition, this segment of the population is least likely to meet PA guidelines, particularly the resistance training (RT) recommendation of completing a whole body routine 2x/week. Ideally, individuals would alter their lifestyle in order to meet PA guidelines and habitually consume a healthy diet, to decrease disease risk. However, behavior change is difficult and optimal strategies to promote and maintain changes have yet to be determined. Furthermore, behavior change interventions tend to be time-, cost-, and resource-intensive, limiting the ability for efficacious programs to be translated into community settings and broadly disseminated. Evidence suggests that health-related behaviors, particularly diet and exercise habits, tend to cluster together. Thus, intervening on one behavior (e.g. PA) may elicit a spillover effect, promoting alterations in other behaviors (e.g. diet), though findings to date are conflicting. The purpose of this dissertation was to determine if participation in a social cognitive theory-based RT program targeting the initiation and maintenance of RT exerts a spillover effect and is associated with alterations in dietary intake and/or non-RT PA in a population at risk for T2DM. Data from the 15-month Resist Diabetes study was analyzed to evaluate this possibility. Sedentary, overweight/obese (BMI 25-39.9 kg/m2 ), middle-aged and older (50 -69 years) adults with prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) completed a 3 month initiation phase where they RT 2x/week in a lab-gym with an ACSM-certified personal trainer. Participants then completed a 6-month faded contact maintenance phase, and a 6-month no-contact phase during which they were to continue RT on their own in a public facility. No advice or encouragement was given to participants to alter dietary intake or non-RT PA habits. At baseline, and months 3, 9, and 15, three non-consecutive 24-hour diet recalls were collected to evaluate dietary intake and quality, the Aerobics Institute Longitudinal Study Questionnaire was completed to evaluate non-RT PA, and body mass, body composition, and strength (3 repetition maximum on leg and chest press) were measured. At months 3, 9, and 15 social cognitive theory (SCT) constructs were assessed with a RT Health Beliefs Questionnaire. In the first study, dietary intake was assessed at baseline and after 3 months of RT. Using paired sample t-tests, reductions in intake of energy (1914 ± 40 kcal vs. 1834 ± 427 kcal, p = 0.010), carbohydrate (211.6 ± 4.9 g vs. 201.7 ± 5.2 g, p = 0.015), total sugar (87.4 ± 2.7 g vs. 81.5 ± 3.1 g, p = 0.030), glycemic load (113.4 ± 3.0 vs. 108.1 ±3.2, p= 0.031), fruits and vegetables (4.6±0.2 servings vs. 4.1±0.2 servings, p= 0.018), and sweets and desserts (1.1 ± 0.07 servings vs. 0.89 ± 0.07 servings, p = 0.023) were detected from baseline to month 3. No changes in other dietary intake variables were observed. These findings supported additional investigation in this area. The second study assessed changes in overall diet quality (Healthy Eating Index [HEI]-2010 scores) and non-RT PA over the initiation, maintenance, and no-contact phases using mixed effects models. Demographic, physiological, and psychosocial factors that may predict alterations to diet quality and non-RT PA were also explored. Energy and carbohydrate intake decreased with RT (β= -87.9, p=.015 and β= -16.3, p<.001, respectively). No change in overall dietary quality (HEI-2010 score: β= -0.13, p=.722) occurred, but alterations in HEI-2010 sub-scores were detected. Maintenance of RT was accompanied by an increase in MET-min/week of total non-RT PA (β=153.5, p=0.01), which was predicted by increased self-regulation for RT (β=78.1, p=0.03). RT may be a gateway behavior leading to improvements in other health-related behaviors among adults with prediabetes. These results support the use of singlecomponent vs. multi-component interventions. This may have broad translational potential for the development of time-, resource-, and cost-efficient lifestyle interventions which can improve multiple health-related behaviors and decrease disease risk.Ph. D.
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Barry, Benjamin K. "The influence of resistance training upon movement control in older adults /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17249.pdf.
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Cairncross, Joy Claudia. "The effect of 14 weeks of strength training on insulin resistance." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018276.
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Insulin resistance is a precursor to type II diabetes mellitus and in conjunction with dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and obesity, these abnormalities constitute the metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance usually develops before these other diseases and therefore identifying and successfully treating insulin resistant patients may have potentially great preventive value. Insulin resistance, obesity, and subsequently type II diabetes mellitus have increased dramatically and have reached epidemic proportions. The incidence of diabetes, and in particular type II diabetes mellitus, is increasing in developing countries and throughout the world and this is mainly as a result of increasingly sedentary lifestyle and obesity in an aging population. The specific aim of this study was to explore and describe the effect of a 14-week strength-based resistance training programme on insulin resistance amongst individuals aged 25 to 68 years, who are pre-diabetic, have T2DM, and/or are overweight. The research approach used in this investigation was explorative, experimental, and quantitative in nature. The quasi-experimental design consisted of a pre-test and post-test for an experimental and comparison group who were chosen through convenience and snowball sampling. A total of 30 participants were involved in this study, 15 participants in each group. The following dependent variables were selected, namely: body weight; BMI; body composition; waist-to-hip ratio; total cholesterol levels; triglyceride levels; HOMA-IR; and muscle strength for upper and lower body. Pre-and post-test analysis was performed at the Biokinetics and Sport Science Unit, located at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU). Blood samples of the participants were drawn by nurses at the Health Clinic at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University and these blood plasma samples were stored at the Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry at NMMU for later analysis of glucose and insulin. The experimental group trained three times per week for a period of fourteen weeks, performing strength training exercises with progressive increments in the intensity of the exercise. The control group remained sedentary throughout the intervention period. Analysis of the data was conducted utilizing descriptive and inferential statistics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used as a hypothesis-testing procedure to evaluate the mean differences. The following dependent variables showed a decrease in mean values: body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, waist minimum, cholesterol and insulin. However these differences in results were not practically and statistically significant. The following dependent variables showed an increase in mean values: hip maximum, arm relaxed, arm flexed, thigh circumference, glucose and HOMA-IR. However these results were not practically and statistically significant. The mean differences in the plasma insulin level, pre- to post-test, between both groups indicated that a significant difference (t = -1.77, p = 0.044) existed between them. Cohen‟s d revealed a value of 0.64, which indicates moderate practical significance. The only dependent variable which showed both statistical and practical significance was sum of skinfolds. The findings for sum of skinfolds revealed that the mean differences, from pre- to post-test, between both groups indicated that a significant difference (t = -2.30, p = 0.015) existed between them. Cohen‟s d revealed a value of 0.84, which indicated a large practical significance. Although the sample size was too small to indicate generalisations to the diabetic population as a whole, strength training should be furthermore explored as an alternative and successful modality in the existing range of options available to the health and exercise professional to address the needs of the person with T2DM. The researcher proposed that a bigger sample size be used for the experimental and control group, the intervention period increased as well as various differences related to frequency, intensity and duration of strength training could possibly result in significant changes.
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Kay, Michelle School of Sport & Leisure Studies UNSW. "Changes in body image during a resistance training programme for women." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Sport and Leisure Studies, 2000. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17789.
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CHANGES IN BODY IMAGE DURING A RESISTANCE TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR WOMEN. There are conflicting results regarding the relationship between exercise and body image. Most research has been cross sectional and cannot determine if dis/satisfaction motivates exercise behaviours or if exercise participation changes dis/satisfaction for better or worse. Also, it has not been established if exercise influences how accurately we estimate our size and how this relates to perception and evaluation of ideals and others. Furthermore, little attention has been directed towards investigating if body image actually changes and it is not clear if exercise plays a therapeutic or detrimental role. The aim of this study was to: a) investigate changes in perceptual and attitudinal body image and changes in body composition during an exercise training programme for women and b) examine the relationship between changes in physical measures and changes in psychological measures. The treatment group (25 females) participated in a 16 week resistance training programme. The control group (n = 12) did not undertake any exercise (above a recreational level). Anthropometric and psychometric tests were administered at 0, 8 and 16 weeks outside pre- and menstrual phases. The results obtained indicated that 1) for both exercise and control groups, there were significant decreases in skinfold thicknesses but no changes in gross measures such as mass, body mass index (BMI), chest-to-waist ratio (CWR) and waist-to-hips ratio (WHR); 2) both groups demonstrated improved size estimation accuracy, less discrepancy between the actual and self-estimated BMI, increased ideal size and a decrease in the perceptual measure of dissatisfaction; 3) both groups increased the sum of regional satisfaction scores; 4) both groups decreased dissatisfaction measured via the Body Shape Questionnaire and 5) similar to other studies, anthropometric variables explain only a small part of the variability in body image. The study demonstrates that body image, measured by a number of instruments, can change. However, improvements in body image cannot be fully explained by exercise participation or changes in body composition. It is possible that desensitisation to exposing the body during repeated measures, perceived social support of the experimenter or even seasonal factors may have contributed to such changes. Exercise is associated with many benefits but is not evident if it has a unique contribution to improved body image health. It cannot be excluded as a potential intervention but should be tailored to individual motivations.
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Pucci, Angela R. "Force and neural activation during three weeks of isometric resistance training." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0023/MQ33505.pdf.
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Kaleth, Anthony Scott. "Effects of volume of resistance training on muscular strength and endurance." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1074543.
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The American College of Sports Medicine recommends a resistance exercise routine that consists of a minimum of 1 set of 8-12 repetitions on 8-10 exercises, 2 times per week. These guidelines are less than traditional programs and are based on the premises that longer programs are associated with lower adherence and that additional sets and repetitions produce little, if any, additional increases in strength. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if greater gains in strength and endurance could be attained by doubling the recommended dose. Sixteen subjects were randomly assigned to one of two training groups that performed 1 or 2 sets of 8-12 repetitions for 10 weeks on 7 exercises (chest press, lat pull-down, leg ext., leg curl, shoulder press, triceps ext., biceps curl) and 8 subjects were assigned to a non-training group. Pre- and post-training 1repetition maximum (RM) and muscular endurance were measured. To assess endurance, subjects completed as many repetitions as possible at 75% of their pre-training 1-RM on all exercises except the shoulder press (60% of 1-RM). Both training groups showed a significant increase in 1-RM strength and endurance compared to controls (P < 0.05). Only the biceps curl exercise showed a significant difference in strength between the two training groups (P < 0.05). The 2 sets group increased post-training endurance to a greater degree than the 1 set group, but only the lat pull-down exercise was significant (P < 0.05).. Contrary to previous studies, these findings pertain to 8-10 exercises that use larger muscle groups. It was concluded that 1 set of 8-12 repetitions was as effective as 2 sets in increasing muscular strength and endurance.School of Physical Education
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Boone, Carleigh. "Endocrine and Contralateral Muscle Responses to Short-term Unilateral Resistance Training." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6248.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of short-term lower body unilateral resistance training on hormonal, muscle morphological, and performance measures in young men. METHODS: Seventeen healthy, untrained young men (Age: 22.8 ± 3.7 y; BMI: 26.5 ± 4.9 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to one of two groups (UT: 22.9 ± 4.6 y, 25.3 ± 4.2 kg/m2; CON: 24.0 ± 4.6 y, 27.7 ± 5.1 kg/m2). Resistance training consisted of 4 weeks of unilateral lower body and bilateral upper body exercises on 3 days per week. Each training session entailed unilateral countermovement jumps (3 ± 8), unilateral leg press (LP), bilateral chest press (CP), unilateral leg extension (LE), and bilateral low row (LR). Strength exercises were performed for 3 sets of 8-10 repetitions; lower body exercises were performed with the dominant leg only. Muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), cross-sectional area (CSA), and echo-intensity (EI) of the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles of both legs was assessed via ultrasound. Fascicle length (FL) was calculated as [MT / sin(PA)]. Maximal dynamic unilateral LP and LE strength was assessed during one-repetition maximum (1RM) testing; CP and LR 1RM strength was estimated as [repetition weight/(1.0278-0.0278)(reps)]. Maximal isometric knee extensor strength was isolaterally assessed via maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) testing. Mean and peak power output (Watts) was quantified during unilateral countermovement jumps via accelerometry. Fasting concentrations of total testosterone and growth hormone were obtained at baseline (PRE), immediately post (IP), 30-minutes post (30P), and 60-minutes post (60P) during both testing exercise sessions (Pre and Post). Following the 4-week intervention, all participants' maximal dynamic and isometric strength, mean and peak power output, muscle morphology, and hormonal responses were reassessed. Performance, ultrasound, and area under the curve data were analyzed using ANCOVA to observe between-group comparisons while controlling for baseline (PRE) values. Endocrine data were analyzed using a two-way, mixed-factorial repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Participants in the UT group experienced significant strength improvements of the trained (28 to 150%) and untrained legs (12 to 160%). Training did not elicit significant improvements in maximal isometric strength or power output of the trained or untrained leg. The trained RF experienced significant increases in CSA and MT. The trained VL experienced a significant increase in CSA. Muscle size of the untrained leg was not significantly augmented. Training did not elicit changes in the acute hormonal response to exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Four weeks of unilateral lower body resistance training using the dominant leg appears sufficient to evoke strength gains of both the ipsilateral and contralateral legs. However, meaningful morphological changes were observed in the trained leg only. Differences in acute hormonal responses to resistance exercise did not appear to explain the observed differences. In addition, unilateral lower body resistance training did not appear to augment the acute endocrine response to an acute bout of resistance exercise. Current findings suggest that the cross-educational strength transfer during the early stage of training is attributable to factors other than changes in muscle morphology and circulating hormones.M.S.
Masters
Child, Family and Community Sciences
Education and Human Performance
Sport & Exercise Science; Applied Exercise Physiology Track
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Reed, Georgina. "The effect of neuromuscular training on fatigue resistance in female footballers." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2017. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/5285/.
Full textAbstract:
ACL injury is predominant in female footballers largely due to a combination of kinetic and neuromuscular risk factors. The majority of ACL injuries in football occur during an unanticipated cutting manoeuvre, and the risk of this injury is heightened during the final 30 minutes of each half of match-play. Due to an increased injury incidence towards the end of match-play, it is possible that fatigue might serve as a risk factor for ACL injury. However, there currently exists limited research examining the effects of fatigue on a variety of kinetic and electromyographic variables in female footballers during an unanticipated cutting manoeuvre. Neuromuscular training programmes have been utilised in injury prevention studies and proven effective in reducing injury incidence by improving certain kinetic and neuromuscular ACL injury risk factors. The overall aim of this thesis is to examine the effectiveness of neuromuscular training on the fatigue resistance of ACL injury risk factors in female footballers. Study one of this thesis examined the reliability of a combination of kinetic and electromyographic measures in female footballers performing an unanticipated cutting manoeuvre. There were no significant differences in mean values and large to nearly perfect correlations (ICC = 0.49 - 0.96) for all kinetic variables. The majority of kinetic variables displayed a CV of less than 10%, with the exception of loading rates and time to peak force (CV% = 17.33 - 24.51). In comparison to previous research, electromyographic variables displayed a greater range of typical error (CV% = 17.6 - 129.2); however, the majority of electromyographic variables displayed a large, very large or nearly perfect correlation (ICC = 0.26 – 0.91) and no significant differences in the mean score. In line with previous research, standards of reliability, and anticipated changes in response to acute fatigue, all kinetic and electromyographic variables were deemed acceptable to use in subsequent studies. Kinetic variables showed better reliability than electromyographic variables, which was to be expected due to electromyographic measures being a physiological measure. Previous research has established that 16 - 18 year old female footballers are at highest risk of ACL injury, and it is most commonly caused during performance of an unanticipated cutting manoeuvre. It has also been established that the majority of injuries in female football are sustained in the last 30 minutes of each half when fatigue is present. Therefore, acute fatigue appears to be an influential risk factor for ACL injury. Study two of this thesis examined the effects of acute fatigue on the electromyographic and kinetic ACL injury risk factors in 16 - 18 year old female footballers, when performing an unanticipated cutting manoeuvre. A modified SAFT90 protocol was used to mimic football match-play. Data showed that during the unanticipated cutting manoeuvre following the SAFT90, participants produced greater GRF (vGRF; possibly, apGRF very likely), lower GCT (very likely), increased background hamstring activation (0 - 30 ms; very likely) and increased short-latency feedback activation of the hamstrings (31 - 60 ms; likely and possibly). Results suggested that following a simulated match-play protocol, female footballers experienced greater force absorption while utilising a safer muscle recruitment strategy. Therefore, injury prevention training should seek to improve a player’s aility to tolerate ground reaction forces when experiencing acute fatigue, with a large emphasis on enhancing neuromuscular control within the hamstrings muscle group.
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Platt, Geoffrey K. "Children and developmental co-ordination : entropy, resistance training and athletic fitness." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25082.
Full textAbstract:
Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (D.C.D.) or Dyspraxia, is a condition in which children experience movement difficulties that vary from child-to-child and from day-to-day, according to health and level of exhaustion (Macintyre, 2001). Without a specific definition or essential symptom, identifying a satisfactory test for D.C.D. has proved difficult. Since 1992, the Movement A.B.C. Test (Henderson & Sugden, 1992) has been used in the U.K. and the Bruinink's-Oseretsky Test (Bruininks, 1978) in the U.S.A. A comparison of the results found significant differences and a correlation of only 0.80, that neither test was better, but that the best results were achieved by undertaking both tests. (Crawford et al., 2001). These differences affect all research into D.C.D and every diagnosis of the condition. Research has shown muscular weakness, particularly in the fingers, hands and wrists, to be a symptom of D.C.D. Raynor (1989; 2001) confirmed this with strength tests of the muscles on the upper leg, using a cybex machine. My second study employed two isokinetic and two isometric tests and used a grip dynamometer to evaluate the strength of the muscles of the fingers, hands and wrists. The most successful intervention involves physiotherapists assessing individual children's movement difficulties, identifying the causes and designing individual strength programmes to reduce the symptoms by 72%. (Lee and Smith, 1998) My third study attempted to replicate these results without the personal assessments or physiotherapists which made it financially unviable. Study 1: This research employed an approximate entropy device (Arehimedes, 2006; Christakis, 2006), attached to a belt secured with Velcro around the subject's waist, close to the centre of gravity. Following familiarisation, the participants [forty six children, 19 female; 27 male; (mean ± SD age = 9.5 ± 0.5 years]; walked forty metres along a straight, fiat, level path (school gymnasium, wooden floor) at a self-determined pace. Unfortunately, the results were inconsistent, although the system displayed an interesting level of sensitivity that indicated that further research is justified as the technology improves, with some evidence (ns) of the potential for research focusing on the vertical component of the entropy value. Study 2: A battery of four strength tests were selected that required no specialist equipment and which were suitable for supervision by P.E. teachers. These were the Sargent jump, the triple jump, the grip dynamometer and the leg and back dynamometer The participants [472 primary school children, 243 males and 229 females; mean ± SD age 9.2 ± 0.9 years] were assessed for strength. They were then assessed using the Movement A.B.C. Test and the results were compared in order to identify whether a lack of strength was a factor in the incidence of D.C.D. Results showed a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between the Movement A.B.C. Test scores and all of the strength tests. Study 3: This study employed the same participants as study two but divided them into intervention and control groups. Restrictions on space, staff and equipment required the use of the participants from one school, selected at random, as the control group and the participants from the other four schools as the intervention group. The intervention group [341 primary school children, 169 males and 172 females; mean ± SD age 9.32 ± 0.8 years] then undertook a six week strength programme (two 30 minute sessions per week) in their normal school environment, and in addition to their curricular P.E. lessons. This programme involved sprinting, hopping, and jumping based on the "Elevating Athletics" programme (see appendix 9) (U.K.A., 2006). The strength tests and Movement A.B.C. Test were administered pre and post the six week programme to assess whether a general strength programme is a positive intervention in D.C.D, and compared with the control group [131 primary school children, 74 males and 57 females; mean ± SD age 9.23 ± 0.9 years]. Post the six week strength programme the intervention group scores improved significantly in the Movement A.B.C. test and in each of its three component parts, dexterity, ball skills and balance, whilst the results of the control group showed no significant change. This research has highlighted the need for an improved assessment tool by which to identify children with D.C.D. Further, it has shown that improvement is possible for children within the age range 8 to 11 years following a six week strength intervention.
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Shaw, BS, I. Shaw, and GA Brown. "Relationship between resistance training and selfreported habitual macronutrienr and energy intake." South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001194.
Full textAbstract:
Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions and more effective treatments are required
to prevent the expansion of this disease. Treatments should focus on creating a
negative energy balance either via increasing energy expenditure or by decreasing
energy intake, or preferably both. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to
investigate whether resistance training can influence feeding behaviour as
determined by self-reported habitual macronutrient and energy intake. The effect of
eight weeks of resistance training (n = 13) on self-reported macronutrient and
energy intake was compared to a non-exercising control group (n = 13) in inactive
males using a computer-based software program. Similar to the non-exercising
control group, resistance training resulted in no significant (p > 0.05) changes in
the habitual intake of daily intake of total kilocalories, carbohydrates, proteins and
fats. In conclusion, eight weeks of resistance training is not an effective mode of
training to promote an improvement in macronutrient and energy intake and despite
studies demonstrating that exercise itself, in the absence of counseling, may affect
feeding behaviour, it may be that resistance training as a mode of training may not
be an effective mode of exercise to promote overall physical activity in an attempt to
modify the patterns of macronutrient and energy intake. As such, negative energy
balance would solely be due to the energy expenditure during this mode of exercise.
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Fisher, James P. "Manipulation of resistance training variables for strength increases in young adults." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2016. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/31890/.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: Recent publications have reported that muscular strength is evidenced to improve longevity and reduce risks of all-cause mortality. The aims of the studies presented was to consider the most efficient methods of increasing muscular strength by manipulating the resistance training (RT) variables; load, type, frequency, rest interval, exercise order and intensity of effort. Design: All but one of the included studies utilised a randomised controlled trial design with three experimental groups. The remaining study considered a within-participant design where participants performed unilateral exercise and so were compared between limbs. Method: Muscular performance measurements were assessed using; a calculation of pre-intervention and post-intervention repetitions multiplied by the same absolute load, 1-repetition maximum and isometric torque measured for the lumbar extensors, knee extensors, and leg and back combined. Study duration varied between 6 and 12 weeks. Results: Analyses revealed that use of high- and low-load and differing exercise order produce equivalent muscle performance results (p > 0.05). Specific exercises for the lumbar extensors produced greater increases in isometric lumbar extension torque compared to Romanian deadlift training (p < 0.05), whereas use of a whole-body-vibratory stimulus produced no greater increases in leg and back strength compared to isometric deadlift training alone (p > 0.05). Resistance training 1.d.wk-1 produced similar strength increases to RT 2.d.wk-1 for the lumbar extensors in chronic low-back pain participants (p > 0.05). The use of advanced training techniques in the form of pre-exhaustion training or breakdown set training produced no greater gains in strength than conventional sets of RT to momentary failure (p > 0.05). Finally, where volume is equated; knee extensions performed not to failure produce similar increases in isometric knee extensor torque when compared to training to momentary failure (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The studies presented within this thesis show a coherent theme investigating optimal methods of increasing muscular strength by manipulating specific variables. The studies as a collective demonstrate the relative simplicity that can be used to attain considerable strength improvements by the use of uncomplicated resistance training.
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Manikowske, Trista. "Physiological Changes in Women Following a Concurrent or Resistance Training Program." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26811.
Full textAbstract:
This research evaluated physiologic changes in women after a 12 week resistance training (RT) or concurrent training (CT) program. Eighteen women (38-61 years) were randomized to a training group that trained three times per week. Resistance workouts (both groups) included 30 minutes of exercises. The concurrent group also completed 30 min of moderate intensity cardiovascular exercise during each training session. Two-factor (group x time) repeated measures analysis of variance evaluated group differences and time-related changes in FFM and RMR. Alpha was set at < .05 for all analyses. Repeated measures ANOVA evaluated group differences and time-related changes in all other variables. Significant increases in FFM (p = .045), RMR (p = .01), bench press (p = .0001), and HDL (p = .03) were found for the entire sample from pre- to post-test. Neither training modality (RT or CT) proved superior in eliciting physiologic change in individuals.
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Flack, Kyle. "Effects of Resistance Training on aged Skeletal Muscle and Mitochondrial Function." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/25143.
Full textAbstract:
With the aging of the baby boom population and an increased life expectancy, individuals aged 65 years and older are the fastest growing segment of our population. Aging brings about changes in skeletal muscle such as reduced muscle strength and mass, as well as cellular deficits such as increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) deletions and mutations. Muscle mass declines at a rate of 1-2% each year after the age of 50, leading to muscle weakness, functional impairments, loss of independence, and an increase in falls. Additional declines in muscle mass and reduced muscle strength may result in a lower resting metabolic rate, reduced lipid oxidative capacity, increased adiposity, and insulin resistance. The rising number of individuals aged 65+ will increase demands on health care and health care costs, possibly leading to inadequate public resources and less care for the aged. This large societal impact, coupled with the aging of our population, suggests a clear need for methods that will improve the aging phenotype to enhance functionality, quality of life, and overall health for our aging population. This investigation aspires to delve into a relatively unexplored area of aging research and evaluate potential means that could help improve the aging phenotype.
The associated mitochondrial impairments, mitochondrial mediated apoptosis, and mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) deletions and mutations that accompany aging lead to a decline in physical fitness and oxidative capacity, and exercise has been shown to reverse or help prevent many of these disturbances. Resistance exercise training (RT) is currently the most effective known strategy to stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy and increase strength. Strength gains after RT lead to an improvement in activities of daily living and quality of life. There is some evidence suggesting that RT may lead to increased antioxidant enzyme capacity, decreased ROS production and increased electron transport chain (ETC) function in older individuals. The present study will lay a foundation for future research and further developments in the area of RT, mitochondrial function and aging.Ph. D.
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Niemann, McKayla Jean. "Strength Training and Insulin Resistance: The Mediating Role of Body Composition." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9071.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the present study was to assess the association between varying amounts of strength training and insulin resistance. Another goal was to assess the influence of several potential confounding variables on the strength training and insulin resistance relationship. Lastly, the role of waist circumference, fat free mass, and body fat percentage on the association between strength training and insulin resistance was assessed. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 6561 randomly selected men and women in the US. Data were collected using the precise protocol established by NHANES. HOMA-IR was used as the outcome variable. Both time spent strength training and frequency of strength training bouts were used as exposure variables. RESULTS: There was not a statistically significant relationship between strength training and insulin resistance in women. However, after controlling for 10 potential confounding variables, men who reported no strength training had significantly higher levels of HOMA-IR compared to men who reported moderate or high levels of strength training (F = 9.87, P < 0.0001). Odds ratios were also assessed, and 10 potential confounding variables were controlled. Men reporting no strength training had 2.42 times the odds of having insulin resistance compared to men reporting moderate levels of strength training (95% CI: 1.19 to 4.93). Similarly, men reporting no strength training had 2.50 times the odds of having insulin resistance compared to men reporting high levels of strength training (95% CI: 1.25 to 5.00). CONCLUSION: There was a strong relationship between strength training and insulin resistance in US men, but not in US women. Differences in waist circumference, fat free mass, and body fat percentage, as well as demographic and lifestyle measures, do not appear to mediate the relationship.
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Stuart, Charles A., Michelle L. Lee, Mark A. South, Mary E. A. Howell, and Michael H. Stone. "Muscle Hypertrophy in Prediabetic Men After 16 Wk of Resistance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4651.
Full textAbstract:
Resistance training of healthy young men typically results in muscle hypertrophy and a shift in vastus lateralis composition away from type IIx fibers to an increase in IIa fiber content. Our previous studies of 8 wk of resistance training found that many metabolic syndrome men and women paradoxically increased IIx fibers with a decrease in IIa fibers. To confirm the hypothesis that obese subjects might have muscle remodeling after resistance training very different from healthy lean subjects, we subjected a group of nine obese male volunteers to progressive resistance training for a total of 16 wk. In these studies, weight loss was discouraged so that muscle changes would be attributed to the training alone. Detailed assessments included comparisons of histological examinations of needle biopsies of vastus lateralis muscle pretraining and at 8 and 16 wk. Prolonging the training from 8 to 16 wk resulted in increased strength, improved body composition, and more muscle fiber hypertrophy, but euglycemic clamp-quantified insulin responsiveness did not improve. Similar to prior studies, muscle fiber composition shifted toward more fast-twitch type IIx fibers (23 to 42%). Eight weeks of resistance training increased the muscle expression of phosphorylated Akt2 and mTOR. Muscle GLUT4 expression increased, although insulin receptor and IRS-1 expression did not change. We conclude that resistance training of prediabetic obese subjects is effective at changing muscle, resulting in fiber hypertrophy and increased type IIx fiber content, and these changes continue up to 16 wk of training.
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Bet, Da Rosa Orssatto Lucas. "Effects of ageing and resistance training on intrinsic motor neurone excitability." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/233612/1/Lucas_Bet%20Da%20Rosa%20Orssatto_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examined the age-related impairments in the function of motor neurones, the connection between our spinal cord and the muscles, and the use of exercise as a therapy to counteract this dysfunction. Older adults have reduced function of the motor neurones, which could contribute to muscle weakness and physical function impairments observed in this population. Exercise can be used as medicine to restore motor neurone function, contributing to improvements in muscular strength and general physical function in older adults.
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Tatasciore, Melissa. "The effect of resistance training interventions in overweight and obese children." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2007. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/295.
Full textAbstract:
Childhood and adolescent obesity is a significant problem in Australia and it has reached alarming levels. While most studies have suggested that increased levels of physical activity, combined with improved nutrition can improve body composition and health of children who are obese or overweight, the majority of these programs have used aerobic-based interventions. Despite the abundant research on the role of which parents and schools can play in the prevention of obesity in children, the use of resistance training in youth and health promotion is a fairly new concept, and one that needs further study.
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Sweeny, Matt Brilla Lorraine R. "Comparison of linear and daily undulating periodization in resistance training using simple measures of overreaching /." Online version, 2010. http://content.wwu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=356&CISOBOX=1&REC=13.
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