Academic literature on the topic 'Resistance Strain Gauge Sensors'
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Journal articles on the topic "Resistance Strain Gauge Sensors"
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Baker, Spencer A., McKay D. McFadden, Emma E. Bowden, Anton E. Bowden, Ulrike H. Mitchell, and David T. Fullwood. "Accounting for Viscoelasticity When Interpreting Nano-Composite High-Deflection Strain Gauges." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 13, 2022): 5239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145239.
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High-deflection strain gauges show potential as economical and user-friendly sensors for capturing large deformations. The interpretation of these sensors is much more complex than that of conventional strain gauges due to the viscoelastic nature of strain gauges. This research endeavor developed and tested a model for interpreting sensor outputs that includes the time-dependent nature of strain gauges. A model that captures the effect of quasi-static strains was determined by using a conventional approach of fitting an equation to observed data. The dynamic relationship between the strain and the resistance was incorporated by superimposing dynamic components onto the quasi-static model to account for spikes in resistances that accompany each change in sensor strain and subsequent exponential decays. It was shown that the model can be calibrated for a given sensor by taking two data points at known strains. The resulting sensor-specific model was able to interpret strain-gauge electrical signals during a cyclical load to predict strain with an average mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.4% strain, and to determine the strain rate with an average MAE of 0.036 mm/s. The resulting model and tuning procedure may be used in a wide range of applications, such as biomechanical monitoring and analysis.
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Beisteiner, Christoph, and Bernhard G. Zagar. "A survey of inkjet-printed low-cost sensors." tm - Technisches Messen 85, no. 7-8 (July 26, 2018): 504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0136.
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Abstract Inkjet-printers from the company Epson and others can be used to fabricate low-cost sensors on coated PET films. By using nanoparticle-based dispersions resistive temperature dependent sensors, strain gauges, thermocouples and pressure sensors can be fabricated. For these purposes the gauge factors, Seebeck coefficients and temperature coefficients of resistance for Ag, Carbon Black and PEDOT:PSS dispersions on Mitsubishi® and Pelikan® PET substrates are characterized. Furthermore, piezoresistive effects in transverse and longitudinal strain directions are discussed. Additionally, a printed sensor system for measuring strains within a surface is presented. Finally, an injection-moulding process and a lamination process are used to improve the mechanical scratching of those sensors.
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Larionov, Vladimir A. "Method of metrological self-checking of a strain gauge pressure sensor." Metrologiya, no. 1 (2020): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0132-4713.2020-1-48-62.
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Existing methods of metrological self-monitoring of measuring sensors for temperature and pressure of technological industries are considered. The analysis of methods of metrological self-checking of strain gauge pressure sensors is carried out. Method is proposed based on measuring the supply voltage and voltage on the measuring diagonal of the bridge. The temperature of the strain gauge bridge is determined using a semiconductor thermistor installed near the bridge. This allows you to adjust the measured value of the total resistance of the bridge from the temperature of the bridge. With aging and exposure to external conditions, a change in the overall resistance of the bridge can be used to judge the error of the sensor. An experimental sample of the sensor was made. The failure of the strain gage bridge is simulated by parallel connection of an additional resistor to one of the shoulders of the bridge. Experimental studies have shown that modern technical means make it possible to assess the effect of changes in the total bridge resistance on the sensor error.
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Tangsirinaruenart, Orathai, and George Stylios. "A Novel Textile Stitch-Based Strain Sensor for Wearable End Users." Materials 12, no. 9 (May 7, 2019): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091469.
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This research presents an investigation of novel textile-based strain sensors and evaluates their performance. The electrical resistance and mechanical properties of seven different textile sensors were measured. The sensors are made up of a conductive thread, composed of silver plated nylon 117/17 2-ply, 33 tex and 234/34 4-ply, 92 tex and formed in different stitch structures (304, 406, 506, 605), and sewn directly onto a knit fabric substrate (4.44 tex/2 ply, with 2.22, 4.44 and 7.78 tex spandex and 7.78 tex/2 ply, with 2.22 and 4.44 tex spandex). Analysis of the effects of elongation with respect to resistance indicated the ideal configuration for electrical properties, especially electrical sensitivity and repeatability. The optimum linear working range of the sensor with minimal hysteresis was found, and the sensor’s gauge factor indicated that the sensitivity of the sensor varied significantly with repeating cycles. The electrical resistance of the various stitch structures changed significantly, while the amount of drift remained negligible. Stitch 304 2-ply was found to be the most suitable for strain movement. This sensor has a wide working range, well past 50%, and linearity (R2 is 0.984), low hysteresis (6.25% ΔR), good gauge factor (1.61), and baseline resistance (125 Ω), as well as good repeatability (drift in R2 is −0.0073). The stitch-based sensor developed in this research is expected to find applications in garments as wearables for physiological wellbeing monitoring such as body movement, heart monitoring, and limb articulation measurement.
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Sapra, Gaurav, Renu Vig, and Manu Sharma. "Simulation and Analysis of Strain Sensitivity of CNT-Based Strain Sensors." International Journal of Nanoscience 15, no. 05n06 (October 2016): 1660005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x1660005x.
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Carbon nanotubes (CNT) is turning out to be a replacement to all the existing traditional sensors due to their high gauge factor, multidirectional sensing capability, high flexibility, low mass density, high dynamic range and high sensitivity to strains at nano and macro- scales. The strain sensitivity of CNT-based strain sensors depends on number of parameters; quality and quantity of CNT used, type of polymer used, deposition and dispersion technique adopted and also on environmental conditions. Due to all these parameters, the piezoresistive behavior of CNT is diversified and it needs to be explored. This paper theoretically analyses the strain sensitivity of CNT-based strain sensors. The strain sensitivity response of CNT strain sensor is a result of change in total resistance of CNT network with respect to applied strain. The total resistance of CNT network consists of intrinsic resistance and inter-tube resistance. It has been found that the change in intrinsic resistance under strain is due to the variation of bandgap of individual, which depends on the chirality of the tube and it varies exponentially with strain. The inter-tube resistance of CNT network changes nonlinearly due to change in distance between neighboring CNTs with respect to applied strain. As the distance [Formula: see text] between CNTs increases due to applied strain, tunneling resistance [Formula: see text] increases nonlinearly in exponential manner. When the concentration of CNTs in composite is close to percolation threshold, then the change of inter-tube resistances is more dominant than intrinsic resistance. At percolation threshold, the total resistance of CNT networks changes nonlinearly and this effect of nonlinearity is due to tunneling effect. The strain sensitivity of CNT-based strain sensors also varies nonlinearly with the change in temperature. For the change of temperature from [Formula: see text]C to 50[Formula: see text]C, there is more than 100% change in strain sensitivity of CNT/polymer composite strain sensor. This change is mainly due to the infiltration of polymer into CNTs.
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Mäder, Thomas, Inaki Navarro y de Sosa, Björn Senf, Peter Wolf, Martin Hamm, Martin Zoch, and Welf Guntram Drossel. "Highly Elastic Strain Gauges Based on Shape Memory Alloys for Monitoring of Fibre Reinforced Plastics." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 778–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.778.
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Conventional strain gauges made of constantan or CuCr for instance have a low value for structural health monitoring issues in plastic composites. These strain sensor materials exhibit small elastic regions and show fatigue when dynamically loaded with strain levels over 0.3 percent. For this reason, these sensors would break or fail before the composite life-time and thus cannot be integrated into this kind of composite materials. Pseudoelastic thermal shape memory alloys are therefore used as strain sensors and integrated into composites in order to allow piezoresistive strain measurement and structural health monitoring in such materials. Thermal treatments are used to create sensor structures out of shape memory alloy wires. Pseudoelastic shape memory wires can be strained up to 8 percent repeatedly. Their gauge factor is higher than 5. Shape memory strain sensors are successfully embedded into glass fibre reinforced plastics and show a significant and reproducible resistance change when the composite is strained. The dynamic strength is magnificently higher compared to conventional strain gauges. Shape memory strain sensors are an efficient alternative to fiber-bragg-grating sensors and can potentially be used for strain measurements in different plastics and textile materials. Shape memory sensor structures can be embedded or applied and are good candidates for structural characterisation and monitoring applications.
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Khalid, Hammad R., Daeik Jang, Nadir Abbas, M. Salman Haider, Syed N. A. Bukhari, Cyrus R. Mirza, Noureddine Elboughdiri, and Furqan Ahmad. "Electrical Stability and Piezoresistive Sensing Performance of High Strain-Range Ultra-Stretchable CNT-Embedded Sensors." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071366.
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Highly flexible and stretchable sensors are becoming increasingly widespread due to their versatile applicability in human/robot monitoring sensors. Conductive polymeric composites have been regarded as potential candidates for such sensors, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely used to fabricate such composites. In the present study, CNT-embedded high flexible sensors were fabricated using a facile three-roll milling method, which mitigates the drawbacks of the conventional fabrication methods. CNTs content varied between 0.5 and 4.0 wt.%, and the percolation threshold range was obtained via conductivity/resistivity values of the fabricated sensors. Following this, the electrical stability of the sensors was examined against the various DC and AC signals. Furthermore, the fabricated sensors were stretched up to 500% strain, and their sensitivity against varying strain amplitudes was investigated in terms of the change in resistance and gauge factors. Lastly, the fabricated sensors were applied to human fingers for monitoring finger bending and releasing motions to validate their potential applications. The experimental results indicated that these sensors have a percolation threshold of around 2% CNTs content, and the sensors fabricated with 2 to 4% CNTs content showed measurable resistance changes against the applied strain amplitudes of 50–500%. Among these sensors, the sensor with 2% CNTs content showed the highest sensitivity in the studied strain range, exhibiting a resistance change and gauge factor of about 90% and 1.79 against 50% strain amplitude and about 18,500% and 37.07 against 500% strain amplitude, respectively. All these sensors also showed high sensitivity for finger motion detection, showing a resistance change of between 22 and 69%.
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Chen, Rong Fa, Dun Wen Zuo, Yu Li Sun, Duo Sheng Li, Wen Zhuang Lu, and Min Wang. "Investigation on Strain Films in the Thin Film Resistance Strain Gauge." Key Engineering Materials 375-376 (March 2008): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.375-376.690.
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Strain films in the thin film resistance strain gauge are prepared by magnetron sputtering method. Some results concerning the electromechanical and structural properties of nichrome (Ni80Cr20 wt.%) thin films are presented. As compared to the well-known Ni-Cu (constantan) alloy film, which are widely used for manufacturing pressure and force sensors, nichrome (Ni80Cr20 wt.%) thin films exhibit gauge factor values of the same order of magnitude, but they are much more corrosion resistant and adherent to the substrate. The influences of composition and post-deposition annealing on the electrical resistance, temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and gauge factor of nichrome (Ni80Cr20 wt.%) thin films are discussed.
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Yen, Yu-Hsin, Chao-Shin Hsu, Zheng-Yan Lei, Hsin-Jou Wang, Ching-Yuan Su, Ching-Liang Dai, and Yao-Chuan Tsai. "Laser-Induced Graphene Stretchable Strain Sensor with Vertical and Parallel Patterns." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081220.
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In intelligent manufacturing and robotic technology, various sensors must be integrated with equipment. In addition to traditional sensors, stretchable sensors are particularly attractive for applications in robotics and wearable devices. In this study, a piezoresistive stretchable strain sensor based on laser-induced graphene (LIG) was proposed and developed. A three-dimensional, porous LIG structure fabricated from polyimide (PI) film using laser scanning was used as the sensing layer of the strain sensor. Two LIG pattern structures (parallel and vertical) were fabricated and integrated within the LIG strain sensors. Scanning electron microscopy, an X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer, and Raman scattering spectroscopy were used to examine the microstructure of the LIG sensing layer. The performance and strain sensing properties of the parallel and vertical stretchable LIG strain sensors were investigated in tensile tests. The relative resistance changes and the gauge factors of the parallel and vertical LIG strain sensors were quantified. The parallel strain sensor achieved a high gauge factor of 15.79 in the applied strain range of 10% to 20%. It also had high sensitivity, excellent repeatability, good durability, and fast response times during the tensile experiments. The developed LIG strain sensor can be used for the real-time monitoring of human motions such like finger bending, wrist bending, and throat swallowing.
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Saifeldeen, Mohamed A., Nariman Fouad, Huang Huang, and Zhishen Wu. "Advancement of long-gauge carbon fiber line sensors for strain measurements in structures." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 7 (October 2, 2016): 878–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16665974.
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This article proposes a new technique that advances long-gauge carbon fiber line sensor technology, with and without post-tensioning of the sensor, to measure changes in strain levels in structural areas. Carbon fiber line sensors were fabricated to produce a slim high-strength sensor with a diameter of less than 1.4 mm using a carbon fiber tow with a width of 6 mm. A theoretical analysis of these sensors as well as several series of experiments was conducted to investigate the effect of fiber arrangement on the error compensation of the carbon fiber line sensors. The results revealed that using two sets of carbon fiber line sensors, one as an active sensor and the other to compensate the errors of the first, is an effective method when both sensors have a convergent fiber arrangement and change in resistance. A post-tensioning method was implemented to enhance the overall behavior of the sensor. The results showed that the post-tensioning method yields significant improvement in the linearity and cyclic ability up to 6000 microstrains and reduces the fluctuation errors in the change in resistance from ±0.031% to ±0.007%. Finally, the possibility of repairing damaged carbon fiber line sensors is also discussed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Resistance Strain Gauge Sensors"
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Langlois, Patrick. "Contribution à l'élaboration de capteurs de pression à jauges de contrainte en couches minces de Constantan." Rouen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ROUES039.
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Elaboration de capteurs utilisables sur une large plage de température. Description des procédures et conditions de travail qui ont permis de réaliser un tel dispositif. Principales caractéristiques des capteurs, moyens de mesure et résultats obtenus. La conclusion met en évidence l'intérêt industriel d'un tel dispositif
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Friedlander, Jeffrey B. "Wireless Strain Measurement with Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306874020.
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Zamboni, Sandra Regina Oliveira Costa. "Efeito da ciclagem mecânica na deflexão de cúspides de pré-molares restaurados pela técnica direta e indireta : estudo com strain gauge /." São José dos Campos : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97419.
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Orientador: Lafayette Nogueira JuniorBanca: Lourenço Correr Sobrinho
Banca: Fernando Eidi Takahashi
Resumo: A proposta deste trabalho foi avaliar a deformação cuspídea após aplicação de uma carga oclusal em dentes com restaurações diretas e indiretas tipo inlays em 60 pré-molares hígidos divididos em seis grupos: Grupo 1-dentes hígidos; Grupo 2-dentes preparados; Grupo 3-dentes restaurados com resina composta direta filtek. Z350 (3M ESPE); Grupo 4-dentes restaurados com resina composta indireta Sinfony (3M ESPE); Grupo 5- dentes restaurados com inlays de cerâmica injetada IPS Empress 2 (Ivoclar) e Grupo 6-dentes restaurados com inlays produzidos pelo sistema CAD/CAM (CEREC 2). Todas as restaurações indiretas foram cimentadas com cimento resinoso adesivo RelyX ARC(3M ESPE). Os pre-molares receberam medidores de tensão (strain-gauge 060BG.Excel Sensores Brasil) colados nas superfícies vestibular e lingual que possibilitou a mensuração da deflexão das cúspides força aplicada de 100N na face oclusal dos dentes. Foram feitas medições em 'mü"strain antes e apos a ciclagem mecânica com freqüência de 1Hz. Foram realizados testes ANOVA para medidas repetidas e Tukey para analisar o efeito do tratamento antes e apos a ciclagem mecânica. O teste de Dunnett foi usado para comparar cada tratamento com o controle. Os resultados antes da ciclagem foram em 'mü'strain: Grupo 1- 577,02'mais ou menos'2,70; Grupo 2- 583,37'mais ou menos'2,76; Grupo 3- 579,16'mais ou menos'3,92; Grupo 4- 578,12'mais ou menos'1,38; Grupo 5- 578,68'mais ou menos'1,57 e Grupo 6- 577,53'mais ou menos'1,93 e apos Grupo 1- 577,02'mais ou meno2,70; Grupo 2- 584,38'mais ou menos'0,827; Grupo 3- 579,24'mais ou menos'0,976 Grupo 4- 578,24'mais ou menos'1,05; Grupo 5- 578,74'mais ou menos'0,788 e Grupo 6- 580,54'mais ou menos'0,99. Após analise dos dados concluiu-se que os dentes que receberam preparo cavitário tiveram aumentada significantemente a deflexão de cúspide;...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cuspal deflection after application of a oclusal load in teeth with direct and indirect inlays restorations in sixty intact premolars divided in six groups: Group 1 - intacts teeth; Group 2 - prepared teeth; Group 3 - teeth restored with direct composed resin filtek. Z350 (3M ESPE); Group 4 - teeth restored with composed resin indirect Sinfony (3M ESPE); Group 5 - teeth restored with inlays of injected ceramics IPS Empress 2 (Ivoclar) and Group 6 - teeth restored with inlays produced by system CAD CAM (CEREC 2). All the indirect restorations had been cemented with resinous cement adhesive RelyX ARC (3M ESPE). Premolars received measurers from tension ('strain-gauge' Modelo 060BG - Excel Sensory - Brazil) glue in the buccal and lingual surfaces that the measurement of the cuspal deflection made possible caused by a force applied of 100N in the oclusal face of teeth. Measurements in 'müstrain had been made before and after the mechanical loading procedures frequently of 1Hz. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures and test of Tukey was carried before and after the mechanical loading procedures. Dunnett test was used to compare each treatment with the control Group. The results before the mechanical loading procedures in 'mü'strain had been: Group1- 577,02'mais ou menos'2,70; Group2 - 583,37'mais ou menos'2,76; Group3 - 579,16'mais ou menos'3,92; Group4 - 578,12'mais ou menos'1,38; Group5 - 578,68'mais ou menos'1,57 and Group6 - 577,53'mais ou menos'1,93 and the results had after been: Group1- 577,02'mais ou menos'2,70; Group2- 584,38'mais ou menos'0,827; Group3 - 579,24 'mais ou menos'0,976; Group4 - 578,24'mais ou menos'1,05; Group 5- 578,74'mais ou menos'0,788 and Group6 - 580,54'mais ou menos'0,99. After analysis of the data concluded that the teeth that had received preparation cavitario MOD had increased the cuspal deflection...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Zamboni, Sandra Regina Oliveira Costa [UNESP]. "Efeito da ciclagem mecânica na deflexão de cúspides de pré-molares restaurados pela técnica direta e indireta: estudo com strain gauge." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97419.
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zamboni_sroc_me_sjc.pdf: 452937 bytes, checksum: aa577fb7b57c4fd9cdf2545d1a48a89a (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A proposta deste trabalho foi avaliar a deformação cuspídea após aplicação de uma carga oclusal em dentes com restaurações diretas e indiretas tipo inlays em 60 pré-molares hígidos divididos em seis grupos: Grupo 1-dentes hígidos; Grupo 2-dentes preparados; Grupo 3-dentes restaurados com resina composta direta filtek. Z350 (3M ESPE); Grupo 4-dentes restaurados com resina composta indireta Sinfony (3M ESPE); Grupo 5- dentes restaurados com inlays de cerâmica injetada IPS Empress 2 (Ivoclar) e Grupo 6-dentes restaurados com inlays produzidos pelo sistema CAD/CAM (CEREC 2). Todas as restaurações indiretas foram cimentadas com cimento resinoso adesivo RelyX ARC(3M ESPE). Os pre-molares receberam medidores de tensão (strain-gauge 060BG.Excel Sensores Brasil) colados nas superfícies vestibular e lingual que possibilitou a mensuração da deflexão das cúspides força aplicada de 100N na face oclusal dos dentes. Foram feitas medições em 'müstrain antes e apos a ciclagem mecânica com freqüência de 1Hz. Foram realizados testes ANOVA para medidas repetidas e Tukey para analisar o efeito do tratamento antes e apos a ciclagem mecânica. O teste de Dunnett foi usado para comparar cada tratamento com o controle. Os resultados antes da ciclagem foram em 'mü'strain: Grupo 1- 577,02'mais ou menos'2,70; Grupo 2- 583,37'mais ou menos'2,76; Grupo 3- 579,16'mais ou menos'3,92; Grupo 4- 578,12'mais ou menos'1,38; Grupo 5- 578,68'mais ou menos'1,57 e Grupo 6- 577,53'mais ou menos'1,93 e apos Grupo 1- 577,02'mais ou meno2,70; Grupo 2- 584,38'mais ou menos'0,827; Grupo 3- 579,24'mais ou menos'0,976 Grupo 4- 578,24'mais ou menos'1,05; Grupo 5- 578,74'mais ou menos'0,788 e Grupo 6- 580,54'mais ou menos'0,99. Após analise dos dados concluiu-se que os dentes que receberam preparo cavitário tiveram aumentada significantemente a deflexão de cúspide;...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cuspal deflection after application of a oclusal load in teeth with direct and indirect inlays restorations in sixty intact premolars divided in six groups: Group 1 - intacts teeth; Group 2 - prepared teeth; Group 3 - teeth restored with direct composed resin filtek. Z350 (3M ESPE); Group 4 - teeth restored with composed resin indirect Sinfony (3M ESPE); Group 5 - teeth restored with inlays of injected ceramics IPS Empress 2 (Ivoclar) and Group 6 - teeth restored with inlays produced by system CAD CAM (CEREC 2). All the indirect restorations had been cemented with resinous cement adhesive RelyX ARC (3M ESPE). Premolars received measurers from tension (`strain-gauge' Modelo 060BG - Excel Sensory - Brazil) glue in the buccal and lingual surfaces that the measurement of the cuspal deflection made possible caused by a force applied of 100N in the oclusal face of teeth. Measurements in 'müstrain had been made before and after the mechanical loading procedures frequently of 1Hz. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures and test of Tukey was carried before and after the mechanical loading procedures. Dunnett test was used to compare each treatment with the control Group. The results before the mechanical loading procedures in 'mü'strain had been: Group1- 577,02'mais ou menos'2,70; Group2 - 583,37'mais ou menos'2,76; Group3 - 579,16'mais ou menos'3,92; Group4 - 578,12'mais ou menos'1,38; Group5 - 578,68'mais ou menos'1,57 and Group6 - 577,53'mais ou menos'1,93 and the results had after been: Group1- 577,02'mais ou menos'2,70; Group2- 584,38'mais ou menos'0,827; Group3 - 579,24 'mais ou menos'0,976; Group4 - 578,24'mais ou menos'1,05; Group 5- 578,74'mais ou menos'0,788 and Group6 - 580,54'mais ou menos'0,99. After analysis of the data concluded that the teeth that had received preparation cavitario MOD had increased the cuspal deflection...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
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Bu, Lei. "Computational and experimental studies of strain sensitive carbon nanotube films." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-156473.
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The excellent electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provide interesting opportunities to realize new types of strain gauges. However, there are still challenges for the further development of CNT film strain gauges, for instance the lack of design rules, the homogeneity, stability and reproducibility of CNT films. This thesis aims to address these issues from two sides: simulation and experiment. Monte Carlo simulations show that both the sheet resistance and gauge factor of CNT films are determined essentially by the two-dimensional exclude area of CNTs. It was shown, for the first time, that the variation of the CNT film gauge factor follows the percolation scaling law. The sheet resistance and gauge factor both have a power-law divergence when approaching the percolation threshold. The standard deviation of film resistances, however, also increases correspondingly. These findings of simulations provide a general guide to the tailoring of material property of CNT films in strain sensing applications: a compromise should be made between the reproducibility, conductivity and sensitivity of CNT films depending on application purposes. From the experimental side, the processing parameters for the preparation of CNT dispersions were first investigated and optimized. The reproducibility of the film resistance is significantly improved by selecting a suitable sonication time. In strain measurements it was found that for most CNT films the film resistance responses nonlinearly to the applied strain. The dependence of the film resistance on the strain can be roughly divided into two regions with nearly linear behavior respectively. The gauge factor varies with the quality of CNTs and the depositing method. A gauge factor up to 8 was achieved in the high strain region. The nonlinear response behavior was found in simulations when the CNT waviness is properly taken into account. To achieve a high gauge factor and simultaneously retain the high conductivity and reproducibility, good-quality MWCNTs were integrated in polyethylene oxide (PEO). A high gauge factor up to 10 was achieved for the composite film with CNT weight fraction of 2.5%. The resistance and gauge factor can be tuned by changing the MWCNT weight fraction with respect to PEO. A careful comparison of simulation and experiment results show that a good qualitative agreement can be achieved between them in many respects.
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Littlejohn, Samuel David. "Electrical properties of graphite nanoparticles in silicone : flexible oscillators and electromechanical sensing." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.600642.
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This thesis reports the discovery of a wide negative di↵erential resistance (NDR) region in a graphite-silicone composite that was utilized to create a strain-tuned flexible oscillator. Encoding the strain into frequency mimics the behavior of mechanoreceptor neurons in the skin and demonstrates a flexible and electronically active material suitable for state of the art bio-electronic applications. The NDR was investigated over a range of composite filling fractions and temperatures; alongside theoretical modelling to calculate the tunneling current through a graphite-silicone barrier. This led to the understanding that the NDR is the result of a semi-metal to insulator transition of embedded graphene bilayers within the graphite nanoparticles. The transition, brought about by a transverse bias across specifically orientated particles, opens a partial band-gap at the Fermi level of the bilayer. NDR in a flexible material has not been observed before and has potential for creating a flexible active device. The electromechanical properties of the composite were considered through a bend induced bilayer strain. The piezoresistance was found to be dominated by transient resistance spiking from the breaking of conduction lines, which then reform according to the viscoelasticity of the polymer matrix. The resistance spiking was embraced as a novel method for sensitive di↵erential pressure detection, used in the development of two applications. Firstly, it was employed for the detection of ultrasound waves and found to have an acoustic pressure detection threshold as low as 48 Pa. A commensurability was observed between the composite width and ultrasound wavelength which was shown to be consistent with the formation of standing waves, described by Bragg’s law. Secondly, a differential pressure array of 64 composite pixels was fabricated and demonstrated to image pressures under 3.8 kPa at a resolution of 10 dpi. The NDR active region was incorporated into an LC circuit where it was demonstrated to sustain oscillations of up to 12.5 kHz. The composite was then strained and an intrinsic frequency was observed which had a linear dependence on the strain with a frequency shift of 84 Hz / % strain. Lastly the composite was used in a strain-tuned amplifier circuit and shown to provide a gain of up to 4.5. This thesis provided the groundwork for a completely flexible electronically active device for futuristic bio-electronic skins with resolutions and sensitivities rivalling those of human tactile sensing.
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Silva, Gisele Rodrigues da. "Resistência à fratura, padrão de fratura e deformação de raízes com canais excessivamente alargados restaurados com diferentes pinos e técnicas - avaliação mecânica e por extensometria." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2007. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/17041.
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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas GeraisThe widening of the root canal increases its fracture risk and is not clear yet, the influence of the materials and techniques used to restore these teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different posts and restorative techniques in the fracture resistance, fracture mode and root strain in canals excessively widened. One hundred thirty five standardized bovine roots, with similar dimensions and endodontically treated, were randomly divided in 9 groups (n=15) with the root canals prepared with 10 mm depth and 1.5 mm diameter. All roots received ferrule in the coronal ending with 0.5 mm depth and 2 mm extension. The roots of two reference groups were reconstructed with nickel-chromium metallic cast post-and-core (NMF) and glass fiber post (PFV) with composite resin core. For the experimental groups (weakened roots - wc groups), the root canals were over prepared additionally with the depth of 9 mm and the diameter increased to approximately 3,5 mm. Then the roots were restored with metallic cast post-and-core (wcNMF); glass fiber post (wcPFV); glass fiber post associated with accessory glass - ap - fiber post (wcPFVap); direct composite resin - cr - in the medial and cervical thirds after luting the post (wcPFVcr); direct composite resin associated with accessory posts in the medial and cervical thirds, after luting the post (wcPFVcrap); the post was reembased indirectly with composite resin - icr - (wcPFVicr); the post was reembased indirectly with composite resin associated with accessory posts (wcPFVicrap). All posts were fixed with chemical resinous cement, the core was made with composite resin and the roots restored with metallic crown. The samples were submitted to 3x105 mechanical fatigue cycles of 50 N load and fracture resistance measured in a mechanical testing machine with tangential load application (135º). Five samples of each group received two strain gauges adhered in the mesial and buccal surfaces of the root, 1mm below the cervical crown ending, in the center of the tooth, to measure roots strain under continuous 0 to 100 N loading. Fracture mode was classified in accordance to the degree of destruction of the dental structure, in catastrophic or repairable. The data were submitted to ANOVA (2x2)l to one-way and Tukey´s test (α=0.05). The factorial analysis demonstrated significant decrease of the fracture resistance and catastrophic failures for the wcNMF group. Roots widened canals restored with composite resin and/or accessory fiber posts result in fracture resistance values similar to NMF group, however, these demonstrated more repairable fracture. The strain-gauge analysis didn t present significant differences in the superficial strain of the root. Fiber glass post associated with composite resin or with accessory fiber glass posts, seems to be more indicated as alternative to metallic cast post-and-core in weakened roots, because of the lower risk of catastrophic fractures.
O alargamento do canal aumenta o risco de fratura dentária e ainda não está clara a influência dos materiais e técnicas empregados para restaurar dentes com estas características. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes pinos e técnicas restauradoras na resistência à fratura, padrão de fratura e deformação de raízes com canais excessivamente alargados. Foram empregadas 135 raízes bovinas com dimensões semelhantes, tratadas endodonticamente, aleatoriamente divididas em 9 grupos (n= 15). Os canais foram preparados com 10 mm de profundidade e 1,5 mm de diâmetro e as raízes receberam preparo com férula de 0,5 mm de profundidade e 2 mm de extensão. Dois grupos de referência foram restaurados com retentores intraradiculares metálicos fundidos em níquel-cromo (NMF) e pino de fibra de vidro (PFV) com núcleo de preenchimento em resina composta. Para os demais grupos, os canais radiculares foram alargados na profundidade de 9 mm e o diâmetro aumentado para ±3,5 mm, padronizando a espessura de dentina remanescente em 0,5mm no terço coronário da raiz. Os canais alargados (ca) foram então restaurados com, núcleo metálico fundido (caNMF); pino de fibra de vidro (caPFV); pino de fibra de vidro associado a pinos de fibra de vidro acessórios (caPFVpa); preenchimento direto com resina composta nos terços médio e cervical após cimentação do pino (caPFVrd); preenchimento direto com resina composta associado a pinos acessórios, após cimentação do pino (caPFVrdpa); pino reembasado com resina composta de forma indireta (caPFVri); pino reembasado com resina composta de forma indireta associado a pinos acessórios (caPFVripa). Todos os procedimentos de cimentação foram realizados com cimento resinoso de ativação química, os núcleos de preenchimento em resina composta e as raízes restauradas com coroa total metálica. As amostras foram submetidas a 3x105 ciclos de fadiga mecânica de 50N de carga. Em cinco amostras de cada grupo, dois extensômetros foram aderidos à raiz, um na mesial e outro na vestibular, 1 mm abaixo do limite cervical da coroa, no centro do dente, para mensurar a deformação das raízes sob carregamento contínuo de 0 a 100N. A resistência à fratura (N) das amostras foi então medida em máquina de ensaio mecânico com aplicação de carga tangencial (135º). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância fatorial (2x2), para comparar o efeito do tipo de retentor em função do tipo de raiz, e em fator único, para avaliar os métodos de preenchimento, seguido pelo teste de Tukey (α=0,05). O padrão de fratura foi classificado de acordo com o grau de comprometimento da estrutura dentária em catastrófica ou reparável. A análise estatística fatorial demonstrou significativa redução da resistência à fratura e falhas catastróficas para o grupo caNMF. Valores de resistência comparável ao grupo NMF e padrão de fratura reparável foram obtidos em raízes com canais alargados, sempre que a resina composta ou pinos de fibra acessórios foram utilizados. Não houve diferença significante na deformação externa da raiz entre os grupos estudados. Pode-se concluir que o uso de pinos de fibra de vidro, associado ao preenchimento com resina composta e/ou pinos de fibra de vidro acessórios, parece ser mais indicado como alternativa ao núcleo metálico fundido em raízes fragilizadas, devido ao menor risco de fraturas catastróficas.
Mestre em Odontologia
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Kneblík, Adam. "Zesilovač pro tenzometry." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217706.
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The thesis deals about method of gain signals from strain gauge bridges. There are mentioned some signal conditioning methods for bridges amplifiers and charactered their properties. In the next part of this thesis are calculated the amplifier errors for various temperature. There are projected individual variants of strain gage amplifiers (instrumentation amplifier AD524, isolation amplifier, switched capacitor based instrumentation amplifier), their properties are compared with strain gage amplifier Vishay P-3500.
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Berdah, Cathy. "Analyse theorique et experimentale du comportement mecanique fin d'assemblages colles : application a l'etude de leur vieillissement humide." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066072.
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Etude des proprietes mecaniques (champ de contraintes, etc. . . ) d'un assemblage colle a simple recouvrement sollicite a la traction. Determination des seuils d'amorcage et de propagation des microfissures par emission acoustique et etude du vieillissement humide sur le comportement mecanique de l'assemblage colle
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Jatheeshan, Varathananthan. "Numerical and experimental studies of cold-formed steel floor systems made of hollow flange section joists in fire." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/120145/1/Varathananthan_Jatheeshan_Thesis.pdf.
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The cold-formed steel utilization in buildings has increased globally due to its higher strength to weight ratio, ease of transportation and rapid erection and dismantlement.
However, cold-formed steel buildings must be designed with adequate Fire Resistance Ratings (FRR). Hence cold-formed Light gauge Steel Frames (LSF) are assembled using channel sections and lined with fire resistive plasterboards to provide load-bearing wall and floor systems. There is an industry need to develop LSF floor systems with improved FRR. Adding multiple layers of plasterboard to increase the FRR of LSF floor systems is not an efficient method. Past research has focused on investigating the behaviour of LSF floor systems made of Lipped Channel Section (LCS) joists. No attempt has been made to use an improved joist section in LSF floor systems. The Hollow Flange Sections (HFS) with torsionally rigid hollow flanges and no free edges have higher local and lateral distortional buckling capacities than the conventional LCSs. This research focuses on investigating the structural and fire performance of LSF floor systems made of HFS joists with a goal to improve their FRRs.
Four full scale standard fire tests were undertaken on non-insulated dual and single plasterboard lined LSF floor panels and cavity insulated dual plasterboard lined floor panel made of welded HFS joists known as LiteSteel beams (LSB). Fire tests of these panels undertaken for varying load ratios provided valuable results, which included failure times, joist temperatures and modes, and deflection versus time curves. The floor panels failed due to the section failures of joists. Both non-insulated and cavity insulated LSF floors made of LSB joists showed a significant improvement in the FRRs in comparison to Baleshan's (2012) results for LSF floors made of LCS joists.
Another experimental study was undertaken to determine the elevated temperature mechanical properties of the steel used in LSB web and flange elements. The mechanical property reduction variation of LSB steel elements was found to be quite different to that of normal cold-formed steels and was even dissimilar amongst them.
The yield strength reduction factors of Eurocode 3 Part 1.2 (ECS, 2005) were proposed for the web elements since they closely followed them whereas a new yield strength reduction factor model was proposed for the flange elements. An identical variation was proposed for the elastic modulus reduction factors of both web and flange elements. Suitable modifications were made to Dolamune Kankanamge and Mahendran's (2011) stress-strain model for improved predictions of LSB web and flange elements' stress-strain curves.
A Finite Element (FE) model of an individual simply supported LSB joist was developed and validated using the cold-formed steel design standards and Anapayan et al.'s (2011b) section moment capacity test results. By using the accurate mechanical property reduction factors of LSB steel elements, the FE model was then extended to simulate the full scale fire tests. Finite element analyses (FEA) showed reasonably good agreements in terms of failure times, temperatures and modes, and the mid-span deflection versus time curves. Such good agreements verified the accuracy of the developed FE model to simulate the LSF floor panels made of HFS joists under fire conditions.
Thermal FE models of LSF floor systems made of HFS joists were then developed and the time-temperature profiles were compared with the fire test results. They showed better agreements for Tests 1 and 4 whereas there were some discrepancies for Tests 2 and 3. Thermal FEA results obtained using appropriate thermal properties of plywood showed a reasonably good agreement with Baleshan's (2012) fire test results. Parametric studies using the validated model showed that joist section depth and profile had no significant impact on the thermal performance of LSF floor systems whereas steel joist thickness had a significant influence.
An extensive FEA based parametric study was then undertaken to investigate the effects of joist thickness, depth, section profile, steel grade and mechanical property reduction factors, and web openings on the structural and fire performances (FRR) of LSF floor systems. Steel joist thickness significantly influenced the FRR of LSF floor systems due to different temperature developments in the steels for varying thicknesses. Joist section depth, section profile and web openings had no significant impact on the FRRs of LSF floor systems. Steel type affected the FRRs of LSF floor systems significantly due to different mechanical property reduction factors, especially different yield strength reduction factors. It was shown that Baleshan's (2012) critical average joist temperature method can be used to determine the FRR of non-insulated dual and single plasterboard lined floor panels made of HFS joists.
However, it can be used for cavity insulated floor panels when the load ratio is less than 0.3. Fire test and FEA results showed that LSF floor panels made of LSB joists gave higher FRRs due to improved elevated temperature mechanical properties of LSB plate elements and lower temperature development due to thicker joists.
Fire design rules were developed to predict the FRRs of LSF floor systems made of HFS joists based on Eurocode 3 Part 1.3 (ECS, 2006), AS/NZS 4600 (SA, 2005) and Direct Strength Method (DSM). For this purpose, Baleshan's (2012) three fire design rules of LCS joists were used and suitable modifications were made in order to use them for HFS joists. A good agreement was observed between the FRR predictions using two design methods and FEA, and thus they were recommended. In addition, the FRR predictions of HFS joists using the fire design method developed based on DSM were modestly conservative and therefore they were also recommended.
Finally, the spread sheet based design tool was developed to undertake the complex calculations in predicting the FRR of LSF floors made of HFS joists with varying sizes and steel types, and subjected to varying load ratios.
In summary, this research has significantly improved the knowledge and understanding of the fire performance of LSF floor systems made of hollow flange section joists and developed accurate fire design rules. Structural and fire design engineers can use the developed spread sheet based design tool to predict the fire performance of LSF floor systems made of HFS joists with varying sizes and steel types for a range of applications in commercial and residential buildings.
Book chapters on the topic "Resistance Strain Gauge Sensors"
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Hiles, Steve, Chuck Wilkerson, J. Richard Houghton, and Dale A. Wilson. "Serpentine Optical Fiber Strain Gauge Evaluation." In Applications of Fiber Optic Sensors in Engineering Mechanics, 100–118. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780872628953.ch07.
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Barker, Thomas, Giles Tewkesbury, David Sanders, and Ian Rogers. "Intelligent Sensors for Intelligent Systems: Fault Tolerant Measurement Methods for Intelligent Strain Gauge Pressure Sensors." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 624–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82196-8_46.
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Simonetti, A., and A. Trifiletti. "High-Efficiency Front-End Interface for the Vibrating-String Strain Gauge Sensors." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 285–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3606-3_55.
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Gavrilenkov, Sergey I., and Sergey S. Gavriushin. "Method of Multi-objective Design of Strain Gauge Force Sensors Based on Surrogate Modeling Techniques." In Advances in Intelligent Systems, Computer Science and Digital Economics II, 126–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80478-7_14.
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Sticht, Peter, Annemie Kleemann, and Peter Groche. "Homogenization of Printed Strain Gauge Resistance by Using Machine Hammer Peening and Laser Heat Treatment." In Advances in Production Research, 487–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03451-1_48.
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Gavrilenkov, Sergey I., and Sergey S. Gavriushin. "Multi-fidelity Multicriteria Optimization of Strain Gauge Force Sensors Using a Neural Network-Based Surrogate Model." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 325–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67133-4_30.
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Gavrilenkov, Sergey I., and Sergey S. Gavryushin. "Development and Performance Evaluation of a Software System for Multi-objective Design of Strain Gauge Force Sensors." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 228–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39216-1_21.
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Petru, Cardei, and Matache Mihai. "Research on Optimizing the Locations of the Sensors of the Strain Gauge Measurement System for Structures Which Vibrate." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 269–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96787-1_30.
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G. Paulish, Andrey, Peter S. Zagubisalo, Sergey M. Churilov, Vladimir N. Barakov, Mikhail A. Pavlov, and Alexander V. Poyarkov. "Piezo-Optical Transducers in High Sensitive Strain Measurements." In Optoelectronics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94082.
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New piezo-optical sensors based on the piezo-optical effect for high sensitive mechanical stress measurements have been proposed and developed. The piezo-optical method provides the highest sensitivity to strains compared to sensors based on any other physical principles. Piezo-optical sensors use materials whose parameters practically not change under load or over time, therefore piezo-optical sensors are devoid of the disadvantages inherent in strain-resistive and piezoelectric sensors, such as hysteresis, parameters degradation with time, small dynamic range, low sensitivity to strains, and high sensitivity to overloads. Accurate numerical simulation and experimental investigations of the piezo-optical transducer output signal formation made it possible to optimize its design and show that the its gauge factor is two to three orders of magnitude higher than the gauge factors of sensors of other types. The cruciform shape of the transducer photoelastic element made it possible to significantly increase the stresses in its working area at a given external force. Combining compactness, reliability, resistance to overloads, linearity and high sensitivity, in terms of the all set of these parameters, piezo-optical sensors significantly surpass the currently widely used strain-resistive, piezoelectric and fiber-optic sensors and open up new, previously inaccessible, possibilities in the tasks of measuring power loads.
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Shahinpoor, Mohsen. "Review of Piezoresistive Materials as Smart Sensors." In Fundamentals of Smart Materials, 25–35. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781782626459-00025.
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Chapter 3 reviews piezoresistive materials as smart sensors. Piezoresistivity is defined as a property of certain materials, such as metals and semiconductors, for which the materials electrical resistance changes purely due to mechanical pressure, stress, force, acceleration, strain, and stress. It is the physical property of certain materials which has been widely used to convert a mechanical signal into an electrical signal in smart sensors, accelerometers, tactile sensors, strain gauges, and flow meters and similar devices and microdevices. Metals do not exhibit piezoresistivity as they do not have a bandgap. The resistance of strained metal samples changes due to dimensional changes – this may not be considered as piezo-resistivity. The unit of piezoresistivity is ohm-meter or symbolically Ω–m. Metals and semiconducting materials exhibit such a property. The piezoresistive effect in semiconductors is generally several orders of magnitudes larger than the geometrical effect. This effect is present in semiconductors such as germanium, amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and silicon carbide, among others. Hence, semiconductor strain gauges with a very high coefficient of sensitivity can be designed, built and operated and utilized in various smart sensor applications and as microelectromechanical (MEMs) or nanoelectromechanical (NEMs) devices and systems.
Conference papers on the topic "Resistance Strain Gauge Sensors"
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Yoon, Hwan-Sik, and Sanket K. Khedkar. "A Wireless Strain Sensor Using Frequency Modulation Technique." In ASME 2009 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2009-1429.
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A compact wireless strain sensor using a Frequency Modulation (FM) technique is proposed. The sensor employs a conventional resistive strain gauge such that the resistance changes as the measured structure is mechanically strained. When the strain gauge is connected to a frequency modulation circuit, the change in the resistance appears as a frequency shift in the output signal that is transmitted wirelessly to a remote station. The received signal is then demodulated and the buried strain measurement data can be retrieved. Using this technique, a dynamic strain measurement is possible without any wire connection between the sensing point and the measurement equipment. This type of sensors have numerous applications in the strain or vibration measurement of moving or rotating structures such as fans on a turbine engine. The proposed concept of the wireless strain sensor is experimentally demonstrated by measuring vibration of a cantilevered beam with a wired transmission of the measurement data from the transmitter to the receiver.
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Groves, Roger M., Edmon Chehura, Weilai Li, Stephen E. Staines, Stephen W. James, and Ralph P. Tatam. "Comparison of shearography and optical fibre Bragg grating strain sensors with resistance foil strain gauge measurements." In Optical Metrology, edited by Wolfgang Osten, Christophe Gorecki, and Erik L. Novak. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.611887.
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Chehura, Edmon, Roger M. Groves, Weilai Li, Stephen E. Staines, Stephen W. James, and Ralph P. Tatam. "Comparison of optical fibre Bragg grating strain sensors with shearography and resistance foil strain gauge measurements." In Bruges, Belgium - Deadline Past. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.624218.
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Cao, Li, Chuck Hautamaki, Jia Zhou, Tae Song Kim, and Sue Mantell. "Calibration of MEMS Strain Sensors Fabricated on Silicon." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/mems-23856.
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Abstract A calibration technique for measuring MEMS strain sensor performance is described. The sensor calibration technique entails developing a repeatable relationship (gage factor) between the change in sensor nominal resistance and the strain measured at the sensor. The calibration technique involves creating a “pseudo” strain sensor consisting of a strain gage mounted on a silicon wafer. Two identical test specimens are evaluated: the pseudo sensor mounted (with adhesive) on an aluminum specimen (or embedded in a specimen), and a MEMS strain sensor mounted on an aluminum specimen (or embedded in a specimen). The dimensions of the silicon wafer for both the pseudo sensor and MEMS sensor are identical. The specimens are loaded by tensile test. For the pseudo sensor specimen, a relationship is established between the strain applied to the specimen (far field strain) and the strain at the sensor (near field strain). Once the relationship between near field and far field strain is known, a relationship between near field strain and change in resistance of the uncalibrated MEMs sensor is established. This relationship between strain at the sensor and change in resistance is the gage factor. Two different MEMS strain sensor designs were fabricated by patterning polysilicon on a 500 micron thick silicon wafer: monofilament and membrane sensors. Gage factors for the MEMS sensors were determined following the calibration procedure. The results also lead to a conclusion that wafer geometry influences the strain transfer to the sensor.
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Ottermann, Rico, Shuowen Zhang, Berend Denkena, Heinrich Klemme, Dennis Kowalke, Michael Korbacher, Folke Dencker, and Marc Christopher Wurz. "In Situ Resistance Trimming of Directly Deposited Thin-Film Strain Gauges." In 2022 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sensors52175.2022.9967357.
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Rysz, Jozef. "Measurement of local values of strains of the briquette by means of special resistance strain gauges." In Optoelectronic and Electronic Sensors II, edited by Zdzislaw Jankiewicz and Henryk Madura. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.266695.
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Yazdi, Armin, Li-Chih Tsai, and Nathan Salowitz. "Investigation of the Resistive Response of Reduced Graphene Oxide for Sensing Large Strains (>10%)." In ASME 2022 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2022-90349.
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Abstract This paper presents a recent investigation into sensing and measurement of large strain (>10%) based on variation in electrical resistance of reduced graphene oxide. Sensing and measurement of large strain is of great interest for highly flexible and stretchable systems with applications including monitoring human motion, soft robotics and structural health monitoring. Measuring large strains is challenging because many traditional engineering materials yield or fracture at relatively small strains. Nanoparticle-based strain gauges have been investigated and regularly found to survive strains up to 50% with sensitivity (gauge factor) near 100 times greater than conventional metal foil strain gauges. However, most of these nanoparticle-based strain gauges have been made of toxic materials and are expensive to create (e.g. nickel or silver nanoparticles). Recent research has uncovered incredible properties of graphene which can overcome these issues, composed of inexpensive and natural carbon and surviving strain up to 20%. Direct synthesis and deposition of graphene monolayers remains expensive and complex. Reduced graphene oxide shares many of the phenomenal properties of graphene but can be synthesized with simple drop casting and thermal reduction techniques. This paper presents recent research into measurement of strains greater than 10% by monitoring the change in resistance of reduced graphene oxide patches. A combination of electrical, mechanical, and microscopic investigations were performed to understand the electromechanical behavior of the material. A highly linear relation between resistance and strain was observed at relatively small strains, consistent with piezoresistive theory from monolithic materials, while a nonlinear relation was observed at strains from 12% to 20%, consistent with percolative behavior of nanoparticle-based strain sensors. The relation between non-aligned strain and resistance measurement was also investigated (e.g. perpendicular and off axis). Continuing investigation is seeking to understand the origins of the electrical and mechanical behavior observed.
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Chen, Jixuan, Huaping Gong, and Shuhua Li. "Experimental investigation on vibration monitoring with FBG sensor and resistance strain gauge." In International Conference on Optical Instrumentation and Technology, edited by YanBiao Liao, Anbo Wang, Tingyun Wang, and Yukihiro Ishii. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.837940.
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Maynard, Cole M., Julio A. Hernandez, Andrew Doak, Benjamin Mardikis, Monica Viz, Brittany Newell, Jose Garcia, and Tyler N. Tallman. "A Computational Study of Strain Sensing via 3D-Printed CNF-Modified PLA Strain Gauges." In ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2020-2236.
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Abstract Additive manufacturing technologies and products have seen significant growth in the last decade but have the potential to see greater advancement with the addition of functional material properties in filaments, vastly expanding the product range. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a common fused deposition modeling (FDM) material used for additive manufacturing. Currently, filament materials are limited in terms of electrical properties with the majority of filaments being dielectric. Imparting electrical properties via nanofiller modification of traditionally insulating PLA is an exciting direction for multi-functional additive manufacturing. The work presented in this manuscript computationally explores the piezoresistive strain sensing performance of multi-functional PLA. Specifically, we use experimental conductivity data collected from carbon nanofiber (CNF)-modified PLA to calibrate a computational piezoresistivity model. This computational model is then used to simulate the resistance change-strain relationship of a representative additively manufactured sensor shape. This study shows that the CNF/PLA sensor exhibits a non-linear response with a strain-dependent gauge factor ranging from 15.0 in compression to up to approximately 33.2 in tension. Computational tools such as the ones presented herein are important for further development of additively manufactured sensors since it allows researchers to explore a wide design space (e.g. shape, material type, etc.) without resorting to trial and error experimentation. This allows the incredible versatility of additive manufacturing to be more thoroughly leveraged.
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Smith, Austin, and Hamzeh Bardaweel. "Flexible Strain Sensor Using Additive Manufacturing and Conductive Liquid Metal: Design, Fabrication, and Characterization." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88753.
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In this work a flexible strain sensor is fabricated using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique. The strain sensor is fabricated using commercially available flexible Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) filaments and liquid metal Galinstan Ga 68.5% In 21% Sn 10%. The strain sensor consists of U-shape 2.34mm long and 0.2mm deep channels embedded inside a TPU 3D printed structure. The performance of the strain sensor is measured experimentally. Gauge Factor is estimated by measuring change in electric resistance when the sensor is subject to 13.2% – 38.6% strain. Upon straining and unstraining, results from characterization tests show high linearity in the range of 13.2% to 38.6% strain with very little hysteresis. However, changes due to permanent deformations are a limiting factor in the usefulness of these sensors because these changes limit the consistency of the device. FDM 3D printing shows promise as a method for fabricating flexible strain sensors. However, more investigation is needed to look at the effects of geometries and 3D printing process parameters on the yield elongation of the flexible filaments. Additionally, more investigation is needed to observe the effect of distorted dimensions of the 3D printed channels on the sensitivity of the strain sensor. It is anticipated that successful implementation of these commercially available filaments and FDM 3D printers will lead to reduction in cost and complexity of developing these flexible sensors.
Reports on the topic "Resistance Strain Gauge Sensors"
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Crowley. L51778 Fiber Optic Strain Monitoring of Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010621.
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�The objective of this project was to demonstrate the feasibility of using fiber optic Bragg grating sensors (BGS) to measure axial and bending strain in pipes. Work was performed by McDermott Technology Inc. (MTI) and included BGS design and procurement. In addition to the pipe strain testing, a number of other evaluations were performed. Several methods were evaluated to protect and encapsulate the BGS, which are embedded inside an optical fiber, and strain transfer tests were performed on two of the encapsulation approaches. A high strain bending test to failure was performed on one BGS. A special test section was used to characterize the performance of the BGS and compare to standard electrical resistance foil strain gages.
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Leveque, E., M. Zarea, R. Batisse, and P. Roovers. IPC-BST-R01 Burst Strength of Gouges in Low Toughness Gas Transmission Pipes. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011781.
Full textAbstract:
EPRG research aimed at establishing a limit on the toughness value that separates toughness-dependent from toughness-independent failure behavior. More specifically, one objective is to evaluate the toughness-dependent Battelle formula for burst resistance of gouges for (very) low toughness values. This mainly experimental project checks this behavior on several gas transmission pipes, a small diameter one, 150 mm, a medium diameter one, 350 mm, and a large diameter one, 900 mm. Pipe material is carefully characterized in terms of tensile properties, Charpy energy, and shear area. Then, based on the toughness independent criterion, a set of gouges is defined, of different depths/lengths, so as to span the different regions of the criterion, covering both short and long defects. These defects are manufactured by spark erosion, resulting in thin slits. Each such slit is incorporated into a vessel that is submitted to a burst test, with a number of additional measurements, like strain gauges on the pipe surface, a clip gauge et the center of the defect. For the small and medium sized pipes, temperature is also controlled during the test, to ensure it is as low as practically feasible, without heavy infrastructure. The results are interpreted both in terms of comparison with the criteria, and also in terms of analysis of the failure surface, to identify failure mechanisms.
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Tiku, Sanjay, Nick Pussegoda (Archived), Morvarid Ghovanlou, and W. R. Tyson. PR-214-114509-R01 Standardization of Weld Testing for Fracture Toughness using Single Edge Notched Tests. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011578.
Full textAbstract:
Fracture toughness of steels is conventionally measured using bend specimens and provides a conservative estimate of toughness when the actual loading is in tension. There has been wide-spread interest in characterizing the toughness that occurs with reduced constraint to better reflect constraint conditions typical of a relatively shallow girth weld flaw. Recent developments in fracture toughness testing and analysis of tension loaded specimens have led to publications by CANMET Materials Technology Laboratory (now CanmetMATERIALS, CMAT) and ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company (ExxonMobil) toward development of a single-specimen procedure. As part of an initiative to enhance the state of the art in strain-based design and assessment methods, with the intent of providing support for the standardization of appropriate weld testing methods, BMT Canada Ltd (BMT), under a Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) project, has combined the two single-specimen approaches and developed a recommended practice for fracture toughness testing using single-edge-notched tension SENT (or SE(T)) samples with fixed grip loading. The procedure has been assessed by means of a round robin test program involving laboratories from around the world. Girth welds were fabricated and base metal, heat affected zone and weld center line specimens were prepared and sent to round robin participants. For the round robin program all the participants used a double clip gauge arrangement for direct CTOD measurement and electric potential drop or unloading compliance methods for crack growth measurement. In this paper, the results of the round robin test program including comparison of J and CTOD resistance curves will be presented and discussed.