Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Résistance aux fongicides – Viticulture'
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Amarouchi, Zakaria. "Impact du réchauffement climatique sur l’interaction vigne/micro-organismes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022REIMS055.
Full textThe gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea has a devastating impact on various economically important crops, including grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), with annual economic losses exceeding10 to 100 billion dollars worldwide. Currently, pesticides remain the main method used to reduce the incidence of this phytopathogenic fungus. However, in addition to emergence of multidrug resistance, chemicals must be increasingly restricted in order to limit their impact on the environment and human health. Thus, in recent years, biological protection is gaining renewed interest. Therefore, the aim of our project is the development of new biotechnologies allowing the grapevine to better resist pathogenic pressures, through the use of beneficial microorganisms. The rhizosphere is a rich source of microorganisms with strong abilities in the biocontrol of plant diseases. In the present study, isolation of plant beneficial microorganisms was carried out on healthy plants. A total of 42 micro-organisms were isolated from different rhizospheric semi-arid soils collected in vineyards of Meknes in Morocco (Latitude 33.75989, Longitude -5.43909). The in vitro antagonism test of the various isolates towards B. cinerea evealed that among all the isolates tested the strains S3, S4, S5 and S6 showed a positive result. These isolates inhibit the growth of B. cinerea. The four strains were identified by the study of biochemical characters and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The results of the analyzes showed that the bacterial strains retained were related to the following species, of the Bacillus genus: S3: B. velezensis; S4: B. velezensis; and S5: B. halotollerans. Isolate S6 was classified in the genus Enterobacter and identified as E. cloacae. The antagonism test carried out in planta on vine vitroplants indicates that the four rhizobacteria reduce significantly (59%, 39%, 55%, and 17%, respectively), the symptoms of the disease and reduce damage to photosynthetic activity (PSII) due to attack by B. cinerea. This study revealed that strains of the genus Bacillus and Enterobacter isolated from the rhizosphere of the vine could be used as biological control agents in the protection of the vine
Girond, Sylvie. "Influence de quelques pesticides sur les levures oenologiques : étude du mécanisme de résistance vis à vis du mancozébe." Toulouse, INPT, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPT018A.
Full textStiévenard, Catherine. "Reproduction sexuée d'Uncinula necator (schw. ) Burr. , agent de l'oïd͏ium de la vigne : maîtrise in vitro et rôle dans la résistance aux fongicides inhibiteurs de la biosynthèse des stérols." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR20569.
Full textPeyron, Florence. "Contribution à l'étude de la résistance à l'amphotéricine B chez Candida lusitaniae." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2002AIX20658.pdf.
Full textWalker, Anne-Sophie. "Diversité et adaptation aux fongicides des populations de Botrytis cinerea, agent de la pourriture grise." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00852740.
Full textSteva, Hervé. "Résistance de l'oi͏̈dium de la vigne (uncinula necator (Schw. ) Burr. ) aux fongicides inhibiteurs de la biosynthèse des stérols." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR28177.
Full textAkallal, Rachida. "Résistance de Fusarium solani F. SP. PISI à des fongicides inhibant la C-14 déméthylation des stérols." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112026.
Full textWalker, Anne-sophie. "Diversité et adaptation aux fongicides des populations de Botrytis cinerea, agent de la pourriture grise." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112067/document.
Full textNatural selection is the most powerful force driving population adaptation to their environment, favoring the variants with the best fitness. Fungi generally exhibit biological traits (diversity of reproduction modes, large population sizes, and intense dispersion) that favor their adaptation to changing environments. Therefore, disentangling the mechanisms that explain their evolution under natural and anthropic constraints constitute a major challenge for plant protection, especially in the actual context of agriculture sustainability. In this thesis, we described Botrytis cinerea population structure and diversity, using neutral and selected markers and a hierarchical sampling, and proposed mechanisms that may explain these observations. We then analyzed the adaptive answer of this species towards fungicide applications. First, we showed that grey mold populations were caused by a complex of two cryptic species, living sympatrically on the same hosts. Second, B. cinerea populations are divided into five demes, according to the cropping system (directional selection), the host-plant (ecological adaptation), and to a lesser extent, by geography. On grapevine, we identified a specific populations exhibiting temporal isolation, as an evidence of extreme exploration of the viticultural conditions. Moreover, fungicide applications select resistance towards all unisite modes of action, with few exceptions, but at varying proportions according to vineyards and fungicide use. More specifically, resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) is caused by at least seven mutations altering the target genes of these fungicides, and determines a large variety of phenotypes in the field. At last, we showed that fungicides did not shape population structure but that they could decrease allele richness in treated areas and lead to migration-selection equilibrium, detectable in some situation and for loci under contemporary selective pressures as clines. Modeling the evolution of resistance during winter allowed estimating fitness cost of four loci involved in contemporary fungicide resistance, such as multidrug resistance. As a conclusion, this thesis helped to understand how B. cinerea populations evolve and to detect and quantify selective mechanisms at work in natura. This information will be useful to deign sustainable and locally-adapted anti-resistance strategies
Sauvage, Hélène. "Détection et quantification d'Aphanomyces euteiches dans les parcelles agricoles pour la prévention des risques phytosanitaires." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES080.
Full textFrançois, Fabienne, and Jean-Louis Benoit-Guyod. "Développement d'outils génétiques et moléculaires pour l'étude des résistances aux antifongiques chez Candida lusitaniae : caractérisation d'une résistance croisée 5-fluorocytosine/fluconazole." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE18007.
Full textThe increase of candidiasis in immunodefficient patients generates antifungal resistance problems among Candida species. We worked in this field with C. Lusitaniae, an opportunistic and pathogenic yeast known as easily developing resistance, and furthermore an avantageous haploid organism with a sexual cycle. Before its use as a model, the development of genetic and molecular tools was necessary. We first have determined the environmental conditions to trigger and complete the sexual cycle of all isolates in a collection of 76 clinical specimens. This led us to develop a method for isolating ascospores in order to perform genetic analysis and to propose an alternative identification test relying upon sexual reproductive ability. Using an amplification strategy combined to a chromosome walking, we have then cloned and sequenced the C. Lusitaniae URA3 gene, encoding orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, to use it as a selectable marker in a specific tranformation system. C. Lusitaniae ura3 mutants were succesfully electrotransformed with an efficiency comparable to that observed in C. Albicans. Finally, in the course of the study of C. Lusitaniae clinical isolates 5-fluorocytosine (5FC)-resistant and fluconazole (FCZ)-susceptible, we provided evidence and characterized an original cross-resistance phenotype appearing when 5FC / FCZ were used in association. According to genetic analysis, only the 5FC resistant gene would control this phenotype. Kinetic transport studies with [14C]5FC showed a defect of 5FC uptake related to a deficiency of the purine-cytosine permease, encoded by the FCY2 gene. Cross resistance could be the result of a competitive inhibition of FCZ uptake transport by extracellular 5FC. This hypothesis supports the occurrence of a FCZ uptake transporter, which has never been suggested thus far, and provides information on a new possible mechanism of resistance to FCZ, associated to an uptake deficiency of this drug, which can affect all species of the Candida genus
Tey-Rulh, Patricia. "Métabolites toxiques secrètes in vitro par Eutypa lata (Pers. : Fr. ) tul. : parasite de la vigne : isolement et activité biologique." Toulouse, INPT, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPT019A.
Full textBahmed, Karim. "Teneur de la chitine des parois, relation avec la résistance des levures à l'amphotéricine B." Nancy 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN12505.
Full textGarnault, Maxime. "Étude de l’évolution des résistances aux fongicides chez Zymoseptoria tritici, agent de la septoriose du blé, et quantification multi-échelle de ses déterminants." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA030.
Full textSeptoria leaf blotch is a major wheat disease caused by the pathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici. It can induce yield losses up to 50%. The control of this pathogen relies on cultivar resistance, cultural control but mostly on the use of fungicides. However, the sustainability of chemical control is threatened by the emergence of resistant mutants, i.e. individuals with decreased sensitivity to one or several active ingredients. When resistance factors and/or resistance frequencies are high in populations, chemical control efficacy can be jeopardized. Therefore, the dose and/or the number of sprays may have to be increased in order to ensure the same level of crop protection. Resistance management thus appears crucial to reduce pesticide use, in line with the vision of a more sustainable agriculture that is less dependent on chemical inputs.The Performance network (Arvalis-INRA) has been created in 2004 to provide regional and annual recommendations for the use of anti-septoria fungicides. In 2017, it gathered information from 1007 wheat trials, distributed in the various French cereal basins. These trials were designed to determine the efficacy of different spray programs and their ability to manage resistance. In this thesis, we decided to analyze the Performance dataset as a whole, to understand the determinants of resistance evolution at the regional and field scales. To achieve this, we developed statistical models to quantify the effect of several factors on the observed resistance frequencies from both treated and untreated plots.First, we highlighted and quantified the heterogeneity of resistance selection towards 3 modes of action at the regional scale. Growth rates estimates showed that the different resistances evolved at significantly different rates, with much higher rates for the resistance to strobilurins. We detected contrasted resistance evolutions within the French regions, with a clear disparity between the North and the South of France. Then, we explained these heterogeneities using (i) the regional use of fungicides (i.e. selection pressure), (ii) the proportion of untreated surfaces (i.e. refuges), (iii) yield losses related to septoria leaf blotch (i.e. population size of the pathogen). We showed that fungicide use was a major factor in the observed variability (up to 87 %). Finally, we studied at the field scale the effect of fungicide mixture and dose reduction on selection, which are common anti-resistance strategies used by farmers. We showed that selection is slowed down by the diversity of fungicides used (intra- and inter-mode of action diversity). In addition, as previously at the regional scale, we estimated how the amount of fungicide applied to a plot modulates the selection of different resistances.To conclude, we described, quantified and produced a reference framework to study of large-scale resistance evolution. In addition, we also compared the sustainability of two major anti-resistance strategies at the field scale. These analyses were carried out on spatial and temporal scales unprecedented in the scientific literature. The methods developed are not specific to Z. tritici and our results can be used to improve the prediction of resistance, which is essential to change chemical control practices in agriculture
Garnaud, Cécile. "Tolérance et résistance aux antifongiques chez Candida spp. : caractérisation de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS004/document.
Full textThe incidence of invasive candidiasis (IC) has dramatically increased over the past decades, partly due to the increasing number of at-risk patients. IC is associated with high mortality rates: however, its prognosis can be improved by early treatment. Four antifungal classes are available today for the prevention and treatment of IC: echinocandins, azoles, polyenes and pyrimidines. Due to their high efficacy and interesting safety profile, echinocandins and azoles are more commonly used. Massive use of these compounds has led to epidemiological changes in IC, with the emergence of non-albicans species which are intrinsically less susceptible to these antifungals, such as C. glabrata or C. parapsilosis. In addition, Candida spp. strains resistant, or even multiresistant, to azoles and echinocandins are increasingly isolated and associated with therapeutic failures. Antifungal activity is also limited by tolerance, a reversible phenomenon resulting from the yeast's adaptation to membrane and cell wall stresses caused by these molecules.For these reasons, identification and development of new antifungal strategies are needed. This work aimed at studying antifungal resistance and tolerance in Candida spp. and characterizing new therapeutic targets involved in these process.First, this work showed the interest of next-generation sequencing and multigene approaches to study mechanisms involved in resistance to echinocandins and azoles antifungals in Candida spp. It notably allowed to identify new mechanisms involved in antifungal resistance, which still need to be confirmed.In a second part, this work allowed to show that all the proteins of the pH-signaling pathway, known as the Rim pathway in yeasts, are involved in antifungal tolerance in C. albicans, the most frequent species responsible for IC in humans. In addition, new Rim-dependent genes were identified through RNA-sequencing, such as HSP90, coding for a major chaperone involved in the regulation of multiple cellular process, as well as IPT1, responsible for the synthesis of the main membrane sphingolipid.Both genes were previously shown to be involved in azoles and echinocandins tolerance in C. albicans, and could therefore play a role in antifungal tolerance mediated by the Rim pathway. These results offer great perspectives. Indeed, targeting the Rim pathway would allow to enhance the activity of commercially available antifungals and to indirectly target Hsp90, with no or limited toxicity as this signaling pathway is fungal-specific.Thirdly, a last part of this work performed in the context of the ANR FungiBET consortium, allowed to show that the BET protein Bdf1 in C. glabrata, which is involved in epigenetic regulation of transcription, is required for in vitro growth. More precisely, the integrity of both BD1 and BD2 Bdf1 bromodomains are essential in this species, which ranks second among causes of IC. This result confirms the first data obtained in C. albicans and the interest of inhibiting fungal BET proteins as a new antifungal strategy
Edou, Engonga Prosper. "Greffage de chaînes hydrocarbonées et perfluorées sur le bois et étude des propriétés conférées aux nouveaux matériaux." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10023.
Full textAvenot, Hervé. "Variabilité au sein de l'espèce fongique phytopathogène Alternaria brassicicola : analyse au niveau d'un marqueur sélectionné de type résistance aux fongicides et de marqueurs neutres de type microsatellites." Angers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ANGE0033.
Full textAlternaria brassicicola causes blackspot disease of crucifers worldwide. This disease is seed-borne and responsible for important yield losses. Field isolates of A. Brassicicola highly resistant to dicarboximide and phenylpyrroles fungicides have been identified. These isolates are still pathogenic to host plants and most of them are more sensitive to osmotic stress than wild type strains. To elucidate the molecular basis of the osmosensitive and dicarboximide/phenylpyrrole-resistant phenotypes, an osmosensing histidine kinase gene AbNIK1 was isolated from a fungicide-sensitive isolate and its sequence compared with corresponding sequences from fungicide-resistant isolates. All the fungicide-resistant strains displaying a osmosensitive phenotype were found to have null mutations in the AbNIK1 gene. To investigate the effects of AbNIK1 null mutations on their fitness, these strains were inoculated on radish under field conditions. Quality controls of produced seeds revealed that null mutants are strongly affected in their competitivity towards wild type strains in the absence of selective pressure. In parallel, the genetic diversity within the species A. Brassicicola was estimated. Twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified and used to analyze a population of strains with various geographic origins. In agreement with the lifestyle of this fungus (absence of sexual reproduction and seed transmission) a relatively weak polymorphism (3. 5 alleles per locus) and an absence of population structuration were observed
Billard, Alexis. "Fenhexamid : mode d’action et résistance chez le complexe d’espèces Botrytis SPP., responsable de la pourriture grise de la vigne." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112002.
Full textChemical control is the main method used to control diseases caused byphytopathogenic fungi. In some cases, the resistance phenomena towardfungicides occur within fungal populations, which might alter practicalefficiency of molecules. Understanding modes of action of fungicides andunderlying resistance mechanisms participate to the development and adaptationof management strategies against resistance, and thus help to sustain the life ofmolecules. Fenhexamid is a recent fungicide (Bayer CropScience, 2000), with aparticular mode of action. It is the only fungicide marketed blocking the C4-demethylation step of ergosterol biosynthesis. Several types of resistance (naturaland acquired) were detected in European vineyards in the Botrytis spp speciescomplex, causing grey mold disease. This work focused on the characterization ofthe mode of action and the elucidation of resistance mechanisms. The first aspectinvestigated the functional characterization of two genes involved in the C4-demethylation of ergosterol biosynthesis. The erg27 gene potentially encoding the3-keto reductase which is the fenhexamid target and the erg28 gene encoding aprotein that interact in part with the 3-ketoreductase. Concerning fenhexamidresistance, we shown by reverse genetics that mutations detected in the erg27 genefrom different resistant isolates from the vineyards (phenotypes HydR3- andHydR3+) confer resistance. Furthermore, a fitness analysis under controlledconditions on the most worrying resistant phenotype (HydR3+) was performed onisogenic artificial strains in order to predict the possible persistence of these strainsin vineyards. A fine molecular method to quantify these isolates was developed tofacilitate the follow-up of evolution and persistence of resistant populations in thevineyard. This new method, named ASPPAA PCR is based on the nucleotidepolymorphism of the erg27 gene, responsible for fenhexamid resistance. Finally,the natural resistance to fenhexamid of the related species to Botrytis cinerea, B.pseudocinerea, was elucidated. Fungicide resistance of this species is explained bythe combination of target site modifications (minor mechanism) and fungicidedegradation mediated by a cytochrome P450 named Cyp68.4 (major mechanism).This is the first characterization of a genetic resistance mechanism to a fungicideconferred by detoxification in a phytopathogenic fungus
Bousta, Faisl. "Amélioration de la rétention par le bois des sels d'ammonium quaternaire et conséquences sur la résistance à l'attaque des champignons : Etude du comportement, face aux basidiomycètes, du bois greffé par des motifs acyles à longue chaîne carbonée." Nancy I, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10235.
Full textAjouz, Sakhr. "Estimation du potentiel de résistance de Botrytis cinerea à des biofongicides." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00453646.
Full textLiu, Weiwei. "Caractérisation de la cascade de signalisation osmotique ″os″ chez Botrytis cinerea." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112009.
Full textHog1-like fungal signal transduction cascades are involved in diverse cellular functions, such as adaptation to various stresses, fungicide resistance, development and, in some cases, virulence. In this work we characterized the homologous pathway of the plant pathogenic ascomycete Botrytis cinerea via the inactivation of the sensor histidine kinase Bos1, its relationship to the downstream MAP kinase (MAPK) Sak1, and the regulation of target genes. Phosphorylation assays show that, without any external stimulus, Bos1 inhibits Sak1 phosphorylation. Under stress conditions, this inhibition is released, leading to Sak1 phosphorylation, which is involved in the adaptation to high ionic and peroxide stress, macroconidia development, plant penetration and necrosis development. Through an epistasis test, we demonstrate that Bos1 regulates certain functions, independently of Sak1. They include superoxide tolerance, adaptation and conidiation on high neutral osmolarity, and susceptibility to three families of fungicides (dicarboximides, phenylpyrroles and aromatic hydrocarbons) as well as melanin production. Cell wall integrity, appressoria- and sclerotia development are probably controlled by two parallel signalling cascades both regulated by the Bos1 HK. To identify the downstream genes regulated by the Bos1-Sak1 cascade, real-time RT-PCR analysis was conducted on selected sets of genes based on the different mutant phenotypes. Some but not all phenotypes can be related to differential gene expression. Expression pattern of most Bos1-Sak1 controlled genes under standard conditions corroborates the negative control of Sak1 phosphorylation
Bomble, Myriam. "Résistances aux inhibiteurs de la déméthylation et fitness des souches multi-drug resistant dans une population de Zymoseptoria tritici du nord de la France." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R009.
Full textZymoseptoria tritici, causing Septoria tritici blotch, is today the most frequent pathogen on wheat crops, particularly in France and north-western Europe. Management of the disease is mainly based on the use of fungicides, but the fungus regularly develops resistance to them, particularly against 14-α-demethylase inhibitors (DMI), one of the most widely used families in the field. However, no studies have been carried out for Z. tritici to characterize resistance to these fungicides in northern France, where wheat is subject to high pressure from fungicide treatments. A total of 100 monospore strains of Z. tritici were thus isolated from this region, and previously identified as different genotypes using microsatellite markers, were characterized for DMI resistance status. Sequencing of the cyp51 gene revealed 18 alterations (including five new ones) in the CYP51 protein, the target of DMIs, distributed in 23 haplotypes (combinations). In silico modelling suggests that, among the five new alterations identified, only two of them (F218L and L385M) can reduce the affinity of IDMs at the catalytic site of CYP51, thus potentially impacting resistance. Molecular screening detected 22 strains with additional resistance mechanisms in the study population (15 strains overexpressing the cyp51 gene and 7 multidrug resistant strains (MDR)). Phenotypically, strains with additional resistance mechanisms showed higher levels of resistance at five MDRs (epoxiconazole, prothioconazole, metconazole, tebuconazole and prochloraz) tested in vitro. Interestingly, alterations in CYP51 is the mechanism that contributes the most to the level of resistance to IDMs (62-99% of the total resistance level observed, depending on the active ingredient considered), followed by the MDR trait (1-24%) and overexpression of the cyp51 gene (0-14%). However, no clear correlation between the alterations obtained and the levels of phenotypic resistance was detected, but the presence of other unknown mechanisms involved in resistance is suggested following the demonstration of high phenotypic variability for strains with the same molecular profile for the three mechanisms studied. To assess the fitness of highly resistant strains, 50 strains were evaluated for their adaptation to environmental constraints such as heat stress but also for pathogenicity traits (symptom rate, sporulation capacity and pycnidiospore size) and competition. Under in vitro conditions and in the presence of DMI fungicides, the MDR strains showed better growth at all tested temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C). Under in planta conditions, on two wheat cultivars and in the absence of fungicides, no fitness cost regarding pathogenicity was observed for strains with additional resistance mechanisms. However, MDR versus non-MDR co-inoculations showed that MDR strains showed lower fitness cost in planta compared to non-MDR strains. All these results provide new data on the fitness of MDR strains of Z. tritici and highlight new aims of study to better understand their spread
Collet, Magalie. "Peptidonucléoside polyoxine J, inhibiteur de la chitine synthase : approches vers la synthèse du nucléoside C2' - désoxy -C2' fluoré, et synthèse de l'acide 5-O-carbamoyle polyoxamique." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30198.
Full textPolyoxins, which form an important class of peptidyl nucleosidic antibiotics that selectively and competitively inhibit chitin synthase, are very active components in vitro, but weakly bioavailable in vivo. The subject of this thesis has been to found new synthetic methods to access to C2'-fluoro-C2'-deoxy analogues of thymine polyoxine C, nucleosidic part of polyoxine J (the more active one), and to obtain, by an original way, the non natural peptidic moiety of polyoxine J, which is the 5-O-carbamoyl polyoxamic acid. After a presentation of the biological target and the interest of the introduction of a fluorine atom, this work is divided into two parts. Fisrt, two approaches of the fluorinated nucleosodic part using 2-deoxy-2-fluorobutyrolactones as intermediates, and then, an optimization of the synthesis of the peptidic part using the formation of an oxazolidonone intermediate
De, Oliveira Lino Leandro. "Etude de la variabilité génétique de la sensibilité à la pourriture brune au cours du développement du fruit chez la pêche en lien avec l’évolution des caractéristiques physiques et biochimiques du fruit." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0677/document.
Full textBrown rot (BR) in peach fruit caused by the fungus Monilinia spp. is a common disease that can provoke as much as 30 to 40% losses of crop. Currently, all cultivated peaches are more or less sensitive to BR. No other alternative than chemical treatment is available, hence fungicide applications are required until pre-harvest. Such applications are damaging the environment and may let residues in fruits. A review of literature was accomplished to compile the knowledge scattered in the literature from many years. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors of resistance of the fruit to M. laxa at different stages of fruit growth and their genetic control by studying contrasted genotypes and an interspecific peach progeny. The first focus was made on few cultivars to study the evolution of sensibility of fruits to M. laxa during their development in relation with structural and biochemical characteristics of the fruit, e.g. cuticular conductance, micro-cracks and fruit surface compounds. Some compounds were detected for the first time on peach fruit. The results confirmed that during the stage I immature fruits are susceptible to BR. Fruit cuticular conductance was high probably due to high density of stomata and thin cuticule in formation. In contrary, at pit hardening stage fruits were resistant, cuticular conductance was low and the levels of surface compounds exhibit a peak. When maturity approaches, fruit become susceptible again. With rapid development of the fruit during this stage, the surface compounds were diluted and micro-cracks often appear which resulted in high cuticular conductance. At stage I we explored the different physical characteristics of the immature fruit in relation with susceptibility to M. laxa. A hundred of individuals of an interspecific peach progeny called BC2 were characterized through laboratory infection, monitoring of fruit transpiratory losses and estimating stomata density (only for nectarines). Unexpected symptoms (not progressing ‘clear spot’) were observed. The cuticular conductance was significantly linked to the likelihood of infection, but the stomata number had no effect on the likelihood of infection. QTL controlling fruit resistance to BR, cuticular conductance and stomata number have been identified and some co-locations observed. At maturity stage we investigated the genetic control of BR resistance together with biochemical compounds of fruit epidermis. For three years, mature fruits from the BC2 progeny were infected with two modalities of infection: spray until runoff in the orchard to measure infection probability and drop in the laboratory conditions in order to observe the characters of beginning, progression and speed of infection. The BC2 progeny displayed high variability for BR resistance. Despite low stability between years, genotypes with high level of resistance were identified. In addition in 2015, we explored the variation in epidermis compounds of fruit within the BC2 progeny. Phenolic compounds, terpenoids and derivatives were quantified by HPLC. The relationship between BR resistance and presence and/or levels of certain epidermis compounds and the genetic control of these compounds were investigated. BR of peach fruit is a complex problem which is still far from resolved. Progress has been made in the knowledge of structural and biochemical characteristics involved in BR resistance and regions of the genome that could confer certain disease tolerance have been detected. Further work is needed to develop molecular markers for marker assisted selection. The results obtained suggest that solutions for the future lie in associations of tolerant cultivars _ less susceptible to micro-cracks and with high content of epidermis compounds potential inhibitor of the fungus development _ with cultural practices reducing both risks of fruit cracking and occurrence of micro-climatic conditions favorable to BR spread and sporulation
Tasselli, Delteil Amandine. "Rôle des Wall-Associated kinases et dautres régulateurs dans la résistance du riz au champignon responsable de la pyriculariose, Magnaporthe oryzae." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20178.
Full textRice blast disease, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most serious diseases on rice which is the staple food of more than the half of the world population. Improving our knowledge of resistance mechanisms is necessary to guide breeding programs. In this study, we reviewed over 60 rice gene regulators involved in resistance against various pathogens. We completed these data by analyzing the role of eight of these regulators. A pivotal role for the transcription factor OsWRKY28 has been established and the role of the CEBiP receptor in planta has been demonstrated. This work also shows the implication of some WAKs in rice blast resistance. Whereas the transcription of most of these genes is induced, transcription of the OsWAK112d gene is repressed upon infection. The early transcriptional regulation observed for some OsWAK genes is triggered by chitin and partially under CEBiP and OsWRKY28 regulation. Analysis of insertion mu tants and over-expressor lines revealed a positive role for three OsWAK genes and a negative role for OsWAK112d gene in rice blast resistance. Biochemical studies will be essential to understand how these receptors work and to connect them to other known defense systems
Lalève, Anaïs. "Impacts biochimiques et biologiques de mutations dans le gène sdhB codant la sous-unité B de la succinate déshydrogénase chez le champignon phytopathogène Botrytis cinerea." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112077.
Full textSuccinate dehydrogenase is both a key enzyme of the TCA cycle, oxidizing succinate into fumarate and complex II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain involved in electron transfer and ubiquinone reduction. Inhibitors of this enzyme (SDHIs) have been developed or are in the developmental process as fungicides. Actually, SDHIs are registered to deal with Botrytis cinerea, a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for grey mold on many crops including grapevine. Strains of B. cinerea and other pathogenic fungi have been isolated for their resistance to SDHI. They mainly harbor mutations in genes encoding SDH subunits. During this thesis, we studied the impact of mutations modifying subunit B of succinate dehydrogenase on enzyme activity, fungal biology and resistance to SDHIs. “Isogenic” mutants obtained through site-directed mutagenesis and homologous recombination allowed us to confirm the role of sdhB mutations in SDHIs resistance. Our results also show that the substitutions in the SdhB subunit impact respectively the affinity of SDHIs to SDH and the inhibition levels of SDH activity by inhibitors, which explain – in fine – the resistance spectra observed for the mutants. Up to now, all sdhB mutants are resistant to boscalid and the most frequent mutants observed in grapevines, sdhBH272R/Y, are susceptible to fluopyram. Studies on sdhB mutants reveal that the mutations also impact the enzymatic activity and the fungal development depending on the substitution. In particular, sdhBH272L/R mutations have the strongest impact on enzyme activity and the fitness of the fungus, whereas these parameters are almost not altered in the sdhBH272Y mutant. Finally, grey mold populations from different origins (country, plant host) were analyzed for their SDHI resistance pheno- and genotypes. Yet, the sdhBH272R/Y mutants were the most frequent, but these frequencies varied according to the agronomical situation. Interestingly, the frequencies of the sdhBH272R mutant seem to increase with the selective pressure exerted by fungicides. This mutant is of particular interest because of the absence of correlation between the fitness we measured and the frequencies we observed in natura
Burdziej, Aleksandra. "Effect of selected elicitors on grapevine (Vitis vinifera) primary and secondary metabolism : focus on stilbenes and triterpenoids." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0257.
Full textIn the frame of promoting sustainable vitiviniculture, the development of eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic chemical products for phytosanitary treatments against grapevine (Vitis vinifera) pests is gaining importance. One of the bio-control methods that can be proposed is the induction of plant immunity by using elicitors, also called plant defense stimulators (PDS), as these substances are biodegradable and, non-toxic to health and environment. A conferred resistance against various pathogens can be obtained with natural molecules acting most frequently through jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and/or ethylene (ET) signaling pathways. These pathways are involved in the induction of defense-related genes such as those encoding enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of stilbenes, which are the most important polyphenolic antimicrobial metabolites (phytoalexins) in Vitaceae. For vineyard protection, PDS can be applied as a complement for pesticides and not as a full replacement since their effectiveness is often variable according to pathogens and environmental conditions. In order to develop the strategies based on PDS use, more studies which could elucidate their mechanism of action are needed. The aim of this thesis was to examine the responses of grapevine to elicitors of different mode of action, as methyl jasmonate (MeJA), implicated in JA signaling pathway, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH), a synthetic analogue of SA, and phosphonates (PHOS), molecules of a double stimulator-fungicide action. Due to scarce information about steroids and pentacyclic triterpenoids in grapevine, their profile after PDS treatment were characterized in different grapevine experimental models using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. Firstly, the effect of elicitation with MeJA was evaluated in cell suspension cultures (in vitro) of V. vinifera. An overproduction of bioactive pentacyclic triterpenoids occurred with differences according to the cultivar studied, i.e., acumulation of betulin and oleanolic acid or phytosterols was noted in respectively Petit Verdot, Gamay Teinturier and Cabernet Sauvignon cell suspension cultures. Then, elicitations were effectuated on the leaves of V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon greenhouse cuttings. A stimulatory effect on the potentially defense-related pentacyclic triterpenoids at the expense of the biosynthesis of sterols, which are essential structural components of cell membranes, was shown. By the use of NeoVigen microarrays, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS), the accumulation of defense-related transcripts and polyphenols (stilbenes, flavanols and flavonols) were noted after the three elicitors treatments. Grapevine protection conferred by these elicitors was confirmed on foliar discs against the biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of downy mildew. Furthermore, the impact of PDS on primary metabolism should be evaluated in order to ensure, in the longer term, the best trade-off between growth, yield and defense. Thus, a thorough metabolomic approach using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) was performed. A reprogramming similar and/or specific to the elicitor applied was noted, particularly within carbohydrates, amino acids, and some of the Krebs cycle intermediates. The research presented in the current dissertation revealed that the thorough comprehension of the interaction between elicitor, plant molecular and metabolic responses and pathogen, is crucial for the development of effective protection strategies based on the use of PDS for grapevine diseases control
Berthet, Aurélie. "Développement d'outils de surveillance biologique pour l'évaluation des risques à la santé des travailleurs en arboriculture et en viticulture exposés aux fongicides." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5004.
Full textSeveral workers use captan and folpet as fungicides in agriculture, but their exposure has yet to be measured specifically and precisely. Biomonitoring is an excellent tool for this purpose since it allows to quantify internal exposure. However, the majority of toxicological data on these fungicides come from animal studies and data in humans are limited. The aim of this project was thus to develop biological monitoring tools in order to assess exposure to captan and folpet in humans. In this perspective, the project was divided into three complementary parts: i) to develop specific and accurate analytical methods in order to quantify captan and folpet metabolites in urine and blood, namely tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI) for captan and phthalimide (PI) and phthalic acid for folpet; ii) to determine the toxicokinetics of the two fungicides in humans by exposing volunteers acutely to low-doses of captan or folpet by oral and dermal routes under semi-controlled conditions and by quantifying the biomarkers in plasma and urine, except phthalic acid which was only measured in urine; iii) to validate the use of the selected biomarkers of exposure to captan and folpet and estimate actual exposures of workers and main exposure routes to these fungicide in the context of a field biomonitoring study in farmers during treatment and harvest activities over seven consecutive days. This study showed that THPI and PI are both valid and specific biomarkers of exposure to captan and folpet, respectively, in humans. Indeed, the developed methods for these two metabolites are accurate showing more sensitive detection limits than those reported in the literature, good recovery rate (90% for THPI and 75% for PI), linearity (R2>0.99) and stability (RSD<15% for intra-and inter-day precision and accuracy). They allowed determining the kinetic profiles of the two metabolites in healthy volunteers and in workers. These profiles indicate a rapid elimination of both metabolites, since the urinary elimination half-life of THPI was 11.7 h and 18.7 h following an oral and dermal absorption, respectively, and 27.3 h and 28.8 h for PI. They also evidence a low dermal absorption for both fungicides when oral and dermal route are compared. In addition, parallel profiles were observed between PI and phthalic acid, but the administrated dose of folpet was mostly recovered as phthalic acid rather than PI. As for the study of farmers, it showed that the dermal route was the main route of exposure. It also pointed out that it is important 1) to perform 24-h complete urine collections rather than collect spot urines, 2) to measure several metabolites to better assess actual exposure, and 3) to rely on the toxicokinetics to help interpret biomonitoring data. Overall, knowledge acquired from this study may be applied to other fungicides or even to other substances.