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Journal articles on the topic 'Resin flow monitoring'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Antonucci, V., M. Giordano, L. Nicolais, A. Calabrò, A. Cusano, A. Cutolo, and S. Inserra. "Resin flow monitoring in resin film infusion process." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 143-144 (December 2003): 687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(03)00338-8.

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2

Zhou, Z. J., M. Li, Y. Z. Gu, X. Q. Ma, Y. X. Li, L. J. Jia, and Z. G. Zhang. "Resin flow monitoring inside composite laminate during resin film infusion process." Polymer Composites 35, no. 4 (October 17, 2013): 681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.22711.

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3

Caponetto, R., Gianluca Cicala, G. Dongola, F. Filippino, and G. Recca. "Embedding Intelligence for RTM Process Monitoring and Control." Advances in Science and Technology 56 (September 2008): 530–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.56.530.

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A technique to control the resin flow front in closed and open mould is described. The technique consists in embedding linear capacitive sensors to provide the position of the moving flow front. The embedded capacitor is made with two parallel wires while the resin, between the wires, acts as a moving dielectric which changes the capacitance values. Therefore the position of the resin is obtained from the measured capacitance variation. In order to validate the proposed methodology the sensor has been characterized and the obtained characteristic curve showed a quasi-linear trend. The shape of the resin front could be modified, if necessary, acting locally with controlled injectors.

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4

Kikuchi, Akihisa, Evelitsa Higuerey, and John Coulter. "An Experimental Investigation of Resin Flow Sensing During Molding Processes." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 117, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2804376.

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The present investigation focused on the need for sensing subsystems for the monitoring of resin flow dynamics during molding processes. Such subsystems, when combined with process parameter control, will produce intelligent manufacturing systems that could significantly improve manufacturing capabilities. A concise review of potential resin flow monitoring methodologies is included, and a detailed analysis of one particular sensing concept originally investigated at the U. S. Army Materials Technology Laboratory is presented. The concept is based on embedded electronic sensors, and during the present study a resin front monitoring system based on a modified version of this concept was developed. Electrically conductive wires were embedded orthogonally in a nonintersecting manner within mold cavities. Subsequent resin flow was sensed by monitoring the electrical characteristics of circuits which resulted during processing. A novel modification of circuitry was included to allow for the monitoring at multiple locations with a single electronic circuit. The net result of this modification was an improved response time of the overall sensing subsystem. The concept was verified experimentally through the performance of both one-dimensional (TD) and two-dimensional (2-D) experiments. The resin system utilized consisted of a mixture of epoxy resin (EPON 826) and a curing agent (MHHPA). The sensed flow front progression information was validated through controlled injection rate experimentation and flow visualization results obtained with transparent molds. It was concluded that the resin flow sensing subsystem could be applied to relatively slow molding processes. Positive and negative aspects related to the applicability of the sensing method to actual manufacturing processes are discussed.

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5

Jiang, Jin Hua, Ze Xing Wang, and Nan Liang Chen. "Measurement of Transverse Permeability of Fabric Preforms Using Ultrasound Monitoring Technique in LCM Processes." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.214.

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Processes of the Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) are widely used in composites produced by impregnation of a dry preform with liquid resin. The resin flow through the preform is usually described by Darcy’s law and the permeability tensor must be obtained for filling process analysis and characterizing the ability of a porous material to be impregnated by a resin ﬂuid. In generally, resin flow in the thickness direction can be neglected for thin parts, but the resin flow in the transverse direction is important for thicker parts. In this study, the transverse permeability measurement device using ultrasound method was developed, the transverse ﬂowfront could be calculated, and global effective permeability and transverse were studied.

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6

Pouchias, Athanasios, Paul R. Cunningham, Jasmin Stein, and Mihalis Kazilas. "Development of a Flexible Dielectric Sensor for Flow Monitoring of the Liquid Resin Infusion Process." Sensors 19, no. 23 (December 1, 2019): 5292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235292.

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The analysis and design of a novel flexible dielectric sensor, which can be integrated into a composite materials manufacturing process to measure the resin frontal flow, is presented in this paper. The proposed sensor consists of two parallel line electrodes and a ground plane covered by a dielectric material. The analytical description and the electrostatic modelling were considered for the design of the sensor and to enhance the understanding of the response of the sensor to the resin impregnation of a carbon fabric during the infusion phase. The optimization of the sensor’s response and the increase of its sensitivity with regards to the geometric characteristics and the materials used were the main objectives of this study. An experimental set-up for the vacuum infusion process which includes the proposed sensor was used to measure the capacitance and validate the derived resin flow against visual measurements. The results indicate that the sensor can provide information on the resin frontal flow within 2% accuracy against visual measurements, which make this technology promising for monitoring the liquid resin infusion processes.

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7

He, Yongxi, Yingguang Li, Xiaozhong Hao, Jing zhou, and Shuting Liu. "Micro-flow sensor for continuous resin fluidity monitoring between fibers." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 282 (March 2019): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.11.022.

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8

Govignon, Q., S. Bickerton, J. Morris, and P. A. Kelly. "Full field monitoring of the resin flow and laminate properties during the resin infusion process." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 39, no. 9 (September 2008): 1412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.05.005.

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9

Danisman, Murat, Goker Tuncol, Alper Kaynar, and E. Murat Sozer. "Monitoring of resin flow in the resin transfer molding (RTM) process using point-voltage sensors." Composites Science and Technology 67, no. 3-4 (March 2007): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.09.011.

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10

Dragašius, Egidijus, and Inga Skiedraite. "Cure Monitoring of Thermosets Using Disc Bimorph Transducers." Solid State Phenomena 220-221 (January 2015): 380–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.220-221.380.

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The article discusses the results of experiments on the further development of the method for monitoring the state of the small samples of resin and polymers during curing. The applied method is based on a change in the structure of oscillating transducers leading to variations in the form and/or mode of oscillation. The thin layer of epoxy resin was placed between two piezoelectric transducers in the form of piezoceramic plates. Curing epoxy resin forms a bimorph and its characteristics change along with variations in viscosity or, after the gel point, stiffness. It is possible to establish the level of epoxy resin curing by monitoring changes in the resonance parameters of bimorph elements. The main purpose of cure monitoring of small samples is to develop a new method for evaluating the parameters of resin both before and after the gel point thus taking into consideration that the use of rheological data measured with reference to small samples will be applied for designing or interpreting bulk-flow processes where epoxy may be considered a continuum.

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11

Stöven, T., F. Weyrauch, P. Mitschang, and M. Neitzel. "Continuous monitoring of three-dimensional resin flow through a fibre preform." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 34, no. 6 (June 2003): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(03)00059-9.

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12

Tuncol, Goker, Murat Danisman, Alper Kaynar, and E. Murat Sozer. "Constraints on monitoring resin flow in the resin transfer molding (RTM) process by using thermocouple sensors." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 38, no. 5 (May 2007): 1363–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.10.009.

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13

Yoon, Youngki, Seunghwan Chung, Woo Il Lee, and Byoungho Lee. "A Study on the Measurement Technique of Resin Flow and Cure during the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding Process using the Long Period Fibre Bragg Grating Sensor." Advanced Composites Letters 13, no. 5 (September 2004): 096369350401300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350401300503.

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Long Period Gratings (LPGs) are currently being used in various fibre-optic sensor implementations. In this study, Long Period Fibre Bragg Grating was applied to monitor the resin flow and the curing process in the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM) process. The principle of measurement is explained. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, gratings are inserted into the glass mat to monitor the resin flow during VARTM process. Signal from the sensor is processed by an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). The curing reaction is also monitored using the same method. From the results, it is shown that the proposed LPGs sensor is effective in monitoring the resin flow as well as the curing reaction during VARTM process.

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14

Okabe, Tomonaga, and Kei Urabe. "Monitoring of Filler Distribution in Resin with an Electromagnetic Wave Transmission Line." Advanced Composites Letters 12, no. 2 (March 2003): 096369350301200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350301200203.

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The authors previously presented a new method for monitoring resin flow and curing with a high-frequency electromagnetic wave transmission line constructed inside a structure. This method can provide information on discontinuities or distributions by using frequency characteristics or the time-domain response. In this paper, we applied our method for monitoring the defects in resin, such as uneven distribution of reinforcement or filler, voids or contamination, in the manufacturing process. The experimental results demonstrated the possibility of a transmission line as a monitoring tool and showed that the area with defects can be characterized by comparing with results of theoretical calculations.

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15

Sletten, Eric T., Manuel Nuño, Duncan Guthrie, and Peter H. Seeberger. "Real-time monitoring of solid-phase peptide synthesis using a variable bed flow reactor." Chemical Communications 55, no. 97 (2019): 14598–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc08421e.

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Integration of a pressure-based variable bed flow reactor into an automated solid-phase peptide synthesizer allowed for monitoring of on-resin aggregation and incomplete amide bond formation in real-time.

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16

Moghaddam, Maryam Kahali, Arne Breede, Adli Dimassi, and Walter Lang. "Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors for Resin Flow Monitoring in Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Composite." Proceedings 1, no. 4 (August 18, 2017): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1040339.

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17

MATSUZAKI, Ryosuke, Seiji KOBAYASHI, Akira TODOROKI, and Yoshihiro MIZUTANI. "707 Resin flow monitoring in the thickness direction in a VaRTM process." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2010 (2010): 424–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2010.424.

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18

Lekakou, C., S. Cook, Y. Deng, T. W. Ang, and G. T. Reed. "Optical fibre sensor for monitoring flow and resin curing in composites manufacturing." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 37, no. 6 (June 2006): 934–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.03.003.

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19

Minakuchi, Shu, Shoma Niwa, and Nobuo Takeda. "Strip-Type Embeddable Shape Sensor Based on Fiber Optics for In Situ Composite Consolidation Monitoring." Sensors 22, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 6604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176604.

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Carbon fibers and resin used in manufacturing carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composite structures flow before the resin solidifies, resulting in disrupted fiber orientation and non-uniform thickness. This process, known as consolidation, is critical for the quality of the composite structure, but no technology exists to measure the deformation in situ. This study proposes a strip-type embeddable shape sensor based on fiber optics for in situ monitoring of consolidation deformation. The sensor consists of a thin, flexible sheet with optical fibers embedded in the upper and lower surfaces of the sheet, and it can monitor out-of-plane bending deformation in composite materials during consolidation. Finite element analysis and experiments are used to evaluate the basic performance of the shape sensor before it is applied to composite gap/lap monitoring. For the first time, the relaxation of consolidation deformation due to the flow of fiber-resin suspension is measured. The proposed sensor will be a powerful tool for elucidating consolidation mechanisms and for validating composite manufacturing simulations.

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20

Mohd Azlan, Mohd Azuan, Muhamad Ridzuan Abdul Latif, Mohamad Zaki Abdullah, Kamal Arif Zainal Abidin, and Azmi Abdul Wahab. "Flow Behavior in the Resin Infusion of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Wind Turbine Blade." Advanced Materials Research 686 (April 2013): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.686.118.

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This paper presents the monitoring of resin flow during resin infusion process in the fabrication of glass fiber reinforced polymer GRP wind turbine blade (WTB). Epoxy type of resin was used as the matrix and its viscosity and gel time were determined in-house. Next, resin infusions were done to obtain the permeability of the glass fiber in different directions (longitudinal and transverse), given the specific number of layers. The fabrication of composite WTB by resin infusion was conducted with the introduction of 'moldless' setup, where both upper and lower skins are covered by flexible mould/vacuum bag without any rigid female mould. However, a wooden core is used and acts as an “inner” mould to obtain the wind turbine shape. The whole infusion process was video recorded and the flow front pattern was traced at certain time intervals to investigate the infused percentage area over time. Afterward, guided by the traces of flow patterns on grid and video observation, 3D models of resin infused at interval times are generated in a CAD software. From the models, the area infused was determined. Percentage of area infused over time was compared with the analytical plot based on Darcy's law. A good agreement was found between the experimental observation and the theoretical plot.

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21

Hara, Yuki, Naoki Hara, Hiroki Ishizuka, Kyohei Terao, Hidekuni Takao, and Fusao Shimokawa. "Microscale Xylem Sap Flow Sensor Facilitating the Simultaneous Measurement of Flow Velocity and Direction." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (January 31, 2019): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130824.

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In this study, we focused on direct and quantitative monitoring of sap dynamics in plant stems, and proposed the microscale xylem sap flow sensor. This sensor facilitates the simultaneous measurement of flow velocity and direction by combining the principles of a Granier sensor and a thermal flow sensor. We fabricated micro-sensor chips for functional verification by using MEMS technology, and assembled them on a resin film to facilitate mounting on the epidermis of plants. Furthermore, we measured the sap dynamics by using an experimental setup, and succeeded in measuring the flow velocity and direction at the same time.

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22

AKISAWA, Hideo, Tatsuro KOSAKA, and Genko FUJIOKA. "Resin Flow Monitoring of VaRTM Molding by Rayleigh Scattering Optical Fiber Distributed Sensor." Proceedings of Conference of Chugoku-Shikoku Branch 2021.59 (2021): 03b5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecs.2021.59.03b5.

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23

Carlone, Pierpaolo, and Gaetano S. Palazzo. "Flow Monitoring and Permeability Measurements in LCM Processes by the Means of a Dielectric Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.289.

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Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) processes, widely used to manufacture thermosetting matrix composite materials, are characterized by the impregnation of a dry fibrous perform, by the means of injection or infusion of the catalyzed resin. The increasing industrial application of LCM processes is due to the demand for high performances materials and constant quality productions, combined with the need to reduce human intervention and costs due manufacturing inefficiency. The opportune planning of LCM processes results, however, very complex, being the process characterized by non-stationary multiphase flows in a three dimensional porous domain with anisotropic permeability, by the cure reaction, influencing the temperature, the degree of cure, and the viscosity of the processing resin, and by the elastic deformation of the fiber bundle due to the applied pressure, which affects significantly preform properties. Nowadays, process planning and optimization is mainly based on trial and error procedures or on computational simulations. Although the existing simulation packages, developed thanks to the efforts spent by several research groups, led to a better understanding and more effective application of LCM processes, on line monitoring of resin flow is very desirable to account for unpredicted variations of processing conditions. Moreover, an accurate experimental evaluation of fiber preform properties is crucial for a reliable process simulation. In this paper, a dielectric capacitive system has been designed, realized, and applied to monitor the position of the saturated as well as the unsaturated flow fronts and to evaluate in plane bulk permeability and tow permeability of dual scale fibrous porous media, typically used in LCM processes. The used sensors, analysed and optimized by computational simulations, have been embedded into opportunely designed rigid dies. Several preform impregnation tests have been performed. Good agreement has been found between results provided by the used system and data obtained using conventional techniques, evidencing the capability of proposed method for process monitoring, as well as for material properties evaluation.

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24

Zawierucha, Iwona, and Anna Nowik-Zajac. "Evaluation of permeable sorption barriers for removal of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions from contaminated groundwater." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 448–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.288.

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Abstract In the present study, continuous-flow column experiments (using glass column, Tygon tubing, and peristaltic pump Manostat Carter) were conducted to investigate the performance of permeable sorption barriers for the removal of cadmium and zinc from synthetic groundwater. Zeolite, ion-exchange resin and granular activated carbon as reactive materials were used. The effectiveness and stability of reactive materials were studied by monitoring of changes of metal ions concentration and selected background anions and cations concentration in groundwater during its flow through columns. Results showed that ion exchange resin was the most effective material of permeable reactive barrier (PRB). Performance of resin barrier remained effective (>99.5% metal ions removal) for the time corresponding to on average of about 10,000 min. The high efficiency of ion-exchange resin in PRB for removal of heavy metals from groundwater was coupled with its reactivity and long barrier lifetime. The breakthroughs in the column tests on activated carbon and zeolite using synthetic groundwater occurred much earlier as compared to resin. Therefore, the system using resin requires smaller amount to treat a given volume of groundwater as compared to other materials. Moreover, the presence of other ions did not impact on activity and permeability of barrier filled with resin.

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25

Zhang, Yong An, and Li Hua Zhan. "Online Prediction and Verification of Cured Quality of Advanced Composites in Autoclave Process." Key Engineering Materials 703 (August 2016): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.703.3.

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The strain in curing process of composite part would be influenced by curing compaction, resin flow, curing action and tool-part interaction, meanwhile these factors would also influence the final cured quality of composite part. In this paper, FBG(fiber Bragg grating) sensors are used to in-situ monitoring the strain of composite parts, which are cured in four different pressure situation by autoclave: 0.0Mpa,0.2Mpa,0.4Mpa,0.6MPa. by analyzing the strain change rule, the part quality is predicted, then the predictive result is compared with some verification method: measurement of part’s boundary dimension, ultrasonic phased array scanning, metallographic analysis. The result shows that, the prediction is consistent with verification, the in-situ monitoring method by using FBG sensor is available for predicting cured quality of composite parts accurately: increase curing pressure is benefit of part compaction, resin flow, and reduce delamination,pores in composite part, finally improving the part quality dramatically.

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26

Vargas Gleason, Minerva G., Reiner Jedermann, Adli Dimassi, and Walter Lang. "Embedded Wireless Sensor Systems for Resin Flow Monitoring in Glass and Carbon Fiber Composites." IEEE Sensors Journal 19, no. 22 (November 15, 2019): 10654–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2019.2928635.

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27

Gupta, Nitesh, and Ramesh Sundaram. "Fiber optic sensors for monitoring flow in vacuum enhanced resin infusion technology (VERITy) process." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 40, no. 8 (August 2009): 1065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.04.022.

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28

MURATA, Masayuki, Ryosuke MATSUZAKI, Akira TODOROKI, Yoshihiro MIZUTANI, and Yoshiro SUZUKI. "PS41 Resin flow monitoring in a VaRTM process integrating stochastic simulation and electrical capacitance measurements." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2012 (2012): _PS41–1_—_PS41–3_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2012._ps41-1_.

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29

Matsuzaki, Ryosuke, Seiji Kobayashi, Akira Todoroki, and Yoshihiro Mizutani. "Full-field monitoring of resin flow using an area-sensor array in a VaRTM process." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 42, no. 5 (May 2011): 550–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.01.014.

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30

Bernstein, J. R., and J. W. Wagner. "Fiber optic sensors for use in monitoring flow front in vacuum resin transfer molding processes." Review of Scientific Instruments 68, no. 5 (May 1997): 2156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1148065.

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31

Marrazzo, Vincenzo Romano, Armando Laudati, Michele Vitale, Francesco Fienga, Gianni Iagulli, Marco Raffone, Andrea Cusano, Michele Giordano, Antonello Cutolo, and Giovanni Breglio. "Liquid Resin Infusion Process Validation through Fiber Optic Sensor Technology." Sensors 22, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020508.

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In the proposed work, a fiber-optic-based sensor network was employed for the monitoring of the liquid resin infusion process. The item under test was a panel composed by a skin and four stringers, sensorized in such a way that both the temperature and the resin arrival could be monitored. The network was arranged with 18 Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) working as temperature sensors and 22 fiber optic probes with a modified front-end in order to detect the resin presence. After an in-depth study to find a better solution to install the sensors without affecting the measurements, the system was investigated using a commercial Micron Optics at 0.5 Hz, with a passive split-box connected in order to be able to sense all the sensors simultaneously. The obtained results in terms of resin arrival detection at different locations and the relative temperature trend allowed us to validate an infusion process numerical model, giving us better understanding of what the actual resin flow was and the time needed to dry preform filling during the infusion process.

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32

Kosaka, Tatsuro. "Real-Time and In Situ Monitoring of FRP by Rayleigh Scattering-Based Distributed Sensing." Key Engineering Materials 843 (May 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.843.39.

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In-situ monitoring method of FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) by built-in sensors is a key technology for developing future and high-reliable composite structures. The Rayleigh scattering-based distributed optical fiber sensor has high spatial resolution of 1mm and good embeddability into FRP and then it can be considered that the sensor is very suitable to in-situ monitoring of FRP. In the present paper, process monitoring and damage identification of FRP were conducted. In the process monitoring, flow-front of silicon oil impregnating into glass textile during VaRTM (Vacuum-assisted Resin Transfer Molding) process was measured. Comparing to visual observation results, it appeared that the maximum slope position of strain distribution showed flow-front position. In the health monitoring, damage identification of cross-ply GFRP laminates with delamination by the attached distribution optical fiber sensors was carried on. From the results, it was found that the strain varied largely on the delaminated section and then the delamination was detectable from the surface strain distribution measured by the optical fiber sensor.

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33

Sánchez del Río, José, Cristina Pascual-González, Vanesa Martínez, José Luis Jiménez, and Carlos González. "3D-printed resistive carbon-fiber-reinforced sensors for monitoring the resin frontal flow during composite manufacturing." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 317 (January 2021): 112422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2020.112422.

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34

Yu, Yinghong, Xiao Liu, Jun Li, Yishou Wang, and Xinlin Qing. "Life-cycle health monitoring of composite structures using piezoelectric sensor network." Smart Materials and Structures 31, no. 1 (December 7, 2021): 015033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac3c09.

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Abstract The vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) technique provides considerable advantages in manufacturing large-scale composite structures. An accurate and consecutive structural health monitoring system is urgently required to determine the initial quality and assess the structural integrity of a composite structure. In this paper, a real-time active smart diagnostic system (SDS) based on piezoelectric sensor network is proposed to monitor the whole life-cycle of composite structures. Experiments were conducted on carbon fiber reinforced plastic specimens with different thicknesses to investigate the monitoring capability of piezoelectric lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) sensors used in the SDS approach. The PZT sensor networks inserted inside the composite structures during the VARI process are used to monitor not only the curing parameters, but also the health status of composite structures when they are in service after curing. To monitor the curing process only, the sensor network can also be installed on the bottom of the mould. Experimental results demonstrate that both 3D resin flow and degree of cure in the VARI process can be effectively monitored by the PZT sensor network. Meanwhile, the embedded PZT sensor network has the potential to identify the different stages in the curing process. It is obvious that the piezoelectric sensor network will provide important technical support for composite materials with the structure and function integrated.

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35

Li, Zhe, Maria Librada Chu, Lowell Gentry, Ying Li, Corey Mitchell, and Yuji Arai. "Passive Detection of Phosphorus in Agricultural Tile Waters Using Reactive Hybrid Anion Exchange Resins." Water 12, no. 10 (October 10, 2020): 2808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102808.

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Tile drainage waters carry considerable loads of phosphorus (P) from agricultural fields to rivers and streams in the Midwestern U.S. An innovative and economical approach to monitor dissolved reactive P (DRP) flux in tile waters is needed to understand the extent of P loss in field-scale. In this study, a passive sampling technique was developed using iron oxide-coated polyacrylic/polystyrene anion exchange resins (hybrid resins) a P sink. Laboratory batch adsorption isotherm and kinetic experiments indicated that the hybrid resins had high P adsorption capacity (7.69–19.84 mg/g) and high kinetic performance. The passive sampling method with field-calibrated hybrid polyacrylic resin and hybrid polystyrene resins (sampling rate: 0.1351 and 0.0763 L/h, respectively) predicted the average DRP concentrations of 0.006–0.020 mg/L, which did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from the auto-sampling data. A rapid increase in DRP concentration during storm events and subsequent flooding events was also predicted well. In conclusion, a passive detection method using iron oxide coated hybrid resins can be recommended for monitoring seasonally fluctuating DRP flux in agricultural waters as long as the hybrid resins are well-calibrated under specific field conditions (e.g., flow rate and concentration range).

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36

MATSUZAKI, Ryosuke, Seiji KOBAYASHI, Akira TODOROKI, and Yoshihiro MIZUTANI. "J0404-4-3 Full-field monitoring of resin flow using area-sensor array in a VaRTM process." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2010.6 (2010): 301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2010.6.0_301.

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37

Shahtaheri, S. J., M. Khadem, F. Golbabaei, and A. Rahimi-Froushani. "Solid Phase Extraction for Monitoring of Occupational Exposure to Cr (III)." Analytical Chemistry Insights 2 (January 2007): 117739010700200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/117739010700200014.

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Chromium is an important constituent widely used in different industrial processes for production of various synthetic materials. For evaluation of workers' exposure to trace toxic metal of Cr (III), environmental and biological monitoring are essential processes, in which, preparation of samples is one of the most time-consuming and error-prone aspects prior to analysis. The use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) has grown and is a fertile technique of sample preparation as it provides better results than those produced by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). SPE using mini columns filled with XAD-4 resin was optimized regarding to sample pH, ligand concentration, loading flow rate, elution solvent, sample volume, elution volume, amount of resins, and sample matrix interferences. Chromium was retained on solid sorbent and was eluted with 2 M HNO3 followed by simple determination of analytes by using flame atomic absorption spectrometery. Obtained recoveries of metal ion were more than 92%. The optimized procedure was also validated with three different pools of spiked urine samples and showed a good reproducibility over six consecutive days as well as six within-day experiments. Through this study, suitable results were obtained for relative standard deviation, therefore, it is concluded that, this optimized method can be considered to be successful in simplifying sample preparation for trace residue analysis of Cr in different matrices for evaluation of occupational and environmental exposures. To evaluate occupational exposure to chromium, 16 urine samples were taken, prepared, and analyzed based on optimized procedure.

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Urabe, Kei, Tomonaga Okabe, and Hiroshi Tsuda. "Monitoring of resin flow and cure with an electromagnetic wave transmission line using carbon fiber as conductive elements." Composites Science and Technology 62, no. 6 (May 2002): 791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-3538(02)00047-7.

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Carlone, Pierpaolo, Felice Rubino, Valentino Paradiso, and Fausto Tucci. "Multi-scale modeling and online monitoring of resin flow through dual-scale textiles in liquid composite molding processes." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 96, no. 5-8 (February 21, 2018): 2215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-1703-9.

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Breede, Arne, Maryam Kahali Moghaddam, Christian Brauner, Walter Lang, and Axel S. Herrmann. "Online Process Monitoring and Control by Dielectric Sensors for a Composite Main Spar." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 936–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.936.

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An online monitoring scheme to determine viscosity and permeability for a composite main spar infusion is presented. During the manufacturing process, defects such as dry spots and pores can occur and lead to poor part quality. In this study, dielectric sensors are used to create the information needed to model the process. Several experiments have been carried out to investigate the correlation between the sensors signal and the viscosity and to derivate constitutive equations. The provided data and the derived permeabilities are integrated into a simulation model of a cross section of the composite main spar. As a result, the real permeability can be identified. The knowledge of these parameters is one of the key aspects for a prediction of the resin flow and therefore for an improved process control.

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Jeong, Jae-Moon, Soohyun Eum, Seung Yoon On, Kazuro Kageyama, Hideaki Murayama, Kiyoshi Uzawa, and Seong Su Kim. "In-situ resin flow monitoring in VaRTM process by using optical frequency domain reflectometry and long-gauge FBG sensors." Composite Structures 282 (February 2022): 115034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.115034.

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Vaidya, Uday K., Nitesh C. Jadhav, Mahesh V. Hosur, John W. Gillespie, and Bruce K. Fink. "Assessment of flow and cure monitoring using direct current and alternating current sensing in vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding." Smart Materials and Structures 9, no. 6 (November 29, 2000): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/9/6/301.

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LeBel, F., É. Ruiz, and F. Trochu. "Experimental study of saturation by visible light transmission in dual-scale fibrous reinforcements during composite manufacturing." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 36, no. 23 (August 29, 2017): 1693–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684417725187.

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A new in situ monitoring strategy is proposed to study void formation during real-time impregnation of dual-scale fibrous reinforcements in liquid composite molding. Void content data from burn-off tests are used to calibrate a refractive index matching approach based on two optical principles: Beer–Lambert and Fresnel laws. Once calibrated, this approach based on visible light transmission is used to study the impact of key process parameters on the saturation footprint of dual-scale fibrous reinforcements during and after mold filling. The injection parameters investigated are the flow front velocity, the pressure distribution inside the mold cavity, the bleeding flow rate, and the mold packing pressure. The experimental setup is a computer-assisted injection system and a transparent resin transfer molding mold is used to perform unidirectional injections. A vinyl ester resin is injected through E-glass bidirectional non-crimp fabrics under various manufacturing conditions. This investigation not only confirms the decreasing trend in void formation by mechanical entrapment of air with the decrease in impregnation velocity, as it converges toward the optimal impregnation conditions for this fibrous reinforcement reported in previous studies, but it also brings insights on void dissolution and transport in liquid composite molding.

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Zas, Rafael, Roberto Touza, Luis Sampedro, Francisco José Lario, Gloria Bustingorri, and Margarita Lema. "Variation in resin flow among Maritime pine populations: Relationship with growth potential and climatic responses." Forest Ecology and Management 474 (October 2020): 118351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118351.

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Hardi, E., M. Veigt, M. Koerdt, A. S. Herrmann, and M. Freitag. "Use of RFID tags for monitoring resin flow and investigation of their influence on the mechanical properties of the composite." Procedia Manufacturing 24 (2018): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.06.023.

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Arciniegas, Andres, Loïc Martinez, Stéphane Serfaty, and Nicolas Wilkie-Chancellier. "Monitoring of Engineered Stones Used in Artwork Reproductions: Mechanical Characterization by Laser Vibrometry." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042266.

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Many museums have been producing reproductions for several years to replace artworks weakened by outdoor exhibition. Among these, in order to imitate the original aesthetic, the French consortium Réunion des Musées Nationaux–Grand Palais has chosen to work from large-format marble sculpture molds to complex composite materials based on resins comprising mineral fillers. However, similar to the original works of art, these reproductions age and deteriorate due to constant outdoor exposure. For this reason, current research focuses on the preventive conservation and monitoring of the structural health of these reconstructed objects. The goal of this paper was to study the resin/mineral powder composite materials used to produce cultural heritage reproductions of sculptures. This work is oriented toward a comparison of the mechanical properties of composite materials used in the replacement of cultural heritage sculptures (for instance, in the Garden of the Palace of Versailles or the Rodin Museum). The objectives were to first characterize the physical and mechanical properties of these materials in order to identify the most suitable material for cultural heritage reproduction, and secondly, to propose a method with minimal contact that obtained equivalent information as analyses performed with conventional ultrasonic techniques. These nondestructive evaluation techniques could be used for laboratory and in situ analyses. Samples of different polymer/mineral powder filler compositions were analyzed by compressional, shear and surface waves, generated by a 1 MHz center frequency ultrasonic transducer. Firstly, the measurements made it possible to evaluate the velocities of the bulk acoustic waves and extract the Young’s modulus of each tested material. Secondly, in order to have minimal contact with the analyzed structure, a laser interferometry system was used to detect waves at the surface and follow their propagation. The results clearly showed the possibility of using this technique to extract mechanical characteristics of composite materials, allowing for selection of material for the reproduction of large-format statues. For different types of polymer resins, the ability of ultrasonic analysis to track the impact of rock powder (marble or slate) on the mechanical properties of these synthetic materials was clearly observed, proving that this technique holds promise for monitoring the structural health of large-format artwork.

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Nurfani, Muhammad Yusuf, and Irvan Septyan Mulyana. "THERMAL ANALISIS INJECTION MOLDING PADA COVER AIR FLOW TERHADAP SHORT MOLD DEFECT." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi dan Rekayasa 26, no. 2 (2021): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35760/tr.2021.v26i2.4563.

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Plastik Injection Molding (PIM) merupakan proses produksi pembentukan material plastik dari material resin berbentuk butiran yang digunakan dalam membuat suatu komponen manufaktur. Defect atau kecacatan yang umumnya terjadi pada plastik injection molding yaitu short mold yaitu kondisi dimana part yang dihasilkan tidak terisi material plastik secara sempurna. Pada penelitian membahas tentang analisa panas pada cover air flow terhadap short mold defect. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode perhitungan actual dan analisa aktual terhadap part injection kemudian membandingkan hasil dari variasi suhu. Material yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Polypropylene (PP) dengan grade M560 yang dimasukan kedalam injection molding dengan tekanan 96 Mpa. Suhu yang akan dianalisis yaitu 130̊C dengan cooling time 15 second , suhu 150̊C cooling time 19 second dan suhu 170̊C cooling time 23 second. pada barrel. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan temperatur 170̊C dengan cooling time 23 detik dapat mengatasi masalah short shot pada cover air flow pada saat proses injection part.

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Matsuzaki, Ryosuke, and Masaya Shiota. "Data assimilation for three-dimensional flow monitoring in non-flat composite structures during vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding: A numerical study." Composite Structures 172 (July 2017): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.03.089.

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Li, Z. M., E. O. Skogley, and A. H. Ferguson. "Resin Adsorption for Describing Bromide Transport in Soil under Continuous or Intermittent Unsaturated Water Flow." Journal of Environmental Quality 22, no. 4 (October 1993): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200040012x.

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Li, Chao, Linna Duan, Mingchao Han, Hongwei He, Mengxiang Yuan, and Hairong Wang. "A Chelating Resin of EDTA-Type Modified Cross-Linking Polystyrene to Preconcentrate Trace Metals for Seawater Detection." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2022 (October 14, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2080600.

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The determination of trace metals in seawater is an important project of marine environmental monitoring. However, the presence of many alkali metal ions with high concentration, such as sodium ion, seriously interferes with the detection limit and accuracy of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS, flame/graphite furnace integrated). The conventional chemical methods for the enrichment of trace metals are complex, and low boiling point organic solvents are used. In this paper, a kind of commercial cross-linked polystyrene resin microspheres was chloromethylated and aminated to introduce EDTA-type amino polycarboxylic groups and then loaded in a column as the absorption filler. A set of seawater pretreatment and enrichment devices was designed and assembled. The enriching process and conditions of trace Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in standard seawater were studied. 10 g of the modified resin could enrich the equivalent seawater and remove successfully the light metal ions. pH = 5∼9 and 0.2 mL/min of the flow rate were the suitable conditions for preconcentration. The enriched metal ions in the eluent were analyzed on the AAS. Compared with the conventional solvent method, the novel material and enrichment device have high preconcentration efficiency, strong anti-interference ability, and low cost and could be directly applied for routine seawater detection.

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