Journal articles: 'Resin decomposition'

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Tian, Xiu Juan. "Thermal Stabilities and the Thermal Degradation Kinetics Study of the Flame Retardant Epoxy Resins." Advanced Materials Research 1053 (October 2014): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1053.263.

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Thermal stability and thermal degradation kinetics of epoxy resins with 2-(Diphenylphosphinyl)-1, 4-benzenediol were investegated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at different heating rates of 5 K/min, 10 K/min, 20 K/min and 40 K/min. The thermal degradation kinetic mechanism and models of the modified epoxy resins were determined by Coast Redfern method.The results showed that epoxy resins modified with the flame retardant had more thermal stability than pure epoxy resin. The solid-state decomposition mechanism of epoxy resin and the modified epoxy resin corresponded to the controlled decelerating ځ˽̈́˰̵̳͂͆ͅ˼˰̴̱̾˰̸̵̈́˰̵̸̳̱̹̽̾̓̽˰̶̳̹̾̈́̿̾̓ͅ˰̶˸ځ˹˰̵̵͇͂˰̃˸́˽ځ˹2/3. The introduction of phosphorus-containing flame retardant reduced thermal degradation rate of epoxy resins in the primary stage, and promote the formation of carbon layer.

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Jiang, Jianliang, Jingbo Shen, Xiao Yang, Dongqi Zhao, and Yakai Feng. "Epoxy-Functionalized POSS and Glass Fiber for Improving Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resins." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 14, 2023): 2461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042461.

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To improve the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy resins, epoxy-functionalized POSS (E-POSS) and glass fiber (GF) were used to reinforce epoxy resin (E51) composites. The tensile, thermo-mechanical, fractured, and thermal tests were carried out to characterize these hybrid materials. The results show that E-POSS and GF could significantly improve the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy resins due to high crosslink density of resin matrix and synergistic interaction between the epoxy resin, E-POSS, and GF. Compared with the pure E51 resin, the tensile strength of the E51 + E-POSS (10%) + GF (16%) sample increased by 257.6%, and the thermal decomposition temperature (Td5%) of the E51 + E-POSS (10%) + GF (16%) sample increased by 32 °C to 378 °C.

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Chowdhury, A., S. K. Singh, and P. Anthony. "Structural and Thermal Characterization of Castor Oil Based Unsaturated Polyester Resin." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 7 (2020): 1763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22689.

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In the present study, unsaturated polyester resins based on castor oil was synthesized. Structure elucidation of the synthesized unsaturated polyester resin was done by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to evaluate the thermal stability of cured unsaturated polyester resin. Thermogram plot was further utilized to calculate various other parameters such as statistic heat-resistant index (Ts) and the integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT). Comparable properties with respect to commercial resins were reported for the synthesized polymers

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Yang, Jie, Xin Mao, Lirong Du, Bo Wu, Fangfang Zhang, Wencheng Hu, and Xianzhong Tang. "Thermally stabilized bismaleimide–triazine resin composites for 10-GHz level high-frequency application." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 7 (September 22, 2017): 833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008317732396.

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A hybrid cured resin with excellent dielectric and thermal properties was prepared with bismaleimide–triazine (BT) resin modified with 2,2′-diallylbisphenol A (DBA). The thermal and dielectric properties of the resin were investigated, and the effect of DBA concentration on the curing reaction was determined. Results indicated that DBA significantly influenced the curing reaction and the properties of the cured product. The modified BT resins exhibited outstanding thermal stability (initial decomposition temperature was over 400°C), although the stability was slightly lower than that of pure BT resins. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the cured resin decreased when DBA was introduced into the BT resins. Moreover, the fabricated resins showed dielectric constant of 2.91–3.07 and dielectric loss lower than 0.0057 under the testing high-frequency range of 1 GHz to 15 GHz. Overall, the BT resins modified by DBA display great potential to be applied in high frequency field.

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Kim, Ji Hyun, Bhum Keun Song, Kyoung Jae Min, Jung Chul Choi, and Hwa Seong Eun. "Optimizing Heat Treatment Conditions for Measuring CFRP and GFRP Resin Impregnation." Materials 15, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 8182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15228182.

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As the use of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced plastic is frequent in the field of construction, a method for measuring FRP resin content is needed. Herein, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to optimize the heat treatment conditions (temperature and time) for determining the resin content in which only the resin was removed without fiber heat loss. Accordingly, the measurement was performed in 100 °C increments at a resin pyrolysis temperature up to 800 °C with a heat treatment time of 4 h to continuously observe the degree of thermal decomposition of the resin. The thermal decomposition of unsaturated polyester was confirmed at the melting point (350 ℃) regardless of the type of fibers used as reinforcement. In the case of CFRP, most of the resin decomposition occurred at 300 °C. Notably, the resin was removed at a pyrolysis temperature of 400 ℃ and almost no change in weight was observed. However, at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C or higher, the thermal decomposition of the fibers occurred partially. The results show that the composite resin was removed within 10 min at a pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C in an air atmosphere when using TGA.

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Li, Zhishi, Huajin Wang, Sheng Zhang, Wei Zhao, Qinghuai Jiang, Mingqiang Wang, Jun Zhao, and Wei Lu. "Smoke density evaluation of acrylic resin and intumescent flame retardant coatings." Pigment & Resin Technology 45, no. 2 (March 7, 2016): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-03-2014-0023.

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Purpose – This paper aims to discuss how acrylic resin influences the smoke generation of intumescent flame retardant coatings. Design/methodology/approach – Thermal decomposition kinetics is used in this study to simulate the burning process. The thermal decomposition of acrylic resin can be identified in the intumescent coatings through the multi-peak fitting of derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves. The dormant influence of acrylic resin, combined with the smoke density, is calculated. Findings – Multiple peaks fitting method of DTG curves helps estimate the decomposition process of acrylic resin in flame retardant coating. Combining DTG data with the smoking curve, smoking generation of acrylic resin during the combustion could be evaluated. The decomposition conversion rate of acrylic resin is 21.13 per cent. Acrylic resin generates 34.64 per cent of the total amount of smoke produced during the combustion of intumescent flame retardant coatings. Research limitations/implications – All the other intumescent flame retardant coating systems could be studied using the same approach as that used in this work to achieve an improved understanding of the smoke generation process during combustion. Practical implications – The method developed here provided a simple and practical solution to analyse the decomposition and smoking generation of acrylic resin in the coating mixtures. It also can be used to analyse any thermal decomposition process of any mixed compounds. Originality/value – The analysis method to evaluate resin’s smoking generation of coating’s total generation is novel, and it could be applied in all kinds of coatings and mixtures to estimate the smoking generation of one composition.

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Li, Xiaoteng, Siyi Luo, Zongliang Zuo, Weiwei Zhang, and Dongdong Ren. "The Pyrolysis Behaviors of Blended Pellets of Pine Wood and Urea-Formaldehyde Resin." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 19, 2023): 2049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16042049.

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TG-FTIR and PY-GC/MS were used to analyze the pyrolysis behaviors of pine wood, urea-formaldehyde resin (UF resin) and their blended pellets. The pyrolysis process was divided into three stages: water evaporation, devolatilization and pyrolysis residue decomposition. During the pyrolysis process of the blended pellets, with the increase of the addition ratio of UF resin, the peak value of the weight loss decreased in the decomposition stage of the pyrolysis residue, while the temperature shifted to the low-temperature region. This was mainly due to the structural stability of pyrolytic carbon produced by UF resin, which hindered the thermal decomposition of lignin-produced residues in pine. FTIR showed that CO2 was the main product of pyrolysis. For UF resin, nitrogen compounds accounted for a large proportion. With the addition of UF resin, the nitrogen in the blended pellets increased significantly. Since the synergistic effect promoted the further decomposition of the organic oxygen-containing structure, the NO release was still increased. PY-GC/MS showed that co-pyrolysis produced more nitrogen-containing compounds and promoted the decomposition of macromolecular phenol derivatives, lipids and ketones, resulting in more small-molecule acids and alcohols.

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F M, Alshawi, Abdul Razzq K, and Hanoosh W S. "Synthesis and thermal properties of some phenolic resins." Innovaciencia Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 7, no. 1 (October 25, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/2346075x.508.

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Introduction: Phenolic resins have been in use since the early twentieth century and are considered the first class of synthetic polymers to achieve commercial success, moreover phenolic resins continue to succeed and attract special interest in a large range of industrial applications such as adhesives, paints, and composites; because of their unique physical and chemical properties. Materials and Methods: Prepolymers resol resins (RR, RH, RP, and RC) were synthesized by the reaction of phenolic compounds (resorcinol, hydroquinone, phloroglucinol, and catechol) respectively, with formaldehyde at molar ratio phenol/ formaldehyde 1/1.5, using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. These resins were characterized by FTIR. The curing reaction of these resins was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while the thermal stability study was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results and Discussion:From the results showing that these prepolymers have different curing temperatures and curing energy, while the TGA study showed that the cured resins have decomposition temperature more than 300 ºC, and char residue at 650 ºC more than 60%. Conclusions: These resol resins have different gel times (8-55) min, and viscosities (435-350) mpa.s. The curing temperature of these resin obtained from DSC curves was (120, 129, 105 and 127 °C), while the thermal behavior of the cured resins obtained from TGA curves showed that these cured resin have two decomposition temperatures and the rate of decomposition in the order of RC < RR< .

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Saido, Katsuhiko, Hiroyuki Taguchi, Yoichi Kodera, Takeshi Kuroki, Jeong-Hun Park, and Seon-Yong Chung. "Low-temperature decomposition of epoxy resin." Macromolecular Research 12, no. 5 (October 2004): 490–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03218432.

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Murthy, R. S. Shreedhara, Zsuzsa Horváth, and Ramon M. Barnes. "Poly(dithiocarbamate) chelating resin decomposition procedures." J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1, no. 4 (1986): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ja9860100269.

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Yang, Ren, Hongyu Yang, Yuhan Wu, Dezhi Lin, Jun Xue, Xiao Zhang, and Weiqiang Zhang. "Thermal Decomposition of Epoxy Resin Under SF6 Atmosphere." MATEC Web of Conferences 358 (2022): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202235801004.

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The latent fault diagnosis of GIS equipment relies on the electrothermal corrosion information of the decomposition products of SF6. The thermal decomposition of epoxy resin under atmosphere (SF6-Epoxy) is essential to reveal the relationship between carbon-based characteristic decomposition components and the degradation of insulating materials. The thermal decomposition process of SF6-Epoxy was measured using synchronous thermogravimetry(TG)/differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), which unveiled the three pyrolysis stages of temperature range and heat release. The online gas chromatography identified nine decomposition components containing carbon, sulfur and oxygen elements. According to the panoramic pyrolysis reaction mechanism of the SF6-epoxy system, CO2, CH4, SOF2, H2S and H2 were proposed as the characteristic decomposition components for the thermal deterioration of SF6-Epoxy insulating system.

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Zielecka, Maria, Anna Rabajczyk, Krzysztof Cygańczuk, Łukasz Pastuszka, and Leszek Jurecki. "Silicone Resin-Based Intumescent Paints." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 27, 2020): 4785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214785.

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Silicone resins are widely applied as coating materials due to their unique properties, especially those related to very good heat resistance. The most important effect on the long-term heat resistance of the coating is connected with the type of resin. Moreover, this structure is stabilized by a chemical reaction between the hydroxyl groups from the organoclay and the silicone resin. The novel trends in application of silicone resins in intumescent paints used mostly for protection of steel structures against fire will be presented based on literature review. Some examples of innovative applications for fire protection of other materials will be also presented. The effect of silicone resin structure and the type of filler used in these paints on the properties of the char formed during the thermal decomposition of the intumescent paint will be discussed in detail. The most frequently used additives are expanded graphite and organoclay. It has been demonstrated that silicate platelets are intercalated in the silicone matrix, significantly increasing its mechanical strength and resulting in high protection against fire.

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Kubecki, M., M. Holtzer, and S. Żymankowska-Kumon. "Investigations of the Temperature Influence on Formation of Compounds from the BTEX Group During the Thermal Decomposition of Furan Resin / Badania wpływu temperatury na powstawanie związków z grupy BTEX podczas termicznego rozkładu żywicy furanowej." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0042.

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Abstract Organic binders applied in foundry plants based on synthetic resins, from the one side influence obtaining the required technological properties by the moulding sand and - in consequence - obtaining good quality castings, and on the other side are the source of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Together with synthetic resins their hardeners, which although added in very small amounts emit during their thermal decomposition substances negatively influencing the natural environment, are also used. Both, resins and hardeners only at the influence of high temperatures accompanying moulds pouring with liquid metal generate harmful volatile organic compounds including compounds from the BTEX group. Investigations of the temperature influence on the kind and amount of organic compounds formed during the thermal decomposition of selected binders and hardeners and their mixtures allow to determine temperature ranges the most favourable for emitting harmful substances as well as to compare their emission from the selected materials. The aim of this study was the determination the temperature influence on formation substances from the BTEX group, during thermal decomposition of the selected binder, its hardener and their mixture. The BTEX group emission constitutes one of the basic criteria in assessing the harmfulness of materials applied for moulding and core sands and it can undergo changes in dependence of the applied system resin-hardener. Investigations were carried out on the specially developed system for the thermal decomposition of organic substances in the temperature range: 500ºC - 1300ºC, at the laboratory scale. The investigations subject was the furan resin, its hardener and hardened furan resin. The assessment of the emission degree of the BTEX group in dependence of the system subjected to the temperature influence was performed, within the studies. The temperature range, in which maximal amounts of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes were emitted from tested materials - was defined. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the BTEX group were carried out with using the gas chromatography technique coupled with the mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

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Li, Qian, Yujie Li, Yifan Chen, Qiang Wu, and Siqun Wang. "An Effective Method for Preparation of Liquid Phosphoric Anhydride and Its Application in Flame Retardant Epoxy Resin." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 25, 2021): 2205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092205.

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A novel liquid phosphorous-containing flame retardant anhydride (LPFA) with low viscosity was synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA) and further cured with bisphenol-A epoxy resin E-51 for the preparation of the flame retardant epoxy resins. Both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements revealed the successful incorporation of DOPO on the molecular chains of MeTHPA through chemical reaction. The oxygen index analysis showed that the LPFA-cured epoxy resin exhibited excellent flame retardant performance, and the corresponding limiting oxygen index (LOI) value could reach 31.2%. The UL-94V-0 rating was achieved for the flame retardant epoxy resin with the phosphorus content of 2.7%. With the addition of LPFA, the impact strength of the cured epoxy resins remained almost unchanged, but the flexural strength gradually increased. Meanwhile, all the epoxy resins showed good thermal stability. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal decomposition temperature (Td) of epoxy resin cured by LPFA decreased slightly compared with that of MeTHPA-cured epoxy resin. Based on such excellent flame retardancy, low viscosity at room temperature and ease of use, LPFA showed potential as an appropriate curing agent in the field of electrical insulation materials.

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Hu, Mengzhu, Bin Tang, Qinqin Liang, Zongchang Luo, Chuansheng Luo, Jialin Wang, Longfei Zhang, and Liping Zhu. "Monitoring and prediction of thermal failure of high-voltage switchgear insulation materials by studying the thermodynamic properties of FR-4 epoxy resin and the characteristic gas of thermal decomposition." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2387, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2387/1/012028.

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Abstract FR-4 epoxy resin is a common material used as internal parts in high voltage switchgear. In this paper, we adopted the accelerated thermal aging method to explore the thermal aging behavior of FR-4 epoxy resin, simulating the practical application of this material in high voltage switch. The effects of thermal aging on the thermodynamic properties and thermal decomposition characteristic gases of FR-4 epoxy resin were characterized by FT-IR, DSC, TG and GC-MS analyses. The experiment results showed that thermal aging could destroy the internal crystal structure of FR-4 epoxy resin, which could lead to this material easier to be decomposed after heating. We also detected that the thermal decomposition rate of FR-4 epoxy resin aging was greatly accelerated compared with the materials that had not been aged. In addition, unaged FR-4 epoxy resin could release 9 main volatile gases under 120°C, and irreversible defects or structural damages occurred in the materials along with the volatilization of small organic molecules. Furthermore, after continuous thermal aging at 120 °C for 672 h, the molecules of FR-4 epoxy resin were more cracked and volatilized, we observed a more obvious phenomenon of thermal decomposition in this materials. In total, we compared the types of thermal decomposition gases and the decomposion mechanism of aged and unaged FR-4 epoxy resin. In application, our results can provide reference for condition monitoring and fault prediction for this material in high voltage switchgear in the future.

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Biziks, Vladimirs, Marco Fleckenstein, Carsten Mai, and Holger Militz. "Suitability of a lignin-derived mono-phenol mimic to replace phenol in phenol-formaldehyde resin for use in wood treatment." Holzforschung 74, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-0061.

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AbstractThe goal of this study was to assess the suitability of a single mono-aromatic for substitution of petroleum-based phenol for phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin synthesis and the usage of a new resin for wood treatment. After proper thermal decomposition of wood-based lignin, pyrolysis oil can be obtained. Due to the heterogeneity of the lignin macromolecule, oil contains large variety of organic-based compounds, mainly mono-aromatics, which are proposed to be used for replacement of phenol during PF resin synthesis. Therefore, for this purpose, nine of the most abundant mono-aromatic compounds in bio-oil were selected: ortho-, meta-, para-cresol, guaiacol, catechol, 4-methylcatechol, resorcinol, syringol, 4-ethylphenol and resol-type resin from each mono-aromatic were synthesized. Relevant features of the resin such as pH, viscosity, average molecular weight and curing behavior of resins using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were analyzed. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood samples were used to evaluate the suitability of resin for wood treatment in terms of dimensional stability and were compared with the PF resin-treated wood. From all tested resins, those made of guaiacol or ortho-, or meta-, or para-cresol and/or 4-ethylphenol proved to be suitable for wood treatment, whereas resins made of catechol or 4-methylguaiacol and syringol did not. Suitability of mono-aromatics for synthesis of resol-type resin depends on chemical structure, where the reactivity of the mono-aromatic (derivative of hydroxybenzene) is defined by the type, location and number of substituents.

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Gao, Ming, Dan Rong, Chun Guang Song, and Yu Wen Ji. "The Thermal Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Treated with Intumescent Flame Retardants." Advanced Materials Research 983 (June 2014): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.983.52.

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A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardant (IFR), was synthesized. Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) was modified with IFR to get the flame retardant UPR, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI). 22.7% of weight of IFR was doped into UPR to get 28.5 of LOI. The thermal properties of epoxy resins containing IFR were investigated with thermogravimetry (TG). Activation energy for the decomposition of samples was obtained using Kissinger equation. The resultant data show that for UPR containing IFR, compared with UPR, IFR decreased weight loss, thermal stability, increased the char yield, which shows that IFR can catalyze decomposition and carbonization of UPR.

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Jiang, Han, Minbo Zhou, and Xinping Zhang. "Property Prediction of Ag-Filled Isotropic Conductive Adhesive through the Analysis of Its Curing and Decomposition Kinetics." Catalysts 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12020185.

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In this study, various thermal analyses were carried out on a self-developed and commerce-oriented Ag-filled isotropic conductive adhesive (ICA) and its unfilled matrix resin through which glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal endurance could be quantitatively predicted. An autocatalyzed kinetic model was used to describe the curing reaction, which was proven to be in good consistency with the experimental data. The activation energies for the curing reaction of the ICA and the matrix resin were determined to be 68.1 kJ/mol and 72.9 kJ/mol, respectively, which means that the reaction of the ICA was easier to occur than its unfilled matrix resin. As a result, the time–temperature profile could be calculated for any Tg requested based on the kinetic model of curing and the DiBenedetto equation. Further, the thermal decomposition stability of the ICA and its unfilled matrix resin were also studied. The activation energies for the thermal decomposition of the ICA and the matrix resin were calculated to be 134.1 kJ/mol and 152.7 kJ/mol, respectively, using the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall method, which means that the decomposition of ICA was easier to occur. The service life of the resin system at a specific temperature could therefore be calculated with their activation energy. The addition of micro-scale Ag flakes did not change the curing and decomposition mechanisms by much.

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Wei, MA, WANG Su, CUI Ji-Ping, ZHANG Sheng-Tao, FAN Bing-Cheng, and HE Yu-Zhong. "Thermal Decomposition Kinetic Model of Phenolic Resin." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 24, no. 06 (2008): 1090–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb20080631.

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Jiang, Guozhan, Stephen J. Pickering, Edward H. Lester, and Nick A. Warrior. "Decomposition of Epoxy Resin in Supercritical Isopropanol." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 49, no. 10 (May 19, 2010): 4535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie901542z.

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Akai, Yoshie, Kazuya Yamada, and Takeshi Sako. "Ion-exchange resin decomposition in supercritical water." High Pressure Research 20, no. 1-6 (May 2001): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08957950108206199.

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Zhang, Jindong, Ran Bi, Shengda Jiang, Zihao Wen, Chuyang Luo, Jianan Yao, Gang Liu, Chunhai Chen, and Ming Wang. "Laser Ablation Mechanism and Performance of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Poly Aryl Ether Ketone (PAEK) Composites." Polymers 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 2676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132676.

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The ablation mechanism and performance of carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced poly aryl ether ketone (PAEK) thermoplastic composites were studied in this paper. The results show that the ablation damaged area is controlled by the irradiation energy, while the mass loss rate is controlled by the irradiation power density. In the ablation center, the PAEK resin and CFs underwent decomposition and sublimation in an anaerobic environment. In the transition zone, the resin experienced decomposition and remelting in an aerobic environment, and massive char leaves were present in the cross section. In the heat-affected zone, only remelting of the resin was observed. The fusion and decomposition of the resin caused delamination and pores in the composites. Moreover, oxygen appeared crucial to the ablation morphology of CFs. In an aerobic environment, a regular cross section formed, while in an anaerobic environment, a cortex–core structure formed. The cortex–core structure of CF inside the ablation pit was caused by the inhomogeneity of fibers along the radial direction and the residual carbon layer generated by resin decomposition in an anoxic environment. The description of the ablation mechanism presented in this study broadens our understanding of damage evolution in thermoplastic composites subjected to high-energy CW laser irradiation.

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Fujie, Makoto, Hisao Oomura, Yoshie Akai, and Takao Takada. "ICONE15-10577 ION EXCHANGE RESIN TREATMENT SYSTEM WITH OXIDATIVE DECOMPOSITION IN SUPERCRITICAL WATER." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2007.15 (2007): _ICONE1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2007.15._icone1510_310.

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Wen, Hao, Xiaoxing Zhang, Rong Xia, Zilai Yang, and Yunjian Wu. "Thermal Decomposition Properties of Epoxy Resin in SF6/N2 Mixture." Materials 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12010075.

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As a promising alternative for pure SF6, the mixture of SF6/N2 appears to be more economic and environment-friendly on the premise of maintaining similar dielectric properties with pure SF6. But less attention has been paid to the thermal properties of an SF6/N2 mixture, especially with insulation materials overheating happening simultaneously. In this paper, thermal decomposition properties of epoxy resin in SF6/N2 mixture with different SF6 volume rates were studied, and the concentrations of characteristic decomposition components were detected based on concentrations change of some characteristic gas components such as CO2, SO2, H2S, SOF2, and CF4. The results showed that thermal properties of 20% SF6/N2 (volume fraction of SF6 is 20%) mixture has faster degradation than 40% SF6/N2 mixture. As ratio of SF6 content decreases, thermal stability of the system decreases, and the decomposition process of SF6 is exacerbated. Moreover, a mathematical model was established to determine happening of partial overheating faults on the epoxy resin surface in SF6/N2 mixture. Also thermal decomposition process of epoxy resin was simulated by the ReaxFF force field to reveal basic chemical reactions in terms of bond-breaking order, which further verified that CO2 and H2O produced during thermal decomposition of epoxy resin can intensify degradation of SF6 dielectric property.

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Chen, Wen Yi, and Jian Guo Guan. "Heat Resistance Properties of an Cured ATPU/Epoxy Resin." Advanced Materials Research 1058 (November 2014): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1058.127.

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Thermogravimetry (TG-DTA) method was used to study the heat resistance properties and the thermal decomposition kinetics of the aromatic amine-terminated polyurethane (ATPU)/Epoxy Resin System (E-44) which includes both flexible chains and rigid structural units. The results indicate that the decomposition temperature of the cured ATPU-2/E-44 is higher than that of the cured ATPU-1.5/E-44, and thermal decomposition residual of cured ATPU-2/E-44 is higher than that of cured ATPU-1.5/E-44 system. These results denote that the cured ATPU-2/E-44 has better heat resistance. The results of decomposition kinetics showed that the decomposition reaction activity of the ATPU-2/E-44 system is higher than that of ATPU-1.5/E-44.

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Holtzer, M., R. Dańko, S. Żymankowska-Kumon, M. Kubecki, and A. Bobrowski. "Assessment of the Harmfulness of Moulding Sands with Alkyd Resin Subjected to the High Temperature Influence." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 2171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0346.

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Abstract Out of moulding sands used in the foundry industry, sands with organic binders deserve a special attention. These binders are based on synthetic resins, which ensure obtaining the proper technological properties and sound castings, however, they negatively influence the environment. These resins in their initial state these resins are not very dangerous for people and for the environment, thus under an influence of high temperatures they generate very harmful products, being the result of their thermal decomposition. Depending on the kind of the applied resin, under an influence of a temperature such compounds as: furfuryl alcohol, formaldehyde, phenol, BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene), and also polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be formed and released. The aim of the study was the development of the method, selection of analytical methods and the determination of optimal conditions of formation compounds from the BTEX and PAHs group. Investigations were carried out in the specially designed set up for the thermal decomposition of organic substances in a temperature range: 500 – 1 300°C at the laboratory scale. The object for testing was alkyd resin applied as a binding material for moulding sands. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of compounds were performed by means of the gas chromatography coupled with the mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

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Sun, Wei-Feng, Wen Kwang Chern, John Chok You Chan, and Zhong Chen. "A Reactive Molecular Dynamics Study on Crosslinked Epoxy Resin Decomposition under High Electric Field and Thermal Aging Conditions." Polymers 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030765.

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To reveal the microscopic mechanism of synergetic thermal–electrical degradation during a partial discharge process in epoxy insulation materials, the decomposition of crosslinked epoxy resin is investigated using reactive molecular dynamics simulations under high electric field and thermal degradation conditions. Bond-boost acceleration method is employed in reactive molecular dynamics simulations to successfully establish epoxy polymer models with a crosslink degree of 93%. Active molecular species derived from electrical partial discharges are considered in the current work. Small molecule products and decomposition temperature in the degradation process under an electric field are calculated to elucidate the effect of nitric acid and ozone molecules, being the active products generated by electrical partial discharges, on the synergetic thermal–electrical degradation of epoxy resin. Both nitric acid and ozone exacerbate thermal impact decomposition of crosslinked epoxy polymer by decreasing initial decomposition temperature from 1050 K to 940 K and 820 K, respectively. It is found that these active products can oxidize hydroxyl groups and carbon–nitrogen bridge bonds in epoxy molecular chains, leading to the aggravation of epoxy resin decomposition, as manifested by the significant increase in the decomposed molecular products. In contrast, thermal degradation of the epoxy resin without the active species is not expedited by increasing electric field. These strongly oxidative molecules are easily reduced to negative ions and able to obtain kinetic energies from electric field, which result in chemical corrosion and local temperature increase to accelerate decomposition of epoxy insulation materials.

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Sukanto, Heru, Wijang Wisnu Raharjo, Dody Ariawan, Joko Triyono, and Mujtahid Kaavesina. "Epoxy resins thermosetting for mechanical engineering." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 797–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0078.

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Abstract This review presents various types of epoxy resins and curing agents commonly used as composite matrices. A brief review of cross-linking formation and the process of degradation or decomposition of epoxy resins by pyrolysis and solvolysis is also discussed. Mechanical engineers are given a brief overview of the types of epoxy resin, which are often applied as composite matrices considering that they currently play a large role in the research, design, manufacturing, and recycling of these materials.

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Chen, Zhi Qin, Yang Fei Chen, and Hong Bo Liu. "Study on Thermal Degradation of Phenolic Resin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 422 (September 2013): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.422.24.

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The thermal degradation of phenolic formaldehyde resins (PF) were studied using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The evolved volatiles during thermal degradation of PF were examined by mass spectrometry (MS). The structure changes of thermal degradation of synthetical phenolic resin (PF1.2) and commercial resin (CPF) were investigated by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) techniques. The experimental results show that the degradation process of PF could be separated into three stages. In the first stage, ether bonds and unreacted terminal hydroxymethyl groups of the cured resin degraded. Methylene bridges decomposed into methyl groups then yielded both phenol and cresol homolog in the second stage. In the third stage, cyclodehydration and forming char of phenolic hydroxyl occurred. Our study showed that the main thermal degradation of PF in the second stage is the decomposition reaction of the methylene bridges instead of auto-oxidation of the methylene bridges reported in previous works.

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Kubecki, M., M. Holtzer, A. Bobrowski, R. Dańko, B. Grabowska, and S. Żymankowska-Kumon. "Analysis of the Compounds from the BTEX Group, Emitted During Thermal Decomposition of Alkyd Resin." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0084-z.

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Abstract Suitability of the given binding agent for the moulding sands preparation depends on the one hand on the estimation of technological properties of the sand and the mould made of it and the obtained casting quality and on the other hand on the assessment of this sand influence on the natural and working environment. Out of moulding sands used in the foundry industry, sands with organic binders deserve a special attention. These binders are based on synthetic resins, which ensure obtaining the proper technological properties and sound castings, however, they negatively influence the environment. If in the initial state these resins are not very dangerous for people and for the environment, thus under an influence of high temperatures they generate very harmful products, being the result of their thermal decomposition. Depending on the kind of the applied resin (phenol-formaldehyde, urea, furfuryl, urea-furfuryl, alkyd) under an influence of a temperature such compounds as: furfuryl alcohol, formaldehyde, phenol, BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene), and also polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be formed and released. The aim of the study was the development of the method, selection of analytical methods and the determination of optimal conditions of formation compounds from the BTEX group. An emission of these components constitutes one of the basic criteria of the harmfulness assessment of binders applied for moulding and core sands. Investigations were carried out in the specially designed set up for the thermal decomposition of organic substances in a temperature range: 5000C - 13000C at the laboratory scale. The object for testing was alkyd resin applied as a binding material for moulding sands. Within investigations the minimal amount of adsorbent necessary for the adsorption of compounds released during the decomposition of the resin sample of a mass app. 15 mg was selected. Also the minimal amount of solvent needed for the desorption of compounds adsorbed in the column with adsorbent was found. The temperature range, in which the maximal amounts of benzene, toluene, ethylobenzene and xylenes are released from the resin, was defined. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of compounds from the BTEX group were performed by means of the gas chromatography combined with the mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

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Zhu, Zhiping, Chenlin Dai, Sen Liu, and Ye Tian. "Oxidative decomposition properties of cationic exchange resins producing SO42− in power plants." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 10 (March 17, 2015): 1478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.109.

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The sulphate content of a system increases when strong-acid cationic exchange resins leak into a system or when sulphonic acid groups on the resin organic chain detach. To solve this problem, a dynamic cycle method was used in dissolution experiments of several resins under H2O2 or residual chlorine conditions. Results show that after performing dynamic cycle experiments for 120 hours under oxidizing environments, the SO42− and total organic carbon (TOC) released by four kinds of resins increased with time, contrary to their release velocity. The quantity of released SO42− increased as the oxidizing ability of oxidants was enhanced. Results showed that the quantity and velocity of released SO42− under residual chlorine condition were larger than those under H2O2 condition. Data analysis of SO42− and TOC released from the four kinds of resins by the dynamic cycle experiment revealed that the strength of oxidation resistance of the four resins were as follows: 650C > 1500H > S200 > SP112H.

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Shibasaki, Yoko, Jun-ichi Kadokawa, Hideyuki Tagaya, Bunpei Hatano, and Chie Kato. "Decomposition reactions of epoxy resin and polyetheretherketone resin in sub- and supercritical water." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-003-0098-2.

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33

Zhang, Bao Hua, Hou Li Cui, Xing Wang Xue, Ping Ping Shen, and A. Jun Wan. "Preparation and Properties of Thermo-Sensitive Resin for Processless CTP Plate." Advanced Materials Research 666 (February 2013): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.666.123.

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Computer-to-Plate (CTP) technology has been becoming an important topic of research and application during the era of digital printing. Processless CTP plate is regarded as a leading candidate for CTP plate due to its many merits such as friendly to environment, saving resources, good quality of imaging, low cost and so on. A new thermo-sensitive resin which could be used in processless CTP plate was synthesized by solution polymerization with styrene and N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate in 1:1 molar ratio using azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator and 1,4-dioxane as solvent and then by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidation of the tertiary amine groups of the copolymer. It could be found from thermogravimetric analysis that there was a slight weight loss before 120°C owing to water evaporation; and there was an obvious weight loss from 140°C to 230°C owing to the decomposition of amine oxide group; and there was a large weight loss after 300°C owing to the decomposition of thermo-sensitive resin. It was found from contact angle analysis that the contact angle of the thermo-sensitive resin film reached maximum 75° after baking for 7 min at 140°C, which means that the decomposition rate of amine oxide group is slow and parts of amine oxide groups decompose incompletely. The contact angle of the thermo-sensitive resin film reached maximum 80° after baking for 5 min at 160°C or 2 min at 180°C which means that thermal decomposition rate increases with the increase of temperature and the decomposition occurs completely. It was also found that the resin film could be easily washed away from the substrate with neutral water before heat-treatment, but it could no longer be removed after the heat-treatment of baking for 5 min at 140°C or baking for 2 min at 160°C or baking for 1 min at 180°C. This new thermo-sensitive resin could be used in chemical-free thermal laser imaging application.

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Kızılcan, Nilgun, and Selda Sert. "Novel environmentally friendly tannin-cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin for high performance applications." Pigment & Resin Technology 49, no. 2 (December 5, 2019): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-08-2019-0071.

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Purpose Cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resin (CFR) was in situ modified with tannin (T) in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The purpose of this study is to produce eco-friendly tannin-modified cyclohexanone resins (TCFR) with a one-step method that has higher decomposition temperature than CFR. The solubility, molecular weight and thermal properties of the product were investigated. Design/methodology/approach Cyclohexanone, formalin (37 per cent aqueous solution) and tannin were mixed and 20 per cent aqueous NaOH solution was added to produce the resin. Tannin has environmentally friendly bio-based phenolic compounds that the tannin structure has been incorporated into the structure of the cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin during the in situ modification of resin, such as resole resin. Findings The improvement of the properties of the TCFRs produced from condensed tannin. TCFRs were soluble in common organic solvents. The product TCFR has a dark red colour. Research limitations/implications The reaction mixture must be stirred continuously. Subsequently, 37 per cent formalin was added drop-wise in total while refluxing. The amount of aqueous NaOH solution of it is limited, as the formed resin may become insoluble in common organic solvents. At the end of the reaction, a water-soluble resin is obtained. Then, the water of water phase was removed from TCFR reaction system, successively by evaporating with rotary evaporator. Practical implications This study provides the application of ketonic resins. The TCFR containing tannin groups may also promote the adhesive strength of a coating. Social implications These resins may be used for the preparation of adhesive. Condensed tannin, with a large amount of Catechol groups was considered for reducing the formaldehyde emission level on the adhesive system. Originality/value TCFR has been synthesised in the presence of a base catalyst. Environmental and ecological concerns have increased the attention paid by chemical industry to renewable raw materials.

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35

Lu, Hao, Yaqiang Dong, Xincai Liu, Zhonghao Liu, Yue Wu, Haijie Zhang, Aina He, Jiawei Li, and Xinmin Wang. "Enhanced Magnetic Properties of FeSiAl Soft Magnetic Composites Prepared by Utilizing PSA as Resin Insulating Layer." Polymers 13, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091350.

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Thermosetting organic resins are widely applied as insulating coatings for soft magnetic powder cores (SMPCs) because of their high electrical resistivity. However, their poor thermal stability and thermal decomposition lead to a decrease in electrical resistivity, thus limiting the annealing temperature of SMPCs. The large amount of internal stress generated by soft magnetic composites during pressing must be mitigated at high temperatures; therefore, it is especially important to find organic resins with excellent thermal stabilities. In this study, we prepared SMPCs using poly-silicon-containing arylacetylene resin, an organic resin resistant to high temperatures, as an insulating layer. With 2 wt % PSA as an insulating layer and annealed at 700 °C for 1 h, the FeSiAl SMPCs achieved the best magnetic properties, including the lowest core loss of 184 mW/cm3 (measured at 0.1 T and 50 kHz) and highest permeability of 96.

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Lydon, John, and Alan H. Teramura. "Photochemical decomposition of cannabidiol in its resin base." Phytochemistry 26, no. 4 (January 1987): 1216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)82388-2.

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Yu, C. T., C. F. Wang, and W. Z. Wang. "Decomposition of organic resin by radio-sensitive photocatalyst." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 186, no. 2-3 (February 2007): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.09.007.

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38

El-Sheikh, Mohamed Y. "Mixed resin base-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide." Colloids and Surfaces 54 (January 1991): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(91)80051-o.

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39

Galdino, Danilo Soares, Marcel Yuzo Kondo, Victor Almeida De Araujo, Gretta Larisa Aurora Arce Ferrufino, Emerson Faustino, Herisson Ferreira dos Santos, André Luis Christoforo, Carlos Manuel Romero Luna, and Cristiane Inácio de Campos. "Thermal and Gluing Properties of Phenol-Based Resin with Lignin for Potential Application in Structural Composites." Polymers 15, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15020357.

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Using Kraft lignin, bio-based adhesives have been increasingly studied to replace those petrochemical-based solutions, due to low cost, easy availability and the potential for biodegradability of this biomaterial. In this study, lignin-based phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resins were synthesized using commercial Eucalypt Kraft Lignin (EKL), purified at 95%, as a phenol substitute in different proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% and 50%. The properties of bio-based phenol formaldehyde (BPF) synthesized resin were compared with phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) used for control sampling. The results indicated that viscosity, gel time and solid contents increased with the addition of pure EKL. The shear strength test of glue line was studied according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and BPF-based results were superior to samples bonded with the PF as a control sample, being suitable for structural purposes. Changes in the curing behavior of different resins were analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and sample comparison indicated that the curing of the LPF resin occurred at lower temperatures than the PF. The addition of EKL in PF reduced its thermal stability compared to traditional resin formulation, resulting in a lower decomposition temperature and a smaller amount of carbonaceous residues.

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40

Adhikari, Sushil, Maria Auad, Brian Via, Ajay Shah, and Vivek Patil. "Production of Novolac Resin after Partial Substitution of Phenol from Bio-Oil." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 4 (2020): 901–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13798.

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HighlightsBio-oil was used to produce novolac resin.Bio-oil interacted with phenol and altered the reaction rate and equilibrium.Comparable performance was observed with a low amount of substitution.Abstract. Commercially produced bio-oil with a high content of pyrolytic lignin was substituted for phenol in novolac phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin production. The reaction progress was tracked, and products were analyzed. Bio-oil substitution resulted in lower conversion rates for both formaldehyde and phenol. Substitution higher than 10 mol% increased the ortho to para ratio and enhanced thermal decomposition of resin by providing an oxidative environment, while 10 and 20 mol% of substitution did not reduce the shear strength of the novolac resin. When mixed with hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), the bio-oil substituted resins precipitated quickly around char particles, which allowed more resin application on the wood bonding surface. Further investigation found that bio-oil substitution (higher than 10 mol%) might have changed the reaction equilibrium and promoted reverse reactions releasing formaldehyde. Overall, less than 20 mol% phenol substitution by bio-oil with a high content of pyrolytic lignin can be effective in producing novolac resin. Keywords: Bio-oil, Formaldehyde, Lignocellulosic biomass, Novolac, Phenol, Pyrolysis.

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Li, Jialiang, Hongyu Wang, and Shichao Li. "Thermal stability and flame retardancy of an epoxy resin modified with phosphoric triamide and glycidyl POSS." High Performance Polymers 31, no. 9-10 (April 21, 2019): 1217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008319843979.

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Phosphoric triamide (PTA) and glycidyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) were simultaneously incorporated into the cured network of a bisphenol F epoxy resin and 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) to improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy. PTA was synthesized by triethyl phosphate and DDM, and its chemical structure was confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) results showed that the introduction of PTA and POSS slightly increased the glass transition temperature of the epoxy resin. The thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that compared with the pure, phosphoric, and silicic epoxy resins, the modified epoxy resin possessed the lowest weight loss rate and highest char residue. Its limiting oxygen index value was as high as 30.5, and the UL-94 grade reached V-1. A decomposition test was carried out to obtain sufficient char residue and investigate the condensed mechanism. The scanning electron microscopic images demonstrated that the char residue of the modified epoxy resin had a compact structure. The energy dispersive X-ray and FTIR analyses verified the synergistic effect of the phosphorus and silicon in the PTA and POSS, respectively, on the epoxy resin.

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Shang, Cheng-Yuan, Xiao-Juan Zhao, Xin Yang, Ying Zhang, and Wei Huang. "Epoxy resin containing trifluoromethyl and pendant polyfluorinated phenyl groups: Synthesis and properties." High Performance Polymers 24, no. 8 (July 11, 2012): 683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008312449844.

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A novel epoxy resin containing trifluoromethyl and pendant polyfluorinted phenyl groups, 1,1-bis[4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)phenyl]-1-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl) -2,2,2-trifluoroethane (6FEP) was synthesized and characterized. The reactivtiy of 6FEP with two aromatic diamines, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) and 1,4-bis(4-amino-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy) benzene (6FAPB), and the properties of the cured 6FEP were investigated and compared with those of the commonly used epoxy resin diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The experimental results indicated that 6FEP showed lower reactivity than DGEBA. The cured 6FEP exhibited good thermal stabilities with decomposition temperature at 5% weight loss of 374–397°C, high glass transition temperature of 159–177°C and good mechanical properties. The cured 6FEP epoxy resin also showed low dielectric constants at 1 MHz in the range of 3.2–3.4 and dielectric dissipation factors (tan δ) in the range of 2.10–2.48 × 10−3. Moreover, the cured 6FEP epoxy resins exhibited higher surface hydrophobicity and lower moisture absorption compared with DGEBA. The improved dielectric properties and hydrophobic properties of the cured 6FEP epoxy resin could be attributed to the introduction of trifluoromethyl and pendant polyfluorinated phenyl groups into the molecular structure of the epoxy resin.

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Dang, Weirong, Masatoshi Kubouchi, Takuya Maruyama, Hideki Sembokuya, and Ken Tsuda. "Decomposition of GFRP in Nitric Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide Solution for Chemical Recycling." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 18, no. 1 (February 2002): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060201800102.

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Decomposition of Glass Fiber Reinforced epoxy resin cured with amine in nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide solution has been investigated. After specimens were immersed in above solutions for a specific time, glass fiber could be separated from matrix resulting from the decomposition of matrix resin. The chemical structures and molecular weight distributions of the decomposed products were analyzed by FT-IR and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). When nitric acid was used, the resin was mainly decomposed into 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid) and quasi-monomer. In the case of hydrogen peroxide, the backbone of resin was broken into monomer and dimer, or peracetic acid, depending on immersion time. On the other hand, glass fiber exhibited low corrosion resistance to nitric acid, while it was hardly degraded in hydrogen peroxide. Based on analyzing the decomposed products and observing the degradation of glass fiber, the chemical recycling method on GFRP was proposed.

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Yivlik, Yusuf, Nilgun Kizilcan, and Ahmet Akar. "Isocyanuric acid-modified cyclohexanone–formaldehyde resins for fire-retardant polyurethane." Pigment & Resin Technology 49, no. 2 (October 9, 2019): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-03-2019-0025.

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Purpose Cyclohexanone–formaldehyde resin (CFR) was in situ modified with isocyanuric acid (ICA) in the presence of hydrochloric acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid by condensation polymerization. The purpose of this study is to produce isocyanuric acid-modified ketonic resins that have higher melting and decomposition temperature, and to use the produced resin in the production of fire-retardant polyurethane. Design/methodology/approach Two methods were used for in situ preparation of ICA-modified CFR in the presence of an acid catalyst. Method I: cyclohexanone, paraformaldehyde and ICA were mixed, and then an acid catalyst was added to form the modified CFR. Method II: ICA and formalin were mixed to produce N, N, N-trihydroxymethyl isocyanurate, and then water was removed under vacuum. The produced N, N, N-trihydroxymethyl isocyanurate solution was mixed with cyclohexanone and paraformaldehyde, then an acid catalyst was slowly added to this mixture to obtain ICA-modified CFR. Findings CFR was prepared in the presence of an acid catalyst. The product, CFR, has a dark red colour. The resulting resins have similar physical properties with the resin prepared in the presence of a basic catalyst. The solubility of ICA-modified CFR is much different than CFR in organic solvents. Research limitations/implications This study focuses on obtaining an ICA-modified ketonic resin. Cyanuric acid has the form of an enolic structure under a basic condition; therefore, it cannot give a product with formaldehyde under basic conditions. The modification experiments were carried out in acidic conditions. Practical implications This study provides technical information for in situ modification of ketonic resin in the presence of acid catalysts. The resins may also promote the adhesive strength of the coating and provide corrosion inhibition on metal surfaces for a coating. The modified resins may also be used in the field of fire-retardant polyurethane applications. Social implications These resins may be used for the preparation of non-toxic fire-retardant polyurethane foam. Polyurethane containing ICA-modified resin may exhibit better fire-retardant performance because of the incorporation of ICA molecule into the polyurethane structure. Originality/value ICA-modified CFRs have been synthesized in the presence of an acid catalyst, and the ICA-modified resin was used to produce fire-retardant polyurethane.

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Lin, Qin, Zhen Jiang Song, and Jian Liang Xie. "Study on Thermal Stability Properties of Epoxy Matrix/Fluorine and Silicon Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (October 2014): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.143.

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Fluorine and silicon resin has excellent thermal stability properties. The thermal stability properties of polymers modified by fluorine and silicon resin can be improved. In this paper, fluorine and silicon resin has been prepared by (1,3,5-tris(trifluoropropylmethyl)-cyclotrisiloxane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The FTIR spectra and the 1H NMR spectrum showed the structure of fluorine silicon resin. The thermo gravimetric traces indicated that fluorine silicon resin had improved the thermal stability properties of epoxy matrix resin significantly. The temperature of decomposition velocity of unmodified epoxy matrix resin and modified epoxy matrix resin began to increase rapidly were 356oC, 375oC respectively. The final weight fraction of unmodified epoxy matrix resin and modified epoxy matrix resin were 4.6%, 6.5% , respectively. The temperature of the maximum rate of degradation were 398oC, 420oC, respectively.

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Wen, Hao, Xiaoxing Zhang, Rong Xia, Guoxiong Hu, and Yunjian Wu. "Decomposition Characteristics of SF6 under Flashover Discharge on the Epoxy Resin Surface." Materials 12, no. 9 (April 30, 2019): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091408.

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In this paper, the flashover discharging experiment was carried out on epoxy resin surface in an SF6 atmosphere under pin-plate electrodes, with the electrodes distance from 5 mm to 9 mm. The concentration of seven characteristic gases was detected, indicating that the concentration of SOF2 and CF4 was the two highest, followed by SO2, CO2, SO2F2, CS2, and H2S. Based on the changes in the concentration of the characteristic gases, a preliminary rule was proposed to predict the occurrence of flashover discharge on epoxy resin: When the concentration of SOF2 reaches twice of CF4 concentration, and the total concentration of both SOF2 and CF4 is much higher than that of H2S, a possible flashover discharge on the epoxy resin surface in SF6-infused electrical equipment occurs. Through the simulation of decomposition of epoxy resin, it has been revealed that H2O has different generation paths that can facilitate the formation of SOF2, finally influencing the concentration variation of the seven characteristic gases.

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Balaji, M. A. Sai, and K. Kalaichelvan. "Thermal and Fade Aspects of a Non Asbestos Semi Metallic Disc Brake Pad Formulation with Two Different Resins." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1559.

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The formulation of a brake pad requires the optimization of multiple performance criteria. To achieve a stable and adequate friction (µ), the brake pad materials should have low fade and higher recovery characteristics coupled with less wear and noise. Among the properties mentioned, resistance to fade is very difficult to achieve. The type and amount of resin in the friction material is very critical for structural integrity of the composites. The binder should not deteriorate under any diverse conditions. The thermal stability of friction materials and its capacity to bind its ingredients collectively under diverse conditions depend upon the quality and proportion of resin. The current work evaluates the fade and recovery behaviour of developed friction composites from two different resins which are traditional straight phenolic resin and the alkyl benzene modified phenolic resin. Two brake pads with these different resins were fabricated as per Industrial Standard. TGA is carried between 150 – 4000 C as this zone of temperature is very critical which accounts for the weight loss (Thermal degradation). Friction and wear studies were carried out on a friction coefficient test rig as per SAE J661a standard. The results showed that the fade and wear of the friction materials were closely related to the thermal decomposition of the binder resin and durability of the contact plateaus, which were produced by the compaction of wear debris around hard ingredients on the rubbing surface. It was clearly observed that the friction materials with modified resin showed significant reduction in fade %. Friction materials made with higher thermal stability showed resistance to fade. However wear didn’t show much noticeable changes.

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Zhao, Yong-xin, and Ying-qiang Zhang. "Structures and Properties of Self - crosslinking Silicone Resin." E3S Web of Conferences 38 (2018): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183802019.

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Highly transparent silicone resin with self-crosslinking structure was prepared using phenyltrimethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, 1,3,5,7-cyclotetra(methyl siloxane) and bisvinyltetramethyldisiloxane as main raw materials. The structure of silicone resin was determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The light transmittance was measured by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study the thermal decomposition process. The microstructure of cured self-crosslinking silicone resin is more uniform, resulting in better light transmittance up to 100% in the range of 400nm ~ 800nm. The cured has relatively good heat resistance, the initial thermal decomposition temperature of the cured could be up to 315.8 °C. SEM observations show that the self-crosslinking silicone has a uniform, textured structure, higher transparency compared with the existing condensation silicone material, and can be used as advanced architectural translucent materials and optics packaging materials.

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Lu, Shaorong, Jianfeng Ban, and Kuo Liu. "Preparation and Characterization of Liquid Crystalline Polyurethane/Al2O3/Epoxy Resin Composites for Electronic Packaging." International Journal of Polymer Science 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/728235.

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Liquid crystalline polyurethane (LCPU)/Al2O3/epoxy resin composites were prepared by using LCPU as modifier. The mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical properties of the LCPU/Al2O3/epoxy resin composites were investigated systematically. The thermal oxidation analysis indicated that LCPU/Al2O3/epoxy resin composites can sustain higher thermal decomposition temperature. Meanwhile, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was also found to decrease with addition of LCPU and nano-Al2O3.

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Yang, Zhi You, Shao Rong Lu, Zhi Yi Huang, Chun He Yu, and Kuo Liu. "Lower Branched Liquid Crystalline Polyester POSS Used as Collaborative Modifier for Epoxy Resin." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.698.

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A new kind of lower-branched liquid crystalline polyester (LLCP) containing polyester mesogenic units was synthesized by p-hydroxybenzoic acid, terephthalyl chloride and trimellitic anhydride (TMA), then was used as collaborative modifier for the epoxy resin (E-51) with γ-azyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). The experimental results showed that the LLCP / POSS could act as an effective toughening modifier for the epoxy resin. The impact strength of the composites modified with LLCP and POSS was 1.1 times higher than that of the unmodified system. The temperature of starting decomposition and maximum decomposition rate improved about 20 oC and 13 oC , respectively.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Resin decomposition'

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