Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Resilienza economica regionale'

Three chapters constitute the main structure of this contribution. Chapter I reviews selected theoretical and empirical approaches dealing with regional evolution in order to identify recent developments and extensions incorporating spatial econometrics techniques. Chapter II investigates transient and permanent asymmetric effects of national-wide recessions across Italian regions during the last thirty years, by proposing the recent resilience framework as an helpful synthesis. Chapter III studies the determinants of the uneven cross-regional behaviour during crises and recoveries, by presenting two complementary econometric models, namely a linear vector error correction (VECM) model and a non-linear smooth-transition autoregressive (STAR) specification. Some of the main results here obtained are: regions within the same country differ in terms of both shock-absorption and post-recession pattern; the broad impact of a common shock shall take into account temporary and persistent effects; differences in recessions and recoveries among areas can be motivated by some elements such as industrial structure, export propensity, human and civic capital, and financial constraints. Moreover, the presence of spatial interdependencies and neighbouring interactions can play a relevant role. Moving from some of the results here presented, the desirable next step should be addressed towards a deeper analysis of the determinants of regional heterogeneity during recessions and recoveries, cross-country comparisons, the development of a more structured theoretical and empirical background, the assessment of the place-specific impact of countercyclical policies. These and other questions are left for future research.

This paper documents macro-economic change in Swedish regional labor markets during the last great recession (2008). This is made by using Swedish macro-data and analyzing employment flows over the period 2003-2013. The findings point to the fact that there is great disparity in the geography both when it comes to how the regions resist crises and recoup in the aftermath (Resilience) and how the crisis effect the labor market and its momentum in the recovery phase (polarization). The findings indicate that the 2008 financial crisis affected the Swedish regional labor market in a polarized development. Regions that showed patterns of this behavior before the recession managed to go through the crisis and recoup well, whereas the regions that didn’t show a polarized pattern before 2008 had a much harder time recuperating after the crises. With these findings we can generate a more sophisticated knowledge how regional economies can resist and recoup after financial recessions and use this to reduce the impact of future recessions.

Fabricated metals' manufacturing sector employment in the United States declined following the onset of the 2008 recession. Premium compensation and benefits afforded to employees within the manufacturing sector amplified the negative effects of recessionary job losses. Using the regional macroeconomic complex adaptive systems (CAS) framework, the purpose of this study was to examine the geographic distribution of job losses, recovery rates, and adaptive behavior after the recession for the fabricated metals manufacturing sector by measuring and comparing effects in 50 East North Central division MSAs and 50 South Atlantic division MSAs in the United States. Independent sample t tests compared average job level change rates for the tested regions. Significant differences in mean job loss rates for the two divisions occurred between 2008 and 2010 and in mean job recovery rates between 2010 and 2012. A multiple regression model analyzed the relationship of the dependent variable post-recession employment level changes with the independent variables defined as workforce demographic changes and establishment level changes as indicators of adaptive behavior. Results revealed a significant relationship between the dependent variable and shifts in the workforce demographic profile but did not reveal a significant relationship between the dependent variable and changes in the number of firms engaged in this sector. This study forms the genesis of background data for measuring cross-regional performance in the presence of external shocks and serves as a foundation for developing incentive models based on thriving sectors and regions for individuals, organizational groups, and society as a whole in engendering economic growth and well-being.

In 2008, a severe economic crisis hit economies around the world. Its effects included a significant loss of GDP and employment which led to several social ills associated with recessions. However, the crisis did not impact all places with the same severity. This thesis investigates the crisis impact across GB Local Authority Districts during 2008-2014 within a framework that utilises the concept of economic resilience. However, this concept does not have a universally accepted definition or methodology of investigation. Hence, the study adopts an operational definition, comparing the conditions in local labour markets before and after the start of the recession. Using this method, a wide variation in resilience performance is identified across spatial areas. To identify the determinants of these differences, the study critically examines existing empirical studies and relevant theories. The factors identified range from past labour market performance to industrial structure, skills, demographics and other variables. The thesis then adopts an empirical method of investigation utilising a cross-sectional model. The results indicate that places which performed well before the start of the crisis have suffered deeper crisis impacts. However, the share of younger aged population and degree level qualification holders has mitigated the impact. The results are confirmed by robustness checks concerning the influence of outliers, migration and exploring the use of a composite indicator of resilience. It is the first time that a study of the crisis has focused on GB Local Authority Districts and comprehensively examined local labour markets. Moreover, the study makes a contribution by providing an operational definition and methodology for measuring resilience and empirically testing the impact of a range of determinants of resilience performance. The policy implications suggest a greater focus on skills and the attraction of younger aged workers through increased embeddedness of anchor institutions such as universities, as well as the inclusion of resilience as a core element of place-based policies.

This dissertation is about economic resilience of local governments to natural disasters. Specifically, the dissertation investigates resilience on regional level. Moreover, the dissertation also investigates growth in the green job sector in local governments. The findings indicate that local governments working with each other helps green job creation. In addition, the dissertation finds that green jobs, following disasters, experience three percent growth. This dissertation is important because it investigates the relationship between climate- related disasters and green jobs, which is an area that is under-investigated.

The year 1994 marked the dawn of the new democratic South Africa, bringing its own set of challenges to the country. Currently urban areas cover only one and a half percent of South Africa’s surface area. However, sixty one percent of South Africans live in urban areas. Furthermore, the average growth rate for urban areas has been consistently higher than the population growth rate during the period from 1998 to 2008. This resulted in larger towns and cities, growing at the expense of rural areas, with metropolitan areas experiencing the highest influx, followed by secondary cities. However, urban areas consume more water, food, energy, and durable goods, and have an impact far beyond the urban boundaries. This directly relates to urban decline. The rapid influx of people into urban areas that are already overcrowded with large service delivery backlogs, has led to the formation of informal settlements in exposed locations. Many of the informal dwellings in South Africa are subjected to environmental factors. The absence of basic services in overcrowded areas is linked to negative health outcomes and enhanced environmental degradation. This study is a critical review of a phenomenon named urban resilience. The report seeks to highlight the current status in cities and the transformation that cities need to undergo to enable them to become the cities of tomorrow. Indeed, “sustainable future cities and human settlements begin today”. The paper raises arguments on urban resilience by different theorists, philosophers, academics and scholars. The study proceeds to unpack the urban resilience determinants. Furthermore, the challenges cites will experience in responding to rapid urbanisation and their denial attitude to informal settlement and environmental degradation, which include how cities respond to climate change, are under investigation . The purpose of the study is to share the theoretical framework relative to the urban resilience determinants, with the intention to solicit criticism on gaps and blind spots. This is done with specific reference to Buffalo City Municipality. This study aims to contribute to the goals of municipalities by improving understanding of the drivers of urban resilience. This will, in turn, enable a city system to withstand and recover quickly from multiple and diverse shocks and stresses, and improve its performance over time. However, this study was conducted within a qualitative paradigm. The study followed a non-probability sampling technique. Categories of data sources were identified based on their probability to hold information that is crucial to the study. For each category, this study followed a 50 + 1 rule for sampling size when the population of the data sources were identified and access gained. he statistical software (SPSS) supported by a qualified statistician was used to analyse data qualitatively in attempt to answer the research question.

It is well established that rural regional Australians have borne the brunt of globalization in terms of the adverse impacts caused by social and economic restructuring resulting from global, national and local forces. In response governments and communities have embraced sustainability and civil society for promoting local community action and responsibility for social, economic and environmental issues. This research focuses on community narratives about the social change processes as they engage the forces of neo-liberal policies. Applying a qualitative, grounded theoretical approach to data collection and analysis this study also adopts a multi-perspective, multi-disciplinary framework to gain more holistic, contextual understandings of community functioning and change. In echoing the principles of community psychology, the foundational, multidisciplinary concepts of sense of community, social capital, civil society, empowerment and conscientization have informed understandings of this communitys process and outcome towards transformational change. This study offers a critical reflection of transformational change in an effort to promote more peaceful, collaborate relationships between dominant and oppressed groups in expanding our understandings and solutions for community change. Identified by Newbrough (1992, 1995) as the Third Force Position, the ideals of political community are visibly expressed as they attempt to pursue transformational change towards a just and sustainable future for the community. However, while civil society has made a positive contribution, also apparent are the processes and outcomes which affect those most vulnerable. Those most powerless continue to suffer from exclusion, marginalization and as a result are denied access to vital resources to meet their needs.

Cette thèse utilise des données de transaction de paiement par carte bancaire dites données à haute fréquence pour identifier les effets causaux d'innovations technologiques et de la pandémie de COVID-19. Le premier chapitre évalue l'impact causal de récentes innovations dans les paiements numériques, et plus particulièrement, la carte de paiement sans contact. Nous montrons que l'adoption de la technologie de paiement sans contact affecte significativement l'activité économique des commerces qui adoptent cette technologie par rapport à ceux qui ne l'adoptent pas à travers notamment des effets d'entrainement. Les effets sont particulièrement marqués pour les petites et les nouveaux commerces, et montrent l'impact réel des innovations technologiques. Le deuxième chapitre explore le rôle de la technologie de paiement sans contact dans l'atténuation de l'impact d'un choc économique tel que celui de la pandémie de COVID-19, et étudie donc la résilience des commerces. Les résultats indiquent que les commerçants disposant de la technologie de paiement sans contact ont mieux résisté aux chocs de la COVID-19 que celles qui ne l'utilisent pas encore. Ce travail fournit une preuve solide que l'acceptation des paiements sans contact pendant un choc épidémique aide les commerçants à acquérir davantage de nouveaux clients. A l'image du premier chapitre, nous soutenons l'idée que la technologie de paiement sans contact continue de soutenir la croissance des ventes des commerces et accélère la substitution entre les paiements numériques et non numériques. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous estimons l'impact de la COVID-19 sur la mobilité et les dépenses des consommateurs. Nous examinons également le rôle du commerce en ligne dans la reprise rapide de l'activité commerciale lorsqu'une économie est frappée par un choc inattendu qui paralyse l'activité des commerces physiques. Nous montrons que les mesures sanitaires visant à limiter la propagation de l'épidémie COVID-19 ont réduit de moitié la mobilité des consommateurs et les dépenses de consommation. En ce qui concerne la baisse des dépenses, nous constatons qu'elle est environ deux fois plus importante que la baisse des dépenses en ligne. Les analyses au niveau sectoriel soulignent le rôle prépondérant du commerce en ligne pour combler les lacunes et rendre l'économie plus résiliente en cas de fermeture totale des points de vente physiques. Le dernier chapitre quant à lui se concentre sur l'analyse du comportement de consommation spatiale et sur l'impact du développement du commerce en ligne sur les liens commerciaux régionaux. Il montre que les transactions en ligne, en plus de se produire plus fréquemment en dehors de la région d'origine du consommateur, sont plus concentrées dans les régions déjà développées. Le développement du commerce en ligne a augmenté la concentration de l'activité économique globale, et peut avoir des implications importantes pour le développement économique régional
This thesis uses card payment transaction data known as high-frequency data to identify the causal effects of technological innovations and the COVID-19 pandemic. The first chapter assesses the causal impact of recent disruptive innovations in digital payments, specifically, the contactless payment card. We show that the introduction of contactless payment technology significantly affects the economic activity of businesses that adopt this technology compared to those that do not, notably through spillover effects. The effects are particularly strong for small and new businesses, and show the real impact of technological innovations. The second chapter explores the role of digital payment technologies in mitigating the impact of shocks through improving business resilience. The results indicate that businesses with the latest digital payment technology were more resilient to COVID-19 shocks than those not yet using it. They also show that accepting contactless payments during an epidemic shock helps businesses acquire more new customers. Like the first chapter, we argue that digital payment technology continues to support sales growth and accelerates the substitution between digital and non-digital payments. In the third chapter, we estimate the impact of COVID-19 on consumer mobility and spending. We also examine the role of online commerce in the rapid recovery of business activity when an economy is hit by an unexpected shock that paralyzes offline activity. We show that public health measures to limit the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic sharply reduced consumer mobility and spending by more than half. Concerning the decline in spending, we find that it is about twice as large as the decline in online spending. Sector-level analyses highlight the key role of online commerce in filling gaps and making the economy more resilient in the event of total off-line retail closure. The last chapter focuses on the analysis of spatial consumption behavior and the impact of online trade development on regional trade linkages. It shows that online transactions, in addition to occurring more frequently outside the consumer's home region, are more concentrated in already developed regions. The development of online commerce has increased the concentration of overall economic activity and may have important implications for regional economic development

It is well established that rural regional Australians have borne the brunt of globalization in terms of the adverse impacts caused by social and economic restructuring resulting from global, national and local forces. In response governments and communities have embraced sustainability and civil society for promoting local community action and responsibility for social, economic and environmental issues. This research focuses on community narratives about the social change processes as they engage the forces of neo-liberal policies. Applying a qualitative, grounded theoretical approach to data collection and analysis this study also adopts a multi-perspective, multi-disciplinary framework to gain more holistic, contextual understandings of community functioning and change. In echoing the principles of community psychology, the foundational, multidisciplinary concepts of sense of community, social capital, civil society, empowerment and conscientization have informed understandings of this communitys process and outcome towards transformational change. This study offers a critical reflection of transformational change in an effort to promote more peaceful, collaborate relationships between dominant and oppressed groups in expanding our understandings and solutions for community change. Identified by Newbrough (1992, 1995) as the Third Force Position, the ideals of political community are visibly expressed as they attempt to pursue transformational change towards a just and sustainable future for the community. However, while civil society has made a positive contribution, also apparent are the processes and outcomes which affect those most vulnerable. Those most powerless continue to suffer from exclusion, marginalization and as a result are denied access to vital resources to meet their needs.

De nos jours, nous attendons des systèmes de systèmes d'être plus que simplement fonctionnel, mais aussi fiable, de préserver leurs performances, de mener les actions requises et, surtout, d'anticiper d'éventuelles défaillances. La résilience fait partie des nombreuses approches d'évaluation de la fiabilité. Elle est directement liée aux conséquences de perturbations et incertitudes. Il s'agit des conséquences en cas de perturbations et des incertitudes associées. La résilience est définie comme la capacité des systèmes à résister à une perturbation majeure selon paramètres de dégradation et à récupérer dans un délai, des coûts et des risques acceptables. Dans cette thèse, deux approches complémentaires sont proposées pour tenter d'analyser la résilience structurelle des systèmes de systèmes. La première est liée à l'extensibilité qui est une caractéristique des systèmes de systèmes puisqu'ils sont en continuelle évolution. L'un des principaux objectifs est d'évaluer la résilience structurelle en tenant compte de l'aspect dynamique et moyennant une évaluation de l'interopérabilité. D'autre part, un examen de la structure d'un système de systèmes et des flux internes représente la deuxième approche. Cela conduit à une évaluation de la résilience structurelle grâce à un ensemble d'indicateurs. Les deux approches proposées sont déterministes et peuvent être utilisées pour évaluer l'état courant de la structure du système de systèmes ou pour anticiper sa résilience dans des scénarios futurs. Un démonstrateur a été développé pour l'évaluation de la résilience structurelle. Dans la considération de territoires, il a servi à l'évaluation d'infrastructures industrielles réelles selon une approche systèmes de systèmes
Nowadays, we expect of SoS (systems-of-systems) more than just to be functional, but also to be reliable, to preserve their performance, to complete the required fonctions and rnost importantly to anticipate potential defects. The relationship with resilience is among the numerous perspectives tackling reliability in the context of SoS. It is about the consequences in case of disturbances and associated uncertainties. Resilience is defined as the ability of systems to withstand a major disruption within acceptable degradation parameters and to recover within an acceptable time, composite costs and risks. In this thesis, two complementary approaches are proposed in an attempt to analyze SoS structural resilience. First is related to extensibility which is a specific characteristic of SoS as they are in continuous evolvement and change. A major focus is to evaluate SoS structural resilience with regards to its dynamic aspect and through interoperability assessment. On the other hand, a consideration of the SoS structure and inner workflow pathways represents the second approach. This perspective leads to structural resilience assessment through a set of indicators. Both proposed approaches are deterministic and can be used to evaluate the current state of SoS structure or to anticipate its resilience in future scenarios. Futhermore, a prototype is designed in order to process the structural resilience assessment. Considering spatial objects, it has been used to conduct experiments on real-based industrial infrastructures approached as SoS

Au cours de la période 2007-2012, le monde a traversé une période de crises multiples aux effets sociaux-économiques dévastateurs. Ce contexte a renforcé le rôle de l’innovation comme vecteur de relance, devant rétablir le climat économique, et relever les nouveaux enjeux sociaux et environnementaux. Or, ces activités ont connu elles-mêmes des impacts et des trajectoires hétérogènes, les poussant à certaines mutations qui dépendent notamment des spécificités de leurs territoires d’implantation. Ainsi, cette thèse interroge l’évolution de l’innovation en région PACA à travers la notion de système et en temps de crise. Il s’agit d’observer le poids des pouvoirs publics sur le processus d’innovation, notamment face à un moment de crise pouvant déclencher des processus multiples de vulnérabilité et de résilience territoriale. L’exemple des secteurs de haute-technologie, des territoires métropolitains et des nouveaux lieux d’innovation, témoignent de la complexité du processus de crise. Ils illustrent ainsi toute la difficulté pour les pouvoirs publics d’intervenir globalement et judicieusement
During the 2007-2012 period, the world went through a period of multiple crises with devastating social and economic effects. This context has reinforced the role of innovation as a vector for recovery, which should restore the economic climate and meet new social and environmental challenges. However, these activities have themselves known heterogeneous impacts and trajectories, pushing them to certain mutations which depend in particular on the specificities of their territories of establishment.Thus, this thesis questions the evolution of innovation in the PACA region through the concept of system and in times of crisis. It is a question of observing the role of public authorities on the innovation process, especially in the face of a moment of crisis that can trigger multiple processes of vulnerability and territorial resilience.The example of high-tech sectors, metropolitan areas and new places of innovation, testify to the complexity of the crisis process. They illustrate the difficulty for public authorities to intervene globally and judiciously

La tesi si propone di studiare la resilienza adattiva in risposta agli shock naturali attraverso un'analisi empirica dei maggiori terremoti avvenuti in Giappone al fine di dimostrare che disturbi improvvisi, come gli shock naturali, possono favorire processi di riorganizzazione in grado di promuovere sia il riadattamento di percorsi di crescita esistenti sia la creazione di nuove traiettorie di sviluppo.

abstract: The jobless recovery of the Great Recession has led policymakers and citizens alike to ask what can be done to better protect regions from the cascading effects of an economic downturn. Economic growth strategies that aim to redevelop a waterfront for tourism or attract high growth companies to the area, for example, have left regions vulnerable by consolidating resources in just a few industry sectors or parts of town. A promising answer that coincided with growing interest in regional innovation policy has been to promote entrepreneurship for bottom-up, individual-led regional development. However, these policies have also failed to maximize the potential for bottom-up development by focusing on high skill entrepreneurs and high tech industry sectors, such as green energy and nanotechnology. This dissertation uses the extended case method to determine whether industry cluster theory can be usefully extended from networks of high skill innovators to entrepreneurs in traditional trades. It uses U.S. Census data and in-person interviews in cluster and non-cluster neighborhoods in Dayton, Ohio to assess whether traditional entrepreneurs cluster and whether social networks explain high rates of neighborhood self-employment. Entrepreneur interviews are also conducted in Raleigh, North Carolina to explore regional resilience by comparing the behavior of traditional entrepreneurs in the ascendant tech-hub region of Raleigh and stagnant Rustbelt region of Dayton. The quantitative analysis documents, for the first time, a minor degree of neighborhood-level entrepreneur clustering. In interviews, entrepreneurs offered clear examples of social networks that resemble those shown to make regional clusters successful, and they helped clarify that a slightly larger geography may reveal more clustering. Comparing Raleigh and Dayton entrepreneurs, the study found few differences in their behavior to explain the regions' differing long-term economic trends. However, charitable profit-seeking and trial and error learning are consistent behaviors that may distinguish traditional, small scale entrepreneurs from larger export-oriented business owners and contribute to a region's ability to withstand recessions and other shocks. The research informs growing policy interest in bottom-up urban development by offering qualitative evidence for how local mechanics, seamstresses, lawn care businesses and many others can be regional assets. Future research should use larger entrepreneur samples to systematically test the relationship between entrepreneur resilience behaviors to regional economic outcomes.
Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Public Administration 2013

碩士
國立臺灣大學
建築與城鄉研究所
103
Researches in regional economies have been mostly focused on how industries can grow and develop. However, globalization has bound world economies together as never seen before and, as a result, economic shocks brought about by external factors has become ever more frequent and unpredictable. Therefore, this research is aimed to take a different perspective by using the concept of Resilience to get down to the discussion of tenacity of regional economies in the face of such interconnected shocks. In the case studies of Taiwan''s machine tool cluster, this research discusses the variation of regional economies'' resilience and how different agents in the cluster cope with external shocks. In an induction of the grow rates of the machine tool industrial output value, it is found that since 1980s, Taiwan''s machine tool industrial cluster has encountered five negative growths due to external shocks, which are respectively related to the 1987-1993 Voluntary Restraint Agreement (VRA), 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, 1999 Taiwan''s 921 Earthquake, 2000 Internet Bubble and American 911 Terrorist Attack, and 2008 Global Financial Tsunami. During the shocks, the entrepreneurship, industrial structure, public sectors'' assistance, and social capital interacted with one another in adaptation to various external shocks and successfully produced resilience to the regional economy. The research has also found that in coping with different characteristics of external shocks, different agents within the machine tool cluster react accordingly. When facing the setbacks of major markets due to events such as the VRA, Internet Bubble, and 911 Terrorist Attack, the industrial cluster was under the leadership of entrepreneurs to switch its agents for appropriate assistance based on the changing situation, and successfully developed new businesses to diversify and transfer from the original markets. When facing global financial crises (e.g. the Asian Financial Crisis and Global Financial Tsunami), the agents in the cluster went through learning of coping with new situations and adaptation by business alliance to restructure their industrial framework and uplift their overall industrial competitiveness. When facing unpredictable natural disasters (e.g. Taiwan 921 Earthquake), the agents went through joint action and highly flexible production to make up part of the losses incurred to their fellow agents.

碩士
國立臺北大學
都市計劃研究所
104
This research focuses on the development of Taiwan’s yacht industrial cluster. It aims to use this case to discuss what an industrial cluster may face- the growth and decline and to strengthen the existing discussion orientation of industrial cluster area. Backtracking development of Taiwan's yacht industry, it was not a smooth process, but it went through a series ups and downs reaching its peak in the 1980s and suffering in economic recession on 1990s. However, in the transformation and innovation efforts, this industry overcame difficulties and broke "sunset industry" impression. From this view the developing process of Taiwan’s yacht industry, it reflects the complete face of an industrial cluster which may encounter the growth and decline. Thus we think it is a suitable subject to conduct the research on the analysis of industrial cluster and regional economic resilience. In terms of research methods, we offered a framework to analyze resilience of Taiwan’s yacht industrial cluster. And through the extensive secondary data collection, the in-depth interviews with key interviewees, case observation and analysis to sort out the context of the development of Taiwan's yacht industrial cluster and find out the factors which make this industry resilient and its dynamic construction process. In the research result, firstly we find that the evolution of Taiwan's yacht industrial cluster completely gone through four stages of development. And Entrepreneurs led a cluster space transfer from north to south part of Taiwan- Kaohsiung. Secondly, regarding of the application regional economic resilience in Taiwan’s study field, we firstly analyzed the external and internal impact, and then using two-level observation framework to find the resilience components in Taiwanese yacht industry. We found that the resilience construction factors came from the support from an extremely flexible labor and production network and a tightening social network which made yacht manufacturing firms overcame every industry impacts. Besides, the guidance and assistance from the government, and entrepreneurs with entrepreneurship are the crucial factors to enhance the resilience of this industry. Finally, in the evolution of regional economic resilience and industrial cluster theory, we think that regional economic resilience concept offers a different interpretation and understanding way to study industrial clusters, also offers another way to rethink our industrial policies. Especially in recent years, with various economic impacts happened in the global environment frequently, which highlight the importance and necessity to discuss the concept of resilience.

Today, Canada’s population is over 80 percent urban as exemplified by our growing cities. As a result of outmigration to urban centres, many rural economies in Atlantic Canada are struggling socially and economically. This research examines the redevelopment of rural communities through a lens of continuous cycles of adaptive change - based on Holling’s ecological concept of panarchy. By drawing on the characteristics of ecological communities, this panarchy-based theoretical framework uses a novel approach to reflect on a community’s position along its own adaptive change cycle and identifies leverage points where policy intervention may be most advantageous. This research also examines the practical application of this framework via interviews with economic development officials. Overall, the results of this research suggest that the panarchy-based framework offers constructive guidance to policy makers seeking to push or pull rural communities into positions of higher resiliency and to expedite times of economic uncertainty.

Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Economia apresentado à Faculdade de Economia
De modo a mitigar os contágio e os efeitos económicos e sociais causados pela pandemia Covid-19, várias instituições públicas e privadas implementaram medidas com o intuito de proteger a comunidade e a economia envolvente. Este relatório apresenta um mapeamento de medidas implementadas pelos órgãos autárquicos, pelo tecido empresarial e pela sociedade civil na CIM-RC, bem como uma análise territorial e à resiliência económica da região ao longo da primeira vaga pandémica que ocorreu de março a agosto de 2020. Após a recolha de informação através de pesquisas, questionários, entrevistas e reuniões junto da CIM, das autarquias e dos GAL e a organização de informação por categorias e subcategorias, foram elaborados quatro mapas que refletem o dinamismo e a resiliência da região. Para complementar esta análise foi efetuado o levantamento de dados estatísticos e calculados quocientes de localização para as todas as atividades económicas.O território da CIM-RC demonstra uma dicotomia interior/litoral, onde as regiões do interior, denominadas territórios de baixa densidade, são caracterizadas por uma baixa densidade populacional, envelhecimento demográfico, dependência do setor primário e fraco dinamismo empresarial. Estas características revelam vulnerabilidades territoriais e uma especial preocupação perante a atual crise de saúde pública, económica e social, pois são fatores que reduzem a resiliência económica regional. Em relação às iniciativas implementadas pelas autarquias, classificadas como as de reação à pandemia, de promoção económica e de promoção social, é evidenciada uma tendência para a sua adoção por parte dos territórios de baixa densidade. O envelhecimento populacional e a dependência às atividades de apoio social com e sem alojamento revelam-se justificativas das principais medidas de proteção da população: a entrega de EPI e a realização de rastreio à Covid-19. Já a implementação de medidas de promoção económica e social reflete-se na sua maioria homogénea, uma vez que a CIM-RC depende economicamente do comércio a retalho e do setor primário. Em relação às iniciativas do tecido empresarial – principalmente baseadas na solidariedade social e na reconversão dos processos produtivos –, os resultados evidenciam que os concelhos com uma relevante dependência das atividades de investigação e desenvolvimento e dos setores cujos processos de produção são semelhantes à produção de EPI e desinfetantes (como o têxtil, produtos farmacêuticos, das bebidas e de matérias plásticas) são os territórios mais resistentes e, por isso, economicamente mais resilientes.
In order to mitigate the contagion and economic and social effects caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, several public and private institutions have implemented measures to protect the community and the surrounding economy. This report presents a mapping of measures implemented by local authorities, the business fabric, and civil society in CIM-RC, as well as a territorial analysis and economic resilience of the region over the first earthquake wave that occurred from March to August 2020. After collecting information through surveys, questionnaires, interviews, and meetings to the CIM, the municipalities, and the LAGs, and the organization of information by categories and subcategories, four maps were prepared that reflect the dynamism and resilience of the region. To complement this analysis, statistical data were collected, and localization quotients were collected for all economic activities. The territory of CIM-RC demonstrates an interior/coastal dichotomy, where the regions of the interior, called low-density territories, are characterized by a low population density, demographic aging, dependence on the primary sector, and weak business dynamism. These characteristics reveal territorial vulnerabilities and a particular concern in the current public, economic, and social health crisis, as they are factors that reduce regional economic resilience. In relation to the initiatives implemented by the municipalities, classified as those of reaction to the pandemic, economic promotion, and social promotion, a tendency towards their adoption by low-density territories is evidenced. Population aging and dependence on social support activities with and without housing are the justifications of the main measures to protect the population: the delivery of PPE and the screening to Covid-19. The implementation of measures for economic and social promotion is mostly homogeneous since CIM-RC depends economically on retail trade and the primary sector. In relation to the initiatives of the business fabric – mainly based on social solidarity and the reconversion of production processes – the results show that municipalities with a significant dependence on research and development activities and sectors whose production processes are similar to the production of PPE and disinfectants (such as textiles, pharmaceuticals, beverages, and plastics) are the most resilient and therefore economically more resilient territories.