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Journal articles on the topic 'Residue conservation'
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1
Valdar, William S. J. "Scoring residue conservation." Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 48, no. 2 (June 6, 2002): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.10146.
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Schoenau, Jeff J., and Constantine A. Campbell. "Impact of crop residues on nutrient availability in conservation tillage systems." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-111.
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Crop residue management is a key consideration when attempting to optimize fertility in conservation tillage systems. Major factors affecting the impact of crop residues on nutrient availability include the chemical composition of the residue [e.g. carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) ratio], residue placement, fertilizer placement in relation to residue and time. Greater surface accumulation of crop residues in reduced and no-till systems tends to slow decomposition of N-poor residues such as cereal straw, and crop N supply during the current year can be reduced by immobilization if the straw is incorporated close to the time of high crop demand. Similarly, placement of fertilizer directly in the surface straw residue can reduce fertilizer use efficiency due to greater immobilization. Greater immobilization in reduced and no-till systems can enhance the conservation of soil and fertilizer N in the long term, with higher initial N fertilizer requirements decreasing over time because of 1) reduced losses by erosion and 2) the build-up of a larger pool of readily mineralizable organic N. For N-rich residues, such as legumes, volatilization losses may be greater when these residues are left on the surface than when incorporated into soil. Leaching of soluble phosphorus and sulfur compounds from standing and surface-placed crop residues into the mineral soil below may be a significant pathway for recycling of these elements in no-till systems. Greater coverage of the soil surface by crop residues can increase soil moisture and affect soil biological activity related to nutrient turnover. Future research should address how above- and below-ground decomposition processes differ for a wider range of crop residues and nutrients, emphasizing both short and long-term nutrient recycling. Key words: Crop residue, no-till, nutrient availability, nutrient cycling
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Batavia, Chelsea, Michael Paul Nelson, and Arian D. Wallach. "The moral residue of conservation." Conservation Biology 34, no. 5 (April 15, 2020): 1114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13463.
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Ahola, Virpi, Tero Aittokallio, Esa Uusipaikka, and Mauno Vihinen. "Statistical Methods for Identifying Conserved Residues in Multiple Sequence Alignment." Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2004): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1544-6115.1074.
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The assessment of residue conservation in a multiple sequence alignment is a central issue in bioinformatics. Conserved residues and regions are used to determine structural and functional motifs or evolutionary relationships between the sequences of a multiple sequence alignment. For this reason, residue conservation is a valuable measure for database and motif search or for estimating the quality of alignments. In this paper, we present statistical methods for identifying conserved residues in multiple sequence alignments. While most earlier studies examine the positional conservation of the alignment, we focus on the detection of individual conserved residues at a position. The major advantages of multiple comparison methods originate from their ability to select conserved residues simultaneously and to consider the variability of the residue estimates. Large-scale simulations were used for the comparative analysis of the methods. Practical performance was studied by comparing the structurally and functionally important residues of Src homology 2 (SH2) domains to the assignments of the conservation indices. The applicability of the indices was also compared in three additional protein families comprising different degrees of entropy and variability in alignment positions. The results indicate that statistical multiple comparison methods are sensitive and reliable in identifying conserved residues.
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Dormaar, J. F., and J. M. Carefoot. "Implications of crop residue management and conservation tillage on soil organic matter." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-112.
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Under natural grassland or native prairie, aboveground residue or surface litter modifies the microenvironment. It promotes water infiltration and, by insulating the soil surface, moderates soil temperatures and limits evaporation. Root mass decomposes and transforms within the conditions created by surface litter. Together with root exudates, this below-ground residue or subsurface litter reacts with soil minerals to form aggregates, lower bulk density and increase water-holding capacity. Bringing such soils under cultivation leads to lower soil organic matter content, thereby increasing bulk density. The role of surface litter becomes even more important, as it affects wind and water erosion, reduces the impact of raindrops, prevents crusting, protects the soil from drying by sublimation, and captures snow. Management of crop residues depends on the role of the residue. A distinction must be made between above- and below-ground residues: their roles are distinctly different. Aboveground crop residue protects the soil and creates the conditions for below-ground residue to decompose and transform. These decomposition products, in turn, create favourable soil structure for plant growth. Research is needed on the effect of repeated harvesting of "excess" aboveground residues. Key words: Labile organic matter, resilience, resistance, surface litter, subsurface litter
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Bahadur, Ranjit P., and Joël Janin. "Residue conservation in viral capsid assembly." Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 71, no. 1 (2008): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.21710.
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Li, Jing-Jing, De-Shuang Huang, Bing Wang, and Pen Chen. "Identifying protein–protein interfacial residues in heterocomplexes using residue conservation scores." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 38, no. 3-5 (May 2006): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.02.024.
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Lafond, G. P., S. M. Boyetchko, S. A. Brandt, G. W. Clayton, and M. H. Entz. "Influence of changing tillage practices on crop production." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-114.
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The most efficient and practical way of protecting the soil against wind and water erosion is with surface and anchored crop residues. The rate and extent of crop establishment is not adversely affected by conservation tillage provided shallow seeding is used and adequate seed-to-soil contact is achieved. Soil water conservation can be enhanced with conservation tillage systems and the amount conserved is directly influenced by the type and amount of crop residues present and the agro-ecological zone. Crop residue decomposition is 1.5× slower on the surface than when buried and the rate of decomposition can be explained almost entirely by the location and nitrogen content of the residues and growing degree days. Grain yield can be improved with conservation tillage and is directly related to the amount of extra water conserved, regardless of the crop. Crop establishment, which is critical in forage production, can be improved with conservation tillage. Removing forage stands with herbicides as opposed to tillage favoured subsequent crops. Further research is required on the manipulation of stubble height and row spacing to enhance water conservation and to determine the impact of such changes on crop growth and development, weeds and plant diseases. There is need to develop crop-specific conservation production practices for each agro-ecological zone. Key words: Residue decomposition, grain yield, water conservation, forage production, conservation tillage
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Wang, Qi, Longtu Zhu, Mingwei Li, Dongyan Huang, and Honglei Jia. "Conservation Agriculture Using Coulters: Effects of Crop Residue on Working Performance." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 8, 2018): 4099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114099.
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Conservation agriculture is an important measure promoting sustainable agriculture in northeast China. Coulters in the conservation agriculture system are used to cut the excessive residue in strips, loosen soils, and create good seedbeds. Information on the performance of coulters worked in a field with or without corn residue coverage is lacking in the literature. In this study, five coulters were tested in two field conditions at three working velocities to compare their performance. The five coulters were four types of fluted coulters (8 W, 13 W, 18 W, and 25 W) and one notched-flat coulter (NF); the two field conditions were whole residue plots (WR) and no residue plots(NR), and the three working velocities were 8 km/h (V1), 10 km/h (V2), and 12 km/h (V3). All of the tests were tested at a tillage depth of 80 mm. The results showed that the maximum furrow width (Wf), furrow disturbance area (A), and residue coverage change (C) were significantly affected by the working velocity and coulter type, while the cutting force (F) and skid rate (S) were significantly affected by the residue coverage, working velocity, and coulter type. The NF was found to have the smallest furrow profile, residue coverage change, and cutting force, as well as the largest skid rate. Among the fluted coulters, as the wavenumber rose, the cutting force, furrow width, and furrow disturbance area all gradually decreased, while the skid rate and residue coverage change were gradually enhanced. The straw residual intensified the cutting force and reduced the skid rate, which changed by 11.6% and 20.9%, respectively. As the working velocity rose from 8 km/h to 12 km/h, the furrow width, furrow disturbance area, residue coverage change, cutting force, and skid rate increased by 26.5%, 16.5%, 44.6%, 8.2%, and 22.7%, respectively. The results reveal that the flat coulter and large-wavenumber fluted coulters (18 W and 25 W) have less cutting force and are more beneficial for cutting straw residue in residue coverage fields, while the small-wavenumber fluted coulters (8 W and 13 W) are suitable for loosening soil and constructing seedbeds. The cutting force has significant effects on the performance of cutting straw residue, loosening soils, and creating seedbeds.
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Harrelson, E. Ryan, Greg D. Hoyt, John L. Havlin, and David W. Monks. "Effect of Winter Cover Crop Residue on No-till Pumpkin Yield." HortScience 42, no. 7 (December 2007): 1568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.7.1568.
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Throughout the southeastern United States, vegetable growers have successfully cultivated pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo) using conventional tillage. No-till pumpkin production has not been pursued by many growers as a result of the lack of herbicides, no-till planting equipment, and knowledge in conservation tillage methods. All of these conservation production aids are now present for successful no-till vegetable production. The primary reasons to use no-till technologies for pumpkins include reduced erosion, improved soil moisture conservation, long-term improvement in soil chemical and microbial properties, and better fruit appearance while maintaining similar yields compared with conventionally produced pumpkins. Cover crop utilization varies in no-till production, whereas residue from different cover crops can affect yields. The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the influence of surface residue type on no-till pumpkin yield and fruit quality. Results from these experiments showed all cover crop residues produced acceptable no-till pumpkin yields and fruit size. Field location, weather conditions, soil type, and other factors probably affected pumpkin yields more than surface residue. Vegetable growers should expect to successfully grow no-till pumpkins using any of the winter cover crop residues tested over a wide range in residue biomass rates.
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George, R. A., R. V. Spriggs, G. J. Bartlett, A. Gutteridge, M. W. MacArthur, C. T. Porter, B. Al-Lazikani, J. M. Thornton, and M. B. Swindells. "Effective function annotation through catalytic residue conservation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 35 (July 21, 2005): 12299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504833102.
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Stumborg, Mark, Lawrence Townley-Smith, and Ewen Coxworth. "Sustainability and economic issues for cereal crop residue export." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-117.
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Soil conservation and sustainability concerns, and a lack of markets for crop residues, have left producers with few alternatives for cereal residue export beyond cattle feed or livestock bedding. With the increasing producer use of minimum and zero-tillage systems, the management of crop residues has become an important issue. Opportunities for residue removal may exist provided markets are developed for the material and long-term soil sustainability concerns are addressed.Recent research on the effect of residue removal in Saskatchewan has shown that there is little or no impact on soil organic matter provided adequate fertilization is practised and tillage is reduced. Assuming that 750 kg ha−1 of retained residue is adequate for erosion protection in reduced tillage systems, significant quantities of residues may be available for export from the Black Soil zone. The economic returns to producers are such that residue export is an attractive diversification option. Key words: Crop residues, economics, residue export, soil erosion, soil nutrients, soil carbon
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García-Crespo, Carlos, María Eugenia Soria, Isabel Gallego, Ana Isabel de Ávila, Brenda Martínez-González, Lucía Vázquez-Sirvent, Jordi Gómez, et al. "Dissimilar Conservation Pattern in Hepatitis C Virus Mutant Spectra, Consensus Sequences, and Data Banks." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 3450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113450.
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The influence of quasispecies dynamics on long-term virus diversification in nature is a largely unexplored question. Specifically, whether intra-host nucleotide and amino acid variation in quasispecies fit the variation observed in consensus sequences or data bank alignments is unknown. Genome conservation and dynamics simulations are used for the computational design of universal vaccines, therapeutic antibodies and pan-genomic antiviral agents. The expectation is that selection of escape mutants will be limited when mutations at conserved residues are required. This strategy assumes long-term (epidemiologically relevant) conservation but, critically, does not consider short-term (quasispecies-dictated) residue conservation. We calculated mutant frequencies of individual loci from mutant spectra of hepatitis C virus (HCV) populations passaged in cell culture and from infected patients. Nucleotide or amino acid conservation in consensus sequences of the same populations, or in the Los Alamos HCV data bank did not match residue conservation in mutant spectra. The results relativize the concept of sequence conservation in viral genetics and suggest that residue invariance in data banks is an insufficient basis for the design of universal viral ligands for clinical purposes. Our calculations suggest relaxed mutational restrictions during quasispecies dynamics, which may contribute to higher calculated short-term than long-term viral evolutionary rates.
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Bera, Tanushree, Sandeep Sharma, H. S. Thind, H. S. Sidhu, and M. L. Jat. "Soil biochemical changes at different wheat growth stages in response to conservation agriculture practices in a rice-wheat system of north-western India." Soil Research 56, no. 1 (2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16357.
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Intensive tillage, removal or burning of crop residues, limited organic manure use, declining irrigation water resources and scarcity of labour are the major causes of soil degradation and unsustainability of rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system (RWS) in South Asia.Resource conservation technologies (RCTs) such as zero tillage (ZT), dry direct seeded rice (DSR) and crop residues retained as mulch have shown promise to increase the productivity and profitability of RWS in South Asia. Effects of RCTs on soil biological parameters are unclear and contradictory. We evaluated the effects of conservation agriculture practices on changes in soil biochemical properties at different growth stages of wheat grown as the fifth crop in RWS. Twelve treatment combinations of tillage, crop establishment and crop residue management included four main plot treatments in rice: (1) conventional tillage (CT)-DSR,(2) ZT-DSR, (3) DTR, ZT machine transplanted rice and (4) PTR, conventional puddled transplanted rice. The three subplot treatments were: (i) CTW-R, CT wheat with both rice and wheat residues removed, (ii) ZTW-R, ZT wheat with residues of both the crops removed and (iii) ZTW+R, ZT wheat with rice residue retained as surface mulch in subsequent wheat. Irrespective of rice establishment methods, mean wheat grain yield under ZTW+R was 6% and 10% greater than CTW-R and ZTW-R respectively. Soil enzyme activities increased (5–18%) under ZTW+R compared with ZTW-R and CTW-R at different growth stages of wheat. The residual effect of rice establishment methods was significant on soil enzyme activities during wheat cropping, which were highest under ZT-DSR followed by CT-DSR, DTR and PTR. Soil organic carbon content in the 0–7.5 cm layer was significantly higher (7–9%) under the ZTW+R treatment compared with all the other treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified three enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate and phosphatase), and soil organic carbon content as the most sensitive indicators for assessing soil quality for RWS based on conservation agriculture. The PCA discriminated rice establishment systems with rice residue as surface mulch from rice establishment systems without rice residue and the maximum tillering stage from the other stages of wheat. The present study provided reliable biochemical indicators to monitor soil biological quality changes in response to conservation agriculture practices in RWS.
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Hoyt, G. D., D. W. Monks, and T. J. Monaco. "Conservation Tillage for Vegetable Production." HortTechnology 4, no. 2 (April 1994): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.4.2.129.
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Conservation tillage is an effective sustainable production system for vegetables. No-till planters and transplanters and strip-till cultivation equipment are presently available for most vegetables. Lack of weed management tools (herbicides, cultivators, etc.) continues to be the cultural practice that limits adaptability of some vegetables to conservation tillage systems. Nitrogen management can be critical when grass winter cover crops are used as a surface residue. Advantages of using conservation tillage include soil and water conservation, improved soil chemical properties, reduction in irrigation requirements, reduced labor requirements, and greater nutrient recycling. However, disadvantages may include lower soil temperatures, which can affect maturity date; higher chemical input (desiccants and post-emergence herbicides); potential pest carryover in residues; and enhancement of some diseases.
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Hammel, John E. "Water conservation practices for sustainable dryland farming systems in the Pacific Northwest." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 11, no. 2-3 (September 1996): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300006779.
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Sustainable crop production in the Pacific Northwest dry-farmed areas relies heavily on tillage and residue management systems to conserve water. Stable, sustainable yields cannot be achieved without adequate water conservation techniques. Frozen soil can reduce infiltration markedly, which decreases overwinter profile water storage and can cause severe soil erosion. Uncurbed evaporation losses throughout the year can greatly limit yields, particularly with summer fallow.In both summer-fallowed and annually cropped regions where soil freezes frequently, fall tillage is used to increase surface macroporosity and to provide open channels to below the frost depth. This enhances infiltration throughout the winter and insures better water intake during rapid snowmelt and rainfall when the soil is frozen. Fall tillage enhances overwinter water recharge under these conditions, whereas in areas where soil freezes infrequently, it does not improve water storage efficiency.In the dry-farmed regions receiving less than 330 mm annual precipitation, a winter wheat-fallow system is used to reduce the risk of uneconomical yields. Successful establishment of winter wheat following summer fallow is feasible only when proper management has suppressed evaporative loss. During the dry summer fallow, tillage is used to develop and maintain a soil mulch that restricts the flow of water, as both liquid and vapor. The tillage mulch effectively conserves stored soil water and maintains adequate seedzone moisture for fall establishment of winter wheat. However, the soil mulch can lead to high wind and water erosion.In the Pacific Northwest dry-farmed region, tillage by itself is not considered a substitute for proper residue management. Crop residues following harvest are important for conserving water and controlling erosion. Under conservation programs implemented since 1985, shallow subsurface tillage systems that maintain residues on the surface have substantially reduced wind and water erosion in the region. Surface residues are effective in decreasing evaporative water loss and trapping snow during the winter, and therefore increase overwinter recharge. While surface residues are much less effective in suppressing evaporative losses in dry-farmed areas during extended dry periods, residues provide substantial control of wind and water erosion during the fallow.Before conservation tillage systems came into use in the Pacific Northwest, water conservation frequently was achieved only through tillage. This helped to stabilize yields, but at a high cost to the soil resource. Poor use of surface residues and intensive tillage contributed to extensive wind and water erosion. Continued use of these practices would have caused yields to decline over time and required greater agrichemical inputs. To meet soil and water conservation needs, site-specific tillage and residue management systems were developed to account for the diversity and variability of soils and climate across the Pacific Northwest. Common to all these production systems is that both water conservation and effective residue management to protect the soil are required for long-term sustainable production.
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Nandan, Rajiv, Shish Pal Poonia, Sati Shankar Singh, Chaitanya Prasad Nath, Virender Kumar, Ram Kanwar Malik, Andrew McDonald, and Kali Krishna Hazra. "Potential of conservation agriculture modules for energy conservation and sustainability of rice-based production systems of Indo-Gangetic Plain region." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 1 (August 18, 2020): 246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10395-x.
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AbstractRice-based cropping systems are the most energy-intensive production systems in South Asia. Sustainability of the rice-based cropping systems is nowadays questioned with declining natural resource base, soil degradation, environmental pollution, and declining factor productivity. As a consequence, the search for energy and resource conservation agro-techniques is increasing for sustainable and cleaner production. Conservation agriculture (CA) practices have been recommended for resource conservation, soil health restoration and sustaining crop productivity. The present study aimed to assess the different CA modules in rice-based cropping systems for energy conservation, energy productivity, and to define energy-economic relations. A field experiment consisted of four different tillage-based crop establishment practices (puddled-transplanted rice followed by (fb) conventional-till maize/wheat (CTTPR-CT), non-puddled transplanted rice fb zero-till maize/wheat (NPTPR-ZT), zero-till transplanted rice fb zero-till maize/wheat (ZTTPR-ZT), zero-till direct-seeded rice fb zero-till maize/wheat (ZTDSR-ZT)), with two residue management treatments (residue removal, residue retention) in rice–wheat and rice–maize rotations were evaluated for energy budgeting and energy-economic relations. Conservation-tillage treatments (NPTPR-ZT, ZTTPR-ZT, and ZTDSR-ZT) reduced the energy requirements over conventional tillage treatments, with the greater reduction in ZTTPR-ZT and ZTDSR-ZT treatments. Savings of energy in conservation-tillage treatments were attributed to reduced energy use in land preparation (69–100%) and irrigation (23–27%), which consumed a large amount of fuel energy. Conservation-tillage treatments increased grain and straw/stover yields of crops, eventually increased the output energy (6–16%), net energy (14–26%), energy ratio (25–33%), and energy productivity (23–34%) as compared with CTTPR-CT. For these energy parameters, the treatment order was ZTDSR-ZT ≥ ZTTPR-ZT > NPTPR-ZT > CTTPR-CT (p < 0.05). Crop residue retention reduced net energy, energy ratio, and energy productivity when compared with residue removal. Our results of energy-economic relations favored the “conservative hypothesis,” which envisages that energy and monetary investments are not essentially the determinants of crop productivity. Thus, zero tillage-based crop establishments (ZTTPR-ZT, ZTDSR-ZT) in rice-based production systems could be the sustainable alternative to conventional tillage-based agriculture (CTTPR-CT) as they conserved non-renewable energy sources, reduced water requirement, and increased crop productivity.
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Torbert, H. A., J. T. Ingram, and S. A. Prior. "Planter Aid for Heavy Residue Conservation Tillage Systems." Agronomy Journal 99, no. 2 (March 2007): 478–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0114.
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Jakubec, David, Jiří Vondrášek, and Robert D. Finn. "3DPatch: fast 3D structure visualization with residue conservation." Bioinformatics 35, no. 2 (June 10, 2018): 332–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty464.
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Hoberman, Rose, Judith Klein-Seetharaman, and Roni Rosenfeld. "Inferring Property Selection Pressure from Positional Residue Conservation." Applied Bioinformatics 3, no. 2 (2004): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00822942-200403020-00011.
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Dubreuil, R. R., T. J. Byers, A. L. Sillman, D. Bar-Zvi, L. S. Goldstein, and D. Branton. "The complete sequence of Drosophila alpha-spectrin: conservation of structural domains between alpha-spectrins and alpha-actinin." Journal of Cell Biology 109, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): 2197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.109.5.2197.
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We report the complete sequence of Drosophila alpha-spectrin and show that it is similar to vertebrate nonerythroid spectrins. As in vertebrates, the alpha subunit consists of two large domains of repetitive sequence (segments 1-9 and 11-19) separated by a short nonrepetitive sequence (segment 10). The 106-residue repetitive segments are defined by a consensus sequence of 54 residues. Chicken alpha-spectrin (Wasenius, V.-M., M. Saraste, P. Salven, M. Eramaa, L. Holm, V.-P. Lehto. 1989. J. Cell Biol. 108:79-93) shares 50 of these consensus positions. Through comparison of spectrin and alpha-actinin sequences, we describe a second lineage of spectrin segments (20 and 21) that differs from the 106-residue segments by an 8-residue insertion and by lack of many of the consensus residues. We present a model of spectrin evolution in which the repetitive lineage of spectrin segments and the nonrepetitive lineage of segments found in spectrin and alpha-actinin arose by separate multiplication events.
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Sarkar, Sukamal, Milan Skalicky, Akbar Hossain, Marian Brestic, Saikat Saha, Sourav Garai, Krishnendu Ray, and Koushik Brahmachari. "Management of Crop Residues for Improving Input Use Efficiency and Agricultural Sustainability." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 9808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239808.
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Crop residues, the byproduct of crop production, are valuable natural resources that can be managed to maximize different input use efficiencies. Crop residue management is a well-known and widely accepted practice, and is a key component of conservation agriculture. The rapid shift from conventional agriculture to input-intensive modern agricultural practices often leads to an increase in the production of crop residues. Growing more food for an ever-increasing population brings the chance of fast residue generation. Ecosystem services from crop residues improve soil health status and supplement necessary elements in plants. However, this is just one side of the shield. Indecorous crop residue management, including in-situ residue burning, often causes serious environmental hazards. This happens to be one of the most serious environmental hazard issues witnessed by the agricultural sector. Moreover, improper management of these residues often restrains them from imparting their beneficial effects. In this paper, we have reviewed all recent findings to understand and summarize the different aspects of crop residue management, like the impact of the residues on crop and soil health, natural resource recycling, and strategies related to residue retention in farming systems, which are linked to the environment and ecology. This comprehensive review paper may be helpful for different stakeholders to formulate suitable residue management techniques that will fit well under existing farming system practices without compromising the systems’ productivity and environmental sustainability.
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Balkcom, Kipling Shane, Charles Wesley Wood, James Fredrick Adams, and Bernard Meso. "Suitability of peanut residue as a nitrogen source for a rye cover crop." Scientia Agricola 64, no. 2 (2007): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162007000200012.
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Leguminous winter cover crops have been utilized in conservation systems to partially meet nitrogen (N) requirements of succeeding summer cash crops, but the potential of summer legumes to reduce N requirements of a winter annual grass, used as a cover crop, has not been extensively examined. This study assessed the N contribution of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) residues to a subsequent rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop grown in a conservation system on a Dothan sandy loam (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults) at Headland, AL USA during the 2003-2005 growing seasons. Treatments were arranged in a split plot design, with main plots of peanut residue retained or removed from the soil surface, and subplots as N application rates (0, 34, 67 and 101 kg ha-1) applied in the fall. Peanut residue had minimal to no effect on rye biomass yields, N content, carbon (C) /N ratio, or N, P, K, Ca and Zn uptake. Additional N increased rye biomass yield, and N, P, K, Ca, and Zn uptakes. Peanut residue does not contribute significant amounts of N to a rye cover crop grown as part of a conservation system, but retaining peanut residue on the soil surface could protect the soil from erosion early in the fall and winter before a rye cover crop grows sufficiently to protect the typically degraded southeastern USA soils.
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Mupangwa, W., C. Thierfelder, S. Cheesman, I. Nyagumbo, T. Muoni, B. Mhlanga, M. Mwila, T. S. Sida, and A. Ngwira. "Effects of maize residue and mineral nitrogen applications on maize yield in conservation-agriculture-based cropping systems of Southern Africa." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 35, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 322–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217051900005x.
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AbstractConservation agriculture (CA) and no-till (NT)-based cropping systems could address soil degradation and fertility decline in southern Africa. A multi-location and multi-year experiment was carried out between 2008 and 2014 to assess the effects of different levels of maize residue biomass (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 t ha−1) and nitrogen (N) fertilizer (0, 30, 90 kg ha−1) on maize performance under no-tillage. In some sites, different (N) fertilizer levels were superimposed to test their effects on maize grain yield and leaf chlorophyll content under different maize residue biomass levels. The different residue levels had no significant effect on maize yield in most growing seasons. Maize residue cover increased grain yield in eight out of 39 site-years across the sites used. However, in some sites, maize yield decreased with increases in residue level in cropping seasons that had average to above average rainfall. At a few sites maize yield increased with increase in residue level. Seasonal rainfall pattern influenced the effect of different residue levels on grain yield at most sites. Nitrogen fertilizer increased maize yield regardless of the residue level applied. This study demonstrates that mulching with maize residues in CA/NT systems results in limited maize yield gains – at least within the first 6 years in different agro-ecological conditions of southern Africa.
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Sato. "Conserved 2nd Residue of Helix 8 of GPCR May Confer the Subclass-Characteristic and Distinct Roles through a Rapid Initial Interaction with Specific G Proteins." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 1752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071752.
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To obtain a systematic view of the helix-8-second residue responsible for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)–G protein initial specific interactions, 786 human GPCRs were subclassified based on the pairs of agonist groups and target G proteins and compared with their conserved second residue of helix 8. Of 314 non-olfactory and deorphanized GPCRs, 273 (87%) conserved single amino acids in the subclasses, while 93 (58%) of the 160 subclasses possessed only a single GPCR member. Class B, C, Frizzled, and trace amine-associated GPCRs demonstrated 100% conservation, whereas class Ⅰ and Ⅱ olfactory and vomeronasal 1 receptors demonstrated much lower rates of conservation (20–47%). These conserved residues are characteristic of GPCR classes and G protein subtypes and confer their functionally-distinct roles.
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KAVIAN, Ataollah, Leila GHOLAMI, Maziar MOHAMMADI, Velibor SPALEVIC, and Moghadeseh FALAH SORAKI. "Impact of Wheat Residue on Soil Erosion Processes." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 46, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha46211192.
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Soil erosion is one of the key challenges in soil and water conservation. Vegetation that covers soil and organic and inorganic mulch is very useful for the control of erosion processes. This study examined treatment with wheat residual (as agriculture mulch) on infiltration, time to runoff, runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil erosion processes. The study has been conducted for sandy-loam soil taken from summer rangeland (Northern Iran) with simulated rainfall intensities of 50 and 100 mm h-1. The experiment was conducted in slopes of 30% in three replications with two amounts of wheat residual of 50 and 90 %. The results showed that conservation percent of soil erosion for wheat residual 50 and 90% was 61.68 and 73.25%, respectively (in rainfall intensity of 50 mm h-1). Also, the conservation percent of soil erosion for wheat residual of 50 and 90% cover was 70.68 and 90.55, respectively (in rainfall intensity of 100 mm h-1). It was concluded that the conservation treatments could reduce runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil erosion and increase the time to runoff and infiltration coefficient. This effect was significant on time for infiltration, sediment concentration and soil erosion variables (R2=0.99), time to runoff and runoff coefficient variables (R2=0.95). The interaction effects of rainfall intensity and soil conservation was significant for sediment concentration and soil erosion variables (R2=0.99).
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Aydınkal, Rasim Murat, Onur Serçinoğlu, and Pemra Ozbek. "ProSNEx: a web-based application for exploration and analysis of protein structures using network formalism." Nucleic Acids Research 47, W1 (May 22, 2019): W471—W476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz390.
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AbstractProSNEx (Protein Structure Network Explorer) is a web service for construction and analysis of Protein Structure Networks (PSNs) alongside amino acid flexibility, sequence conservation and annotation features. ProSNEx constructs a PSN by adding nodes to represent residues and edges between these nodes using user-specified interaction distance cutoffs for either carbon-alpha, carbon-beta or atom-pair contact networks. Different types of weighted networks can also be constructed by using either (i) the residue-residue interaction energies in the format returned by gRINN, resulting in a Protein Energy Network (PEN); (ii) the dynamical cross correlations from a coarse-grained Normal Mode Analysis (NMA) of the protein structure; (iii) interaction strength. Upon construction of the network, common network metrics (such as node centralities) as well as shortest paths between nodes and k-cliques are calculated. Moreover, additional features of each residue in the form of conservation scores and mutation/natural variant information are included in the analysis. By this way, tool offers an enhanced and direct comparison of network-based residue metrics with other types of biological information. ProSNEx is free and open to all users without login requirement at http://prosnex-tool.com.
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Bailey, K. L. "Diseases under conservation tillage systems." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-113.
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The primary focus of this paper is on the effects of tillage and residue management on some diseases of cereal and oilseed crops in western Canada. In this region, reduced tillage lowers the impact of some root diseases but increases the impact of foliar diseases on cereals. Published data showing evidence of the effect of reduced tillage on diseases of oilseed crops is scarce. Diseases that were less economically important under higher tillage regimes may become more important with reduced tillage, but location and local environment largely influence which diseases will be present. Crop rotation is a key factor in residue management for disease control. Disease and yield loss were higher with monoculture than with more diverse rotations. Some crops may pose a greater risk to succeeding susceptible crops that share common disease problems, such as Sclerotinia on peas and canola. A well-balanced rotation should be at least 4 yr long with 50% of the interval devoted to cereals and the remainder divided among pulses, flax, other oilseed crops, or forages. The risk of most diseases may be lowered by understanding and managing the interactions between pathogens and crop residue through modifying local environmental conditions, crop rotation, limited tillage, and antagonistic mycoflora. Single disease control measures may be inadequate with reduced tillage; a holistic approach to crop systems and plant health management may provide the solution to disease problems. Key words: Zero tillage, conventional tillage, crop rotation, disease control, cereals, oilseeds
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Islam, A. K. M. Saiful, M. A. Saleque, M. M. Hossain, and A. K. M. Aminul Islam. "Effect of Conservation Tillage on Soil Chemical Properties in Rice-Maize Cropping System." Agriculturists 13, no. 2 (January 30, 2016): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v13i2.26589.
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Soil organic matter, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) nutrition of rice-maize cropping systems are important for sustaining crop productivity and food security. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of tillage practices and residue retention on soil chemical properties in rice-maize cropping system. Conventional tillage, single pass wet tillage in rice (rotated with zero tillage in maize), bed planting (unpuddled rice transplanting) and strip tillage (unpuddled rice transplanting) in vertical plots and residue retention (0, 50 and 100%) in horizontal plot were tested for three consecutive years (2009-12). Rice was grown as transplanted irrigated crop and maize as upland crop. After third crop, strip tillage increased soil organic matter compared to bed and zero tillage at 07.5 cm soil depth. After three years, retention of crop residues, irrespective of tillage treatments, increased soil organic matter (SOM) at 7.515.0 cm soil depth. Tillage practices (puddled or unpudled) showed no significant changes in SOM. Neither tillage nor residue management had any significant effect on soil pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v13i2.26589The Agriculturists 2015; 13(2) 62-73
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Lu, Chih-Hao, Chin-Sheng Yu, Yu-Tung Chien, and Shao-Wei Huang. "EXIA2: Web Server of Accurate and Rapid Protein Catalytic Residue Prediction." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/807839.
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We propose a method (EXIA2) of catalytic residue prediction based on protein structure without needing homology information. The method is based on the special side chain orientation of catalytic residues. We found that the side chain of catalytic residues usually points to the center of the catalytic site. The special orientation is usually observed in catalytic residues but not in noncatalytic residues, which usually have random side chain orientation. The method is shown to be the most accurate catalytic residue prediction method currently when combined with PSI-Blast sequence conservation. It performs better than other competing methods on several benchmark datasets that include over 1,200 enzyme structures. The areas under the ROC curve (AUC) on these benchmark datasets are in the range from 0.934 to 0.968.
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Welle, Marcel, Jesper T. Pedersen, Tina Ravnsborg, Maki Hayashi, Sandra Maaß, Dörte Becher, Ole N. Jensen, Christine Stöhr, and Michael Palmgren. "A conserved, buried cysteine near the P-site is accessible to cysteine modifications and increases ROS stability in the P-type plasma membrane H+-ATPase." Biochemical Journal 478, no. 3 (February 12, 2021): 619–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20200559.
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Sulfur-containing amino acid residues function in antioxidative responses, which can be induced by the reactive oxygen species generated by excessive copper and hydrogen peroxide. In all Na+/K+, Ca2+, and H+ pumping P-type ATPases, a cysteine residue is present two residues upstream of the essential aspartate residue, which is obligatorily phosphorylated in each catalytic cycle. Despite its conservation, the function of this cysteine residue was hitherto unknown. In this study, we analyzed the function of the corresponding cysteine residue (Cys-327) in the autoinhibited plasma membrane H+-ATPase isoform 2 (AHA2) from Arabidopsis thaliana by mutagenesis and heterologous expression in a yeast host. Enzyme kinetics of alanine, serine, and leucine substitutions were identical with those of the wild-type pump but the sensitivity of the mutant pumps was increased towards copper and hydrogen peroxide. Peptide identification and sequencing by mass spectrometry demonstrated that Cys-327 was prone to oxidation. These data suggest that Cys-327 functions as a protective residue in the plasma membrane H+-ATPase, and possibly in other P-type ATPases as well.
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Thien, Steve J. "Residue Management: A computer program about conservation tillage decisions." Journal of Agronomic Education 15, no. 1 (March 1986): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jae1986.0023.
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R. R. Allen. "Performance of Three Wheat Seeders in Conservation Tillage Residue." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 4, no. 3 (1988): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26606.
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Mingot, José-Manuel, Joan Tilburn, Eliecer Diez, Elaine Bignell, Margarita Orejas, David A. Widdick, Sovan Sarkar, et al. "Specificity Determinants of Proteolytic Processing of Aspergillus PacC Transcription Factor Are Remote from the Processing Site, and Processing Occurs in Yeast If pH Signalling Is Bypassed." Molecular and Cellular Biology 19, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 1390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.19.2.1390.
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ABSTRACT The Aspergillus nidulans transcription factor PacC, which mediates pH regulation, is proteolytically processed to a functional form in response to ambient alkaline pH. The full-length PacC form is unstable in the presence of an operational pH signal transduction pathway, due to processing to the relatively stable short functional form. We have characterized and used an extensive collection of pacC mutations, including a novel class of “neutrality-mimicking” pacC mutations having aspects of both acidity- and alkalinity-mimicking phenotypes, to investigate a number of important features of PacC processing. Analysis of mutant proteins lacking the major translation initiation residue or truncated at various distances from the C terminus showed that PacC processing does not remove N-terminal residues, indicated that processing yields slightly heterogeneous products, and delimited the most upstream processing site to residues ∼252 to 254. Faithful processing of three mutant proteins having deletions of a region including the predicted processing site(s) and of a fourth having 55 frameshifted residues following residue 238 indicated that specificity determinants reside at sequences or structural features located upstream of residue 235. Thus, the PacC protease cuts a peptide bond(s) remote from these determinants, possibly thereby resembling type I endonucleases. Downstream of the cleavage site, residues 407 to 678 are not essential for processing, but truncation at or before residue 333 largely prevents it. Ambient pH apparently regulates the accessibility of PacC to proteolytic processing. Alkalinity-mimicking mutations L259R, L266F, and L340S favor the protease-accessible conformation, whereas a protein with residues 465 to 540 deleted retains a protease-inaccessible conformation, leading to acidity mimicry. Finally, not only does processing constitute a crucial form of modulation for PacC, but there is evidence for its conservation during fungal evolution. Transgenic expression of a truncated PacC protein, which was processed in a pH-independent manner, showed that appropriate processing can occur inSaccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Oda, Masato. "Dispersion is essential in crop residue application." F1000Research 7 (February 18, 2020): 1831. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16748.2.
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Background: Crop residue application can maintain soil fertility and sustain agriculture. However, the effects of residue application are unstable because of variable weather conditions and the residual effects of crop residue application. Furthermore, residue application often reduces crop yields. Therefore, I tried to clarify effective residue application factors in an environment which was has stable weather conditions and low residual effects. Methods: Majuro atoll, a coral sand atoll near the equator, was selected for the experiment site because of its stable weather and low residual effect of coral sand. A factorial design experiment using sweet corn was conducted based on the following four factors: fungi propagation before application, cutting residue into pieces, dispersion (or accumulation) of applied residue, and placement (on the surface or incorporation) with an equal amount of crop residue. The effects of each factors on the corn yields were evaluated using Cohen’s power analysis. Results: The dispersion showed the largest effect (1.2 in Cohen’s), which exceeded the effect of incorporation (0.7). The interaction of dispersion and incorporation showed a huge effect (4.9) on corn yield. Discussion: The effect of dispersion was not positive but it avoided the negative effects of residue clustering. Because, the toxicity of the plant residue and generation of toxic substances by anaerobic decomposition are widely known. Anaerobic decomposition occurs inside the residue clusters. However, dispersion reduced the toxicity by adsorption in soil and avoiding anaerobic decomposition. Furthermore, incorporation showed an interaction effect, but surface placement did not. Conclusion: The dispersion of crop residue enhanced the positive effect of crop residue incorporation by avoiding the toxicity from crop residue. This finding adds a new viewpoint for the controversy between conventional and conservation agriculture
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Karki, Tika Bahadur, Nirmal Gadal, and Jiban Shrestha. "Studies on the Conservation Agriculture Based Practices under Maize (Zea Mays L.) Based System in the Hills of Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, no. 2 (June 25, 2014): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i2.10353.
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A farmer’s field trial comparing the conservation tillage, where tillage was avoided and previous crops residues were kept and conventional tillage, where tillage was done and residues were removed from the field along with farmers practice of manual weeding and application of herbicides under maize-rapeseed based cropping system in the mid hills of Nepal was carried in collaboration with farmers during 2012 and 2013. Thus, three factors each having two levels was tested under randomized complete block design with five replications in each districts of Palpa and Gulmi. The effect of tillage methods and residue levels were not significant for yield and its’ contributing traits of maize and test weight along with seed yield of rapeseed. However, it was evident in the second year. The effect of herbicide over farmer’s practice of manual weeding on diameter and length of cob, test weight and grain yield of maize was obvious in both the years. The benefit cost ratio of 1.7 in conventional tillage with residue removed and 2.5 in no tillage with residue kept were recorded in the second year. Since, it reduced significantly the cost of production without severe yield penalties; farmers are interested to scale-up the conservation agricultural practices in the hills of Nepal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i2.10353Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(2): 185-192
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Prajapati, R., D. Chakrborty, S. Saha, V. K. Gupta, and R. N. Sahoo. "REMOTE SENSING FOR ESTIMATION OF INTENSITY AND EXTENT OF PLANT RESIDUE COVER." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W6 (July 26, 2019): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w6-423-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Left-over crop residue on the surface is a measure of tillage intensity and soil management, and is an integral part of the conservation agriculture practice. Remote sensing can be successfully used to monitor the large area crop residue cover which is otherwise difficult through the conventional way, provided the spectrally similar crop residues and soil can be suitably differentiated. Hyperspectral reflectance (350&ndash;2500&thinsp;nm) of various quantities of crop residue cover over red soil was measured with varying moisture contents in the residue. A broad spectrum near 2100&thinsp;mm was identified for dry residue, which was not recorded in soil spectra. This could possibly be linked to the cellulose-lignin content. The cellulose absorption index (CAI) was evaluated for crop residue cover with moderate to good correlations, with strong dependency on the residue water content. A few narrow bands were identified to characterize both the cellulose-lignin (i.e. the CAI) and the water content, and could be incorporated in on-board multispectral sensors for regional estimation of crop residue over the soil surface.</p>
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Oda, Masato. "Dispersion has a large effect (Cohen's d) on crop yield in crop residue application." F1000Research 7 (November 21, 2018): 1831. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16748.1.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Crop residue application can maintain soil fertility and sustain agriculture. However, the effects of residue application are unstable because of variable weather conditions and the residual effects of crop residue application. Residue application often reduces crop yields. I tried to clarify effective residue application factors in an environment which was has stable weather conditions and low residual effects. Methods: Majuro atoll, a coral sand atoll near the equator, was selected for the experiment site because of its stable weather and low residual effect of coral sand. A factorial design experiment using sweet corn was conducted based on the following four factors: fungi propagation before application, cutting residue into pieces, dispersion (or accumulation) of applied residue, and placement (on the surface or incorporation) with an equal amount of crop residue. The effects of each factors on the corn yields were evaluated using Cohen’s power analysis. Results: The dispersion showed the largest effect (p = 0.045, Cohen’s d = 1.2), which exceeded the effect of incorporation (p = 0.223, Cohen’s d = 0.7). The interaction of dispersion and incorporation showed a huge effect on corn yield (p = 0.005, Cohen’s d = 4.9). Discussion: The effect of dispersion was not positive but it avoided the negative effects of residue clustering. The toxicity of the plant residue and generation of toxic substances by anaerobic decomposition are widely known. Anaerobic decomposition occurs inside the residue clusters. However, dispersion reduced the toxicity by adsorption in soil and avoiding anaerobic decomposition. Furthermore, incorporation showed an interaction effect, but surface placement did not. Conclusion: The dispersion of crop residue enhanced the positive effect of crop residue incorporation by avoiding the toxicity from crop residue. This finding adds a new viewpoint for the controversy between conventional and conservation agriculture.
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Keenleyside, Wendy J., Anthony J. Clarke, and Chris Whitfield. "Identification of Residues Involved in Catalytic Activity of the Inverting Glycosyl Transferase WbbE from Salmonella enterica Serovar Borreze." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.1.77-85.2001.
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ABSTRACT Synthesis of the O:54 O antigen of Salmonella entericais initiated by the nonprocessive glycosyl transferase WbbE, assigned to family 2 of the glycosyl transferase enzymes (GT2). GT2 enzymes possess a characteristic N-terminal domain, domain A. Based on structural data from the GT2 representative SpsA (S. J. Charnock and G. J. Davies, Biochemistry 38:6380–6385, 1999), this domain is responsible for nucleotide binding. It possesses two invariant Asp residues, the first forming a hydrogen bond to uracil and the second coordinating a Mn2+ ion. Site-directed replacement of Asp41 (D41A) of WbbE, the analogue of the first Asp residue of SpsA, revealed that this is not required for activity. WbbE possesses three Asp residues near the position analogous to the second conserved residue. Whereas D95A reduced WbbE activity, activity in D93A and D96A mutants was abrogated, suggesting that either D93 or D96 may coordinate the Mn2+ ion. Our studies also identified a C-terminal region of sequence conservation in 22 GT2 members, including WbbE. SpsA was not among these. This region is characterized by an ED(Y) motif. The Glu and Asp residues of this motif were individually replaced in WbbE. E180D in WbbE had greatly reduced activity, and an E180Q replacement completely abrogated activity; however, D181E had no effect. E180 is predicted to reside on a turn. Combined with the alignment of the motif with potential catalytic residues in the GT2 enzymes ExoM and SpsA, we speculate that E180 is the catalytic residue of WbbE. Sequence and predicted structural divergence in the catalytic region of GT2 members suggests that this is not a homogeneous family.
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Garton, Ronald W. "155 INFLUENCE OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE ON SOIL TEMPERATURE AND TOMATO YIELD." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 451a—451. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.451a.
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Processing tomatoes were planted on a sandy loam soil on raised beds which were prepared in a conventional method with a power bedder (PB), or with conservation tillage (CT). The CT treatments were prepared by using Glyphosate herbicide to burn-off a fall-seeded rye cover crop at either 10cm, 15cm or 30cm height. The center of the bed was tilled with a modified conservation tillage coulter caddy, prior to planting the tomatoes, to loosen the soil but leave the rye residue on the surface. Crop residue cover on the soil surface after planting the tomatoes increased from 9% in the PB treatment, to 63% with CT at 30cm. Increasing crop residue cover resulted in cooler soil temperatures during the day and warmer soil temperatures at night. Transplant survival and early growth was comparable between the tillage systems. Tomato yield was approximately 10% higher in the PB treatment than in the CT treatments. In the conservation tillage treatments, the tomato plants had lower total nitrogen concentrations in the petioles. Nitrogen immobilization by microbes in the decaying cover crop residue may have contributed to the lower petiole N concentrations, and the yield reduction.
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Liu, Jen-Wei, Chih-Wen Cheng, Yu-Feng Lin, Shao-Yu Chen, Jenn-Kang Hwang, and Shih-Chung Yen. "Relationships between residue Voronoi volume and sequence conservation in proteins." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 1866, no. 2 (February 2018): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.09.003.
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Biswas, Sumit, Mainak Guharoy, and Pinak Chakrabarti. "Dissection, residue conservation, and structural classification of protein-DNA interfaces." Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 74, no. 3 (February 15, 2009): 643–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.22180.
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Gicheru, P. T. "Effects of residue mulch and tillage on soil moisture conservation." Soil Technology 7, no. 3 (October 1994): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0933-3630(94)90022-1.
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Kavvadias, V., M. Papadopoulou, E. Vavoulidou, S. Theocharopoulos, G. Koubouris, G. Psarras, Chr Manolaraki, G. Giakoumaki, and A. Vasiliadis. "Effect of sustainable management of olive tree residues on soil fertility in irrigated and rain-fed olive orchards." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 4 (August 10, 2018): 764–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.143.
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Abstract Olive trees are a major source of agricultural residues. Strategies based on different management of organic amendments have been reported to increase soil fertility. The effect of sustainable organic matter input practices (application of shredded pruning residue and olive residue compost to soil) on soil properties in irrigated and rain-fed olive groves was investigated. The study took place in 40 olive groves in the region of Peza, island of Crete, Greece during a 5-year period (2012–2017). The results showed that olive trees play an important role in soil nutrient conservation under semi-arid conditions in the Mediterranean basin. The addition of olive tree residues, in combination with conservation tillage practices, improved soil fertility over the experimental period. Most of the soil properties were favored by irrigation. In olive soil parcels receiving organic materials the soil organic matter and the total nitrogen were increased in irrigated fields. The ability of surface soil to sequester carbon and nutrients beneath the tree canopy of olive groves was high. It is recommended that sustainable soil management practices should consider soil fertility variability of olive orchards.
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Lu, Chih-Hao, Chin-Sheng Yu, Yu-Feng Lin, and Jin-Yi Chen. "Predicting Flavin and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Binding Sites in Proteins Using the Fragment Transformation Method." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/402536.
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We developed a computational method to identify NAD- and FAD-binding sites in proteins. First, we extracted from the Protein Data Bank structures of proteins that bind to at least one of these ligands. NAD-/FAD-binding residue templates were then constructed by identifying binding residues through the ligand-binding database BioLiP. The fragment transformation method was used to identify structures within query proteins that resembled the ligand-binding templates. By comparing residue types and their relative spatial positions, potential binding sites were identified and a ligand-binding potential for each residue was calculated. Setting the false positive rate at 5%, our method predicted NAD- and FAD-binding sites at true positive rates of 67.1% and 68.4%, respectively. Our method provides excellent results for identifying FAD- and NAD-binding sites in proteins, and the most important is that the requirement of conservation of residue types and local structures in the FAD- and NAD-binding sites can be verified.
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Kaiser, R., M. R. Fernández, X. Parés, and H. Jörnvall. "Origin of the human alcohol dehydrogenase system: implications from the structure and properties of the octopus protein." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90, no. 23 (December 1, 1993): 11222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.23.11222.
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In contrast to the multiplicity of alcohol dehydrogenase in vertebrates, a class III type of the enzyme [i.e., a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase; formaldehyde; NAD+ oxidoreductase (glutathione-formylating), EC 1.2.1.1.] is the only form detectable in appreciable yield in octopus. It is enzymatically and structurally highly similar to the human class III enzyme, with limited overall residue differences (26%) and only a few conservative residue exchanges at the substrate and coenzyme pockets, reflecting "constant" characteristics of this class over wide time periods. It is distinct from the ethanol-active "variable" class I type of the enzyme (i.e., classical liver alcohol dehydrogenase; alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1). The residue conservation of class III is also spaced differently from that of class I but is typical of that of proteins in general, emphasizing that class I, with divergence at three functional segments, is the form with deviating properties. In spite of the conservation in class III, surface charges differ considerably. The apparent absence of a class I enzyme in octopus and the constant nature of the class III enzyme support the concept of a duplicative origin of the class I line from the ancient class III form. Still more distant relationships define further enzyme lines that have subunits with other properties.
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Kaur, Ramanpreet, Simerjeet Kaur, Jasdev Singh Deol, Rajni Sharma, Tarundeep Kaur, Ajmer Singh Brar, and Om Parkash Choudhary. "Soil Properties and Weed Dynamics in Wheat as Affected by Rice Residue Management in the Rice–Wheat Cropping System in South Asia: A Review." Plants 10, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10050953.
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The rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) has substantially contributed in making India self-sufficient in food grain production; however, rice residue management is of great concern, threatening the sustainability of this system. Rice residue is invariably disposed of by farmers through open burning. In addition to environmental pollution, residue burning of rice also leads to loss of soil nutrients. One of the alternatives to overcome these problems and sustain the RWCS is managing the rice residues in the field itself. Rice residue retention has variable effects on agricultural pests (namely, weeds, insect pests, diseases, and rodents) in the RWCS. High weed infestation in the RWCS results in high consumption of herbicides, which leads to several ecological problems and evolution of herbicide resistance. The shift from intensive tillage to conservation tillage causes major changes in weed dynamics and herbicide efficacy. Incorporation of rice residue reduces weed density and helps in improving soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Rice residue retention on the surface or mulching reduces weed density and the biomass of both grass and broadleaf weeds in wheat crop as compared to its removal. Long-term field studies involving the use of rice residue as a component of integrated weed management strategies are needed to be done in the RWCS.
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El-Shater, Tamer, and Yigezu A. Yigezu. "Can Retention of Crop Residues on the Field Be Justified on Socioeconomic Grounds? A Case Study from the Mixed Crop-Livestock Production Systems of the Moroccan Drylands." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081465.
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Conservation agriculture (CA) involving zero tillage, crop diversification, and residue retention is considered a panacea for several interrelated problems in agricultural production. However, in the mixed crop-livestock production systems of the drylands, crop residues have great significance as sources of animal feed, posing a major challenge in the promotion of CA. While the economic benefits and the drivers of adoption of zero tillage and rotation have been well documented, the literature on the economics of residue retention (RR), especially in the drylands, is scanty. By applying the endogenous switching regression model to a case study of 2296 wheat fields in Morocco, this paper provides evidence on the socio-economic impacts of residue retention. Between 30% and 60% and above 60% of crop residues were retained respectively on 35% and 14% of wheat fields. These levels of residue retention led to 22% and 29% more yields, 25% and 32% higher gross margins and 22% and 25% more consumption of wheat, respectively. Retention of above 60% residue reduces both downside risk and variability of yield while lower levels of residue retention have mixed effects. Residue retention is economically and biophysically beneficial even for owners of livestock as the monetary value of the additional grain yield more than offsets the cost of purchasing an equivalent amount of feed from the market—all providing good economic justification for residue retention. Our findings show that economic reasons are not barriers for adoption of residue retention, but risk factors and absence of alternative feed sources might. The policy implication of our results is that there are high incentives for Morocco and other similar countries in North Africa and West Asia to invest in the development and/or import of alternative feed sources, introducing crop insurance, and raising the awareness of the economic, biophysical and environmental benefits of residue retention among farmers.
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Nachon, Florian, Eugénie Carletti, Cyril Ronco, Marie Trovaslet, Yvain Nicolet, Ludovic Jean, and Pierre-Yves Renard. "Crystal structures of human cholinesterases in complex with huprine W and tacrine: elements of specificity for anti-Alzheimer's drugs targeting acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase." Biochemical Journal 453, no. 3 (July 12, 2013): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20130013.
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The multifunctional nature of Alzheimer's disease calls for MTDLs (multitarget-directed ligands) to act on different components of the pathology, like the cholinergic dysfunction and amyloid aggregation. Such MTDLs are usually on the basis of cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g. tacrine or huprine) coupled with another active molecule aimed at a different target. To aid in the design of these MTDLs, we report the crystal structures of hAChE (human acetylcholinesterase) in complex with FAS-2 (fasciculin 2) and a hydroxylated derivative of huprine (huprine W), and of hBChE (human butyrylcholinesterase) in complex with tacrine. Huprine W in hAChE and tacrine in hBChE reside in strikingly similar positions highlighting the conservation of key interactions, namely, π-π/cation-π interactions with Trp86 (Trp82), and hydrogen bonding with the main chain carbonyl of the catalytic histidine residue. Huprine W forms additional interactions with hAChE, which explains its superior affinity: the isoquinoline moiety is associated with a group of aromatic residues (Tyr337, Phe338 and Phe295 not present in hBChE) in addition to Trp86; the hydroxyl group is hydrogen bonded to both the catalytic serine residue and residues in the oxyanion hole; and the chlorine substituent is nested in a hydrophobic pocket interacting strongly with Trp439. There is no pocket in hBChE that is able to accommodate the chlorine substituent.
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Hirzel, Juan, Pablo Undurraga, Lorenzo León, Marcelo Panichini, Jorge Carrasco, Jorge González, and Iván Matus. "Different Residues Affect Wheat Nutritional Composition." Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 20, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-00102-2.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Conservation agriculture using crop rotation benefits the environment, soil fertility, and crop production. A biannual rotation experiment during a period of 2 years was conducted in volcanic soil in south-central Chile in a production system under conservation agriculture. The experiment considered two previous crops, canola (Brassica napus L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and four levels of residue incorporation (0%, 50%, 100%, and 200% of generated residue). Grain yield (0.41 Mg ha−1), grain sedimentation value (5.5%), grain K (0.031%) and Ca (0.006%) concentrations, and residue K concentration (0.159%) were higher when the previous crop was bean. The Ca concentration (0.037%) in wheat residue increased after the canola crop. The different applied residue levels of the previous crop had no effect on any of the evaluated parameters in wheat. There was a very consistent negative correlation between the grain S concentration and the residue P (− 0.55), K (− 0.55), Mg (− 0.61), and S (− 0.63) concentrations in wheat when it was cultivated after bean. A larger number of study cycles are required to obtain more consistent results about the effect of the different residue levels on these two biannual rotations.