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Journal articles on the topic 'Residual Stresses'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Kuo, M. K., and H. T. Lee. "Inversion of Residual Stress." Journal of Mechanics 17, no. 2 (June 2001): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1727719100003178.

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ABSTRACTA technique for inverting residual stress based on a theory of acoustoelasticity is presented. A general incremental constitutive relation is first derived for a pre-stressed material subjected to an additional infinitesimal elastic deformation. The theory is then employed on using ultrasonic means to evaluate residual stresses of residually stressed materials. The residual stresses are assumed to be homogeneous in materials as usual. The only major assumption in this formulation is that the additional deformations caused by ultrasonic evaluating process are infinitesimal and elastic. No assumption on the origin of residual stresses is needed, nor the assumption on the possible existence of “natural state” of the materials. Successful inversion of residual stresses are demonstrated through a preliminary numerical experiment.

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2

DEARNLEY, P. A. "Residual Stresses." Surface Engineering 3, no. 3 (January 1987): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sur.1987.3.3.195.

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3

Rasul, T., and S. A. Meguid. "Machining residual stresses." Materials Science and Technology 12, no. 5 (May 1996): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708396790165894.

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4

Peng, Guangjian, Fenglei Xu, Jianfeng Chen, Huadong Wang, Jiangjiang Hu, and Taihua Zhang. "Evaluation of Non-Equibiaxial Residual Stresses in Metallic Materials via Instrumented Spherical Indentation." Metals 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10040440.

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Residual stresses, existed in engineering structures, could significantly influence the mechanical properties of structures. Accurate and non-destructive evaluation of the non-equibiaxial residual stresses in these structures is of great value for predicting their mechanical performance. In this work, investigating the mechanical behaviors of instrumented spherical indentation on stressed samples revealed that non-equibiaxial residual stresses could shift the load-depth curve upwards or downwards and cause the residual indentation imprint to be an elliptical one. Through theoretical, experimental, and finite element (FE) analyses, two characteristic indentation parameters, i.e., the relative change in loading curvature and the asymmetry factor of the residual indentation imprint, were found to have optimal sensitivity to residual stresses at a depth of 0.01R (R is the radius of spherical indenter). With the aid of dimensional analysis and FE simulations, non-equibiaxial residual stresses were quantitatively correlated with these two characteristic indentation parameters. The spherical indentation method was then proposed to evaluate non-equibiaxial residual stress based on these two correlations. Applications were illustrated on metallic samples (AA 7075-T6 and AA 2014-T6) with various introduced stresses. Both the numerical and experimental verifications demonstrated that the proposed method could evaluate non-equibiaxial surface residual stresses with reasonable accuracy.

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5

Chabrand, P., C. Licht, O. Maisonneuve, and M. Raous. "Residual thermal tempering stresses." Computers & Structures 31, no. 6 (January 1989): 1003–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(89)90285-x.

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6

Bigot, R., A. lost, and J. Foct. "Residual Stresses in Galvanizing." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 14, no. 3 (January 1999): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426919908914836.

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7

Richter, R., and T. Müller. "Measurement of Residual Stresses." Experimental Techniques 41, no. 1 (August 16, 2016): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40799-016-0129-2.

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8

Capello, Edoardo. "Residual stresses in turning." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 160, no. 2 (March 2005): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.06.012.

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9

Capello, Edoardo. "Residual stresses in turning." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 172, no. 3 (March 2006): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.10.009.

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10

Vega-Becerra, O., Ricardo Galván-Martínez, S. L. Hernández-Mejía, and Antonio Contreras-Cuevas. "Residual Stress Assessment of Multiple Welding Repairs of Girth Welds in Pipeline Used in Oil Industry." Materials Science Forum 793 (May 2014): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.793.93.

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This work presents the residual stress assessment of multiple welding repairs in the same area in seamless API X52 low carbon pipeline. Four conditions of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) repairs and one as welded specimen of the girth weld were evaluated to determine changes in the microstructure (metal base, weld bead and heat affected zone) to evaluate their effect on the residuals stresses and mechanical properties of the welded joints. One of the mainly adverse effect of residuals stresses are in the susceptibility of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of buried pipelines. The residual stresses were measured through X-ray diffraction (XRD). Samples were evaluated on the internal side of the pipe in longitudinal and circumferential direction. Circumferential residual stresses are greater than longitudinal stresses. Microstructural characterization of the welding joints through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed. Relation between microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stresses was carried out. In general, the grain size increases with the number of repairs, and consequently there is an increase in residual stresses. Significant reduction in Charpy-V impact resistance with the number of weld repairs was observed overall in the weld fusion line. The hardness and strength increase in the first repair and in subsequent repairs decrease. As increasing the average grain size, the hardness and the absorbed energy decreases. Generally, the residual stresses showed a tendency to decrease in the first repair and after showed an increase with the number of repairs. It is clear that residual stresses depend more than the position of measurement than the welding repair number, which is directly relate with the microstructure and phases presented.

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11

To¨nshoff, H. K., and F. Hetz. "Influence of the Abrasive on Fatigue in Precision Grinding." Journal of Engineering for Industry 109, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3187119.

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The surface residual stresses produced by grinding may have a strong influence on the life of highly stressed components. Different abrasives such as aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and cubic boron nitride (CBN) may lead to very different results. While CBN produces compressive residual stresses in nearly all combinations of machining parameters, the use of Al2O3 normally leads to tensile residual stresses. Fatigue tests carried out in alternating bending showed a remarkable increase in fatigue strength for CBN ground specimens compared with Al2O3 ground ones.

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12

Shariff, Mohd Halim Bin Mohd. "Anisotropic stress softening of residually stressed solids." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 477, no. 2252 (August 2021): 20210289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2021.0289.

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Residual stress in purely elastic solids has been extensively studied in the literature. However, to the best of the author’s knowledge, the influence of residual stresses on anisotropic Mullins materials has not been studied. Hence, the aim of this paper is to propose an anisotropic phenomenological model to describe the Mullins phenomena for residually stressed elastomers; taking note that most materials are not purely elastic and some of them exhibit an anisotropic stress-softening phenomenon widely known as the Mullins effect. The anisotropic model is based on the use of direction-dependent damage parameters and a set of anisotropic spectral invariants presented recently in the literature by the author. The spectral invariants have a clear physical meaning that is useful in aiding the design of a rigorous experiment to construct a specific form of constitutive equation. Since boundary value results for residually stressed Mullins material are not found in the literature, the effect of residual stresses on the Mullins phenomena in simple tension, torsion and equibiaxial deformations is discussed in this paper.

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13

Contreras-Cuevas, Antonio, J. Alamilla-López, Ricardo Galván-Martínez, and O. Vega-Becerra. "The Role of Residual Stresses in Circumferential Welding Repairs of Pipelines in SCC Susceptibility." Materials Science Forum 793 (May 2014): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.793.159.

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The main objective of the present study is to measure the residual stresses in the circumferential welding joints of X52 pipeline steel with multiple welding repairs, and then relate these residual stresses to study the influence on the high pH stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility. Four conditions of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) repairs of the girth weld were evaluated. The residual stresses were measured through X-ray diffraction (XRD) on the internal side of the pipe in longitudinal and circumferential direction. Residual stresses in the circumferential and longitudinal direction reach values of about 98 and 74% of the yielding strength (360 MPa) respectively. The effect of residuals stresses in the high pH-SCC susceptibility of X52 pipeline steel was evaluated through slow strain rate tests (SSRT) in a simulated soil solution. Relation between SCC index and residual stresses on the SCC susceptibility was analyzed. Results of SCC index taking account the ratios obtained from the mechanical properties of the welding joints evaluate (containing different levels of residual stresses) showed good SCC resistance. It was observed that increasing the magnitude of residual stresses, the SCC susceptibility increases. For all the SSRT specimens the failure occurs in the base metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) interface.

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14

Grechnikov, F. V., Ya A. Erisov, and S. E. Alexandrov. "Effect of the anisotropic yield condition on the predicted distribution of residual stresses in a thin disk." Доклады Академии наук 486, no. 3 (May 30, 2019): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524863301-306.

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The effect of the replacement of the exact yield condition by that averaged over the distribution of residual stresses in a thin hollow disk subjected to external pressure and subsequent unloading is investigated. The formulation of the boundary-value problem is specially simplified so that it is possible to obtain a mathematically exact semi-analytical solution, with the help of which it is easy to investigate the effect of averaging the yield condition on the stressed state including the distribution of residual stresses. The accepted exact yield condition is averaged using several generally accepted approaches. The comparative analysis of the distribution of residual stresses shows a significant deviation of the distribution resulting from solutions for the averaged yield conditions from the exact distribution of residual stresses.

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15

Elsayed, M. M., M. O. Hendy, and E. E. El Soally. "A new approach for the determination of residual stresses in biaxially stressed plates." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 28, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v283181.

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This paper presents a modified hole-drilling technique for measuring residual stresses in a finite width plate subjected to biaxial tensile loading. Instead of using a special strain rosette containing three elements, only two strain gauges are used to determine the values of relaxed strains and hence the residual stresses in a biaxially stressed plate. It also gives a new approach which measures the radial relieved strains in two strain gauges mounted on a plate due to drilling a small central hole and then enlarging it. The corresponding residual stresses and their directions are derived.

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16

Sadrossadat, S. Mohsen, Ru Lin Peng, and Sten Johansson. "Analysis of Residual Stress Development during Thermal Processing of AL-SI Alloys." Materials Science Forum 681 (March 2011): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.681.358.

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Residuals stresses can be present in almost every industrial component. Manufacturing processes such as casting, welding, and heat treatment are the most common causes of residual stresses. Thermal residual stresses could be developed in a component during heat treatment process as a result of non-uniform heating or cooling operations. In this study, experiments were carried out to develop insights into and understanding of the residual stresses that can arise during thermal treatments of Al-Si components. Due to the complexity of residual stresses analysis in real components, a common mixed-section casting was employed. In order to fulfill the requirements of performing different thermal treatments, a special cooling apparatus was designed and built. A number of the casting components of an Al-Si alloy were annealed for stress relief, and then removed from the furnace and cooled with different water flow rates. Then, the amount of accumulated residual stresses in the components was measured relaxation of stress using cutting. Thermal analysis and residual stress measurement for different thermal treatment regimes showed that by choosing a specific holding temperature before direct cooling, the value of residual stress increases linearly with flow rate of cooling. On the other hand, for a constant value of cooling water flow, ∆Tmaxand residual stress level decreases when the value of base temperature of furnace decreases. Moreover, the cutting method can be a suitable method for measuring thermal residual stresses in Al-Si components and thermal analysis is a powerful technique to predict residual stresses.

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17

Балаев, Андрей, Andrey Balaev, Альберт Королев, Albert Korolev, Александр Яковишин, and Aleksandr Yakovishin. "Technology of residual stresses removal at multi-cycle racers running-in." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24208.

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The substantiation of the new technology of multi-cycle racer running-in is shown. A technological method for racer resi-dual stresses removal by means of multi-cycle centerless running-in is described. For the computation of running-in basic time which is necessary for the complete removal of residual stresses there is developed a simulator. A simulator takes into account geometrical and mechanical conditions of the contact of rollers and a racer, physical-mechanical and geometrical parameters of a racer. On the basis of the simulator obtained there is carried out an investigation of the dependence of residual stress upon the duration of racer multi-cycle running-in for various stressed states. It is established that for the efficient stress removal the running-in time must be optimum. If time is lesser than optimum, then there is no a complete removal of residual stresses. At processing time longer of optimum one after a complete removal of residual stresses the accumulation of new residual stresses takes place.

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18

McMahon, Joseph, Alain Goriely, and Michael Tabor. "Nonlinear morphoelastic plates I: Genesis of residual stress." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 16, no. 8 (April 28, 2011): 812–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286510387233.

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Volumetric growth of an elastic body may give rise to residual stress. Here a rigorous analysis is given of the residual strains and stresses generated by growth in the axisymmetric Kirchhoff plate. Balance equations are derived via the Global Constraint Principle, growth is incorporated via a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient, and the system is closed by a response function. The particular case of a compressible neo-Hookean material is analyzed, and the existence of residually stressed states is established.

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19

Карпачев, Андрей, Andrey Karpachev, Борис Букеткин, and Boris Buketkin. "High technology of cutting disks rolling by spherical rollers." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24209.

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The preparation for the operation of disk cutting tools by means of the creation of in them a preliminary stressed state (residual stresses) is considered. Methods for the definition of the influence arising at the operation of the uneven heating of a tool body upon its stability and dynamic characteristics which allows substantiating a choice of a formed field of residual stresses at preparation are mentioned. The admissible levels of residual stresses which do not result in the flat form distortion of a disk after rolling are defined and a method for the definition of corresponding pressing forces of rolling elements in the form of spherical rollers is offered.

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20

Giri, Anoj, Chandan Pandey, and Manas M. Mahapatra. "To study the effect of stress magnitude and tool geometry on the calibration coefficients: Ring core technique." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 232, no. 6 (October 13, 2017): 674–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408917737585.

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Ring core technique is widely used to measure the subsurface residual stresses in components. In the analytical evaluation of residual stresses by ring core technique, the calibration coefficients play the vital role for the correct estimation of residuals stresses. Calibration coefficients needed to evaluate the residual stresses by dry ring core technique have been determined with respect to varying ring core tool dimensions. The effect of the biaxial stress combinations and trepan tool diameters on the calibration coefficients was investigated. The trepanning effect of dry ring core process was also investigated through 3D finite element models. The finite element analysis was done to prepare a database of strains for the different stress combinations with respect to the depth of cut. After that the regression equations were developed to directly calculate the calibration coefficients for the material SS 304L. Furthermore, this finite element data was also used to develop the mathematical relations to calculate the residual stresses from the strain readings obtained in dry ring core process. Error estimation of residual stress calculation was also done for both analytical and regression models. The database of relations between residual stress and strains developed in the present study with respect to a given dimension of ring core tool was found to be adequate in estimating the residual stresses directly from the strain reading during dry ring coring.

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21

Lee, Yun-Hee, and Dongil Kwon. "Residual stresses in DLC/Si and Au/Si systems: Application of a stress-relaxation model to the nanoindentation technique." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 4 (April 2002): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0131.

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Residual stress in a thin film was analyzed by the nanoindentation technique. Two dominant effects of residual stress to indentation were summarized as the slope change in loading curve and the invariant value of intrinsic hardness. A stress-sensitive reversibly deformed zone around contact was modeled to explain the indentation behaviors under a residually stressed state. Finally, the residual stress was evaluated from the changes in contact shape and applied load during stress relaxation under the condition of constant indentation depth. The residual stresses in diamond-like carbon and Au films analyzed from this model agreed well with the average values measured by the curvature method.

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22

Hwang, Young-In, Geonwoo Kim, Yong-Il Kim, Jeong-Hak Park, Man Yong Choi, and Ki-Bok Kim. "Experimental Measurement of Residual Stress Distribution in Rail Specimens Using Ultrasonic LCR Waves." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (October 7, 2021): 9306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199306.

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Longitudinal critically refracted (LCR) waves are considered bulk longitudinal waves and penetrate into an effective depth beneath the surface parallel to the material surface. Such LCR waves can be employed to measure residual stresses because the acoustoelastic effect is the basis for ultrasonic residual stress measurements. This effect is described by the relationship between change of wave travel time and stress applied when such waves propagate in a stressed medium. In this paper, stresses applied in a rail were evaluated by using a developed LCR probe. With this transducer, it was verified how the difference in the arrival times of the LCR waves showed a trend as the tensile stresses increased. The acoustoelastic coefficients were calculated using the relationship between the stresses and the travel times, and the residual stresses of the used rails were measured using these coefficients. In addition, the difference in residual stress distribution according to the characteristics of the wheel-rail contact surface was analyzed from the obtained residual stress value. It was concluded that this non-destructive evaluation technique using LCR waves could be employed for accurate stress measurement of rails because differences in stress applied to the rail can be detected.

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23

Tankova, Trayana. "Residual stresses using High Strength." Metálica, no. 14 (December 31, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30779/cmm_metalica_mi14_05.

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24

Webster, P. J., P. A. Browne, and G. Mills. "Residual Stresses in Peened Hiduminium." Materials Science Forum 347-349 (May 2000): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.347-349.447.

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25

Zhang, Bao Sheng, and Michael M. Gasik. "Machining FGM: Residual Stresses Redistribution." Materials Science Forum 492-493 (August 2005): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.415.

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26

Moghimi, Esmaeel, Alan R. Jacob, and George Petekidis. "Residual stresses in colloidal gels." Soft Matter 13, no. 43 (2017): 7824–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm01655g.

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27

Finnie, lain, and Weili Cheng. "Residual Stresses and Fracture Mechanics." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 117, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2804728.

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The first part of the paper discusses two problems in which the role of residual stresses may be treated using the procedures of fracture mechanics. One is the significant degradation of the tensile strength of glass due to the residual stresses produced by surface damage. The other is the effect of surface compressive stresses in inhibiting the detection of surface flaws. The second part of the paper discusses the inverse problem of using fracture mechanics solutions to measure residual stresses. This approach which has only been developed in the past decade leads to an experimental procedure which is easy to implement and is also more versatile than conventional methods.

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28

Thomas, O., P. Gergaud, S. Labat, L. Barrallier, A. Charaï, C. Alfonso, B. Gilles, and A. Marty. "Residual Stresses in Metallic Multilayers." Le Journal de Physique IV 06, no. C7 (November 1996): C7–125—C7–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1996714.

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29

Chuong, C. J., and Y. C. Fung. "On Residual Stresses in Arteries." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 108, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3138600.

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30

Benrabah, A., C. Langlade, and A. B. Vannes. "Residual stresses and fretting fatigue." Wear 224, no. 2 (February 1999): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(98)00342-1.

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31

ATIENZA, Jose. "Residual stresses in prestressing wires." HUTNIK - WIADOMO�CI HUTNICZE 1, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/24.2015.1.1.

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32

Schleinzer, G., and F. D. Fischer. "Residual stresses in new rails." Materials Science and Engineering: A 288, no. 2 (September 2000): 280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(00)00872-8.

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33

Middleton, J. C. "Residual stresses and X-rays." NDT International 20, no. 5 (October 1987): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-9126(87)90447-0.

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34

Middleton, J. "Residual stresses and X-rays." NDT & E International 20, no. 5 (October 1987): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(87)90283-0.

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35

Pajares, A., F. Guiberteau, R. W. Steinbrech, and A. Dominguez-Rodriguez. "Residual stresses around Vickers indents." Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 43, no. 10 (October 1995): 3649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(95)90148-5.

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36

Jiang, Yi, Bin-shi Xu, and Hai-dou Wang. "Residual stresses within sprayed coatings." Journal of Central South University of Technology 12, no. 2 (October 2005): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-005-0010-4.

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37

Leggatt, R. H. "Residual stresses in welded structures." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 85, no. 3 (March 2008): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2007.10.004.

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38

Sigaeva, Taisiya, Gerhard Sommer, Gerhard A. Holzapfel, and Elena S. Di Martino. "Anisotropic residual stresses in arteries." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, no. 151 (February 2019): 20190029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0029.

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The paper provides a deepened insight into the role of anisotropy in the analysis of residual stresses in arteries. Residual deformations are modelled following Holzapfel and Ogden (Holzapfel and Ogden 2010, J. R. Soc. Interface 7 , 787–799. ( doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0357 )), which is based on extensive experimental data on human abdominal aortas (Holzapfel et al. 2007, Ann. Biomed. Eng. 35 , 530–545. ( doi:10.1007/s10439-006-9252-z )) and accounts for both circumferential and axial residual deformations of the individual layers of arteries—intima, media and adventitia. Each layer exhibits distinctive nonlinear and anisotropic mechanical behaviour originating from its unique microstructure; therefore, we use the most general form of strain-energy function (Holzapfel et al. 2015, J. R. Soc. Interface 12 , 20150188. ( doi:10.1098/rsif.2015.0188 )) to derive residual stresses for each layer individually. Finally, the systematic experimental data (Niestrawska et al. 2016, J. R. Soc. Interface 13 , 20160620. ( doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0620 )) on both mechanical and structural properties of the different layers of the human abdominal aorta facilitate our discussion on (i) the importance of anisotropy in modelling residual stresses; (ii) the variability of residual stresses within the same class of tissue, the abdominal aorta; (iii) the limitations of conventional opening angle method to account for complex residual deformations; and (iv) the effect of residual stresses on the loaded configuration of the aorta mimicking in vivo conditions.

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39

Sharafutdinov, Vladimir, and Jenn-Nan Wang. "Tomography of small residual stresses." Inverse Problems 28, no. 6 (May 24, 2012): 065017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0266-5611/28/6/065017.

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40

Karatushin, S. I., D. V. Spiridonov, and Yu A. Pleshanova. "Residual Stresses in Cylindrical Articles." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 55, no. 5-6 (September 2013): 339–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11041-013-9631-7.

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41

MacEwen, S. R., C. Tome, and J. Faber. "Residual stresses in annealed zircaloy." Acta Metallurgica 37, no. 3 (March 1989): 979–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(89)90025-4.

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42

Okolo, Brando, and Alexander Wanner. "Grinding-Induced Residual Shear Stresses." Materials Science Forum 524-525 (September 2006): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.524-525.685.

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Pearlitic steel and pure tungsten specimens were ground using a table-type grinding machine. The thin surface layers affected by the grinding process were characterized using focussed ion beam milling and microscopy. The strongly graded zone altered due to severe plastic deformation and recrystallisation was found to be less than 3m thick. The microstructure in that zone depends on the grinding parameters. Using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, the residual stresses were measured for penetration depths ranging from 0.25 m to 9 m. Based on the approach by Dölle and Hauk, the residual shear stresses were separated from the residual normal stresses. In pearlitic steel, residual shear stresses of opposite sign were observed in the two phases (ferrite and cementite) and found to be compensating each other, while shear stresses were proved to be absent in single-phase tungsten. These results underline that residual shear stresses caused by severe plastic shear deformation exist only as micro-stresses.

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43

Kowalski, Stefan J., and A. Rybicki. "Residual Stresses in Dried Bodies." Drying Technology 25, no. 4 (April 19, 2007): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930701250104.

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44

Wyatt, J. E., J. T. Berry, and A. R. Williams. "Residual stresses in aluminum castings." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 191, no. 1-3 (August 2007): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.03.018.

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Prümmer, R., and W. Pfeiffer. "Residual stresses in borided layers." Journal of the Less Common Metals 117, no. 1-2 (March 1986): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(86)90069-x.

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Tiwari, Sankalp, and Anindya Chatterjee. "Basis functions for residual stresses." Applied Mathematics and Computation 386 (December 2020): 125468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2020.125468.

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Bhihe, C. K., P. A. Mataga, J. W. Hutchinson, S. Rajendran, and J. P. Kalejs. "Residual stresses in crystal growth." Journal of Crystal Growth 137, no. 1-2 (March 1994): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(94)91252-1.

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Nélias, D., and V. Boucly. "Prediction of grinding residual stresses." International Journal of Material Forming 1, S1 (April 2008): 1115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-008-0175-0.

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James, M. N., D. J. Hughes, Z. Chen, H. Lombard, D. G. Hattingh, D. Asquith, J. R. Yates, and P. J. Webster. "Residual stresses and fatigue performance." Engineering Failure Analysis 14, no. 2 (March 2007): 384–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2006.02.011.

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Grassia, Luigi, and Alberto D'Amore. "Residual Stresses in Amorphous Polymers." Macromolecular Symposia 228, no. 1 (August 2005): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200551001.

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