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Academic literature on the topic 'Residual ratio'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Residual ratio"

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Schuurmans-Stekhoven, James B., and Robert Michael Buckingham. "Ratio or Length?" Journal of Individual Differences 31, no. 3 (January 2010): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000023.

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Mounting evidence suggests a link between digit ratio (2D:4D) and personality – albeit with generally small effect sizes. While the identified effects are usually attributed to in utero biochemistry, the bivariate approach favored by researchers in this area does not rule out competing explanations. After first scrutinizing the independence of 2D:4D and overall finger length, we used a multivariate approach to predict the three-dimensional EPQ-R. Given that ring finger length and digit ratio varied conjointly, we introduced a logarithm of residuals model. This new method simultaneously addresses (1) the sensitivity of 2D:4D to measurement error and (2) the high correlations between 2D:4D and finger length. The traditional 2D:4D measure predicted neuroticism but not psychoticism. The logarithm of residuals model was able to identify specific personality effects for ring and index finger residuals. Both neuroticism and psychoticism were related to finger residual measures in a manner consistent with Manning’s in utero biochemistry theory.
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Clancy, K. B., J. L. Elliot, and M. J. Person. "Charon/Pluto Light Ratio." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600017573.

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Prediction of the occultations of the stars P126 and P131.1 by Pluto on 2002 July 20 (UT) and August 21 (UT), respectively (Clancy et al. 2002, BAAS 34, 1212) involved astrometric data sets spanning more than three months that were acquired on several telescopes. Pluto’s position in each frame was determined relative to a UCAC astrometric reference network (Zacharias et al. 2000, AJ 120, 2131) with a dual-source point-spread function (PSF) model that was fit to the blended Pluto-Charon image. The relative position of Charon from Pluto was fixed in the PSF using values from the JPL Horizons ephemeris, and the light ratio fixed at values from resolved photometric observations of Pluto and Charon presented in Buie, Tholen, and Wasserman (1993, Icarus 125, 233). Although the final predictions proved to be quite accurate (see http://occult.mit.edu/research/occultations/Candidates/Predictions/P126.html and http://occult.mit.edu/research/occultations/Candidates/Predictions/P131.1.html), empirical corrections were made to the offset of Pluto from its ephemeris. These corrections were based on the residuals of Pluto’s measured position from its ephemeris, which were sinusoidal. The consistency of the fitted residual phase and amplitude between all prediction data sets implies either an incorrect Charon to Pluto mass ratio was used for calculating Charon’s ephemeris, or that we used incorrect Charon/Pluto light ratios in this reduction. Resolved images of Pluto-Charon were taken over a period of six days (2003 April) in nine filters at the Magellan 6.5-m Clay telescope in order to uncover the cause of these residuals. Combined with other Magellan Pluto frames taken in 2001 and 2002, the images were fit with a dual-source PSF model. The Charon/Pluto light ratio determined from the PSF modeling was then plotted against orbital phase and fit with a sinusoidal model for each filter. A strong trend with wavelength was found for the mean light ratio of Charon to Pluto. This trend partially explains the residuals found, as the astrograph and CTIO data were taken in a filter of mean wavelength ~720nm, whereas the Buie et al. resolved light curve was obtained in the F555W filter of mean wavelength ~537 nm. This trend can account for 0.026” of the 0.053” residual amplitude. However, if the only other effect were an erroneous Charon/Pluto mass ratio, the remaining residual would imply a mass ratio of 0.086 rather than 0.120 (as used in the JPL Horizons ephemeris). A value of 0.086 does not agree with recent mass ratio measurements (0.157 ± 0.003 by Young et al. 1994, Icarus 108, 186; 0.124 ± 0.008 by Null and Owen 1996, AJ, 111, 1368; and 0.122 ± 0.008 by Olkin et al. 2003, Icarus 164, 254), thus more work must be done in these analyses to understand the cause of these residuals. This work was funded at MIT in part by NASA Grant NAG5-10444 and NSF Grant AST-0073447.
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Shen, Junshan, Wei Liang, and Shuyuan He. "Likelihood ratio inference for mean residual life." Statistical Papers 53, no. 2 (July 9, 2010): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00362-010-0345-2.

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Tsujitani, Masaaki, and Gary G. Koch. "Residual Plots for Log Odds Ratio Regression Models." Biometrics 47, no. 3 (September 1991): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2532665.

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Kallummil, Sreejith, and Sheetal Kalyani. "Residual Ratio Thresholding for Linear Model Order Selection." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 67, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 838–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2018.2886161.

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Dudney, Donna M., Benjamas Jirasakuldech, Thomas Zorn, and Riza Emekter. "Do residual earnings price ratios explain cross-sectional variations in stock returns?" Managerial Finance 41, no. 7 (July 13, 2015): 692–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-07-2013-0179.

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Purpose – Variations in price/earnings (P/E) ratios are explained in a rational expectations framework by a number of fundamental factors, such as differences in growth expectations and risk. The purpose of this paper is to use a regression model and data from four sample periods (1996, 2000, 2001, and 2008) to separate the earnings/price (E/P) ratio into two parts – the portion of E/P that is related to fundamental determinants and a residual portion that cannot be explained by fundamentals. The authors use the residual portion as an indicator of over or undervaluation; a large negative residual is consistent with overvaluation while a large positive residual implies undervaluation. The authors find that stocks with larger negative residuals are associated with lower subsequent returns and reward-to-risk ratio, while stocks with larger positive residuals are associated with higher subsequent returns and reward-to-risk ratio. This pattern persists for both one and two-year holding periods. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses a regression methodology to decompose E/P into two parts – the portion of E/P than is related to fundamental determinants and a residual portion that cannot be explained by fundamentals. Focussing on the second portion allows us to isolate a potential indicator of stock over or undervaluation. Using a sample of stocks from four time periods (1996, 2000, 2001, and 2008, the authors calculate the residuals from a regression model of the fundamental determinants of cross-sectional variation in E/P. These residuals are then ranked and used to divide the stock sample into deciles, with the first decile containing the stocks with the highest negative residuals (indicating overvaluation) and the tenth decile containing stocks with the highest positive residuals (indicating undervaluation). Total returns for subsequent one and two-year holding periods are then calculated for each decile portfolio. Findings – The authors find that high positive residual stocks substantially outperform high negative residual stocks. This is true even after risk adjustments to the portfolio returns. The residual E/P appears to accurately predict relative stock performance with a relatively high degree of accuracy. Research limitations/implications – The findings of this paper provide some important implications for practitioners and investors, particularly for the stock selection, fund allocations, and portfolio strategies. Practitioners can still rely on a valuation measure such as E/P as a useful tool for making successful investment decisions and enhance portfolio performance. Investors can earn abnormal returns by allocating more weights on stocks with high E/P multiples. Portfolios of high E/P multiples or undervalued stocks are found to enjoy higher risk-adjusted returns after controlling for the fundamental factors. The most beneficial performance holding period return will be for a relatively short period of time ranging from one to two years. Relying on the E/P valuation ratios for a long-term investment may add little value. Practical implications – Practitioners and academics have long relied on the P/E ratio as an indicator of relative overvaluation. An increase in the absolute value of P/E, however, does not always indicate overvaluation. Instead, a high P/E ratio can simply reflect changes in the fundamental factors that affect P/E. The authors find that stocks with larger negative residuals are associated with lower subsequent returns and coefficients of variation, while stocks with larger positive residuals are associated with higher subsequent returns and coefficients of variation. This pattern persists for both one and two-year holding periods. Originality/value – The P/E ratio is widely used, particularly by practitioners, as a measure of relative stock valuation. The ratio has been used in both cross-sectional and time series comparisons as a metric for determining whether stocks are under or overvalued. An increase in the absolute value of P/E, however, does not always indicate overvaluation. Instead, a high P/E ratio can simply reflect changes in the fundamental factors that affect P/E. If interest rates are relatively low, for example, the time series P/E should be correspondingly higher. Similarly, if the risk of a stock is low, that stock’s P/E ratio should be higher than the P/E ratios of less risky stocks. The authors examine the cross-sectional behavior of the P/E (the authors actually use the E/P ratio for reasons explained below) after controlling for factors that are likely to fundamentally affect this ratio. These factors include the dividend payout ratio, risk measures, growth measures, and factors such as size and book to market that have been identified by Fama and French (1993) and others as important in explaining the cross-sectional variation in common stock returns. To control for changes in these primary determinants of E/P, the authors use a simple regression model. The residuals from this model represent the unexplained cross-sectional variation in E/P. The authors argue that this unexplained variation is a more reliable indicator than the raw E/P ratio of the relative under or overvaluation of stocks.
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Mountz, James M., Kathy Stafford-Schuck, Paul E. McKeever, James Taren, and William H. Beierwaltes. "Thallium-201 tumor/cardiac ratio estimation of residual astrocytoma." Journal of Neurosurgery 68, no. 5 (May 1988): 705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1988.68.5.0705.

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✓ Treatment of high-grade astrocytoma includes surgery, chemotherapy, and various methods of irradiation. Radiation therapy usually results in necrosis and edema around the primary tumor site. Contrast-enhanced computerized tomography (CT) and standard radionuclide imaging techniques are unable to reliably distinguish recurrent tumor from necrosis or edema since these images depict localization of contrast material or tracer, which primarily depends on blood-brain barrier breakdown. Thallium-201 (201Tl) appears to incorporate into viable tumor cells more rapidly than into normal brain cells. This report describes a new method to quantify the uptake of 201Tl in the tumor: the tumor-to-cardiac uptake ratio (T/C). Twenty-three 201Tl brain scans were performed on eight patients to differentiate recurrent viable high-grade astrocytoma from posttherapy changes. Planar images of the head and heart were obtained in order to calculate the ratio of tumor counts to cardiac counts. This ratio represents a numerical estimation of 201Tl uptake in the brain tumor relative to cardiac counts and is expressed as the T/C index. The T/C index correlated well with the clinical course in all eight patients. In general, however, CT suggested more extensive regrowth of tumor than the actual clinical status suggested. In one patient's course of radiological monitoring, tumor recurrence was detected by means of 201Tl imaging four months prior to its appearance on CT. In conclusion, when performed serially, the T/C index can provide an accurate estimate of residual tumor burden or recurrence, and detect and quantify viable tumor during therapy.
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LANGREHR, VIRGINIA B., and FREDERICK W. LANGREHR. "Measuring the Ability to Repay: The Residual Income Ratio." Journal of Consumer Affairs 23, no. 2 (December 1989): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.1989.tb00254.x.

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Novák, Jan, Andrew Selle, and Wojciech Jarosz. "Residual ratio tracking for estimating attenuation in participating media." ACM Transactions on Graphics 33, no. 6 (November 19, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2661229.2661292.

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Pope, A. L., T. M. Tritt, P. C. Canfield, S. L. Bud’ko, and D. H. Liebenberg. "Thermal conductivity in large residual resistance ratio MgB2 wire." Journal of Applied Physics 93, no. 9 (May 2003): 5531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1563304.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Residual ratio"

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Bean, Ian James Materials Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Blast furnace hearth drainage improvement of the residual - flowout correlation." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Materials Science & Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41490.

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Experimental cold modelling of hearth drainage was performed at Bluescope Steel Research Laboratories to understand the impact of variable drainage rate on slag removal. These drainage studies were designed to simulate real operational aspects such as: continuous casting, variable tapping rate and inflow liquid distribution. During the analysis of these drainage experiments it was demonstrated that the residual-flowout correlation in use since the 1970??s may possibly be incomplete or inaccurate. The removal of slag from the blast furnace hearth is the greater concern of the two liquids produced in the iron making process. In the 1970??s operational difficulties arose when large volumes of residual slag remained in the furnace after casting. This prompted research related to the flow of viscous liquids through uniformly packed beds providing fundamental insight on the most effective means of removal of slag from the blast furnace hearth. The core subject of this study, the residual-flowout correlation developed by Fukutake and Okabe that is used to predict cast duration and liquid accumulation in the blast furnace hearth is discussed in detail. The residual-flowout correlation is examined for four different sets of conditions based on constant or increasing slag drainage, with and without liquid dripping. The outcome of this study will improve our understanding of the residual-flowout relationship and develop it further, so that drainage conditions whether for constant or increasing drainage rates, with or without dripping, will hold using the one general Fl equation.
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Smith, Shannon Nicole. "Residual feed intake of Angus cattle divergently selected for feed conversion ratio." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1229619401.

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Mbowe, Omar B. "A Study of the Mean Residual Life Function and Its Applications." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/math_theses/11.

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The mean residual life (MRL) function is an important function in survival analysis, actuarial science, economics and other social sciences and reliability for characterizing lifetime. Different methods have been proposed for doing inference on the MRL but their coverage probabilities for small sample sizes are not good enough. In this thesis we apply the empirical likelihood method and carry out a simulation study of the MRL function using different statistical distributions. The simulation study does a comparison of the empirical likelihood method and the normal approximation method. The comparisons are based on the average lengths of confidence intervals and coverage probabilities. We also did comparisons based on median lengths of confidence intervals for the MRL. We found that the empirical likelihood method gives better coverage probability and shorter confidence intervals than the normal approximation method for almost all the distributions that we considered. Applying the two methods to real data we also found that the empirical likelihood method gives thinner pointwise confidence bands.
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Hanpobamorn, Saijai. "Low-cost and Traditional Airlines : Ratio Analysis and Equity Valuation by the Residual Earnings Model." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1203.

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Fundamental analysts use basic fundamentals, which generally based on available public information, to determine a firm’s intrinsic value. Forecasting future performance is one of the key elements for doing fundamental analysis, and historical results are the foundation for future forecast.

The analysis of this study is conducted into two sections with case studies in the airline business. Firstly, financial ratios are analyzed to examine whether low-cost or traditional airlines better perform their operations during a certain period. The other section is undertaking fundamental analysis of the case studies to evaluate current stock prices of representative airlines based on the potential future forecast. The model using for this valuation is the Residual Earnings Model. Key assumptions of future forecasts are mainly based on their historical ratios. Other related factor such as the gross domestic product (GDP) is included in forecasting sales growth rate because it is one of the key influences in the airline business.

For ratio analysis, the findings suggest that low-cost airlines perform better operations based on five years average. However, the traditional airlines improve their performances significantly in the latest fiscal year. For equity valuation, the findings show that estimates of equity values of the airlines yield inconsistent results comparing to their stock prices. Possible reasons of the difference might be the improvement in key financial ratios of the airlines.

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Yao, Chen. "Measuring Housing Affordability in Beijing." Thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48600.

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Housing affordability is the relationship between households’ income and housing expenditure. The public are very concerned about the high price of residential housing in Beijing, which is considered go beyond the income of average citizens. In order to fully understand the China’s real estate market, the paper first analyses the land policy, housing reform and housing finance, etc. Then this paper examine to what the extent the high housing price had led to low levels of housing affordability from 2000 until 2009 among Beijing urban households. The ratio analysis has been conducted to measure housing affordability. Meanwhile, we compute the housing-induced poverty, find maximum affordable housing prices for all the income classes, and suggest the housing assistance that should be provided to urban households in Beijing. Approximately, only 20% Beijing urban residents have purchase affordability for a standardized new residential housing, no matter which approach is used, strong statistical evidences reveal that there is an incessant large gap between residential housing prices and urban residents’ incomes in Beijing.
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Nurmenniemi, S. (Sami). "Usefulness of book-to-market ratio and strength of future residual incomes to predict future stock returns." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201505211552.

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In the past academic research have displayed strong evidence that stocks with the relatively low valuation earn higher future returns than stocks with relatively high valuation. This kind of value anomaly seems to exist for example between firms with high and low book-to-market ratio. In addition there is a lot of evidence that future stock returns can be predicted by analyzing past financial information. Especially the value relevant fundamentals which are usually the main components of equity valuation models seems to consist useful information about the future stock prices. In this thesis it is investigated if the investment strategy based on book-to-market valuation ratio and the main fundamental components of residual income valuation model can generate abnormal future stock returns. Strategy focuses on high book-to-market firms which past financial information indicates strong future residual incomes for these firms. These pieces of information are recognized by analyzing the return on equity and expected return on equity which are the main components of residual income model. The results shows that investment strategy based on book-to-market ratio and strength of future residual incomes generates higher mean returns than equally weighted market portfolio in the U.S markets during the years 1970–2010. Furthermore the strategy outperforms high book-to-market portfolio by mean return margin of 11.5%-points. Strategy seems to be quit robust across time as well when it is outperforming equally weighted market and high book-to-market portfolios almost 80% of the time. The returns appears to be highest among firms with the smallest market value and lowest among the large-sized firms. However the benefits of using fundamental based screening are stronger among medium-sized firms which indicates that superior return performance of the investment strategy is not driven by small firm effect. It seems also that the superior returns are not at least fully compensation for extra risk. Actually the strategy prefers the stocks with the low earnings variability and leverage together with high liquidity which are argued to be appropriate proxies for risk. Also the explanation of Fama and French (1992) which argues that abnormal returns of high book-to-market firms are due high distress of these firms is not supported by results presented in this thesis. In fact the strategy prefers firms with low distress and still generates higher mean returns than high book-to-market firms on average. This indicates that there could be undervalued stocks in the market which are successfully identified by investment strategy based on valuation ratio and analyzing past financial information.
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Castro, Andressa Souza Campos Monteiro. "Consumption-wealth ratio and expected stock returns: evidence from panel data." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13668.

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This paper investigates the role of consumption-wealth ratio on predicting future stock returns through a panel approach. We follow the theoretical framework proposed by Lettau and Ludvigson (2001), in which a model derived from a nonlinear consumer’s budget constraint is used to settle the link between consumption-wealth ratio and stock returns. Using G7’s quarterly aggregate and financial data ranging from the first quarter of 1981 to the first quarter of 2014, we set an unbalanced panel that we use for both estimating the parameters of the cointegrating residual from the shared trend among consumption, asset wealth and labor income, cay, and performing in and out-of-sample forecasting regressions. Due to the panel structure, we propose different methodologies of estimating cay and making forecasts from the one applied by Lettau and Ludvigson (2001). The results indicate that cay is in fact a strong and robust predictor of future stock return at intermediate and long horizons, but presents a poor performance on predicting one or two-quarter-ahead stock returns.
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Benetti, Mozara. "Comportamento hidráulico e mecânico de um solo residual tratado com cal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/127889.

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A abordagem do comportamento hidráulico associado ao comportamento mecânico de um material é de extrema importância. A técnica de tratamento de solos com cal vem sendo empregada com sucesso na engenharia geotécnica, melhorando as características do solo, que por ser um material complexo e variável nem sempre satisfaz as necessidades requeridas para um projeto. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem por objetivo quantificar a influência da quantidade de cal e da porosidade sobre o comportamento hidráulico e mecânico de um solo residual tratado com cal, verificando a adequação do uso da relação vazios/cal na estimativa da condutividade hidráulica, da resistência à compressão simples (qu) e da resistência à tração (qt). Para isso, foram realizados ensaios de condutividade hidráulica e de resistência para corpos de prova com 5%, 7% e 9% de cal, com peso específico aparente seco de 16,0 kN/m³, 17,2 kN/m³ e 18,5 kN/m³, curados por 28 dias. Foi observado que a porosidade da mistura é um parâmetro de influência sobre a condutividade hidráulica medida. Ambas as resistências, à compressão simples e à tração por compressão diametral, aumentaram potencialmente com a redução da porosidade. Verificou-se uma única relação qt/qu igual a 0,13, sendo independente da relação vazios/cal. A metodologia proposta por Consoli (2014), mostrou-se adequada para a determinação dos parâmetros de resistência (intercepto coesivo e ângulo de atrito) para uma relação [n/(Liv)0,12=35. A relação vazios/cal, definida pela razão entre a porosidade da mistura compactada e o teor volumétrico de cal, ajustado por uma potência, demonstrou ser um parâmetro eficaz na estimativa do comportamento hidráulico e mecânico do solo-cal estudado.
The approach of the hydraulic behavior associated with the mechanical behavior of a material is of utmost importance. The technique of treating soil with lime has been used successfully in geotechnical engineering, improving the characteristics of the soil, which is a highly variable and complex material, and does not always meet the required needs. In that sense, this study has for objective to quantify the influence of amounts of lime and of the porosity on the hydraulic and mechanical behavior a sandy silt soil stabilized with lime, checking the suitability of the use de voids/ lime ratio in estimating of the hydraulic conductivity, unconfined compression strength (qu) and tensile strength (qt). For that, number of hydraulic conductivity tests and strength tests were carried out for soil-hydrated lime blends, with lime contents of 5%, 7% e 9%, dry unit weight of 16,0 kN/m³, 17,2 kN/m³ and 18,5 kN/m³, 28 days as curing time. It was observed that the porosity of the mixture is a parameter influence on the hydraulic conductivity measured. The results show the unconfined compressive and the splitting tensile strength increasing potentially with the reduction of its porosity. It was found a single qt/qu relationship equal to 0,13, being independent of the porosity/lime ratio. The methodology suggested by Consoli (2014), was adequate for determining of Mohr-Coulomb failure parameters (effective cohesion intercept effective angle of shearing resistance) for a ratio [n/(Liv)0,12=35. The voids/lime ratio, defined as the ratio between the porosity of the compacted mixture and volumetric lime content, adjusted by a power, demonstrated to be the most appropriate parameter to assess the hydraulic and mechanical behavior of the soil-lime mixture studied.
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Bhatia, Krishan. "USE OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND MULTIVARIATE CALIBRATION IN PREDICTING THE PROPERTIES OF TISSUE PAPER MADE OF RECYCLED FIBERS AND VIRGIN PULP." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1077768497.

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Yasuda, Isao. "Pulmonary Stenosis with Intact Ventricular Septum: Assessment and Indication of Reconstructive Surgery for Residual Right-Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction." Thesis, Georg Thieme, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16685.

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Books on the topic "Residual ratio"

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Hamilton, Kirk, and Gang Liu. Human Capital, Tangible Wealth, and the Intangible Capital Residual. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0011.

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Since income is the return on wealth, the total wealth of a country should be around twenty times its GDP. Instead, the average observed ratio from the System of National Accounts (SNA) is a factor of 2.6–6.6. Clearly, wealth accounts are incomplete. Estimating the value of the most obvious omission, human capital, using the lifetime income approach for a sample of thirteen (mostly high-income) countries yields a mean share of human capital in total wealth of 63 per cent—four times the value of produced and fourteen times that of natural capital. But for selected high-income countries an average of 25 per cent of total wealth remains unaccounted. This residual intangible is arguably the ‘stock equivalent’ of total factor productivity—the value of assets such as institutional and social capital that augment the capacity of produced, natural, and human capital to support a stream of consumption into the future.
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Elwood, Mark. Confounding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0007.

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This chapter gives the definition of confounding, a central issue in epidemiology and its dependence on two associations, with exposure and with outcome. It explains confounding in trials, cohort and case-control studies, and Simpson’s paradox. It explains the five methods of controlling confounding: restriction, randomisation, stratification, matching and multivariate methods. For randomised trials, the limits of randomisation, residual confounding, pre-stratification, intention-to-treat, management and explanatory trials, pragmatic trials are explained. It shows the Mantel–Haenszel risk ratio or odds ratio, direct and indirect standardisation, and effect modification. Frequency and individual matching, their value and limitations, over matching, confounding by indication, and calculation of matched odds ratio are shown. It explains multivariate methods, including linear, logistic, Poisson, and Cox’s proportionate hazards models, including the relationship between coefficients and odds ratios, dummy variables, conditional methods, and propensity scores.
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Rajeev, S. G. The Navier–Stokes Equations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805021.003.0003.

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When different layers of a fluid move at different velocities, there is some friction which results in loss of energy and momentum to molecular degrees of freedom. This dissipation is measured by a property of the fluid called viscosity. The Navier–Stokes (NS) equations are the modification of Euler’s equations that include this effect. In the incompressible limit, the NS equations have a residual scale invariance. The flow depends only on a dimensionless ratio (the Reynolds number). In the limit of small Reynolds number, the NS equations become linear, equivalent to the diffusion equation. Ideal flow is the limit of infinite Reynolds number. In general, the larger the Reynolds number, the more nonlinear (complicated, turbulent) the flow.
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Dob, Daryl P., Elspeth E. Pickering, and Michael A. Gatzoulis. Moderate to complex congenital heart disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0040.

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Children born with congenital heart disease no longer face the prospect of early death and a poor quality of life. In fact, most neonates with moderate to complex congenital heart disease have a survival rate to adulthood of over 80%. The ratio of adults to children with congenital heart disease is increasing, due to better surgical repairs, and longer survival with a better quality of life. In the Western world, there are more adults than children alive with congenital heart disease. This remarkable medical effort has allowed young women with congenital heart disease to mature to an age where they wish to have babies of their own. Early generations of women, palliated with Mustard or Senning repairs, have shown it is possible to face the cardiovascular challenges of pregnancy and survive. As the number of women with congenital heart disease is predicted to grow by 25% in the next decade and more women with congenital heart disease become pregnant; a better understanding of moderate to complex heart disease, different surgical repair procedures, and residual anomalies is paramount. This chapter examines the management of parturients with transposition complexes (both classical and congenitally corrected), tetralogy of Fallot, the Fontan circulation, Eisenmenger’s syndrome, and congenital aortic stenosis, taking into consideration the effect of pregnancy, labour, delivery, and anaesthesia on each circulation.
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Kikō, Genshiryoku Anzen Kiban. Nihon Genshiryoku Hatsuden (Kabu) Tōkai Hatsudensho oyobi Tōkai Daini Hatsudensho de seisakusareru yōyū kokatai no seshiumu zansonritsu no settei ni tsuite: Setting of cesium residual ratio of molten solidified waste produced in Japan Atomic Power Company Tokai and Tokai no. 2 Power Stations. Setting of cesium residual ratio of molten solidified waste produced in Japan Atomic Power Company Tokai and Tokai no. 2 Power Stations, 2013.

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Martin-Loeches, Ignacio, and Antonio Artigas. Respiratory support with positive end-expiratory pressure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0094.

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Positive-end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is the pressure present in the airway (alveolar pressure) above atmospheric pressure that exists at the end of expiration. The term PEEP is defined in two particular settings. Extrinsic PEEP (applied by ventilator) and intrinsic PEEP (PEEP caused by non-complete exhalation causing progressive air trapping). Applied (extrinsic) PEEP—is usually one of the first ventilator settings chosen when mechanical ventilation (MV) is initiated. Applying PEEP increases alveolar pressure and volume. The increased lung volume increases the surface area by reopening and stabilizing collapsed or unstable alveoli. PEEP therapy can be effective when used in patients with a diffuse lung disease with a decrease in functional residual capacity. Lung protection ventilation is an established strategy of management to reduce and avoid ventilator-induced lung injury and mortality. Levels of PEEP have been traditionally used from 5 to 12 cmH2O; however, higher levels of PEEP have also been proposed and updated in order to keep alveoli open, without the cyclical opening and closing of lung units (atelectrauma). The ideal level of PEEP is that which prevents derecruitment of the majority of alveoli, while causing minimal overdistension; however, it should be individualized and higher PEEP might be used in the more severe end of the spectrum of patients with improved survival. A survival benefit for higher levels of PEEP has not been yet reported for any patient under MV, but a higher PaO2/FiO2 ratio seems to be better in the higher PEEP group.
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Navarro, Jaume, ed. Ether and Modernity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797258.001.0001.

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This book is a snapshot of the ether qua epistemic object in the early twentieth century. It shows that the ether was not necessarily regarded as the residue of old-fashioned science, but often as one of the objects of modernity, hand in hand with the electron, radioactivity or X-rays. Instrumental in this was the emergence of wireless technologies and radio broadcasting, which brought the ether into social audiences who would otherwise have never heard about it. Following the prestige of scientists like Oliver Lodge and Arthur Eddington as popularisers of science, the ether became common currency among the general educated public. Modernism in the arts was also fond of the ether in the early twentieth century: the values of modernism found in the complexities and contradictions of modern physics provided a fertile ground for the development of new artistic languages, in literature as much as in the pictorial and performing arts. The question of what was meant by ‘ether’ (or ‘aether’) in the early twentieth century at the scientific and cultural levels is also central to this book. The chapters in this book display a complex array of meanings that will help elucidate the uses of the ether before its purported abandonment. Rather than considering ether as simply a term that remained popular in several groups, this book shows the complexities of an epistemic object that saw, in the early twentieth century, the last episode in the long tradition of stretching its meaning and uses.
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Book chapters on the topic "Residual ratio"

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Weik, Martin H. "residual error ratio." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1478. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_16200.

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Murase, Satoru, Rikuo Ogawa, Takashi Saitoh, Hidezumi Moriai, Teruo Matsushita, and Kozo Osamura. "Residual Resistance Ratio Measurement Method of Cu/Nb3Sn Composite Conductors." In Advances in Superconductivity XII, 700–702. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66877-0_209.

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Murase, Satoru, Takashi Saitoh, Hidezumi Moriai, Teruo Matsushita, and Kozo Osamura. "Inter-Comparison Test Results for Residual Resistance Ratio of Cu/Nb3Sn Composite Conductors." In Advances in Superconductivity XI, 1511–14. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66874-9_353.

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Matsushita, Teruo, Edmund S. Otabe, Satoru Murase, Kozo Osamura, and Chongyuan Hua. "Results of Round Robin Test of Residual Resistance Ratio in Cu/Nb-Ti Composite Superconductor." In Advances in Superconductivity XI, 1507–10. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66874-9_352.

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Mederer, Thomas, Wolfgang Friedrich, Johannes Trost, Lars Zigan, and Michael Wensing. "Simultaneous spatially resolved visualization of fuel/air ratio and residual gas distribution in an optically accessible SI engine." In Proceedings, 349–72. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-05130-3_25.

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Deng, Yichen, Yanping Yu, and Zhengqing Yan. "A Cooperative Broadcast Algorithm Based on the Successful Broadcasting Ratio and Residual Energy of Neighbor Nodes in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks." In Communications and Networking, 82–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78139-6_9.

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Reames, Donald V. "Gradual SEP Events." In Solar Energetic Particles, 97–133. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66402-2_5.

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AbstractGradual solar energetic-particle (SEP) events are “big proton events” and are usually much more “gradual” in their decay than in their onset. As their intensities increase, particles streaming away from the shock amplify Alfvén waves that scatter subsequent particles, increasing their acceleration, eventually limiting ion flow at the “streaming limit.” Waves generated by higher-speed protons running ahead can also throttle the flow of lower-energy ions, flattening spectra and altering abundances in the biggest SEP events. Thus, we find that the A/Q-dependence of scattering causes element-abundance patterns varying in space and time, which define source-plasma temperatures T, since the pattern of Q values of the ions depends upon temperature. Differences in T explain much of the variation of element abundances in gradual SEP events. In nearly 70% of gradual events, SEPs are shock-accelerated from ambient coronal plasma of ~0.8–1.6 MK, while 24% of the events involve material with T ≈ 2–4 MK re-accelerated from residual impulsive-suprathermal ions with pre-enhanced abundances. This source-plasma temperature can occasionally vary with solar longitude across the face of a shock. Non-thermal variations in ion abundances in gradual SEP events reaccelerated from the 2–4 MK impulsive source plasma are reduced, relative to those in the original impulsive SEPs, probably because the accelerating shock waves sample a pool of ions from multiple jet sources. Late in gradual events, SEPs become magnetically trapped in a reservoir behind the CME where spectra are uniform in space and decrease adiabatically in time as the magnetic bottle containing them slowly expands. Finally, we find variations of the He/O abundance ratio in the source plasma of different events.
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Ilukor, J. O., and S. O. Oluka. "Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratios in Agricultural Residues." In African Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories and Mitigation Options: Forestry, Land-Use Change, and Agriculture, 165–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1637-1_12.

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Reames, Donald V. "A Turbulent History." In Solar Energetic Particles, 19–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66402-2_2.

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AbstractLarge solar energetic-particle (SEP) events are clearly associated in time with eruptive phenomena on the Sun, but how? When large SEP events were first observed, flares were the only visible candidate, and diffusion theory was stretched to explain how the particles could spread through space, as widely as observed. The observation of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and the wide, fast shock waves they can drive, provided better candidates later. Then small events were found with 1000-fold enhancements in 3He/4He that required a different kind of source—should we reconsider flares, or their open-field cousins, solar jets? The 3He-rich events were soon associated with the electron beams that produce type III radio bursts. It seems the radio astronomers knew of both SEP sources all along. Sometimes the distinction between the sources is blurred when shocks reaccelerate residual 3He-rich impulsive suprathermal ions. Eventually, however, we would even begin to measure the source-plasma temperature that helps to better distinguish the SEP sources.
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Churchill, D. B., W. R. Horwath, and L. F. Elliott. "The Development of Low-Input, On-Farm Composting of High C:N Ratio Residues." In The Science of Composting, 1181–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1569-5_137.

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Conference papers on the topic "Residual ratio"

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Kang, Sungbum, Joonsang Yu, and Kiyoung Choi. "Tapered-Ratio Compression for Residual Network." In 2018 International SoC Design Conference (ISOCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isocc.2018.8649890.

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Goodrich, L. F. "Measuring Residual Resistivity Ratio of High-Purity Nb." In ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING: Transactions of the International Cryogenic Materials Conference - ICMC. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1774550.

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Lin, Fang-Ju. "Super-resolution from learning the enhancement ratio and texture/residual dictionary." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2015.7351178.

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Hayakawa, Takehito, Toshitaka Kajino, Satoshi Chiba, Grant Mathews, Hajime Susa, Marcel Arnould, Sydney Gales, Tohru Motobayashi, Christoph Scheidenberger, and Hiroaki Utsunomiya. "Isomer residual ratio of odd-odd isotope [sup 180]Ta in supernova nucleosynthsis." In TOURS SYMPOSIUM ON NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS—VII. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3455934.

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Shen, Xukai, and Elizabeth L’Heureux. "Residual statics application for high-density, low signal-to-noise ratio land data." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2020. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2020-3427946.1.

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Song, Shaopin, and Pingsha Dong. "Analysis of Residual Stresses in Pipe Seam Welds and a Proposed Residual Stress Profile Estimation Method." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45726.

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A recent comprehensive investigation into residual stress distributions in pipe and vessel longitudinal seam welds is presented in this paper, covering component wall thickness from 1/4” (6.35mm) to 10” (254mm), component radius to wall thickness ratio from 2 to 10, and linear welding heating input from low (50 J/mm) to high (6000 J/mm). Through the use of a residual stress decomposition technique, two key parameters that govern through-thickness residual stress distributions in terms of their membrane and bending content have been identified. One is component radius to wall thickness ratio (r/t) and the other is a characteristic heat input density (Q̂) having a unit of J/mm3. With these two parameters, a unified functional form for representing through-thickness residual stress profile behaviors in seam welds is proposed along with its solution procedure for applications in weld region. The simplicity of the proposed residual stress profile estimation scheme in functional form and demonstrated applicability for a wide range of r/t and Q̂ provides an effective framework for generating residual stress profile information for supporting defect assessment procedures in FFS codes and standards.
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Li, Yu-Jia, Fu-Zhen Xuan, Zheng-Dong Wang, and Shan-Tung Tu. "Effects of Residual Stresses on the High Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25364.

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Axial force-controlled fatigue tests are conducted at various stress ratios (R) on Ti-6Al-4V specimens prepared by two different manufacturing techniques (hard turning plus polishing with and without vacuum stress relieve anneal carried out after polishing). Residual stress is measured by using X-ray diffraction. Results indicate that the surface compressive residual stress lead to an increase of fatigue limit at a given life and stress ratio. This effect decreases with increasing stress ratio R. At R = 0.6, the effect of surface residual stress on fatigue limit fades away. In addition, the location of crack initiation shifts from surface to interior when the stress ratio changes from −1 to 0.6.
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Jung, Hoiyoon, Jung-Sun Um, Byung Jang Jeong, and Hyung Do Choi. "Compressive spectrum sensing algorithm based on robust detection criterion with ratio of residual matrix." In 2014 Sixth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icufn.2014.6876746.

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Zhou, Daowu, and Ali Mirzaee-Sisan. "Plasticity Induced Residual Stress in Pipes." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83530.

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An analytical model for predicting residual stress introduced in a pipe (away from girth weld) by plastic bending is examined. Stresses for a specific case where the pipe is bent, reverse bent and straightened are compared with results from a non-linear finite element analysis. The analytical model is then used to determine the through-thickness plasticity induced residual stress in the axial direction for a wide range of pipe geometries which are typically used offshore. It is found that the magnitude of extreme axial residual stress depends significantly on the ratio of pipe diameter to wall thickness. A simplified formula for estimating the extreme fibre tensile residual stress is derived and presented.
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ZHOU, JIANBO, XIAOFENG FU, XIAOJUAN FU, and YU ZHANG. "Multi-view Face Recognition based on Low-rank Features and Sparse Representation Residual Ratio Comparison." In CSAI 2020: 2020 4th International Conference on Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3445815.3445833.

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Reports on the topic "Residual ratio"

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Hijab, R., and R. Muller. Residual strain effects on large aspect ratio micro-diaphragms. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5367418.

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Simoneau, A., J. Pizarro, and A. Parker. Experimental High Speed/Power Ratio ASIC Designs Using Residue Numbers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada220302.

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Cross, Jason C., Eric C. Turnblom, and Gregory J. Ettl. Biomass production on the Olympic and Kitsap Peninsulas, Washington: updated logging residue ratios, slash pile volume-to-weight ratios, and supply curves for selected locations. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-872.

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