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Journal articles on the topic 'Residual charge'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Dillon, Margaret T., Andrea L. Bucker, Marcia C. Adunka, English R. King, Oliver F. Adunka, Craig A. Buchman, and Harold C. Pillsbury. "Impact of Electric Stimulation on Residual Hearing." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 26, no. 08 (September 2015): 732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.15013.

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Background: Candidacy criteria for cochlear implantation are expanding to include patients with substantial low-to-mid frequency hearing sensitivity. Postoperative hearing preservation has been achieved in cochlear implant recipients, though with variable outcomes. Previous investigations on postoperative hearing preservation outcomes have evaluated intraoperative procedures. There has been limited review as to whether electric stimulation influences hearing preservation. Purpose: The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate whether charge levels associated with electric stimulation influence postoperative hearing preservation within the first year of listening experience. Research Design: Retrospective analysis of unaided residual hearing and charge levels. Study Sample: Twenty-eight cochlear implant recipients with postoperative residual hearing in the operative ear and at least 12 mo of listening experience with electric-acoustic stimulation (EAS). Data Collection and Analysis: Assessment intervals included initial cochlear implant activation, initial EAS activation, and 3-, 6-, and 12-mo postinitial EAS activation. A masked low-frequency bone-conduction (BC) pure-tone average (PTA) was calculated for all participants at each assessment interval. Charge levels for each electrode were determined using the most comfortable loudness level and pulse width values. Charge levels associated with different regions of the electrode array were compared to the change in the low-frequency BC PTA between two consecutive intervals. Results: Charge levels had little to no association with the postoperative change in low-frequency BC PTA within the first year of listening experience. Conclusions: Electric charge levels do not appear to be reliably related to the subsequent loss of residual low-frequency hearing in the implanted ear within the first year of EAS listening experience.

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2

Kumada, Akiko, Shigemitsu Okabe, and Kunihiko Hidaka. "Residual charge distribution of positive surface streamer." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 42, no. 9 (April 16, 2009): 095209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/9/095209.

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3

Li, Jia-Qi, Hui-Jie Yan, Ting Li, Si-Qi Yu, Jing-Wen Fan, and Jian Song. "Surface charge characteristics in surface dielectric barrier discharge actuators with thin cylindrical exposed electrode." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 6 (February 14, 2023): 063301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0134362.

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The influence of the cylindrical exposed electrode diameter on distribution and attenuation of the surface charge in surface dielectric barrier discharges is experimentally investigated using the Pockels effect of the Bi12SiO20 crystal. For the actuator with the smaller exposed electrode diameter, more positive charges accumulate closer to the exposed electrode after positive half periodic discharge, while the quantity of positive charges deposited on the surface in a discharge period at the same distance away from the exposed electrode is smaller. At the same time, the smaller the exposed electrode diameter is, the shorter decay time the positive charge filament needs. Combined with thrust generation of actuators, it can be indicated that a positive residual surface charge closer to the exposed electrode may play a more crucial role in the discharge and consequent thrust than one far away from the exposed electrode does. Also, the effect on the discharge of the positive residual surface charge may be greater than that of the negative residual surface charge. More explorations of the residual surface charge have been done by selectively enhancing the discharge of the actuator with a 10 μm exposed electrode using the pulse-AC dual power supply, drawing the same conclusions.

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4

Henn, Julian, and Kathrin Meindl. "About systematic errors in charge-density studies." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, no. 3 (March 13, 2014): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314000898.

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The formerly introduced theoreticalRvalues [Henn & Schönleber (2013).Acta Cryst.A69, 549–558] are used to develop a relative indicator of systematic errors in model refinements,Rmeta, and applied to published charge-density data. The counter ofRmetagives an absolute measure of systematic errors in percentage points. The residuals (Io−Ic)/σ(Io) of published data are examined. It is found that most published models correspond to residual distributions that are not consistent with the assumption of a Gaussian distribution. The consistency with a Gaussian distribution, however, is important, as the model parameter estimates and their standard uncertainties from a least-squares procedure are valid only under this assumption. The effect of correlations introduced by the structure model is briefly discussed with the help of artificial data and discarded as a source of serious correlations in the examined example. Intensity and significance cutoffs applied in the refinement procedure are found to be mechanisms preventing residual distributions from becoming Gaussian. Model refinements against artificial data yield zero or close-to-zero values forRmetawhen the data are not truncated and small negative values in the case of application of a moderate cutoffIo> 0. It is well known from the literature that the application of cutoff values leads to model bias [Hirshfeld & Rabinovich (1973).Acta Cryst.A29, 510–513].

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5

Zhuang, Yunhui, Anjia Yang, Gerhard P. Hancke, Duncan S. Wong, and Guomin Yang. "Energy-Efficient Distance-Bounding with Residual Charge Computation." IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2017.2761702.

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6

Li, Junjie, Xuan Wang, Zhaoyang Chen, Jun Zhou, Samuel S. Mao, and Jianming Cao. "Real-time probing of ultrafast residual charge dynamics." Applied Physics Letters 98, no. 1 (January 3, 2011): 011501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3533811.

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7

Gurevitch, A. C., L. E. Murr, W. W. Fisher, S. K. Varma, A. H. Advani, and L. Zernow. "Residual microstructure of a shaped-charge jet fragment." Journal of Materials Science 28, no. 10 (January 1, 1993): 2795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00356221.

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8

Wolters, D. R., and A. T. A. Zegers-van Duijnhoven. "Thermal oxidation of silicon and residual fixed charge." Microelectronics Journal 24, no. 4 (July 1993): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-2692(93)90036-e.

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9

Capanema, Ewellyn Augsten, Mikhail Yurievich Balakshin, and Chen-Loung Chen. "An improved procedure for isolation of residual lignins from hardwood kraft pulps." Holzforschung 58, no. 5 (August 1, 2004): 464–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2004.070.

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Abstract Residual lignin preparations were isolated from birch, aspen and Eucalyptus grandis kraft pulp by enzymatic hydrolysis of the pulps with cellulase:hemicellulase mixture. Residual lignin preparations were characterized by investigation of nitrogen content, carbohydrate composition and molecular mass distribution. The use of enzyme with high activity and optimization of enzyme charge resulted in significant decrease in protein contaminants in residual lignin preparations as compared to previously published results. A second order law correlation between enzyme mass charge and nitrogen content in birch residual lignin preparations indicates a strong effect of enzyme charge on the amount of protein contaminants. However, the enzyme charge in the range studied does not appreciably affect either the yields of the residual lignin preparations or percentage and composition of carbohydrates in these preparations. The optimal enzyme charge was highest for Eucalyptus grandis pulp and lowest for birch pulp. It has been suggested that a significant part of the hardwood residual lignin in pulps, especially in E. grandis pulp, consists of low molecular mass lignin fragments bonded to pulp carbohydrates. Higher amount of glucose in E. grandis residual lignin preparation compared to those from birch and aspen implied a higher frequency of lignin-cellulose bonds in eucalypt pulp. Different fractions of birch residual lignin have rather similar molecular mass distribution, which was not affected by the charge of the enzyme. Eucalypt residual lignin preparation had higher molecular mass than birch residual lignin.

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10

Yu, Quanqing, Changjiang Wan, Junfu Li, Rui Xiong, and Zeyu Chen. "A Model-Based Sensor Fault Diagnosis Scheme for Batteries in Electric Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040829.

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The implementation of each function of a battery management system (BMS) depends on sensor data. Efficient sensor fault diagnosis is essential to the durability and safety of battery systems. In this paper, a model-based sensor fault diagnosis scheme and fault-tolerant control strategy for a voltage sensor and a current sensor are proposed with recursive least-square (RLS) and unscented Kalman filter (UKF) algorithms. The fault diagnosis scheme uses an open-circuit voltage residual generator and a capacity residual generator to generate multiple residuals. In view of the different applicable state of charge (SOC) intervals of each residual, different residuals need to be selected according to the different SOC intervals to evaluate whether a sensor fault occurs during residual evaluation. The fault values of the voltage and current sensors are derived in detail based on the open-circuit voltage residual and the capacity residual, respectively, and applied to the fault-tolerant control of battery parameters and state estimations. The performance of the proposed approaches is demonstrated and evaluated by simulations with MATLAB and experimental studies with a commercial lithium-ion battery cell.

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11

Gilles, R., K. D. Weltmann, E. Schade, and M. Claessens. "Numerical simulation of the residual charge of vacuum interrupters." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 29, no. 5 (2001): 754–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.964469.

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12

Caton, P. A. "Combustion phasing of residual-effected homogeneous charge compression ignition." International Journal of Engine Research 8, no. 1 (February 2007): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/14680874jer01406.

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13

Deng, Junbo, Shigeyasu Matsuoka, Akiko Kumada, and Kunihiko Hidaka. "The influence of residual charge on surface discharge propagation." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 43, no. 49 (November 23, 2010): 495203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/43/49/495203.

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14

KACPRZYK, Ryszard. "Influence of the impulse voltage on the residual charge." PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, no. 10 (October 5, 2016): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/48.2016.10.30.

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15

McHargue, C. J., P. S. Sklad, J. C. McCallum, C. W. White, A. Perez, E. Abonneau, and G. Marest. "The residual charge state of tin implanted into sapphire." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 46, no. 1-4 (February 1990): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(90)90672-h.

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16

Collins, George, John Federici, Yuki Imura, and Luiz H. Catalani. "Charge generation, charge transport, and residual charge in the electrospinning of polymers: A review of issues and complications." Journal of Applied Physics 111, no. 4 (February 15, 2012): 044701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3682464.

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17

Xu, Zeyu, Xiuling Shi, Xiaoqiang Zhuang, Zihan Wang, Sheng Sun, Kaikai Li, and Tong-Yi Zhang. "Chemical Strain of Graphite-Based Anode during Lithiation and Delithiation at Various Temperatures." Research 2021 (October 26, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9842391.

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Electrochemical lithiation/delithiation of electrodes induces chemical strain cycling that causes fatigue and other harmful influences on lithium-ion batteries. In this work, a homemade in situ measurement device was used to characterize simultaneously chemical strain and nominal state of charge, especially residual chemical strain and residual nominal state of charge, in graphite-based electrodes at various temperatures. The measurements indicate that raising the testing temperature from 20°C to 60°C decreases the chemical strain at the same nominal state of charge during cycling, while residual chemical strain and residual nominal state of charge increase with the increase of temperature. Furthermore, a novel electrochemical-mechanical model is developed to evaluate quantitatively the chemical strain caused by a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and the partial molar volume of Li in the SEI at different temperatures. The present study will definitely stimulate future investigations on the electro-chemo-mechanics coupling behaviors in lithium-ion batteries.

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18

Aiello, G., S. Alfonzetti, and G. Borzì. "A Generalized Minimal Residual Acceleration of the Charge Iteration Procedure." Journal de Physique III 7, no. 10 (October 1997): 1955–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp3:1997234.

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19

Zhu, Y., T. Takada, and D. Tu. "An optical measurement technique for studying residual surface charge distribution." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 28, no. 7 (July 14, 1995): 1468–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/28/7/028.

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20

Deng, Junbo, Lu Pu, Haibao Mu, Guanjun Zhang, Shigeyasu Matsuoka, Akiko Kumada, and Kunihiko Hidaka. "Two-dimensional residual charge density distribution measurement of surface leader." Journal of Electrostatics 71, no. 4 (August 2013): 739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2013.05.002.

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21

Giansetti, P., G. Colin, P. Higelin, and Y. Chamaillard. "Residual gas fraction measurement and computation." International Journal of Engine Research 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 347–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/14680874jer00407.

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To meet future pollutant emissions standards, it is crucial to be able to estimate not only the cycle-by-cycle mass but also the cycle-by-cycle composition of the combustion chamber charge. This charge consists of fresh air, fuel, and residual gas from the previous cycle. Unfortunately, the residual gas fraction cannot be directly measured. Two experimental methods have been designed to determine the residual gas fraction. The reference method is based on an in-cylinder sampling method. The second one is based on a hydrocarbon (HC) analysis of the exhaust gases. Two models have been compared to the experimental results. A one-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code (WAVE) and a zero-dimensional model (AMESIM), which takes into account gas compressibility. The aim of the study was to compare the results of CFD codes (one- and zero-dimensional) to experimental results. If the code is validated by the experiments, it should be possible to determine residual gas fractions without needing a large experimental set-up.

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22

Jessner, A., H. Lesch, and Th Kunzl. "Charge Densities above Pulsar Polar Caps." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 177 (2000): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100060310.

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A simplified model provided the framework for our investigation into the distribution of energy and charge densities above the polar caps of a rotating neutron star. We assumed a neutron star withm= 1.4M⊙,r= 10km, dipolar field |B0| = 1012G,B||Ω and Ω = 2Π · (0.5s)−1. The effects of general relativity were disregarded. The induced accelerating electric fieldE||reachesE0= 2.5 · 1013V m−1at the surface near the magnetic poles. The current density along the field lines has an upper limitnGJ, when the electric field of the charged particle flow cancels the induced electric field: At the polesnGJ(r=rns,θ= 0) = 1.4 · 1017m−3.The work function(surface potential barrier)EWis approximated by the Fermi energyEFof magnetised matter. Following Abrahams and Shapiro (1992) one needs to revise the surface density from the canonical 1.4 · 108kg m−3down toρFe = 2.9 · 107kg m−3. Withwe obtain a value ofEF=Ew= 417eV. There are two relevant particle emission processes:Field (cold cathode) emissionby quantum-mechanical tunneling of charges through the surface potentialandthermal emissionwhich is a purely classical process. In strong electric fields it is enhanced by the lowering of the potential barrier due to the Schottky effect. The combined Dushman-Schottky equationwithtells us, thatat temperatures> 2 · 105K the the Goldreich-Julian current can be supplied thermal emission alone. The surface temperature however has a lower limit in the order of 105K due to the rotational braking. Therefore, in most cases a sufficient supply of charges for the Goldreich-Julian current is available and the electrical field accelerating the particles will be quenched as a result of their abundance. Otherwise a residual equilibrium electric field Eeqremains with:and hence the equilibrium density is:n=nfieid(Eeq,EW) +nDS(Eeq,EW,T) For a temperature just below the onset of thermal emission (T= 1.85 · 105K) the charge density is found to vary almost linearly with the work functionEWfor values ofEWbetween 0.3 and 2 keV. At the chosen value forEWof 417 eVthe residual electric field amounts to only 8.5% of the vacuum value. Even in the residual electric field the particles are rapidly accelerated to relativistic energies balanced by inverse Compton and curvature radiation losses.

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23

Yang, Li, Xiao Huang, Fikret Mamedov, Peng Zhang, Adolf Gogoll, Maria Strømme, and Martin Sjödin. "Conducting redox polymers with non-activated charge transport properties." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 36 (2017): 25052–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp03939e.

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24

Student, Mykhailo, Volodymyr Hvozdetskyi, Taras Stupnytskyi, Oleksandra Student, Pavlo Maruschak, Olegas Prentkovskis, and Paulius Skačkauskas. "Mechanical Properties of Arc Coatings Sprayed with Cored Wires with Different Charge Compositions." Coatings 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070925.

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The mechanical properties (hardness, cohesion, and residual stresses) of arc coatings designed for operation under conditions of boundary friction and corrosive-abrasive wear are analyzed. The coatings were formed by arc spraying cored wires (CW) with different charge compositions (the content of carbon, aluminum, and boron in CW charge varied). It is shown that the hardness of the coatings increases with an increase in the carbon content in them up to 1 wt. %, and then decreased due to an increase in the content of residual austenite in their structure. The level of residual stresses of the first kind in such coatings increased by four times with an increase in the carbon content to 2 wt. %. The hardness of the coatings and the level of residual tensile stresses in them also increase with a decrease in the aluminum content in them. In this case, the cohesive strength of the coatings increased due to the implementation of aluminothermic reactions in the droplets of the CW melt during their flight and crystallization on the sprayed surfaces. However, then, with an increase in the aluminum content in the coatings of more than 2 wt. %, their cohesive strength decreased. The level of residual tensile stresses in coatings with a high content of retained austenite decreased after heat treatment (tempering) of the specimens. Sometimes, after tempering, these stresses even transformed into residual compressive stresses (in particular, under using CW C1.4Cr14Ni2). At the same time, the tempering of specimens with a predominance of ferrite in the coating structure increased the level of residual tensile stresses in them, which is due to the precipitation of finely dispersed carbides or borides. It has been shown that the addition of boron-containing components (ferrochromium-boron, chromium-boron) to the composition of the CW charge leads to a significant increase in the hardness of the coatings. Thus, an increase in the boron content in coatings from 0 to 4 wt. % leads to an increase in their hardness from 320 HV to 1060 HV. However, this is accompanied by an increase in tensile residual stresses in the coatings and a decrease in their cohesive strength.

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25

HORVÁTHY, P. A., L. O’RAIFEARTAIGH, and J. H. RAWNSLEY. "MONOPOLE-CHARGE INSTABILITY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 03, no. 03 (March 1988): 665–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x88000291.

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For monopoles with nonvanishing Higgs potential it is shown that with respect to “Brandt-Neri-Coleman type” variations (a) the stability problem reduces to that of a pure gauge theory on the 2-sphere (b) each topological sector admits one, and only one, stable monopole charge, and (c) each nonstable monopole admits 2∑2|q|−1 negative modes where the sum goes over all negative eigenvalues q of the non-Abelian charge Q. An explicit construction for (i) the unique stable charge (ii) the negative modes and (iii) the spectrum of the Hessian, on the 2-sphere, is then given. The relation to loops in the residual group is explained. The negative modes are tangent to suitable energy-reducing two-spheres. The general theory is illustrated for the little groups U (2), U (3), SU (3)/ℤ3 and O (5).

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26

Christensen, Peter O., Gerald A. Feltham, and Martin G. H. Wu. "“Cost of Capital” in Residual Income for Performance Evaluation." Accounting Review 77, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2002.77.1.1.

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We consider a setting in which a firm uses residual income to motivate a manager's investment decision. Textbooks often recommend adjusting the residual income capital charge for market risk, but not for firmspecific risk. We demonstrate two basic flaws in this recommendation. First, the capital charge should not be adjusted for market risk. Charging a market risk premium results in “double” counting because a risk-averse manager will personally consider this risk. Second, while investors can avoid firm-specific risk through diversification, a manager cannot. If the manager faces significant firm-specific risk at the time he makes his investment decision, then it is optimal to charge him less than the riskless return so as to partially offset his reluctance to undertake risky investments. On the other hand, the manager will vary his investment decisions with the pre-decision information he receives, which accentuates his compensation risk, and the firm must compensate him for bearing this additional risk. Hence, if the manager will receive relatively precise pre-decision information, then it is optimal to charge him more than the riskless return to reduce the variability of his investment decisions.

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27

Jing, You, Shi Rong Wang, and Xiang Gao Li. "Theory Study of the Geometrical Isomerism Influence on Hole-Transport Material’s Residual Potential of Organic Photoconductive." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1197.

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Residual potential is a very important performance index of organic photoconductor (OPC). At present, research shows that the purity of charge transport material will seriously influence residual potential of OPC. But in past research we found that some OPC used charge transport material with very high purity still has very high residual potential. With quantum calculation and x-ray diffraction we found that some materials are optical isomer and some have cis-trans isomerism. So in order to improve performance of OPC we should separate isomerism.

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28

Dini, Michele, Aldo Romani, Matteo Filippi, and Marco Tartagni. "A Nanopower Synchronous Charge Extractor IC for Low-Voltage Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting With Residual Charge Inversion." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 31, no. 2 (February 2016): 1263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2015.2417352.

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29

Zhou, Huan-Xiang. "A Gaussian-chain model for treating residual charge–charge interactions in the unfolded state of proteins." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 6 (March 12, 2002): 3569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.052030599.

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30

Raper, J. A., W. H. Ma, and D. Guang. "Residual electrostatic charge and charge distributions on fly ashes produced by the combustion of Australian coals." Advanced Powder Technology 3, no. 1 (1992): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8831(08)60684-6.

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31

Yu, Lin, and Ming-Fang Liu. "The establishment and analysis of a state of charge model for lithium ion batteries." Modern Physics Letters B 32, no. 34n36 (December 30, 2018): 1840060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984918400602.

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Based on the rebound voltage data which was measured under different temperatures for lithium ion battery, a residual capacity prediction model used adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was established. The rebound voltage and temperature were the input of prediction system, and the output was residual capacity. A large number of experimental data were used to train and verify the model. The reliability and applicability of the model were proven by applying it to predict and verify the residual capacity of different battery packs.

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32

Bridwell, LB, HJ Hay, LF Pender, CJ Sofield, and PB Treacy. "Excitation of Swift Heavy Ions in Foil Targets. IV. Preequilibrium Energy Losses and Mean Charge States." Australian Journal of Physics 41, no. 5 (1988): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph880681.

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Studies have been made of the approach to energy-loss and charge-state equilibrium of initially pure charge states of ions, transmitted through thin carbon targets. Ions of Li, F and C1 at 3 MeV per AMU were used. Detailed observations were made of outgoing energy losses and charge-state distributions, for outgoing charges equal to those ingoing. A Monte Carlo analysis is made of the charge changing processes, which allows calculation of energy losses due to projectile charge exchange. The residual electronic target-ionisation loss is analysed to predict in-target charge states of the projectile ions. Using these, a comparison is made between the in-target effective charge for target ionisation, and the averaged ionic charge which fits charge-exchange data.

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33

Eriksson, L., and B. Alm. "Characterization of Activated Sludge and Conditioning with Cationic Polyelectrolytes." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0048.

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Three cationic polyelectrolytes with different charge densities were used to condition activated sludge samples from a municipal plant during a period when the sludge characteristics changed strongly. Initially the sludge had high residual turbidity after sedimentation, high filtration resistance, low floc strength and high amounts of extractable extracellular polymers (ECP). These problems could be related to the snow melting that was going on. When that ceased the sludge recovered as shown by decreased residual turbidity, filtration resistance and amount of extractable ECP and increased floc strength. The polyelectrolytes with 40 and 100 % charge density gave good and similar filterabilities during the whole investigation period. With the 10 % charged polymer the filtration resistance was generally higher and especially so during the snow melting period. The reason is that low charge density polymers flocculate with a bridging mechanism. This gives a flexible floc structure which allows the formation of dense filter cakes and also to some extent preserves the original structure. High charge density polymers give closer contacts between the particles and thus a more inflexible and open structure which is favourable in filtration.

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34

HUNICZ, Jacek. "A study of charge exchange in a residual-effected HCCI gasoline engine." Combustion Engines 145, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117097.

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An in-cylinder charge exchange process in a gasoline homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine operated in a negative valve overlap (NVO) mode was studied. Research was performed using a single-cylinder research engine with fully variable valve actuation. Combination of in-cylinder pressure traces processing and fluid flow model enables cycle-by-cycle analysis of charge composition and temperature. It allows forecasting of in cylinder pressure volume and temperature-volume histories and can be used for physical-based engine control. In this paper influence of valves timings and valves lifts on the gas exchange process was analyzed. Special attention was paid to the effects of backflows of the in cylinder charge to an intake port.

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35

Kaneko, Futao, and Satoshi Kobayashi. "Residual voltage due to ionic space charge polarization in crosslinked polyethylene." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 105, no. 1 (1985): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms1972.105.24.

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36

Wu, Mingyan, Jun Xiong, Lei Liao, Lu Zhu, Ruxin Zhang, Zheng Wu, Gang Du, et al. "Nonlinear Switching Transient Field Simulation of Cable Joint without Residual Charge." Energy and Power Engineering 12, no. 04 (2020): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/epe.2020.124b005.

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37

Cowen, M. C., W. Allison, and J. H. Batey. "Electron space charge effects in ion sources for residual gas analysis." Measurement Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/4/1/012.

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38

Torregrossa, Dimitri, Maryam Bahramipanah, Emil Namor, Rachid Cherkaoui, and Mario Paolone. "Improvement of Dynamic Modeling of Supercapacitor by Residual Charge Effect Estimation." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 61, no. 3 (March 2014): 1345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2013.2259780.

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Chen, Shi-gang, You-qin Wang, and Xiaebo Nie. "Space-Charge Effect on Residual Energy Under Intense Ultrashort Pulse Laser." Communications in Theoretical Physics 26, no. 4 (December 15, 1996): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/26/4/461.

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Deng, Junbo, Haibao Mu, Guanjun Zhang, Shigeyasu Matsuoka, Akiko Kumada, and Kunihiko Hidaka. "Residual Charge Distribution of Surface Leader Discharge Under Positive Impulse Voltage." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 41, no. 4 (April 2013): 999–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2013.2251670.

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Koritsánszky, T., J. Buschmann, and P. Luger. "Charge Density Study on Bullvalene (C10H10 )." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 48, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1993): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1993-1-215.

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Abstract Low-temperature single-crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction data were collected for bullvalene (Figure 1). X -N Fourier and multipole static deformation electron density maps were calculated and compared. Atomic mean-square-displacement parameters were analysed in the framework of the rigid-body motion model and the residual amplitudes (UOBS - UTLS) were graphically interpreted. The preliminary results presented here reveal either a bias in the X-ray anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs) due to improper modelling of the electron density or unresolved errors in the neutron data.

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Sofianopoulos, Aimilios, Mozhgan Rahimi Boldaji, Benjamin Lawler, Sotirios Mamalis, and John E. Dec. "Effect of engine size, speed, and dilution method on thermal stratification of premixed homogeneous charge compression–ignition engines: A large eddy simulation study." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 9 (January 15, 2019): 1612–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418820735.

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High heat release rates limit the operating range of homogeneous charge compression–ignition engines to low and medium loads. Thermal stratification has been shown to stagger autoignition, lower heat release rates, and extend the operating range of homogeneous charge compression–ignition engines. However, the dependence of naturally occurring thermal stratification on the engine size, speed, and internal residual dilution is not fully understood. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model with large eddy simulations and detailed chemical kinetics was developed using CONVERGE. This model was used to simulate two different engines: (1) a light-duty 2.0 GM Ecotec Engine modified for homogeneous charge compression–ignition combustion in one of the cylinders and (2) a medium-duty Cummins B-series engine modified for homogeneous charge compression–ignition combustion in one of the cylinders. For the light-duty engine, five consecutive modeled cycles were compared with experimental data from 300 consecutive cycles using residual gas dilution at 2000 r/min. For the medium-duty engine, five consecutive modeled cycles were compared with experimental data from 100 consecutive cycles using air dilution with intake heating at 1200 r/min. In the light-duty engine, it was found that incomplete mixing between fresh charge and residual gas increased thermal stratification early in the compression stroke for residual dilution compared to air dilution. Residual stratification at the onset of ignition was small and not directly coupled with thermal stratification. Heat losses to the walls were the dominant source of thermal stratification at the onset of ignition. The reduced oxygen concentration due to residual dilution, increased the temperature requirement for autoignition, which increased heat transfer losses and increased the thermal stratification around top dead center. The thermal stratification before ignition reduced when the engine speed increased because of the lower heat transfer losses. The light-duty engine was found to have larger portion of the fuel energy lost to heat transfer than the medium-duty engine, which resulted in larger thermal stratification before ignition.

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Maglione, Mario. "Free charge localization and effective dielectric permittivity in oxides." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 06, no. 02 (June 2016): 1630006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x16300061.

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This review will deal with several types of free charge localization in oxides and their consequences on the effective dielectric spectra of such materials. The first one is the polaronic localization at the unit cell scale on residual impurities in ferroelectric networks. The second one is the collective localization of free charge at macroscopic interfaces like surfaces, electrodes and grain boundaries in ceramics. Polarons have been observed in many oxide perovskites mostly when cations having several stable electronic configurations are present. In manganites, the density of such polarons is so high as to drive a net lattice of interacting polarons. On the other hand, in ferroelectric materials like BaTiO3 and LiNbO3, the density of polarons is usually very small but they can influence strongly the macroscopic conductivity. The contribution of such polarons to the dielectric spectra of ferroelectric materials is described. Even residual impurities as for example Iron can induce well-defined anomalies at very low temperatures. This is mostly resulting from the interaction between localized polarons and the highly polarizable ferroelectric network in which they are embedded. The case of such residual polarons in SrTiO3 will be described in more detail, emphasizing the quantum polaron state at liquid helium temperatures. Recently, several nonferroelectric oxides have been shown to display giant effective dielectric permittivity. It is first shown that the frequency/temperature behavior of such parameters is very similar in very different compounds (donor-doped BaTiO3, CaCu3Ti4O12, LuFe2O4, Li-doped NiO, etc.). This similarity calls for a common origin of the giant dielectric permittivity in these compounds. A space charge localization at macroscopic interfaces can be the key for such extremely high dielectric permittivity.

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Azeloglu, Evren U., Michael B. Albro, Vikrum A. Thimmappa, Gerard A. Ateshian, and Kevin D. Costa. "Heterogeneous transmural proteoglycan distribution provides a mechanism for regulating residual stresses in the aorta." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 294, no. 3 (March 2008): H1197—H1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01027.2007.

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The arterial wall contains a significant amount of charged proteoglycans, which are inhomogeneously distributed, with the greatest concentrations in the intimal and medial layers. The hypothesis of this study is that the transmural distribution of proteoglycans plays a significant role in regulating residual stresses in the arterial wall. This hypothesis was first tested theoretically, using the framework of mixture theory for charged hydrated tissues, and then verified experimentally by measuring the opening angle of rat aorta in NaCl solutions of various ionic strengths. A three-dimensional finite element model of aortic ring, using realistic values of the solid matrix shear modulus and proteoglycan fixed-charge density, yielded opening angles and changes with osmolarity comparable to values reported in the literature. Experimentally, the mean opening angle in isotonic saline (300 mosM) was 15 ± 17° and changed to 4 ± 19° and 73 ± 18° under hypertonic (2,000 mosM) and hypotonic (0 mosM) conditions, respectively ( n = 16). In addition, the opening angle in isotonic (300 mosM) sucrose, an uncharged molecule, was 60 ± 16° ( n = 11), suggesting that the charge effect, not cellular swelling, was the major underlying mechanism for these observations. The extent of changes in opening angle under osmotic challenges suggests that transmural heterogeneity of fixed-charge density plays a crucial role in governing the zero-stress configuration of the aorta. A significant implication of this finding is that arterial wall remodeling in response to altered wall stresses may occur via altered deposition of proteoglycans across the wall thickness, providing a novel mechanism for regulating mechanical homeostasis in vascular tissue.

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Kaneko, Futao, and Satoshi Kobayashi. "A new measurement of trapped charge in insulators by using residual voltage." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 105, no. 8 (1985): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms1972.105.421.

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Jiang, Kui, and Zhong Fu. "Experimental research on the decay charateristics of GIS busbar residual voltage/charge." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 617 (December 29, 2020): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/617/1/012052.

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O'Mahony, C., R. Duane, M. Hill, and A. Mathewson. "Low-voltage micromechanical test structures for measurement of residual charge in dielectrics." Electronics Letters 41, no. 7 (2005): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20050098.

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Liu, Keyu, and Peter Eadington. "Quantitative fluorescence techniques for detecting residual oils and reconstructing hydrocarbon charge history." Organic Geochemistry 36, no. 7 (July 2005): 1023–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.02.008.

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Matsunaga, Yasuhiro, Takashi Watanabe, Takayoshi Miura, Koji Yoshida, and Hideo Shoji. "B223 Experimental Research of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion Using Residual Gas." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2005 (2005): 347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2005.347.

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Deng, Junbo, Akiko Kumada, Kunihiko Hidaka, Guanjun Zhang, and Haibao Mu. "Residual charge density distribution measurement of surface leader with feedback electrostatic probe." Applied Physics Letters 100, no. 19 (May 7, 2012): 192906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4712600.

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