Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Residential building costs'

Cob can serve as an alternative building material to concrete in Nicaragua. Cob is an unbaked earth-based building technique with low global warming potential that suits the humid climate in Nicaragua. It can be constructed by hand by inexperienced people using materials such as; clay, straw, sand and water. The cob technique is relatively little studied and the exact cost of cob is unclear. The purpose of this thesis was thus to provide new information that will help assessing the economic sustainability and the environmental impact of the natural building technique cob in comparison to the conventional technique concrete. The thesis was carried out by a case study of two houses in Matagalpa, Nicaragua. The results are showing that the cob technique has cheap materials that support the Nicaraguan economy of Nicaragua but takes a lot of labour force and time in comparison to concrete. The cob technique also allows the builder to make the house personal adapted, with furniture and details, fitted to the owners need. The cob has also a great potential of a long lifespan with low needs of maintenance in comparison with concrete. Concrete also has a higher local environmental impact, more CO2-emissions and higher external costs. The conclusion is thus that cob is a more sustainable technique for building residential houses in Matagalpa.
Den naturliga byggtekniken cob kan vara ett alternativ till den mer konventionella tekniken betong i Nicaragua. Cob är en jordbaserad byggnadsteknik med låg globaluppvärmningspotential som lämpar sig i det fuktiga klimatet i Nicaragua. Cob består mestadels av; lera, halm, sand och vatten, och kan byggas för hand av oerfaren arbetskraft. Cob-tekniken är relativt lite studerad och den exakta kostnaden är osäker. Syftet med denna studie var därför att tillhandahålla ny information som ska underlätta bedömningen av den ekonomiska hållbarheten och miljöpåverkan hos den naturliga byggtekniken cob i jämförelse med den konventionella tekniken betong. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en fallstudie av två hus i Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Resultatet visar att cob-tekniken har billiga material som stöder den lokala ekonomin, men kräver mycket arbetskraft och tid jämfört med betongtekniken. Cob-tekniken låter även byggaren att göra huset personligt anpassat, med möbler och finesser efter ägarnas behov. Den potentiella livstiden hos cob är lång, med ett lågt underhållsbehov i jämförelse med betong. Betong har också en större lokal miljöpåverkan, mer CO2-utsläpp och högre externa kostnader. Slutsatsen är således att cob är en mer hållbar teknik att använda för att bygga bostadshus i Matagalpa.
Cob puede servir como un material de construcción alternativo al concreto en Nicaragua. Cob es una técnica de construcción a base de tierra sin quemar con bajo potencial de calentamiento global que se adapta al clima húmedo en Nicaragua. Puede ser construido a mano por personas sin experiencia utilizando materiales tales como; arcilla, paja, arena y agua. La técnica de cob es relativamente poco estudiada y el coste exacto no está claro. El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido por lo tanto proporcionar nueva información que ayudará a evaluar la sostenibilidad económica y el impacto ambiental de los recursos naturales de la técnica de construcción cob en comparación con la técnica convencional de concreto. La tesis fue realizada por un estudio de caso de dos casas en Matagalpa, Nicaragua.  Los resultados muestran que la técnica de cob tiene materiales baratos que apoyan la economía local de Nicaragua, pero requiere de mucha fuerza y ​​tiempo de trabajo en comparación con el concreto. La técnica de cob también permite al constructor hacer la casa de manera más personal adaptándola con muebles y detalles, ajustada a las necesidades de los propietarios. El cob tiene también un gran potencial de larga vida con pocas necesidades de mantenimiento en comparación con el concreto. Concreto también tiene un mayor impacto ambiental local, más emisiones de CO2 y el aumento de los costos externos. La conclusión es de este estudio es que la técnica de cob es más sostenible para la construcción de viviendas residenciales en Matagalpa.

The aim of this research is to explore the sustainability of the existing residential buildings and to analyse how sustainability can be assessed if sustainable materials and technologies would be used. The main objectives are concentrated in providing a general knowledge of sustainability and to examine how much sustainable the residential buildings are. To analyze the various technologies and materials that can be used in order to reduce the climate-altering emissions, to improve energy efficiency, to reduce costs and to improve the living conditions. Providing knowledge and tools for the sustainable re-design of existing buildings, which will be addressed to environmental, technical, economic and social feasibility of proposed measures, and to energy control. For the analysis, different case studies in different countries will be studied and then a life-cycle approach will be applied to a theoretical residential building, and all the relevant impact categories for the selected type of buildings will be taken into account. In order to analyze the sustainability of the building, a qualitative research will be done using literature sources, international database, journal articles, technical and official reports from the government or group researchers patented and SimaPro software. Materials and dimensions will be defined and will be studied the integrated energy performance, CO2 emissions, global warming, acoustic comfort, thermal comfort, indoor environmental quality for existing residential building structures. All these steps will be taken in order to allow an LCA analysis of the materials of the residential buildings and to define when can be considered that the system has actually been sustained.

Dentre diversas razões para que apenas um empreendimento imobiliário residencial concluído até maio de 2013, tenha conquistado uma certificação ambiental no Brasil, o fato de que empreendimentos sustentáveis contabilizam aumento de custos com a obra, com o processo de certificação e com consultores, em relação a empreendimentos convencionais é a dificuldade mais relevante na opinião dos empreendedores. O custo adicional da obra sustentável é uma dificuldade para construir de forma sustentável citada por 82% dos incorporadores imobiliários que responderam a enquete apresentada neste trabalho. Esse fato pode estar inibindo o desenvolvimento de empreendimentos sustentáveis por parte das empresas incorporadoras do país. Uma possível solução para reduzir esta barreira econômica é a identificação de aspectos que agreguem sustentabilidade a empreendimentos residenciais e apresentem custos de implantação menores ou iguais à seus equivalentes convencionais. O objetivo deste trabalho é a identificação dos requisitos do Processo Aqua para Edifícios Habitacionais (2013, versão 2), que não agregaram custos adicionais ao empreendimento residencial referencial Reserva Anauá, destinado às famílias com renda entre 6 e 10 salários mínimos e podem ser replicados em outros empreendimentos com tipologia similar. Assim, os empreendedores podem incorporar até 193 exigências dessa certificação a seus projetos residenciais, para torná-los mais sustentáveis, sem agregar custos adicionais em relação empreendimentos convencionais.
Among several reasons why only one residential real estate development completed by May 2013, has achieved an environmental certification in Brazil, the fact that there are additional costs with the green construction, the certification process and the consultants are the most relevant difficulties for the entrepreneurs to develop sustainable projects. The green premium is a difficulty to build green cited by 82% of the developers who responded to the survey presented in this dissertation. This may be inhibiting the development of sustainable residential real estate projects by the developers of the country. One possible solution to reduce this economic barrier is the identification of aspects that add sustainability to the residential projects and cost the same or less than similar conventional real estate. The objective of this work is to identify the requirements of Aqua certification process (2013, version 2), which did not add additional costs to the referential residential development Reserva Anauá, being built for families with income between 6 and 10 minimum wages, and can be replicated in other projects with similar typology. Thus, entrepreneurs can incorporate up to 193 requirements of this certification to their residential projects, to make them more sustainable, without adding additional costs over conventional developments.

The global climate has been affected adversely due to the emissions of large amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and there is an urgent need for emissions reduction. Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas and the reduction of its emissions is indispensable to the achievement of sustainable development. The building sector is a major source of carbon dioxide emissions and one way to reduce the emissions is uplifting the energy efficiency of existing buildings by conducting sustainable building refurbishment. As cost would affect the decisions on sustainable building refurbishment strategies, it is necessary to examine the cost of various sustainable refurbishment solutions for existing buildings. Unfortunately, most of the previous studies focused on the technical side with little effort being directed to cost side. Therefore, cost analysis of sustainable building refurbishment solutions should be conducted to fill the research gap. The aim of the research is to develop a cost estimation model to facilitate decision makers to evaluate the cost of sustainable building refurbishment solutions for residential buildings in Hong Kong by considering various factors affecting the cost. The major research methods include literature review, interview and questionnaire survey. Through literature review, the current practice of sustainable building refurbishment is investigated. A variety of refurbishment solutions including improvement on building envelope, renovation of building services system and the use of renewable energy are reviewed. Cost evaluation techniques commonly used in the construction industry including qualitative techniques, quantitative techniques and intelligent methods are also identified and discussed. Due to the limitations of cost data and previous experience, it is suggested that fuzzy logic theory be adopted to develop the cost estimation model. To facilitate the development of the model, the factors affecting the cost of sustainable building refurbishment solutions are examined through literature review and interview. It is found that market price, complexity, efficiency, economy of scale and disturbance are the dominant factors affecting the fluctuation of cost. Finally, a fuzzy reasoning cost estimation model of sustainable building refurbishment solutions is developed. The model is built based on fuzzy reasoning system. Users can input the information of the project and the model is able to evaluate the cost fluctuation based on the information provided by the users. The model is then validated. The cost estimation model developed in this research provides a new way for the construction industry practitioners to estimate the cost of sustainable building refurbishment projects effectively and efficiently.
published_or_final_version
Civil Engineering
Master
Master of Philosophy

Energy utilization issues are becoming increasingly important around the world. Existing residential and building service sectors represent a large part of total energy utilization, and the corresponding operational costs and environmental impacts are high. Retrofitting is considered an effective way to accelerate the sustainable transformation of the existing building stock. In Sweden, 1945–1975 was a boom period for the construction of residential buildings. After 40–70 years of use, large contingents of buildings need to be systematically retrofitted. In the past, most Swedish buildings were retrofitted individually, and occasionally in small clusters. Cost-effective retrofitting for large-scale implementation has not yet been substantially attained. Standardizing and industrializing the retrofitting process is expected to produce the following benefits: availability of standardized toolkits based on building typologies; simplified and more efficient decision-making process; lower retrofitting costs; shorter project durations; greater resource-efficiency; lower environmental impact; and higher profitability.The overall aim of the present study is to contribute to the knowledge regarding industrialized retrofitting toolkits in Swedish residential buildings and evaluate the various toolkits. More specifically, the study aims to analyze the energy demand saving potential of different retrofitting measures and long-term profits based on the typology of residential buildings. Based on a systematic set of building properties and classification of existing residential types in Sweden, four slab houses (lamellhus) were selected as the major sub-types of building stock for the demonstration cases. The case buildings were constructed between 1945 and 1975 and are currently used as single-family houses, multi-family houses, or apartment blocks. The main approaches applied to model the retrofitting profits were Consolis Energy +, parametric-based sensitivity analysis, and life-cycle-based economic assessment.Based on the theoretical modeling and analytical results from the case studies, it was found that the energy-saving potential is strongly dominated by the building type, which affects the design of retrofitting toolkits and defines life cycle costs. The results show that improving the efficiency of heat recovery in exhaust ventilation systems is an effective retrofitting measure for energy demand savings in the studied building types. However, the efficiency of other measures is highly dependent on the typology of the buildings. From an economic perspective, toolkits that include all of the possible retrofitting measures may not lead to larger expected reduction in LCC compared to standard retrofits that only include the most sensitive parameters. In addition, the impacts of energy price changes to the LCC in the future are highly diverse in different types of residential buildings. Developing systematic retrofitting guidelines for Swedish residential buildings requires both further research and a close collaboration between all stakeholders involved in the retrofitting process.

QC 20131118

Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 39-41).
Given the upward trend of global energy consumption in recent decades, it has become imperative that countries reduce the amount of energy used on an annual basis. In America, the residential sector is one of the primary energy consumers, but many homeowners lack reliable information about how to build sustainable homes. This lack comes from the difficulty found in trying to quantify energy savings and costs of different sustainable technologies. Focusing on the commonwealth of Massachusetts, this thesis has compiled costs and energy savings for four different sustainable technologies- geothermal heating, heat recovery ventilation, triple-pane windows and a range of insulation materials. Considering all of these options, an interactive computer code was designed to take in inputs from the user about their home, calculate the energy needs of the home, and optimize the technologies and materials chosen based on a budget given by the user. The final result is a list of insulation choices for the walls, roof and floor of a home, the heating and ventilation systems, and window types for the highest energy savings within the users budget.
by Kelley Victoria Determan.
M. Eng.

An overarching aim of this research was to investigate the comprehensive value of green residential buildings as seen from two perspectives: that of the developer and that of the occupant (the customer). The dissertation consists of studies presented in seven papers.  The studies conducted to investigate the developer’s perspective focused on construction cost and potential profit (papers I and VII). The customer’s perspective was examined with three approaches: the impact that energy and environment have on the decision to purchase (or rent) an apartment (paper V), willingness to pay for a green apartment (paper VI) and finally, the occupants’ satisfaction with the dwelling and indoor environment (papers II, III and IV).  The first paper examines whether increased investment costs are profitable, taking into account the reduction in operating costs. The investment viability is approached by comparing investment in conventional and green residential building, particularly passive houses, using real construction and post-occupancy conditions. The increased investment costs in energy-efficient building were also the focus of paper VII. In this paper, the aim was to study how technologies used in energy-efficient residential building construction affect the available saleable floor area and how this impacts on the profitability of the investment. Potential losses and gains of saleable floor area in energy-efficient buildings were assessed using a modelled building and analysed with the help of the average construction cost. Papers II and IV present results from a study of occupants’ satisfaction and indoor environmental qualities. Both papers aim at comparing and analysing responses from occupants living in green and conventional buildings. Paper III focuses on a similar subject, but investigates occupants’ satisfaction among all adults living in multi-family buildings in Sweden, providing a national context for the results presented in papers II and IV. The results indicate that occupants are generally satisfied with their dwellings, but indoor environment proved to have a statistically significant effect on overall satisfaction. The results in paper V indicate that energy and environmental factors have a minor impact on customers’ decision to purchase or rent an apartment. However, availability of information on building energy and environmental performance may have an effect on the likelihood of the buyers’ being interested in environmental qualities and consequently an impact on their decision. The study presented in paper VI shows that customer interest in energy and environmental factors has a significant impact on stated willingness to pay for green dwellings. The paper discusses the stated willingness to pay for low-energy buildings and buildings with an environmental certificate and attempts to assess the rationale of the stated willingness to pay for low-energy dwellings given potential energy savings.
Fokus i detta forskningsprojekt har legat på att undersöka värdet av gröna bostäder ur ett brett perspektiv, dvs både genom att studera byggherrens och de boendes (kundens) synpunkter. I avhandlingen ingår sju uppsatser. Undersökningen av byggherrens synpunkter fokuserades på kostnader och potentiella inkomster (uppsats I och VII). Kundernas åsikter undersöktes på tre olika sätt: vilken effekt energi och miljö faktorer hade på beslut att köpa eller hyra en lägenhet (uppsats V), betalningsvilja för gröna bostäder (uppsats VI) och slutligen de boendes trivsel samt nöjdhet med inomhusmiljön (uppsats II,III och IV). Den första uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka om ökningen av investeringskostnader vid byggande av gröna byggnader kan täckas av framtida energibesparingar och minskning av driftkostnad. Investeringens lönsamhet undersöktes genom att jämföra skillnader i byggkostnader mellan konventionella och gröna bostäder med skillnader i driftskostnader givet olika antaganden om energipriser och räntekrav. Huvudfokus i uppsats VII var också byggkostnader, men denna gång undersöktes hur nya tekniska lösningar påverkar boarea och lönsamhet av energieffektiva bostäder.  Genom att konstruera en modell av ett typhus analyserades potentiella ökningar i boarea med nya lösningar och hur detta påverkade lönsamheten i olika geografiska lägen (prisnivåer). Uppsatserna II och IV presenterar resultat från boendeundersökningar. Båda uppsatserna syftar till att undersöka boendes trivsel och nöjdhet med inomhusmiljö samt att testa skillnaden i svar från boende i gröna och konventionella bostäder.  Uppsats III fokuserar också på inomhusmiljön, men analysen gjordes på svaren som samlades in under Boverkets projekt BETSI och resultaten är därmed representativa för alla vuxna som bor i flerfamiljshus i Sverige. Uppsats III ger därmed en national kontext för uppsatserna II och IV. Resultaten visar att boende trivs i sina bostäder, men inomhusmiljön har en statistiks signifikanta effekt på allmän nöjdhet faktor.. Resultaten i uppsats V tyder på att energi- och miljöaspekter spelar mindre roll i beslutet att köpa eller hyra en lägenhet. Den synliga informationens tillgänglighet angående byggnadens energi- och miljöprestanda, påverkar kundens intresse för dessa faktorer och därmed indirekt hushållets beslut. Resultaten i uppsats VI pekar på att kunderna, som är intresserade av byggnaders energi och miljö prestanda, är villiga att betala mer för gröna bostäder. I uppsats 6 diskuteras betalningsvilja för låg-energi byggnader och för byggnader med miljöcertifikat samt utvärderas om den angivna betalningsviljan är rationell beslut när man tar hänsyn till nuvärdet av framtida energibesparingar.

QC 20131014

During the evaluation of the seismic retrofitting option for risk reduction/mitigation measures to be applied over buildings, Benefit Cost Analysis is an often-used method. During this study of Benefit Cost Analysis, the condition that the earthquake can happen just after or sometime after retrofitting will be taken into consideration rather than some approaches that focus on the benefits and costs regarding the annual probability of the occurrence for possible earthquakes. The analysis will use conditional probability such that the earthquake will be assumed to occur at different periods of time (5, 10, 20 years etc.) after the mitigation measures are taken so that benefit-cost ratios and net social benefits can be observed over time using the results at these periods. Also during this study the indirect effects of earthquake such as business disruption, social disturbance will also be taken into consideration. As a final step, it is aimed to conclude with convincing financial results regarding the direct and indirect effects of the earthquake in terms of benefits and costs to encourage people and the public officials to reduce the potential vulnerability of the housing units people live by taking the necessary precautions against the earthquake.

This report reviewed Chinese building energy and related codes, directives and guidelines and compared them with Swedish ones. It also provides general information on residential buildings in China (area, height, layout, etc.) and describes building envelope insulation status and market there (window, exterior walls and roof) and energy related characteristics (heating, heating fee system, cooling and ventilation). This report is targeted towards governmental organizations in Wuhai city in Inner Mongolia of China since this thesis is project (Sino-Swe project) based research and Wuhai city is the place where the project is being carried out. A one week trip to Wuhai city was done during the research time and information concerning aspects such as market, energy saving status and residents’ attitudes were collected through interviews, organized meetings and on-site investigation. Data collected from national level and Wuhai city are combined to support simulation of energyperformance of a model building in Wuhai. Two tools are employed to calculate energyconsumption. One is Dest, developed by Institute of Building Environment and Building Services,Tsinghua University, Beijing, China and has been used in various prestige large structures such as State Grand Theatre. The second one is Standardized Method, proposed by Heating, ventilation and air conditioning design code. It is a traditional and simple energy calculation method and can be realized by Excel. Nowadays, instead of directly using it, its calculation concepts and steps are integrated into different commercial calculation softwares but in a more complex way. Different envelope types, heating methods, ventilation systems are evaluated and building energy consumption for heating and corresponding initial investment and operation cost are calculated. Then life cycle cost methodology is applied to compare different alternatives and those alternatives, according to their payback time, are located into different categories. From the calculation the following figure is obtained and suggestions are made.
www.ima.kth.se

Боровський, В. І. Аналіз конструкцій фундаментів на пикладі проєкту 9-ти поверхового будинку в м. Київ : магістерська робота : 192 "Будівництво та цивільна інженерія" / В. І. Боровський ; керівник роботи М. Г. Болотов ; НУ «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра технологій зварювання та будівництва. – Чернігів, 2021. – 145 с.
Метою наукової роботи є дослідження та порівняння різних методів посилення фундаменту на осідання. У першому розділі наведено основні об’ємно-планувальні рішення, що використані у ході проектування. У другому розділі проекту представлено основні розрахунково конструктивні рішення проекту житлового будинку. Перевірено несучу здатність певних збірних елементів та розраховано конструкцію фундаменту. Третій розділ присвячено організації будівництва. У його складі розроблено календарний графік виконання робіт, будівельний генеральний план, калькуляцію трудових затрат, відомість ресурсів, виконано підбір основних будівельних машин. У четвертому розділі проекту наведено економічні показники проекту, виконано кошторисні розрахунки. П’ятий розділ описує заходи з охорони праці та безпеки у надзвичайних ситуаціях. Тобто, визначено перелік особливо небезпечних місць на будівельному майданчику, наведено заходи із забезпечення пожежної безпеки.
The purpose of scientific work is to study and compare different methods of strengthening the foundation for subsidence. The first section lists the main spatial planning solutions used in the design. The second section of the project presents the main design and construction solutions of the residential building project. The bearing capacity of certain prefabricated elements is checked and the construction of the foundation is calculated. The third section is devoted to the organization of construction. It includes a calendar schedule of works, construction master plan, calculation of labor costs, statement of resources, selection of major construction machinery. The fourth section of the project presents the economic indicators of the project, estimates are made. The fifth section describes occupational safety and health measures. That is, the list of especially dangerous places on a construction site is defined, measures for ensuring fire safety are resulted.

Fossil fuels are the major sources of electrical power generation in the world. Among all fossil fuels, oil is considered as the most sought-after fuel. The burden on countries that provide subsidized electricity produced from oil-fired power plants is noteworthy. Kuwait is a notable example of these countries. Electricity in Kuwait is heavily consumed by residential air conditioning, which comprises 60% of the total electricity generated at peak times on a hot summer day. From this perspective, residential air conditioning in Kuwait was selected to undergo further investigation regarding low energy air conditioning choices. Three solutions to control the rapid growth of demand for electricity by residential air conditioning are examined. The first solution investigated assesses the orientation and grouping of houses in Kuwait in order to examine their effect on cooling load and electrical energy consumption for future houses. Four residential cases were developed; each case comprises six typical houses. The cases identified are: (1) single block facing east-west, (2) single block facing north-south, (3) double block facing east-west and (4) double block facing north-south. Cooling loads are calculated using the DesignBuilder building thermal simulation software. Case (2) is found to have the smallest cooling load, and case (1) the largest. The estimated savings from applying case (2) compared to the average of the four cases for the future houses planned to be built by the government by the year 2016 (i.e. approximately 20,000 houses) are found to be approximately .US 33 million of power system capital costs, 15 GWh per year of electrical energy consumption and 11 kilotons per year of CO2 emissions. In the second solution, a lifecycle cost analysis is performed to evaluate the economic feasibilities of electricity driven chilled water system compared to predominant air conditioning system in Kuwaiti houses which is Packaged- Direct Expansion. The study considers the total cash paid by the consumer and the total cash paid by the government, since electricity is subsidized in Kuwait. The study finds that the chilled water system is not cost-effective for consumers due to high installation cost. However, a chilled water system would be cost-effective for the government because it consumes 40%less electrical energy than Packaged-DX. So, the study suggests subsidising the installation of chilled water systems so that the installation cost to the consumer is the same as for Packaged-DX systems. In the third solution, the study examines the viability of a single-effect LiBr absorption chiller driven by steam extracted from the steam turbine in the configuration of a combined cycle power plant (CCPP). The analysis shows that CCPP with absorption chiller yields less net electrical power available to utility grid compared to similar CCPP giving electricity to the grid and to Direct-Expansion air conditioning systems for the same cooling requirements. The reasons for that are the reduction in steam turbine power output resulted from steam extraction, and the amount of electrical energy required to operate the configuration of CCPP with absorption chiller.

Den bostadspolitik som förts de senaste två decennierna har gett oss en alltmer segregerad stadskärna i Stockholm. Byggsubventionernas avveckling på 90-talet har lett till en historiskt låg byggtakt och ett byggande som ensidigt riktat sig till resursstarka grupper i samhället. Parallellt med detta har stora delar av hyresbeståndet ombildats till bostadsrätter vilket medfört att många relativt billiga hyreslägenheter i äldre fastigheter har försvunnit ur beståndet. Dessa är svåra att ersätta med nyproduktion, då dessa är dyrare. Kärnproblemet är förstås att det är dyrt att bygga hus och om man antar att den nuvarande bostadspolitiken består är det ytterst angeläget att utveckla kostnadseffektiva byggmetoder för att möjliggöra lägenheter med överkomliga hyror som kan bidra till att motverka boendesegregationen på sikt. Vårt förslag består av ett bostadshus i Stadshagen. Fastigheten är indelad i två byggnadskroppar som länkas samman via ett system av loftgångar kopplade till ett trapphus. Husen är uppbyggda av volymelement som staplats på en platsgjuten sockel. Elementens konstruktion baseras på transportcontainrar vilket ger en rationell byggprocess och hög grad av prefabrikation. I socklarna ryms en tunnelbanenedgång och en uthyrbar lokal samt gemensamma lokaler för de boende. Lägenheterna finns i tre storlekar: 1:or, 1,5:or och 4:or.  De större lägenheterna är i två plan.
The housing policy conducted over the past two decades has resulted in an increasingly segregated city center in Stockholm. The abolishment of housing subsidies in the 90s led to a historic low rate of construction and an urban development unilaterally directed towards the wealthy. Parallel to this, much of the housing stock has been converted to condominiums which caused many relatively cheap rental apartments in older buildings to disappear from the stock. These are difficult to replace with new housing, as they are more expensive. The core issue is of course that it is expensive to build houses and assuming that the current housing policy will last, ​​it is highly relevant to develop cost-effective construction methods in order to make possible apartments with affordable rents that can help to combat segregation over time. Our proposal consists of a residential building in Stadshagen. The property is divided into two buildings that are linked together by a system of access balconies connected to a stairwell. The houses are constructed with volume elements stacked on a concrete base. The design of the elements is based on shipping containers which provides a rational construction process and a high degree of prefabrication. The base contains an underground entrance, a business premise and common areas for the residents. The apartments are available in three sizes whereof the larger apartments have two floors.

Gröna byggnader hjälper till att driva den hållbara utvecklingen framåt, vilket behövs inom fastighetsbranschen på grund av dess stora miljöpåverkan. Den fortsatta utvecklingen kännetecknas av problem såsom bristande medvetenhet samt en osäkerhet kring det ekonomiska utfallet. Resultaten som framförs i denna studie bidrar till en ökad förståelse av hur medvetna fastighetsföretag är om gröna bostadsbyggnader samt hur de uppfattar de ekonomiska följderna. Studiens syfte är att belysa hur fastighetsföretag uppfattar de ekonomiskt positiva faktorerna (hyra, vakans, drift- och underhåll, image, inomhusmiljö och risk) som sammankopplas med gröna byggnader. Enbart en del av problemområdet berörs, varvid fokus är på de positiva faktorer som frekvent förekommit i tidigare studier på ämnesområdet. För att besvara syftet har en kvalitativ metod med ett deduktivt ansats valts. Sex fastighetsföretag med varierande miljöengagemang har intervjuats, där samtliga är verksamma i södra Värmland. Intervjufrågorna har baserats på identiskt material för att sedan delvis anpassas efter respektive fastighetsföretag. Resultatet av intervjuerna framkommer i studiens empiriska sammanställning samt analyseras utgående från den teoretiska referensramen. Både likheter och skillnader har observerats. Slutsatsen är att samtliga av de intervjuade fastighetsföretagen värdesätter någon av faktorerna, samt vidrör att ett långsiktigt förhållningssätt är viktigt. Det har framkommit att minskade drifts- och underhållskostnader samt en förbättrad image är de faktorerna som värdesätts högst. Den faktor som företagen anser har minst samband med gröna byggnader är minskad vakans, vilket kan bero på den rådande bostadsbristen.
Green buildings help to drive the sustainable development forward, which is needed in the real estate industry due to its major environmental impact. The continued development is characterized by problems such as a lack of awareness and an uncertainty about the economic outcome. The results presented in this study contributes to an increased understanding of how aware real estate companies are, and how they perceive green residential buildings financial impact. The purpose of this study is to illustrate how real estate companies perceive the economically positive factors (rent, vacancy, operating- and maintenance costs, image, indoor environment and risk) which are linked to green buildings. Only a part of the problem area is examined, whereas focus is going to be on the positive factors which frequently appear in previous studies on the subject area. A qualitative method with an deductive approach has been chosen for this essay in order to answer the purpose of the study. Interviews have been conducted with six real estate companies located in Southern Värmland, whom had varied environmental commitment. The questions that was used have been based on identical material and then been partly adapted after each company. The results from the interviews are stated in the empirical compilation and are being analysed in connection to the theoretical framework. Both similarities and differences have been observed. The concludes are that all of the interviewed real estate companies appreciate some of the factors. All of them mention that a long term approach is of relevance despite their varied startup presumption. It has emerged that the reduced operation- and maintenance cost and an improved image are the most appreciated factors. The factor that the real estate companies consider to have least correlance with green buildings is reduced vacancy, which can be due to the current lack of housing.

I Sverige står bostadssektorn för mer än en tredjedel av landets energianvändning. Byggnader måste minska sin energianvändning för att således kunna uppfylla framtida lagkrav om maximal tillåten energianvändning, men också för att minska påverkan till global uppvärmning. Ytterligare en problematik som råder, däribland i Sverige, är bostadsbrist. Kommunala bostadsbolag står inför utmaningen att kunna bygga bostäder snabbt, billigt och miljövänligt för att minska bostadsbristen i landet. Ett sätt att studera två av tre hållbarhetsaspekter vid val av framtida bostadsbyggande är att utföra en livscykelanalys (LCA) och livscykelkostnadsanalys (LCC) kring de tilltänkta husen. LCA:er indikerar vilken miljöpåverkan en produkt förorsakar under dess livslängd. LCC:er avser att studera vilka kostnader produkter ger upphov till under en given analysperiod. Det svenska kommunala bostadsbolaget Stångåstaden AB står inför utmaningen kring bostadsbrist och vill bygga hållbara bostäder. Bostadsbolaget har önskat en jämförande LCA och LCC av två verkliga flerbostadshus som de genom ramavtal kan upphandla, detta är utgångspunkten för denna studie. Den ena byggnaden har stomme av betong, den andra har stomme av trä. Husen är tänkta att placeras i utkanten av Linköping, Sverige. Studien har valt att analysera miljöpåverkan från husens olika livscykelfaser samt kostnader över analysperioden 50 år. Utöver detta studeras även vilka energieffektiviseringsåtgärder (EEÅ) till byggnaderna som är optimala att genomföra för att öka den termiska prestandan hos huskonstruktionerna. Från litteraturen finns det relativt få studier som kombinerar både LCA och LCC för vanligt förekommande hustyper i städer. I dess standardfall påvisade resultatet från LCA:n att huset med betongkonstruktion hade något lägre påverkan i sex av sju studerade miljöpåverkanskategorier, jämfört med flerbostadshuset i trä. Resultatet skilde sig lite åt då annan typ av indata användes. Vad gäller kostnader under husens livslängd var huset i trä ungefär 20 % dyrare jämfört med huset med betongkonstruktion. Trots annan typ av indata var träkonstruktionen dyrare än betongkonstruktionen. Med en kalkylränta på 7,5 % var det inte lönsamt att genomföra EEÅ för husen, med halverad kalkylränta blev det dock lönsamt att tilläggsisolera krypgrunden i huset med trästomme. Fler studier behöver utföras för att generalla slutsatser ska kunna dras kring vilket konstruktionsmaterial som är mest hållbart. Denna studie baseras på två specifika fall. Samma resultat kan eventuellt inte förväntas för andra byggnader med stomme i betong och trä.
The residential sector accounts for more than a third of the energy use in Sweden. To reduce the energy use of buildings is a necessity in order to meet future regulationof maximum allowable energy, but also important to reduce the impact on global warming. Another complexity arising in Sweden is the shortage of accommodation. Municipal housing corporations face the challenge of constructing residences fast, cheap and with concern of environmental effects in order to reduce the shortage of accommodation. One way of assessing two of the three aspects of sustainability when looking at future construction of residential buildings is to carry out a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and a Life Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA). An LCA can indicate what kind of environmental impact a product causes over its lifetime and the LCC allows for assessing what types of costs are associated with the product. For the municipal housing corporation Stångåstaden AB the shortage of accommodation is a reality and their mindset is sustainable construction of residences. This study was conducted upon request from Stångåstaden who wanted a comparative LCA and LCCA between two prefabricated multi-residential buildings that are available to them through a framework agreement. The first building has a concrete foundation and the second one is made of wood. The houses are planned to be placed at the outskirts of Linköping, Sweden. The focus of this study has been to comparatively assess the environmental impact from the different life cycle phases and the economic costs of the two buildings during a time period of 50 years. Moreover, the thesis also analyze the optimal retrofit strategy for the buildings in order to find the optimal (lowest) life cycle cost. Furthermore, the current literature has conveyed relatively few studies that combine both LCA and LCC methodology for house types that are common in most towns. The result from the LCA indicated that the house with concrete construction had a little less impact in six of the seven studied environmental impact categories compared to the house made of wood. The result differed slightly when the input data were changed. Regarding the LCCA the house made of wood was roughly 20 % more expensive than its concrete counterpart. Changing the input data revealed no difference in the result. With an interest rate of 7,5 % no retrofits were profitable for either building, however reducing the interest rate to half its original value made it cost optimal to increase the floor insulation for the house made of wood. More studies should be conducted to be able to draw general conclusions regarding which construction material that is the most sustainable. This thesis is based on two specific and real cases. The same result could possibly not be expected from other studies comparing buildings with concrete and wood construction.

Building Integrated Photo Voltaics (BIPVs) are devices which are manufactured to replace building components exposed to sufficient sunlight to generate energy. Photo Voltaic Roof tiles are Building Integrated components which can be used instead of traditional roofing materials. The following thesis is focused on comparing traditional, cheaper asphalt roof tiles with Photo Voltaic (PV) roofing tiles in terms of energy cost savings during their respective Net Present Values. The method used for achieving this is computer simulation made possible by software named "Solar Advisory Model" (SAM), developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL), to simulate energy output and resultant energy costs saved. The simulations have been run on a prototype example of a model of a dwelling unit's roof area. The simulations have been repeated for 35 cities all over the U.S.A. for 5 different climatic zones on the same prototype example of the dwelling unit. Similarly, the roof area being laid with an array of PV roof tiles has been estimated for coverage by traditional asphalt roof shingles by using data from the RS Means construction costs data. The estimated costs associated with the asphalt roof area have been adjusted to a different set of 35 locations from the 5 climatic zones by using the location factor from RS Means. A statistical analysis was done to analyze the data, net present value of roofing materials being the dependent variable versus climatic zones and roofing material as the independent variables. The statistical model also included CDD (Cooling Degree Days) and HDD (Heating Degree Days) as co-variates. The results indicate that NPV (Net Present Value) of BIPV roof is significantly different from that of asphalt roof. Another statistical analysis was done to determine the effect of climatic zones on energy savings due to the use of BIPV roofing. Energy savings (in US$) was used as a dependent variable, and climatic zone as the independent variable. HDD AND CDD were also included in this model as co-variates. The results of this test indicate that both climatic zone and HDD have an effect on total energy savings.

碩士
中華大學
營建管理學系碩士在職專班
102
The construction location directly impacts on excavating method and basic structure design. This reaserch hereby takes the tall dwelling buidings in Xinzhuang Dist. Of New Taipei City as examples, aims to review and analyze the overall time and the costs of construction project impacted by the Excavation Method commonly used in the construction industry. In the recent 10 years, the construction industry in New Taipei City has developed flourishingly resulted from the continual completion of transport infrastructure and big advantages such as “Three Direct Links” between China mainland and Taiwan. All the builders in Taiwan are positively hunting for lands and developing to take the preemptive opportunities without exception. Choosing the Excavation Method makes extreme relations to the speed of construction, impact to adjacent buildings, future licenses obtaining and construction completion /closing. Therefore this research takes the issuing numbers of building and user licenses in New Taipei City during the past 10 years to analyze developing status and tendency of real estate, and also takes Excavation Method Bottom-up Method, Up-up Method, Top-down Method currently commonly used by the construction industry to analyze the pros and cons, project durations differences, building cost estimation of each Excavation Method Finally use Arrange Comparison to certify the relations of project durations differences, building cost estimation, and etc. The purpose of this research is to provide a blueprint to the builders to choose suitable Excavation Method efficiently according to constructing floors and basement dimensions in the beginning of each program and get the highest beneficial result from construction completion and closing as scheduled, as quality following the dynamic real estate.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
92
The objectives of this research are: 1.To investigate and analyze the characteristics of operation cost and utility cost of residential buildings in Taipei area. 2.To establish the life cycle operation cost model of residential buildings in Taipei area. This research conducted interview and questionnaire to collect operate and maintain cost data of 50 apartment buildings and utility cost data of 80 households. Operate and maintain cost of public area in apartment buildings include personnel cost, maintains cost, repairs and renew cost, electricity cost and others cost about buildings. Households’ utility cost include water rate, electronic and gas bills. The research findings are: 1.Operation cost of public area of apartment buildings and related factors: The research shows that the average cost to operate and maintain an apartment building in Taipei area is NT$ 600 thousand per month. The average cost of operating and maintaining a unitary area of public area of apartment buildings is NT$ 261 per month per ping. Operation cost typically includes personnel cost (an average of 63%), maintenance cost (14%), electricity cost (12%), refurbish cost (7%), and other cost (4%). Besides, the regression analysis shows that building age, number of floors, price, and size of public area are important factors related to the operate and maintain cost. 2.Households’ utility cost and related factors: The research shows that the average electricity cost is NT$2981 in a summer month, and NT$ 1939 in a winter month; the average water cost is NT$833 in a summer month, and NT$ 727 in a winter month; the average gas cost is NT$811 in a summer month, and NT$ 992 in a winter month. Besides, the regression analysis shows that size of private area pin is important factor related to the Households’ utility cost.

碩士
國立中興大學
景觀與遊憩碩士學位學程
105
Sustainable Development is an important world trend. Every country promotes sustainable development and energy conservation of green building. The building envelope has a great impact on building, but in the past, designer usually used experience and styling aesthetics to decide the mode of s and building materials, which lacks the systemic assessment method. The majority objects of the related research are office buildings; however, in Taiwan, about 50% are about accommodations. In the green building assessment system of our country, the energy-saving indicator is the essential consideration. In the design of daily energy-saving, the energy-saving of building envelope are the main item. As a result, this research is to investigate the building envelope of accommodations, and directing against the energy consumption of buildings and the carbon emissions of envelope. Through the calculation of non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, NSGA II, under the condition of constructing to meet the standard of the assessment of green building, the best mode of the cost of building materials and the carbon emissions. The research takes an under going building of accommodation in Taichung as an example. Although the original materials of envelope comply with the energy-saving indicator of building envelope, under the condition of meeting the energy-saving of envelope, it reached the configuration plan of decreasing the total cost about 38.7% and 77.8% in total carbon emissions. This objective function mode and constraints can be adjusted for different needs to provide policy makers how to comply with the envelope configuration plan of daily energy-saving indicators in the beginning of designing accommodation building.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
A eletrificação do setor dos transportes irá desempenhar um papel fundamental no futuro de cidades mais inteligentes e mais sustentáveis. Devido à crescente adoção de veículos elétricos (EVs), se o carregamento não for controlado, poderão surgir eventuais problemas na rede elétrica, tal como sobretensões levando a perdas de energia. Assim, torna-se necessário a criação de estratégias de carregamento mais inteligentes.Esta dissertação apresenta um algoritmo inteligente de controlo de carregamento (SCMA) que simula o carregamento de um EV, numa residência, de acordo com as preferências do utilizador, bem como as da rede. Este algoritmo permite ao utilizador poupanças de energia e beneficiam, simultaneamente, a rede elétrica e o ambiente. Para o seu funcionamento, considera-se que a residência em causa tem uma tarifa energética variável no tempo, de hora em hora. Assume-se também que os dados da variação do preço da eletricidade, da previsão de procura e da geração energia renovável são comunicados ao SCMA.Os SCMA foram simulados de acordo com três objetivos: minimizar o custo de carregamento, minimizar o impacto ambiental e suavizar o diagrama de carga. Par tal, os algoritmos priorizam ou os intervalos de tempo com menor custo de eletricidade, aqueles com maior percentagem de energia renovável, ou ainda os que apresentem maior disponibilidade de potência. Depois, os algoritmos foram simulados para vários casos de estudo.Por último, os cenários de carregamento otimizado foram comparados entre eles e com um caso de carregamento não otimizado. O SCMA foi bem sucedido na otimização do carregamento do EV sob todos os objetivos.
The transport electrification will play an important role in future smarter and more sustainable cities. Due to the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), if the charging cycles are not managed, a number of grid related issues, such as overload, could arise, which can lead to power outages. Thus, smarter charging strategies are required.This dissertation presents smart charging management algorithm (SCMA) that simulate the charging of the EV according to the user’s preferences, as well as the grid’s requirements. Such algorithm allows further energy savings to the consumer, whilst benefiting the grid and the environment. It is considered that the residential dwelling is operating under time-varying electricity prices, that change on an hourly basis. This work assumes that electricity pricing variations, the load forecast and the renewable energy generation data are provided to the SCMA.The SCMA was simulated under three objectives: to minimize the charging cost, minimize the environmental impact and to flatten the load profile. In order to do this, the algorithms either prioritize the time slots with the lowest electricity price, or the ones with higher RES share, or the ones with more available power, respectively. Then, the algorithms were tested for a series of case studies.Lastly, the optimized charging scenarios were compared among them and to an unmanaged charging scenario. The SCMA successfully optimized the EV’s charging cycles under any objective. - - - - - -

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
106
The casualties and economic loss related to private buildings due to the earthquake in Meinong District in Kaohsiung in 2016 reflected the importance of seismic retrofitting projects in such buildings. Under the restrictions of current rules, regulations, and systems, the government has promoted projects for the seismic assessment and retrofitting of structures in the hope of utilizing available resources to encourage people to conduct related evaluation and modification. In 2017, an act to expedite the reconstruction of old and dangerous urban buildings passed all required legislative stages and came into effect, serving as a basis for rules, regulations, and systems related to the demolition and reconstruction of private buildings with structural hazards. However, no law for retrofitting private buildings with structural hazards has been drafted and related design practices and supportive mechanisms are scarce. Therefore, in order to explore the necessity and urgency of the relevant regulations and promotion strategies for seismic assessment and retrofitting of building, and to assist the establishment of the relevant regulations and the promotion mechanism of seismic retrofitting of private building. Pushover analysis on historical building cases was simulated using structural analysis software. Earthquake damage in metropolitan areas was assessed, and the input–output approach to cost–benefit analysis of seismic retrofitting was employed. In addition, software was adopted to simulate cases of seismic retrofitting in buildings, with the Taiwan Earthquake Loss Estimation System developed by the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering employed to conduct cost analysis on building retrofitting. The cost analysis results of two buildings in this study were compared to the actual costs incurred by building damage due to the earthquake to complete the cost–benefit analysis of the retrofitting projects. Based on former research results, this investigation verifies the relevant regulations and promotion mechanism for seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing buildings. Furthermore, this work also measures the benefits of the simulation for seismic assessment and retrofitting to promote the inspection and repair related tasks of private buildings in domestic area.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
建築系建築與都市設計碩士班（碩士在職專班）
105
In a domestic promote environmental protection, energy conservation, ecology, health, green building trends in the domestic collection of residential long been prepared with the normal standard. However, in the vision of the future of home life, the smart residential management seems to have been valued by the community, the past is often criticized green building is not apt to reach the needs of users, and the entire data of the total energy-related data, resulting in many users do not know how to set the residential community to use and purpose, do not even know how to maintain. In the trend of intelligent building, how to use the intelligent management system combines green building, integrating users needs become the trend of the new generation of housing. However, since intelligent green building self-propelled, in the market is flooded by all kinds of technical books, and create a set of intelligent residential green building, you may need to invest a lot of capital cost, intelligent green building issues like presence, perhaps leading to the country built one of the reasons most providers rendering to wait and see. Therefore, this article from the practical cases discussed, the ratio of domestic to clarify the current set of intelligent green building technologies kinds of residential use, as well as the increase in construction costs for analysis. Based on the study, the collection of green building over the past nine indicators, as well as intelligent content analysis as a building of eight indicators, which increases the cost of housing in the past only a collection of green building plan was not a little, and more close to the users needs the part of the study. Discussion from Chapter III green building nine indicators, and intelligent building reached in practice cases were analyzed and summarized; Chapter Four large-South sword collective housing cases, cost intelligent green building technologies and investigate costs, and in the first in five chapters explore the qualified level, copper, silver, gold, diamond, to increase the unit price per ping-cost ratio, and intelligent green building technologies may be applied. Finally, by analyzing the obtained results of the present study is more accurate finish and rich, and look forward to both domestic and foreign construction related also to understand the construction of residential complexes intelligent green buildings mark in Taiwan in terms of cost and technical execution profiles, and follow-up research topics.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
O setor dos edifícios representa cerca de 40% do total do consumo de energia (União Europeia, 2010). A necessidade de adoção de políticas e o cumprimento de metas para a redução desse consumo tornou-se urgente. Para isso a União Europeia (UE) implementou o conceito de edifícios de energia quase-zero, ou seja, edifícios de baixo consumo energético e consciencializou que para a concretização desses edifícios era imprescindível a utilização de energia renovável, de preferência a disponível localmente. A presente dissertação pretende estudar diferentes edifícios residenciais representativos do parque habitacional português com vista à obtenção do balanço energético nulo. A metodologia adotada neste trabalho tem como objetivo a adição de equipamentos que utilizam ou são geradores de energia de origem renovável ao nível ótimo de rentabilidade, uma vez que a definição nacional de edifícios de energia quase-zero (Decreto-Lei nº 28/2016 de 23 de junho, 2016) assenta nestes pressupostos. O conceito de nível ótimo de rentabilidade estabelece os requisitos mínimos de desempenho energético considerando os custos de ciclo de vida, enquanto o conceito de balanço energético quase nulo implica adicionalmente a utilização de fontes de energia renovável. Assim, com base no relatório nacional relativo ao cálculo dos níveis ótimos de rentabilidade do desempenho energético dos edifícios e seus elementos, para edifícios residenciais, foi possível concluir quais as combinações de medidas/soluções para a envolvente dos edifícios economicamente mais rentáveis, ou seja, quais as soluções de custo ótimo. Adicionando a estas soluções de custo ótimo a utilização de energia de origem renovável, são investigadas as soluções que acrescem o mínimo de custos comparativamente ao nível ótimo de rentabilidade e aproximam-se do balanço energético nulo. A partir dos resultados obtidos é possível concluir, consoante a localização e a época construtiva, quais as soluções, com parte relevante de renováveis, que apresentam um menor custo global e portanto as melhores soluções para cada edifício estudado, fornecendo indicações para o futuro desenvolvimento de edifícios de energia quase-zero.
The building sector represents about 40% of the total energy consumption (European Union, 2010). The need to adopt new policies and to achieve targets for energy consumption reduction has become urgent. Therefore, the European Union (EU) has implemented the concept of nearly zero energy building, i.e., buildings with a high energy performance and that use energy from renewable sources harvested on-site to cover the low energy needs. The following dissertation intends to study different representative residential buildings in the Portuguese housing stock in order to obtain a nearly-zero energy balance. The methodology adopted in this work is based on the addition of systems that use or generate energy from renewable sources to buildings with a cost optimal envelope. This option is based on the current definition of nearly-zero energy building from the Portuguese thermal regulation (Decree-Law nº 28/2016 from June 23rd, 2016). The cost optimal concept establishes the minimum requirements of energy performance considering the life cycle costs, while the nearly zero energy balance concept implies the reduction of energy consumption by using renewable energy sources. So, based on the Portuguese report on the calculation of cost optimal levels of minimum energy performance for residential buildings, it has been possible to investigate which are the most cost-effective measures/solutions, ie, which were the cost optimal solutions. After, renewable energy systems were added in order to investigate which were the most viable solutions, ie, which solutions added minimal costs compared to the cost optimal levels. From the obtained results it can be concluded, depending on the location and construction date, which solutions, with significant part of renewables, have a lower global cost and therefore are the best solutions for each studied building, providing inputs for the future implementation of nearly-zero energy buildings in Portugal.