Journal articles: 'Residential building airtightness'

1

Klabis, Rokas, Violeta Motuzienė, and Rūta Mikučionienė. "ANALYSIS OF THE AIRTIGHTNESS MEASUREMENT IN SINGLE OR DOUBLE APARTMENT HOUSE." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 13 (October 14, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2021.15289.

Full text

Abstract:

The mandatory energy performance certification of new buildings or buildings for sale has been introduced in all Member States in order to achieve European Union’s energy efficiency goals. The certification of buildings sets mandatory requirements for higher energy efficiency buildings’ level of airtightness. However, a bigger problem lies in existing older residential buildings, which are energy inefficient and do not require certification. The unused potential for energy savings observed here is related to the airtightness of single and double apartment residential buildings and energy efficiency related to airtightness of them. Therefore, this work analyses the airtightness of energy class D and lower buildings based on actual airtightness measurements and evaluates the possible energy saving potential associated with the application of airtightness measures based on the example of one inefficient single apartment building. The results show that increase of the airtightness in such buildings to 3 h–1 enables to reduce the energy costs related to the airtightness in Lithuania over a period of 10 years by 0.17 TWh per year.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Klabis, Rokas, Violeta Motuzienė, and Rūta Mikučionienė. "ANALYSIS OF THE AIRTIGHTNESS MEASUREMENT IN SINGLE OR DOUBLE APARTMENT HOUSE." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 13 (October 14, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2021.15289.

Full text

Abstract:

The mandatory energy performance certification of new buildings or buildings for sale has been introduced in all Member States in order to achieve European Union’s energy efficiency goals. The certification of buildings sets mandatory requirements for higher energy efficiency buildings’ level of airtightness. However, a bigger problem lies in existing older residential buildings, which are energy inefficient and do not require certification. The unused potential for energy savings observed here is related to the airtightness of single and double apartment residential buildings and energy efficiency related to airtightness of them. Therefore, this work analyses the airtightness of energy class D and lower buildings based on actual airtightness measurements and evaluates the possible energy saving potential associated with the application of airtightness measures based on the example of one inefficient single apartment building. The results show that increase of the airtightness in such buildings to 3 h–1 enables to reduce the energy costs related to the airtightness in Lithuania over a period of 10 years by 0.17 TWh per year.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Taleb, Hanan M. "Experimental Assessment of Different Sealing Methods for Windows to Improve Building Airtightness in UAE Residential Buildings." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 14760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214760.

Full text

Abstract:

If infiltration is uncontrolled and admits unconditioned air, the results will be undesirable. Controlling this problem will increase thermal comfort and decrease energy consumption. The aim of this paper is to assess the performance of different materials used to improve airtightness, which will increase energy efficiency. This research primarily adopted an experimental approach. A typical residential building in UAE was chosen as a case study. Current airtightness status was measured using a blower door test and infrared technique. Six commonly used materials used for airtightness in UAE were identified and applied in different zones of the building envelope, including exterior walls, door and windows. The test was run before implementing airtightness strategies, following which they were applied for one year. Overall performance and energy reduction were monitored to identify how consumption fell by which method was the most efficient. The results indicate that energy was 3% when applying the 6 different airtightness strategies. The base case energy consumption was 64,287 kWh per year. The energy consumption then decreased after applying the sealants to 62,341 kWh per year. Future recommendations are made to enhance airtightness in residential buildings in a hot and arid climate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Man, Xiaoxin, Yanyu Lu, Guolei Li, Yanling Wang, and Jing Liu. "A study on the stack effect of a super high-rise residential building in a severe cold region in China." Indoor and Built Environment 29, no. 2 (June 19, 2019): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x19856045.

Full text

Abstract:

A recent trend in China has seen super high-rise residential buildings spreading to severe cold regions. These buildings face tough challenges concerning building energy consumption and the thermal environment due to their stack effect. The stack effect is greatly influenced by air infiltration, but current guidance on component airtightness is often neither specific nor consistent for different buildings. This paper presents field measurements and numerical simulations of airtightness performance and stack pressure distribution for a a 106.7-m high-rise residential building in Harbin, Northeast China. An airtightness field test was performed using the fan pressurisation method, and measured values were utilised as the input data for predictions. The numerical analysis was implemented by applying CONTAMW, and the simulation results were compared to measurement data. The results demonstrated that the measured components were all leakier than the current standards allow. The greatest stack pressure difference on the ground floor reached 51.5 Pa, considered a severe stack effect. Furthermore, the influences of the location and airtightness of different staircase doorways on the stack effect were studied and analysed. This research assists in clarifying the significance of building airtightness in cold climates and in reducing the stack effect of high-rise buildings.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Salehi, Atefeh, Isabel Torres, and Ana Ramos. "Experimental analysis of building airtightness in traditional residential Portuguese buildings." Energy and Buildings 151 (September 2017): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.06.037.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Miszczuk, Artur, and Dariusz Heim. "Parametric Study of Air Infiltration in Residential Buildings—The Effect of Local Conditions on Energy Demand." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010127.

Full text

Abstract:

Airtightness is nowadays one of the physical parameters which determine overall building energy performance. In a wide range of states, the upper limit for air change rate at a Pa (na), air permeability rate at a Pa (qa), or specific leakage rate at a Pa (wa) is determined by the formal regulations. It should be highlighted that airtightness requirements are mainly the same around the world, disregarding any site and climatic conditions. The main goal of the presented work was to reveal the effect of individual location and surrounding infiltration rate and heat demand. The analyses were done using numerical techniques and computational models of the three buildings developed and calibrated based on the blower door test results. The compared buildings characterize by a similar geometry but differ in the air change rate at 50 Pa (n50). Analyses done for different locations and levels of sheltering by surrounding elements allow the determination of the real effect of local conditions. The obtained differences in energy demand between two locations from the same climatic zone were from 70% to 90%, depending on the airtightness of the buildings. Considering different sheltered conditions, the differences for the same location can be even 200%. The obtained results allowed for the formulation of the general conclusion that building location and level of exposure could be considered in future airtightness regulations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Martín-Garín, Alexander, José Antonio Millán-García, Juan María Hidalgo-Betanzos, Rufino Javier Hernández-Minguillón, and Abderrahmane Baïri. "Airtightness Analysis of the Built Heritage–Field Measurements of Nineteenth Century Buildings through Blower Door Tests." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 20, 2020): 6727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246727.

Full text

Abstract:

Airtightness is a major issue in architectural design and it has a significant impact on the energy performance of buildings. Moreover, the energy behaviour of built heritage is due, to its singular characteristics, still a great unknown. The aim of this study is to establish a better knowledge of the airtightness of historical buildings, based on an in depth field study using blower-door tests. A set of 37 enclosures were analyzed inside eight buildings located in historical areas of a Spanish city with a significant built heritage. They were constructed between 1882 and 1919 and include diverse construction typologies applied for many building uses such as residential, cultural, educational, administrative and emblematic. The results indicate lower values compared to other previous airtightness studies of historical buildings. The average air change rate was found to be n50 = 9.03 h−1 and the airtightness of the enclosures presented a wide range of between 0.68 and 37.12 h−1. Three main levels of airtightness were identified with two thirds of the tested samples belonging to the intermediate level between 3–20 h−1. To conclude, several correlations have been developed which provide a method to estimate air leakage and could serve as a basis for energy performance studies of these kinds of building.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Mckeen and Liao. "The Influence of Building Airtightness on Airflow |in Stairwells." Buildings 9, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9100208.

Full text

Abstract:

Airflow into stairwells due to stack effect is a concern affecting fire safety, energy performance, and indoor air quality. Stack effect in tall buildings can create significant pressure differentials in vertical shafts when differences in outdoor and indoor temperature exist. The pressure differentials drive air through openings or gaps in walls and floors. Vertical shafts, consisting of stairs and elevators, may transport significant volumes of air. During heating season, this results in the infiltration of cold air at lower floors and the exhaust of warm air on the upper floors. Correspondingly, it results in the spread of air and potential contaminants within the building. Stack effect driven airflow will change according to size and distribution of leakage paths. The size of leakage areas can be approximated by a cross-sectional area of an orifice that would allow equivalent flow. This leakage area is dependent on construction material, workmanship, and even operation, as openings from windows and doors equate to large orifices. A building’s composition of these leakage areas can greatly impact the effective area and airflow. The effect of openings from stairwell doors can change the Neutral Pressure Plane location (NPP), altering airflow patterns within a building. This paper investigates the influence of effective area on airflow within stairwells for multi-unit residential buildings (MURB) due to stack effect. A range of parameters reflective of industry standards are evaluated using network modeling and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Parametric analysis is used to determine the sensitivity to which they affect airflow between building and stairwells. The effect of airflow within vertical shafts has consequences on indoor air quality (IAQ) and smoke spread, energy efficiency, and thermal comfort. The benefit of reducing leakage in buildings can be understood by comparing the quantity and patterns in airflow in and out of stairwells. Improving air tightness of the building envelope or vertical shafts can have a significant impact on airflow.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Kowalski, Piotr, and Paweł Szałański. "Airtightness test of single-family building and calculation result of the energy need for heating in Polish conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400078.

Full text

Abstract:

The article presents results of air permeability measurements carried out for envelopes of two entire typical single-family residential buildings and separately for envelopes of garages and residential zones of these buildings. The effect of taking into account separate air permeability measurements of building zones on the calculation results of infiltration heat losses and on the energy need for heating is analysed. The calculation results obtained in this way are then compared to calculation results obtained in the case of air permeability measurements of the entire building envelope.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Ji, Kyung-Hwan, Hyun-Kook Shin, Seungwoo Han, and Jae-Hun Jo. "A Statistical Approach for Predicting Airtightness in Residential Units of Reinforced Concrete Apartment Buildings in Korea." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 13, 2020): 3598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143598.

Full text

Abstract:

In this study, a model equation is derived that uses a statistical analysis based on empirical models to predict the airtightness of reinforced concrete apartment buildings popular in Asian regions. Airtightness data from 486 units personally measured by the authors in the past eight years are used. As major variables used in the prediction model, two groups of variables are configured for the geometric components of the envelope, which is a major path of airflow in a building and is where air infiltration and leakage occur. The two groups of variables represent (1) the areas of the individual components forming the envelope and (2) the connection lengths between different components of the envelope. For the effective prediction of airtightness, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were applied step by step in this study. The results of the correlation analysis indicated that the areas of the slab and the window are the area variables that present the greatest impact, whereas the perimeter length of the window is the connection length variable that presents the greatest impact. Using a multiple linear regression analysis method, airtightness prediction model equations can be derived, and it is found that the model with variables for area is able to predict airtightness more accurately compared to the two models derived from variables for connection length and all variables for area and connection length. Although the statistical approach in this study shows a limitation in that the prediction results may vary depending on the attributes and type of data collected by countries, the methodology and procedure in this study contribute to similar studies for making prediction models and finding the influence of variables in the future with high applicability and feasibility.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Klõšeiko, P., E. Arumägi, J. Hallik, and T. Kalamees. "Dependence of measured specific air leakage rate (q_E50) on envelope pressure differences and measurement position: a case study in an apartment building in winter conditions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012229.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Airtightness of the building envelope has become an important component in achieving ever stricter energy performance levels. However, airtightness measurements using blower door method are dependent on choices made by the specialist conducting the tests. One being the assessment of baseline pressure difference inside the building and position of the measurement equipment. Ideally, the test will be conducted without wind and stack effect which could disturb the envelope pressure measurements. Unfortunately, such conditions seldom exist, especially in colder climates. This increases the appeal of conducting apartment-wise measurements over whole-building measurements as it is far easier to comply with the ISO 9972. However, the apartment-wise method has a relatively random nature due to small share of actual building envelope. This paper investigates the effect of using different measurement positions and pressure levels on the airtightness measurement results. A 5-storey 15m tall residential building was used as a case study and measured as a whole and in select apartments. The results show that the variation caused by different choices of pressure levels, measurement positions etc caused relatively low variations and whole-building measurement should be preferred even if not all baseline and pressure level requirements are not met.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Tian, Zhiyong, and Bozena Dorota Hrynyszyn. "Overheating risk of a typical Norwegian residential building retrofitted to higher energy standards under future climate conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017202007.

Full text

Abstract:

Heat waves had attacked Norway in 2018 and 2019. Residents in Norway experienced a very uncomfortable indoor environment in the summer of 2018 and 2019. Few publications on the overheating risk of a typical Norwegian residential building under future climate change conditions were found. The typical Norwegian residential building retrofitted according to the minimum Norwegian energy requirements in the Norwegian Building Act of 2010 (Pbl2010/TEK17) and the international EnerPHit Standard was modelled in this study. Overheating risk of the typical residential building was simulated by Energy Plus engine via Ladybug and Honeybee plugins based on the Grasshopper. Overheating hours of the studied rooms under present-day, the 2050s and the 2080s weather conditions were shown. Too good airtightness does increase the overheating risk of the building when retrofitted to higher energy standards. It was found in this study that better insulation does reduce the overheating hours of the bedrooms slightly. This may be caused by low g-value of the windows based on recommendation according to the EnerPHit Standard. Overheating should be paid more attention in term of the expected future climate conditions. These results can provide some references to the buildings retrofitted to high-performance buildings.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Feijó-Muñoz, Jesús, Roberto Alonso González-Lezcano, Irene Poza-Casado, Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos, and Alberto Meiss. "Airtightness of residential buildings in the Continental area of Spain." Building and Environment 148 (January 2019): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.11.010.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Feijó-Muñoz, Jesús, Irene Poza-Casado, Roberto Alonso González-Lezcano, Cristina Pardal, Víctor Echarri, Rafael Assiego De Larriva, Jesica Fernández-Agüera, et al. "Methodology for the Study of the Envelope Airtightness of Residential Buildings in Spain: A Case Study." Energies 11, no. 4 (March 21, 2018): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11040704.

Full text

Abstract:

Air leakage and its impact on the energy performance of dwellings has been broadly studied in countries with cold climates in Europe, US, and Canada. However, there is a lack of knowledge in this field in Mediterranean countries. Current Spanish building regulations establish ventilation rates based on ideal airtight envelopes, causing problems of over-ventilation and substantial energy losses. The aim of this paper is to develop a methodology that allows the characterization of the envelope of the housing stock in Spain in order to adjust ventilation rates taking into consideration air leakage. A methodology that is easily applicable to other countries that consider studying the airtightness of the envelope and its energetic behaviour improvement is proposed. A statistical sampling method has been established to determine the dwellings to be tested, considering relevant variables concerning airtightness: climate zone, year of construction, and typology. The air leakage rate is determined using a standardized building pressurization technique according to European Standard EN 13829. A representative case study has been presented as an example of the implementation of the designed methodology and results are compared to preliminary values obtained from the database.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Oravec, Pavel. "Windows in Buildings - Diagnostics of Selected Properties after Time of Using." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.184.

Full text

Abstract:

In construction projects in a field of residential buildings installation and replacement of fillings of openings (windows) play a very important role. A number of requirements is put on newly built windows, in particular in the field of thermal insulation and airtightness. Will the window elements stand the test even after years of use? The aim of this paper is to compare the declared parameter of heat transfer parameter of glazing Ug [W.m-2.K-1] of insulating glasses found from the print on a between the glass frame with the value which can be determined by measuring directly on the building after a certain period of use.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Park, Beungyong, Jinkyun Cho, Yongdae Jeong, and Sangmoon Lee. "Development of zero energy flexible unit with no Infrastructure for disaster and disaster response." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911106003.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper a new kind of unit-prefabricated building is shown. The unit-prefabricated buildings are made up living unit, energy unit, water unit. The each unit was adapted new combine structure function as a high flexible design type. Moreover the design trend implemented the energy insulation, Solar PV panels, Energy storage system which are maintained for zero energy buildings. We made a prototype for zero energy flexible residential unit. The first step, we was evaluated physical performance and living environment, insulation, airtightness, thermal environmental, acoustic performance. The second step we was evaluated energy performance building to design heating and cooling system to combined PV, ESS system in the different plan type, and climate. As a results, The insulation performance wall was 0.18 W/(m2•K). The results of air-tightness was 12.13 ACH@50 (1/h). Further research we develop the structure and construction technology for zero energy flexible unit. To designed the high performance energy performance for zero energy building in the natural disaster.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Zukowska, Daria, Myrto Ananida, Jakub Kolarik, Mandana Sarey Khanie, and Toke Rammer Nielsen. "Solar control solutions for reducing overheating risks in retrofitted Danish apartment buildings from the period 1850- 1900 – A simulation-based study." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103051.

Full text

Abstract:

Advancing energy efficient renovation solutions in residential buildings necessitate adopting high-insulation and airtightness to avoid heat loss through transmission and infiltration, which can result in overheating. Elevated indoor temperatures have been proved to have a highly negative effect on occupants’ health and well-being. Energy efficient solutions to the problem with overheating include limiting the solar heat gains through the glazed parts of the facade and effective ventilation. A typical Danish residential apartment building from 1850-1900 recently refurbished, was modelled with five different solar shading devices and three typical ventilation solutions. External solar shading could efficiently reduce overheating below the limits specified by the national building regulations in all tested cases. The marquisolette reduced the number of occupied hours with temperature above 27 °C by min. 85%, the external venetian blinds by min. 81%, and the drop arm awning by min. 74% compared to the situation without solar shading. The internal solar shading as venetian blinds and roller blind could reduce the overheating hours by 20-40%, which was efficient only in combination with mechanical ventilation in case of south and east building orientations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Basińska, Małgorzata, Dobrosława Kaczorek, and Halina Koczyk. "Economic and Energy Analysis of Building Retrofitting Using Internal Insulations." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 25, 2021): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092446.

Full text

Abstract:

The energy-saving requirements for most buildings focus on improving the insulation and airtightness of a building’s envelope. In this paper, the authors have investigated the effect of additional internal insulation on energy consumption for heating and cooling in a residential building. Energy performance analyses were conducted for buildings with four internal thermal insulation systems in three locations using the WUFI Plus software. The Global Cost Method and Simply Pay Back Time have been used to assess and compare the economic viability of the retrofit systems. The results show that, in relation to energy, retrofitting with internal wall insulation can be an alternative to traditional external insulation. The assessment of internal insulation for low-energy buildings, however, cannot be conducted based on economic criteria. The usual approach of Simply Pay Back Time has exceptionally long payback time, which is unacceptable. In turn, the Global Cost Method, can only be used to compare the applied materials. With high investment costs, thermo-modernization improvements do not contribute to significant savings. The conditions of thermal comfort and the analysis of temperature and steam pressure play a decisive role in assessing this type of solution.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Kravchenko, Ilia, Risto Kosonen, Juha Jokisalo, and Simo Kilpeläinen. "Simulation of modern passive stack ventilation in a retrofitted Nordic apartment building." E3S Web of Conferences 362 (2022): 14003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236214003.

Full text

Abstract:

Some heritage or protected residential buildings in Nordic conditions require retrofit; however, having limited or no access to the reconstruction of the ventilation system; thus, the native natural ventilation system must be preserved. Some retrofitted buildings are then equipped with modern passive stack ventilation systems implemented with self-regulated supply inlets. Although natural ventilation strongly depends on climate conditions, creating challenges in the design phase as the indoor air quality can not be guaranteed. In this study, such a building was modelled, and a novel self-regulated inlet component was created and applied to the simulation model of the multi-storey residential building with natural ventilation in the Nordic conditions. This IDA ICE model is implemented with a self-regulated inlet model with outdoor temperature control and simulates the yearly performance of a ventilation system, considering the effect of outdoor conditions, such as air temperature and wind direction. The self-regulated device is represented as a one-direction opening based on power-law with variable internal airflow resistance, calculated based on the outdoor simulation temperature. Several case scenarios of the multi-storey residential building with passive stack and windows opening ventilation were created for the analysis. The cases present possible maintenance issues, such as inlet device dirty filter and passive stack ducts, structural differences, such as envelope airtightness level and occupant behaviour, such as internal apartment doors and windows operation. The resulting CO2 concentration, indoor air temperature and air change rate were analysed and compared against indoor air standards. Overall, the building model simulation results coincide well with studies in comparable conditions; the novel self-regulated inlet device was simulated according to the manufacturer data. The resulting simulation model could be used to assess the performance of modern passive stack ventilation under different climatic conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Bielek, Boris, and Daniel Szabó. "Experimental Quantification of Air Permeability of Building Envelope with Installed Controlled Ventilation System - Case Study." Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (January 2019): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.571.

Full text

Abstract:

To meet the increasingly stringent requirements of standard energy consumption and thus reducing operating costs of buildings, it is necessary to use energy-saving elements of technical equipment and eliminate heat loss through the building envelope. The biggest losses are caused by heat transmission and ventilation in the form of uncontrolled air infiltration through the building envelope. Their elimination can be achieved by improving the thermal technical quantification of building envelope and increase its airtightness. Determination of air permeability as a measure of quality building envelope is possible using the method of measuring devices Blower-Door test. Any defects can be detected by detection tools, then propose a suitable method for their removal and thus prevent unwanted unregulated air infiltration into the interior. On the other hand, are opposed to the health requirements required air exchange in the room, which is a significant reason for the transformation of this mode of ventilation by uncontrolled air infiltration to a controllable ventilation system. The subject of the paper is in-situ measurement of air permeability of specific apartment envelope by Blower-Door test method and comparison the efficacy of the installed controlled ventilation system and hygiene requirements of the ventilation intensity for residential buildings. Laboratory verification of façade ventilation unit parameters in big pressure chamber - measurement of inlet ventilation flap airflows at variable pressure differences. Methodology for the measurement by Blower-Door test method to determine the air permeability of building envelope structures and functionality of controlled ventilation system was based on a series of 10 measurements in 5 regimes. The overall air permeability of the building envelope or its integrated part may be verified using the total air exchange rate n50at 50 Pa pressure difference, determined experimentally according to STN EN 13829. Comparison of measured values with standard values recommended by some European countries with a similar climate with sealed and with unsealed ventilation flaps, which can determine the impact on the overall airtightness of the building envelope. Calculation of total hygiene required air exchange rate of the apartment and its comparison with actual measured values by Blower-Door test method.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Nowoświat, Artur, Iwona Pokorska-Silva, and Mateusz Konewecki. "Tightness of Single-Family Buildings Made in Prefabricated Wood Frame Technology." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 4500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154500.

Full text

Abstract:

The overall objective of the study is to determine the influence of various factors on the tightness of frame-based buildings. The study presents airtightness tests—Blow Doors Tests of single-family residential buildings made in the prefabricated wood frame technology. Primarily, the impact of selected quantitative and qualitative parameters on the determined quantity n50 was defined. For that purpose, correlation analyses were performed and the statistical hypothesis stating that there is no statistically significant linear relationship between n50 (a multiplication factor of air exchange in the building effected by pressure difference of 50 Pa) and the specified qualitative and quantitative parameters was verified. The hypothesis was verified using the F and χ2 statistics. The studies demonstrated that there are no grounds to reject the research hypothesis. The obtained results formulate a comprehensive conclusion that allows to test the tightness of buildings made in the prefabricated wood frame technology and makes the tightness results independent of many features of the examined building. Ultimately, the tightness results are only dependent on the leak of the examined object. They do not depend on roof structure, wall system, floor area, cubature, number of window openings, porch.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Wallis, Shannon L., German Hernandez, David Poyner, Wayne Holmes, Roger Birchmore, and Terri-Ann Berry. "Particulate matter in residential buildings in New Zealand: Part II. The impact of building airtightness, mechanical ventilation using simulated occupancy." Atmospheric Environment: X 2 (April 2019): 100026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100026.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Vinha, Juha, Mikko Salminen, Kati Salminen, Targo Kalamees, Jarek Kurnitski, and Mihkel Kiviste. "Internal moisture excess of residential buildings in Finland." Journal of Building Physics 42, no. 3 (January 12, 2018): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259117750369.

Full text

Abstract:

In Finland, the indoor air conditions of 171 single-family buildings and 49 apartments in multi-family buildings have been studied in large research projects in collaboration with Tampere University of Technology and Helsinki University of Technology. This article deals with the results of moisture excess studied in these single-family buildings and apartments. Continuous field measurements up to 28 months enable to include two consecutive heating seasons in the analysis of the internal moisture excess. The higher 10% critical level during the cold period (Te ≤ 5°C) was between 3.4 and 4.9 g/m3 in Finnish heavyweight and lightweight single-family buildings and between 2.4 and 3.6 g/m3 in apartments of multi-family buildings. During the warm period (Te ≥ 15°C), the corresponding values were between 0.3 and 2.6 g/m3 for single-family buildings and 0.5 and 1.5 g/m3 for apartments. The number of occupants and the airtightness of different groups of external wall did not have influence on the average values of moisture excess. Slightly better ventilation air change rates were measured in apartments of multi-family buildings, where also the air change rates from supply–exhaust ventilation systems generally fulfilled the Finnish guideline value. The design values of moisture classes in EN ISO 13788:2012 were found difficult to apply for Finnish residential buildings. The upper limit value of humidity class 2 of EN ISO 13788:2012 is suitable for apartments in Finnish multi-family buildings, but too low for Finnish lightweight and heavyweight single-family buildings. Applying the design values of Finnish guidelines would be justified for the studied buildings almost at the full range of outdoor temperatures.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Chu, Yiyi, Peng Xu, Zhiwei Yang, and Weilin Li. "Retrofitting existing buildings to control indoor PM2.5 concentration on smog days: Initial experience of residential buildings in China." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 39, no. 3 (September 12, 2017): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624417728187.

Full text

Abstract:

Severe smog days in many parts of developing countries, such as China and India, have drawn worldwide attention. This study aims at integrating various building retrofitting methods of existing buildings to control indoor particulate matter 2.5 concentrations. Methods are such as airtightness improvement, room pressure control, recycling air filtration and combinations of the above. The study verifies the effectiveness of each control method to reduce the indoor particulate matter 2.5 concentration below 25 µg/m3 under certain outdoor conditions in building. Measurements and modelling are conducted for different outdoor particle concentration scenarios under different control strategies at an apartment in Shanghai, China. Overall, the retrofitting methods depend on outdoor smog circumstances and building structures. Therefore, it would be wise to choose appropriate control method depending on outdoor particulate matter 2.5 concentrations. This is the first time that various existing residential building retrofitting strategies are integrated jointly and the combination of different control methods are tested to ensure indoor air quality under different outdoor conditions. To validate the generality of these control strategies, a simulation model is developed and calibrated against experimental data under different scenarios. The variation of the indoor particulate matter 2.5 concentration in an extremely bad day is simulated and the influencing factors including infiltration air change rate, air volume and filter efficiency are all analyzed according to the model. The results and conclusions of this study can be used in many parts of the worlds, when building occupants have to choose proper equipment or retrofitting methods to control their indoor air quality. Practical application: The building retrofitting methods introduced in this article could be used in any residential building to control indoor particulate matter 2.5 concentrations continuously below 25 µg/m3 under different outdoor conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Wang, Pengying, and Shuo Zhang. "Retrofitting Strategies Based on Orthogonal Array Testing to Develop Nearly Zero Energy Buildings." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 4451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084451.

Full text

Abstract:

Retrofitting existing buildings to be a nearly zero energy building (nZEB) is an effective solution for greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy consumption reduction. A hybrid approach that integrates the building energy simulation method and orthogonal array testing (OAT) to renovate buildings to nZEB is proposed in this paper. Within a residential building in Changchun, Jilin of China, the total energy consumption index (TECI) and CO2 emission factor for heating are used as evaluation criteria. The reliability of the building energy model is validated and adopted to forecast the energy performance of different building renovation strategies. According to OAT, four passive measures can be ranked by their influence on TECI in descending order as follows: external wall heat transfer coefficient, airtightness, window heat transfer coefficient, and roof heat transfer coefficient. The optimal renovation solution of the studied building can reduce the TECI by 43.18% by only reducing the external wall heat transfer coefficient from 0.5 to 0.2 W/m2·K and the infiltration N50 from 3.6 to 0.4 ac/h. Besides, combined heat and power (CHP) utilities emit less CO2 than heat pumps in providing heating under the current CO2 emission factor of the power grid in China, making it impossible to give up district heating systems until carbon emissions of electricity generation have declined significantly. The results can provide a reference for the application of the nZEB standard in actual retrofitting projects.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Hong, Goopyo, and Chul Kim. "Experimental analysis of airtightness performance in high-rise residential buildings for improved code-compliant simulations." Energy and Buildings 261 (April 2022): 111980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.111980.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Park, S. H., U. Munkhbat, D. S. Song, S. M. Yoon, and K. N. Kang. "Proposal of a method for predicting the airtightness performance in a high-rise residential building using pressure difference." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 609 (October 23, 2019): 042065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/609/4/042065.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Ferdyn-Grygierek, Joanna, Andrzej Baranowski, Monika Blaszczok, and Jan Kaczmarczyk. "Thermal Diagnostics of Natural Ventilation in Buildings: An Integrated Approach." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 4556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234556.

Full text

Abstract:

Diagnostics of natural ventilation in buildings is problematic, as the airflow rate changes considerably over time. One constant average airflow is usually assumed when calculating energy demand for a building, however, such a simplification could be fraught with considerable error. The paper describes a comprehensive methodology for the diagnostics of a natural ventilation system in a building and its practical application. Based on in situ measurements and simulations in two existing buildings (dwelling house and school) in Poland, the real values of the ventilating airflows were analyzed and resulting heat demand was compared with the design values. The pros and cons of various methods for evaluation of natural ventilation are discussed. The real airflow was determined by measurements in a ventilation grille or by a tracer gas concentration decay method. The airtightness of the buildings’ envelope was evaluated based on the fan pressurization test. The last stage entailed computer simulations of air exchange in buildings using CONTAM software. The multizone models of the buildings were calibrated and verified with existing measured data. Measured airflow in a multifamily house was small and substantially deviated from the Polish standard. In case of a school, the air flow rate amounted to an average of 10% of the required value. Calculation of the heat demand for ventilation based on the standard value of the airflow led to a considerable overestimation of this value in relation to the real consumption. In the analyzed cases, the difference was 40% for the school and 30% for the residential building.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Fernández-Agüera, Jesica, Samuel Domínguez-Amarillo, and Miguel Ángel Campano. "Characterising Draught in Mediterranean Multifamily Housing." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 24, 2019): 2433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082433.

Full text

Abstract:

Social housing dating from the postwar years through the end of the twentieth century is one of the major stores of European cities’ residential stock. As it is generally characterised by a poor thermal performance and an inefficient control of energy consumption, it constitutes one of the main targets for residential heritage renewal. This study aimed to locate and quantify air leaks across building envelopes in Mediterranean multifamily housing with a view to curbing the uncontrolled inflow of outdoor air that has a direct impact on occupant comfort and housing energy demand. Airtightness tests conducted in a series of protocols to quantify draught across envelope elements were supplemented with qualitative infrared thermographic and smoke tests to locate leakage pathways. Air was found to flow mainly across façade enclosures, primarily around openings, as well as through service penetrations in walls between flats and communal areas accommodating electrical and telecommunication wires and water supply, domestic hot water (DHW), and drainage pipes. The general absence of evidence of draught across structural floors or inter-flat partitions was consistent with the construction systems in place.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Ng, Lisa C., Stephen Zimmerman, Jeremy Good, Brian Toll, Steven J. Emmerich, and Andrew K. Persily. "Estimating real-time infiltration for use in residential ventilation control." Indoor and Built Environment 29, no. 4 (August 26, 2019): 508–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x19870229.

Full text

Abstract:

Minimum outdoor air ventilation rates specified in standards such as ASHRAE Standard 62.2–2016 are generally based on envelope airtightness, building floor area, geographical location and number of occupants. ASHRAE Standard 62.2–2016 allows for a constant infiltration credit, which reduces the required mechanical ventilation. However, infiltration rates vary based on the weather and system operation. Thus, mechanical systems could potentially operate less if the real-time (RT) infiltration rate was known and used to adjust the mechanical ventilation rate. CONTAM models of two test houses on the campus of the National Institute of Standards and Technology were verified with measurements and used to simulate hourly infiltration rates in three cities. The infiltration rates were passed to a theoretical controller that changed the hourly mechanical ventilation rate to meet the ventilation requirement. Simulated energy use and relative annual occupant exposure for this RT control strategy were compared with ventilation at a constant rate. Implementation of the RT control strategy resulted in annual average energy savings of $66USD across both houses and three cities without increasing the annual occupant exposure compared with ventilating continuously at a constant rate. The authors discuss the advantages and limitations of the proposed RT ventilation control strategy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Poza-Casado, Irene, Vitor E. M. Cardoso, Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida, Alberto Meiss, Nuno M. M. Ramos, and Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos. "Residential buildings airtightness frameworks: A review on the main databases and setups in Europe and North America." Building and Environment 183 (October 2020): 107221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107221.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Yang, Yingxia, Zhichao Wang, Xiaofeng Li, Honglei Wang, Yujie Ren, Dan Zhao, and Zhaowei Xu. "Test and simulation for the airtightness of backdraft dampers in residential cooking exhaust shaft systems." Journal of Building Engineering 44 (December 2021): 103007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103007.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Julien, Etienne, Pierre Blanchet, and Louis Gosselin. "Case-Study: Fully Prefabricated Wood Wall Connection to Improve Building Envelope and On-Site Efficiency." Buildings 12, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 2185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122185.

Full text

Abstract:

As fully prefabricated wood walls (FPWW) are envisioned to increase building envelope performance, the junction between panels becomes crucial. Since FPWW restricts access to the inter-panel joints, it is preferable to generate an upstream mechanism to complete the joint automatically on-site. This study aimed to design a self-sealing joint for FPWW that would achieve high energy standards and accelerate on-site construction. Airtightness tests and thermal bridge assessments were conducted in the laboratory to compare the developed self-sealing joints with different sealing materials. These same tests were conducted on-site, in addition to observations of the assembly speed of conventional prefabricated walls and FPWW. Of all the materials tested, butyl tape showed the tightest connections. This material helps the joint developed to automatically seal adjacent walls spaced up to 7 mm apart. FPWW maximize the industrialization of conventional prefabricated walls by realizing the sealing details and the installation of doors, windows and exterior siding offsite. This way, FPWW could reduce the duration of a conventional single-family residential project. FPWW maximize quality control while reducing transportation costs associated with conventional modular solutions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Zheng, Hanjie, Enshen Long, Zhu Cheng, Zhao Yang, and Yonghong Jia. "Experimental exploration on airtightness performance of residential buildings in the hot summer and cold winter zone in China." Building and Environment 214 (April 2022): 108848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108848.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Fine, Jamie P., Jason Gray, Xinxiu Tian, and Marianne F. Touchie. "An investigation of alternative methods for determining envelope airtightness from suite-based testing in multi-unit residential buildings." Energy and Buildings 214 (May 2020): 109845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109845.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Wahi, P., T. Konstantinou, M. Tenpierik, and H. Visscher. "Requirements for renovating residential buildings in the Netherlands towards lower temperature supply from district heating." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1085, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1085/1/012031.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract In the Netherlands, district heating with a lower temperature supply (<70°C) will play a crucial part in accomplishing the energy transition goals of delivering natural gas-free sustainable heating to dwellings. The existing dwellings often require energy renovations to make them suitable for lower temperature heating. However, choosing renovation strategies that promote the transition to lower temperature district heating while improving energy efficiency and thermal comfort is challenging. This study aims to identify minimum renovation requirements for comfortably heating homes using lower temperature heat from district heating. Identifying minimum renovation strategies to prepare existing dwellings for lower temperature district heating would be vital in addressing the European Renovation Wave’s target of improving worst-performing buildings. For the same, the study uses a typical intermediate terraced house built before 1945 as a case study to investigate renovation strategies based on four levels of renovation intervention (no renovation, basic, moderate and deep). The impact of renovations on space heating demand and thermal comfort was tested with medium (70/50°C) and low supply (55/35°C) temperatures against key performance indicators (KPIs) using dynamic simulation. The study found that for the case study dwelling, moderate renovation strategy of upgrading the building envelope insulation by 0.40 W/m2K for opaque parts and 1.5 W/m2K for glazing, improving the airtightness by 0.3h-1 and replacing existing radiators with LT radiators can be considered as a no-regret solution for comfortably heating homes with both medium and lower temperature supply from district heating.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Lai, Yonghang, Ian A. Ridley, and Peter Brimblecombe. "Air Change in Low and High-Rise Apartments." Urban Science 4, no. 2 (May 13, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci4020025.

Full text

Abstract:

Air exchange in tall apartment buildings is critical in controlling indoor environments in urban settings. Airtightness is relevant to energy efficiency, thermal comfort and air quality experienced by urban dwellers who spend much of their time indoors. While many air change measurements have been made in residential homes, fewer are available for high-rise apartments. The blower-door and CO2 exchange methods were used to measure air change in some Hong Kong apartment buildings, for comparison with those from other parts of the world. Hong Kong apartments are often small and typical rented apartments show a median of seven air changes per hour under a 50 Pa pressure difference, similar to Mediterranean houses, though much greater than the airtight buildings of Northern Europe. Extrapolation of blower-door measurements made at 50 Pa to the natural pressure difference measured for individual Hong Kong apartments provides an approximation (within 8%) of the natural air change rate measured with a tracer. Air flow is a function of the pressure difference ∆Pnf and the exponent n was found close to the typical 0.6. There was a positive relationship between air permeability and construction age, but some of this also seems to reflect varying levels of maintenance by the building management companies. The median exchange in the apartments under naturally ventilated conditions was 0.26 h−1, not atypical of some houses on the US West Coast.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Tasaka, Rie, Sayaka Kindaichi, Daisaku Nishina, and Mitsuhiko Maeoki. "Computational fluid dynamics analysis in the ductless whole-house air conditioning system." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017203008.

Full text

Abstract:

Recently, the heat load for space heating in residential houses has been reduced as airtightness, and thermal insulation performance has been improving even in moderate climate regions of Japan. In such situations, the heat load can be handled by one room air-conditioner with high energy efficiency. We report the results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of an indoor thermal environment and the airflow distribution during the space heating operation in a ductless house air conditioning system, in which heated air from a room air conditioner installed in a thermal-insulated basement space is distributed throughout the building using air inlets on the floor in each story and open-door rooms without ductworks. To determine the adequate size and position of the air inlets on the floor in this heating system, we evaluated the air circulation performance for changes in the conditions of the air inlets by CFD analysis for a standard two-storey house model in Japan. The results suggest that the air temperature distribution is markedly different in the size and position of the air inlets on the floor. Large volumes of airflow through the openings in the building resulted in maintaining the rooms at a temperature range of 17 to 24 degrees uniformly. These results also provide information for system and building designs for effective space heating and for proper usage when choosing to open or close air inlets in the operational phase.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Khemet, Bomani, and Russell Richman. "Towards a methodological approach to builder specific, preconstruction airtightness estimates for light-framed, detached, low-rise residential buildings in Canada." Journal of Building Engineering 29 (May 2020): 101140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101140.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Vinha, Juha, Elina Manelius, Minna Korpi, Kati Salminen, Jarek Kurnitski, Mihkel Kiviste, and Anssi Laukkarinen. "Airtightness of residential buildings in Finland." Building and Environment 93 (November 2015): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.06.011.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Ji, Yongming, and Lin Duanmu. "Airtightness field tests of residential buildings in Dalian, China." Building and Environment 119 (July 2017): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.03.043.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Kang, Ji-Yeon, Hyung-Geun Kim, and Goopyo Hong. "Airtightness of multi-family residential buildings with differential structural systems." KIEAE Journal 19, no. 6 (December 31, 2019): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12813/kieae.2019.19.6.081.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Anis, Wagdy. "The Changing Requirements of Airtightness in the US for Commercial Buildings - The Airtightness of Mid and High-Rise Non-Residential Buildings." International Journal of Ventilation 12, no. 4 (March 2014): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14733315.2014.11684024.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Eskola, Lari, Ûllar Alev, Endrik Arumägi, Juha Jokisalo, Anna Donarelli, Kai Sirén, and Targo Kalamees. "Airtightness, Air Exchange and Energy Performance in Historic Residential Buildings with Different Structures." International Journal of Ventilation 14, no. 1 (June 2015): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14733315.2015.11684066.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

TAKASE, Shuho, Toshiyuki WATANABE, and Akihito OZAKI. "THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS WITH HIGH INSULATION AND AIRTIGHTNESS IN SEASONAL HOT AND HUMID REGION." Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 68, no. 572 (2003): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aije.68.9_4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Hao, Lingjun, Daniel Herrera-Avellanosa, Claudio Del Pero, and Alexandra Troi. "Overheating Risks and Adaptation Strategies of Energy Retrofitted Historic Buildings under the Impact of Climate Change: Case Studies in Alpine Region." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 7162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147162.

Full text

Abstract:

Energy retrofits can enhance the liveability and efficiency of historic buildings while preserving their historic and aesthetic values. However, measures like improved insulation and airtightness may increase their vulnerability to overheating and climate change may further worsen their performance in the future. This paper investigates indoor overheating risks brought by climate change in retrofitted historic buildings and proposes effective adaptation strategies. Firstly, local weather conditions are analysed to identify homogenous climatic zones. For each climatic zone, “a business-as-usual” emissions scenario is adopted, and most representative regional climate models are selected to obtain hourly output of future climate projection. A comparative study is adopted where typical alpine residential buildings, “Portici house”, are simulated with regard to future energy use and indoor thermal state using the dynamic model in EnergyPlus. Energy use and indoor thermal conditions are compared before and after energy retrofit, as well as under present and future climate conditions. The results demonstrate that retrofit interventions could significantly improve energy efficiency of historic buildings in both present and future scenarios. A change in climate together with retrofit interventions will, however, result in higher risk of indoor overheating in South Tyrol. Potential negative side effects of energy retrofit could be controlled by adopting adequate shading and ventilation approaches that minimise, or eliminate, the risk of overheating during high temperature periods while optimising historic buildings’ energy performance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Cony-Renaud-Salis, Louis, Nouamane Belhaj, Olivier Ramalho, and Marc Abadie. "Analysis of the need of detailed modelling for the assessment of indoor air quality in residential buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 04043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911104043.

Full text

Abstract:

Home represents an important part of the time spent indoors and is the emblematic place of a family need, e.g. well-being, comfort and safety. In France, health agencies provide information and raise the awareness of the public on health risks and on factors likely to affect the quality of indoor air. However, indoor air quality remains difficult to assess for health investigators. A solution would be to resort to field measurements, but they are expensive and hard to apply to a large-scale population when considering the numerous pollutants found indoors. Therefore, numerical simulation represents a good alternative when accurate and realistic input data are used. We already designed such a model of a dwelling prototype using a type 98 coupling procedure between CONTAM (airflow rates and pollutants concentration determination) and TRNSYS (thermal and moisture calculation). We paid a lot of attention to the details that we thought were important: dwelling multi-zonal representation, envelope airtightness, ventilation system elements (pressure driven inlet and outlet, ducts, fan characteristics), presence of furniture, people activity and location… Nevertheless, the design of this simulation requires a very specific care. This very last point naturally induces a debate: is it necessary to design the simulation to be as accurate and realistic as it actually is, or will a simpler model provide similar results? In this study, we aim to answer that question by evaluating the sensitivity of the ULR-IAQ multipollutant index, defined in a previous study, to different levels of modelling complexity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Chaulagain, Nischal, Bivek Baral, Henrik Davidsson, and Stephen Burke. "Airtightness of Nepalese Residential Buildings." Periodica Polytechnica Architecture, February 11, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppar.18648.

Full text

Abstract:

Experimental field measurements regarding airtightness following the fan pressurisation method were done on 25 typical residential buildings at different locations in Nepal. The field measurement data were classified according to building type and building age. The mean air permeability (Q50 ) for the studied buildings was 6.9 l/s·m2 and the mean air change rate was 55.5 air changes per hour at 50 Pa. The maximum air leakage rate (Q50 ) was 28.4 l/s·m2 for brick masonry in mud mortar type and the minimum recorded was 1.7 l/s·m2 for brick masonry in cement mortar type building. Brick masonry in mud mortar-type buildings was found to be leakier regardless of the building age, and brick masonry in cement mortar-type buildings was comparatively more airtight. Leakage locations identified through visual inspection included the spacing between the door frame and operable door area, horizontal window slider, joint areas of window frame and wall, wood plank-based wall structure, roof joint areas and holes in the wall. This research is the first of its kind in Nepal to assess the airtightness of buildings, and the outcome of this research is one of the key parameters to evaluate the thermal performance of Nepalese buildings scientifically.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Foroushani, Sepehr. "Improvements in the Airtightness of Housing in Richmond, British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, November 24, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2021-0285.

Full text

Abstract:

Controlling air leakage through the building envelope remains a challenge, especially in light of the imperative to transition to a net-zero energy building sector and the increasing importance of indoor air quality during extreme weather events such as wildfires. The British Columbia Energy Step Code is a performance-based compliance option in the British Columbia Building Code which is intended to provide a transition pathway to net-zero energy ready construction by 2032. For small residential buildings, performance targets entail thresholds for the measured air leakage rate through the building envelope. This paper reports on the airtightness of the first 145 single- and two-family dwellings built under the Energy Step Code in Richmond, BC. Although the first phase of the implementation of the Energy Step Code in Richmond entailed no airtightness targets (only testing), results indicate improvement compared to the historical levels of airtightness in the region.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Park, Seunghwan, Sowoo Park, Sungmin Yoon, and Doosam Song. "Predicting airtightness using differential pressure in actual climate conditions: Theory and implementation." Indoor and Built Environment, October 13, 2022, 1420326X2211319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x221131949.

Full text

Abstract:

This study proposes a new method for predicting the airtightness of a building envelope by using pressure differences that naturally occur in high-rise buildings. The background and principle of the proposed method, which uses the relationship between pressure difference and airflow, are described. The proposed method was validated by applying it to a 42-storey residential building. The differential pressure generated in the building under actual climatic conditions was measured twice during the winter season. Based on the measured pressure difference data, the airtightness of the building envelope was predicted, and those predicted values were compared with detailed measurements taken using the blower door test method. The results show that the difference between the predicted and directly measured airtightness of the building envelope for the upper floors (36th and 42nd floors), where the differential pressure was relatively large, did not differ significantly. Where the differential pressure across a building component formed by the indoor/outdoor temperature difference, the building height, and the distance from the neutral plane of the analyzed building was more than 50 Pa, the results predicted using the method proposed in this study were valid.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Residential building airtightness'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles