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Gomez, Fabrizio. "Optimization of a grid connected residential battery storage system in Sweden : Home Energy Management System Approach." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-36927.
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The market for energy production has experienced relevant changes to reach more sustainable characteristics, during the last two decades. In this context, residential photovoltaic (PV) system has gained popularity as a practical and profitable alternative to complement the electric supply from the grid. In the same line, the seasonal and variable nature of PV supply generates an interest in BESS-battery energy storage systems.The aim with this thesis is to investigate HEMS-home energy management system for a residential electricity production using PV and storage in Sweden. HEMS allows residential customer and producer to sell or buy energy to minimize the final electricity bill. The capacityof BESS and the scheduling are optimized by using a proposed algorithm. Results gained indicate that factors such as household electricity demand and allocation during the day, electricity price, and tariff scheme are the critical variables to consider in the design of the BESS system. Optimal battery capacities obtained are within the range of available battery market stock-sizes. However, several of the standard battery capacities of the leading manufacturers are oversized for this case. For Swedish context, a BESS installation cost below 270 €/kWh generates saving on the annual electricity bill of having BESS in comparison with not using BESS. In addition, the daily charge of EV, electric vehicle, was studied to see if a higher demand for household electricity could generate an optimal capacity and higher savings.Marknaden för energiproduktionhar under de senaste två decenniernagenomgått förändringar för att bli mer hållbar. I detta sammanhang har solcell-system eller photovoltaic, PVför elproduktion i bostäder blivit ett praktiskt och lönsamt alternativ för att komplettera elförsörjning från elnätet. Solcellernas produktion är dock säsongsbetonadoch varierar även över dygnet varför system för lagring av el i batterier s.k. BESS blir intressant.Syftet med denna uppsatsär att undersöka HEMS, ett hushålls system för hantering avel-generering med solcelleroch batterilagring i Sverige. HEMS tillåter bostadskunder och producent att sälja ochköpa elför att minimera den slutliga elräkningen. Kapaciteten för BESSoch schemaläggning optimeras med hjälp av en föreslagen algoritm. De uppnådda resultaten tyder på att faktorer som efterfrågan på hushållsel och fördelning under dagen, elpriset och systemen för taxaär de kritiska variablernaatt beakta vid utformningen av BESS. Optimal batterikapacitet som uppnåtts ligger inom området för, på marknaden, tillgängliga batteristorlekar. Flera av de vanligaste batteriernas kapacitet,hos de ledande tillverkarna,är dock överdimensionerade. För svenska sammanhang genererar en BESS-installationskostnad under 270 € / kWh besparingar på den årliga elräkningen i jämförelse med att inte använda BESS. Som tillägg studerades daglig laddning av en elbil för att se om ett större elbehov kunde generera en mer optimal kapacitet och än större besparinga
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Reimuth, Andrea [Verfasser], and Wolfram [Akademischer Betreuer] Mauser. "The role of residential photovoltaic-coupled battery storages in the energy system from a regional perspective : a spatiotemporal assessment of residential photovoltaic and battery storage systems and their effects on the energy flows / Andrea Reimuth ; Betreuer: Wolfram Mauser." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1223849937/34.
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Rinaldi, Luca. "Techno-economic analysis for a photovoltaic system with Lithium-Ion battery energy storage for a residential house in Valencia-Spain." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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This thesis deals with a techno economic analysis of a hybrid photovoltaic(PV)-battery
energy storage (BES) system.
A first view is taken on the technologies and prices of the main components need,
inverter, photovoltaic panels and batteries, and the possible configuration of the plant.
Before proceeding with the complete analysis simulating an entire year, a comparison
between an analysis made with measures based on 5 seconds time step, with the data
taken in a residential hours and a PV plant in Valencia over a week, and on 15 minutes
time step is done. The will is to prove the reliability of the latter one, which is way faster
and lighter.
Proved its reliability, an analysis over an entire year with a time step of 15 minutes is
carried out to evaluate the economic profitability of a hybrid PV-BES plant.
With the results it will be possible to see that, even if a plant with batteries has a positive
Net Present Value (NPV), a system with PV panels only is more convenient.
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Berg, Agnes, and Emelie Detert. "Implementation of Battery Energy Storage Systems in Residential Buildings : A case study of a multifamily building in southern Sweden, exploring profitability, self-sufficiency and environmental performance." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176780.
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Energy storage is of increasing interest as an enabler of incorporating renewable intermittent power in the power systems globally. There are several technologies for energy storage, and this thesis focuses on battery energy storage systems (BESS). Previous research has shown that it is difficult to install BESS with a payback time within the battery lifetime, making it a challenge to realise profitable investments. The complexity of developing an optimal control of the battery is also documented in research as another challenge. Optimal sizing of the BESS could be a solution to the challenge of reaching profitability. The thesis is identifying and analysing some important technical and energy-related parameters affecting the performance of BESS installations. Identification and analysis of parameters affecting the performance will help build insight into the optimization of BESS and help enable the development of more efficient sizing and operation. By developing an algorithm simulating the BESS when controlled using two different strategies, this thesis additionally contributes to the research by displaying the complexity of battery control, which is realised by the energy management system (EMS). Thereby the thesis is adding to the research base for the future development of smarter and more optimal EMS. The main research methodologies used in the thesis was a literature study and a case study. The results suggested that the energy management strategy used in the battery control was gravely affecting the performance in terms of economic profitability, self-sufficiency and environmental impact. It was also implied that it is difficult to develop an efficient battery control to reach the full potential of the storage system. The main conclusions in this paper are that the most important parameters to consider when implementing a battery storage in a residential multifamily building are battery technology, battery capacity, building load, renewable energy generation, energy management strategy as well as the electricity prices and investment cost. The energy management strategy most favourable for the case building studied was found to be a combination of optimizing the self-sufficiency and performing peak shaving. It would also be preferable to further develop the battery control to also take electricity prices and balance services into consideration. For this, AI and machine learning could be integrated in the control of the system. According to the case study results, the lithium ion battery technology had better potential for reaching economic profitability while the nickel metal hydride technology showed better potential in terms of environmental performance. The choice of battery technology and energy management strategy should however be adjusted to the customer specific demands and prerequisites.
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Baumann, Lars. "Improved system models for building-integrated hybrid renewable energy systems with advanced storage : a combined experimental and simulation approach." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/11103.
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The domestic sector will play an important role in the decarbonisation and decentralisation of the energy sector in the future. Installation numbers of building-integrated small-scale energy systems such as photovoltaics (PV), wind turbines and micro-combined heat and power (CHP) have significantly increased. However, the power output of PV and wind turbines is inherently linked to weather conditions; thus, the injected power into the public grid can be highly intermittent. With the increasing share of renewable energy at all voltage levels challenges arise in terms of power stability and quality. To overcome the volatility of such energy sources, storage technologies can be applied to temporarily decouple power generation from power consumption. Two emerging storage technologies which can be applied at residential level are hydrogen systems and vanadium-redox-flow-batteries (VRFB). In addition, the building-integrated energy sources and storage system can be combined to form a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) to manage the energy flow more efficiently. The main focus of this thesis is to investigate the dynamic performance of two emerging energy storage technologies, a hydrogen loop composed of alkaline electrolyser, gas storage and proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, and a VRFB. In addition, the application of building-integrated HRES at customer level to increase the self-consumption of the onsite generated electricity and to lower the grid interaction of the building has been analysed. The first part deals with the development of a research test-bed known as the Hybrid Renewable Energy Park (HREP). The HREP is a residential-scale distributed energy system that comprises photovoltaic, wind turbine, CHP, lead acid batteries, PEM fuel cell, alkaline electrolyser and VRFB. In addition, it is equipped with programmable electronic loads to emulate different energy consumption patterns and a charging point for electric vehicles. Because of its modular structure different combinations of energy systems can be investigated and it can be easily extended. A unified communication channel based on the local operating network (LON) has been established to coordinate and control the HREP. Information from the energy systems is gathered with a temporal resolution of one second. Integration issues encountered during the integration process have been addressed. The second part presents an experimental methodology to assess the steady state and dynamic performance of the electrolyser, the fuel cell and the VRFB. Operational constrains such as minimum input/output power or start-up times were extracted from the experiments. The response of the energy systems to single and multiple dynamic events was analysed, too. The results show that there are temporal limits for each energy system, which affect its response to a sudden load change or the ability to follow a load profile. Obstacles arise in terms of temporal delays mainly caused by the distributed communication system and should be considered when operating or simulating a HRES at system level. The third part shows how improved system models of each component can be developed using the findings from the experiments. System models presented in the literature have the shortcoming that operational aspects are not adequately addressed. For example, it is commonly assumed that energy systems at system level can respond to load variations almost instantaneously. Thus, component models were developed in an integrated manner to combine theoretical and operational aspects. A generic model layout was defined containing several subsystems, which enables an easy implementation into an overall simulation model in MATLAB®/Simulink®. Experimental methods were explained to extract the new parameters of the semi-empirical models and discrete operational aspects were modelled using Stateflow®, a graphical tool to formulate statechart diagrams. All system models were validated using measured data from the experimental analysis. The results show a low mean-absolute-percentage-error (<3%). Furthermore, an advanced energy management strategy has been developed to coordinate and to control the energy systems by combining three mechanisms; statechart diagrams, double exponential smoothing and frequency decoupling. The last part deals with the evaluation, operation and control of HRES in the light of the improved system models and the energy management strategy. Various simulated case studies were defined to assess a building-integrated HRES on an annual basis. Results show that the overall performance of the hydrogen loop can be improved by limiting the operational window and by reducing the dynamic operation. The capability to capture the waste heat from the electrolyser to supply hot water to the residence as a means of increasing the overall system efficiency was also determined. Finally, the energy management strategy was demonstrated by real-time experiments with the HREP and the dynamic performance of the combined operation has been evaluated. The presented results of the detailed experimental study to characterise the hydrogen loop and the VRFB as well as the developed system models revealed valuable information about their dynamic operation at system level. These findings have relevance to the future application and for simulation studies of building-integrated HRES. There are still integration aspects which need to be addressed in the future to overcome the proprietary problem of the control systems. The innovations in the HREP provide an advanced platform for future investigations such as electric-vehicles as decentralised mobile storage and the development of more advanced control approaches.
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Appen, Jan von [Verfasser]. "Sizing and operation of residential photovoltaic systems in combination with battery storage systems and heat pumps / Jan von Appen." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1169947344/34.
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Goncalves, Sofia. "Feasibility study of an EV management system to provide Vehicle-to-Building considering battery degradation." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-247624.
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The recent increase of electric cars adoption will inuence the electricity demand in the distributionnetworks which risks to be higher than the maximum power available in the grid, if not well planned. Forthis reason, it is on the DSOs and TSOs's interest to plan carefully coordinated charging of a bulk of EVsas well as assess the possibility of EVs acting as energy storages with the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) or Vehicleto-Building (V2B) capability. When parked and plugged into the electric grid, EVs will absorb energy andstore it, being also able to deliver electricity back to the grid/building (V2G/B system).This can be anoptimized process, performed by an aggregator, gathering multiple EVs that discharge the battery into thegrid at peak time and charge when there is low demand i.e. overnight and o-peak hours.Numerous studies have investigated the possibility of aggregating multiple EVs and optimizing theircharging and discharging schedules for peak load reduction or energy arbitrage with participation in theelectricity market. However, no study was found for optimizing a shared eet of EVs with daily reservationsfor dierent users trying to perform V2B. In this study an optimization modelling algorithm (mixed integerlinear problem - MILP) that manages the possible reservations of the shared eet of EVs, coordinates thecharging and discharging schedules, and provides V2B (Vehicle-to-Building), with the objective of minimizingenergy costs and accounting with battery ageing has been developed. A case study with real data for abuilding is carried out modelling dierent number of EVs for two dierent days in year 2017, one in Marchand other in June.Results show that the prots are higher for all cases when introducing V2B as compared to a no optimizationscenario: V2B with battery degradation (50 ore/kWh) has decreased daily variable electricity costsbetween 54 and 59% in March and 60 and 63% for June when compared without smart charging. Integrationof battery degradation cost in V2B applications is necessary and inuences signicantly the chargingand discharging strategies adopted by EV and nally the total daily costs: The total daily cost increaseby maximal 10% for the day in March and 13% for the day in June when comparing the scenario that hasstationary battery and uses only-charging model for EVs with the scenario applying V2B mode consideringa degradation cost of 80 ore/kWh.Ö kningen av antalet elbilar kommer att påverka lasten i elnätet som riskerar att bli högre än kapacitetom det inte är väl planerat. Därför är det i elnätsföretags intresse att samordna laddningen av de flesta elbilarna samt att utvärdera möjligheterna att använda elbilar som energilager gentemot elnätet (Vehicleto-Grid,V2G) eller byggnader (Vehicle-to-Building, V2B). Vid parkering och anslutning till elnätet kommer elbilar att ladda energi och lagra den, samtidigt de kan leverera el tillbaka till elnätet eller byggnaden (V2G/V2B). Detta kan vara en optimerad process som utförs av en aggregator genom att ladda flera elbilar i låglasttimmar och ladda ur dem under höglasttimmar.Många studier har undersökt möjligheten att aggregera flera elbilar och optimera laddningsoch urladdningsplaner för topplastreduktion eller energiarbitrage på elmarknaden. Ingen studie har dock hittats för att optimera en gemensam flotta av elbilar med dagliga reservationer för olika användare som försöker utföra V2B. Denna studie har utvecklat en optimeringsmodell (blandad heltalsprogrammering MILP) som hanterar möjliga reservationer av en flotta av elbilar, koordinerar laddning och urladdning planering, och utför V2B för att minimera energikostnader med hänsyn till batteriets åldrande. En fallstudie för en byggnad genomfördes modellering av olika antal elbilar för två dagar 2017, en i mars och andra i juni.Resultaten visar att vinsten är högre i samtliga fall då man introducerar V2B jämfört med scenario utan optimering: V2B med batteriladdningskostnad 50 öre/kWh minskade dagliga rörliga elkostnader mellan 54% och 59% i mars och mellan 60% och 63% i juni jämfört med utan smart laddning. Att inkludera batteriladdningskostnaden i V2B-applikationer är nödvändigt och har en signifikant inverkan på laddningsstrategierna och de totala kostnaderna: De totala dagliga kostnaderna ökar med upp till 10% i mars och upp till 13% i juni då man jämför scenariot att bara ladda elbilar och ha stationärt batteri med scenariot V2B med hänsyntill batteriladdningskostnad 80 öre/kWh.
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Westerberg, Jacob. "Active Phase Balancing and Battery Systems for Peak Power Reduction in Residential Real Estate : An Economic Feasibility Study." Thesis, KTH, Industriell Management, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272974.
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Research has shown that three-phase balancing alone can improve the operation of secondary distribution networks and that the addition of energy storage to the phase balancing power electronics further helps to alleviate the negative effects of phase unbalances. However, less attention has been paid to the economic potential of said technologies and particularly for loadside implementation. It appears that the deployment of phase balancers, with or without energy storage, is indeed hampered by uncertainty related to its economic feasibility, despite both technologies being commercially available. This thesis therefore aims to assess and compare the economic feasibility of the two configurations for peak shaving purposes in the context of residential property loads in Sweden. The assessment was performed using a specially developed deterministic techno-economic model taking into consideration historical load data from three Swedish real estate, cost estimations for a range of alternatives used when sizing the systems, applicable tariffs and fees for electricity and its distribution as well as technical parameters such as the capacities and efficiencies of the involved components. A novel approach was taken by linearly extrapolating the three load profiles into three sets of 91 synthesized load profiles to enable a larger dataset for analysis. The net present values generated for each set were then graphed and analyzed per original real estate. The results showed that both configurations can be economically feasible, but only under certain conditions. A phase balancer alone was found to be feasible for real estate whose peak currents are distinctly unbalanced and exceed 50 A, with the best expected rate of return for profiles exceeding 63 A since they enable a tariff switch. The combined system was found to be even more contingent on the tariff switch and therefore only feasible for peaks above 63 A. A substantial difference in the initial investment further makes the single phase balancer the preferred choice, unless the discount rate is as low as 2 % or less. On this basis, potential investors need to assess the state of unbalance of their loads and perform their own calculation based their load profile, cost of capital and applicable tariffs.Tidigare forskning har visat att fasbalansering enskilt kan förbättra driften hos lokala distributionsnät och att ett batterisystem i tillägg till fasbalanserarens kraftelektronik ytterligare kan minska de negativa effekterna av fasobalanser. Däremot har mindre uppmärksamhet riktats mot den ekonomiska genomförbarheten hos dessa teknologier och i synnerhet för implementation på lastens sida av elmätaren. Det tycks vara så att spridningen av fasbalanserare, med eller utan energilagring, hindras av osäkerheten kring dess ekonomiska potential trots att båda teknologierna är kommersiellt tillgängliga. Detta arbete ämnar därför att värdera och jämföra den ekonomiska nyttan hos de två konfigurationerna vid toppreducering av fastighetselen i svenska bostadsfastigheter. Värderingen utfördes med hjälp av en särskilt utvecklad deterministisk tekno-ekonomisk modell som beaktade historiska lastdata från tre svenska fastigheter, kostnadsuppskattningar för en uppsättning av konfigurationer som användes vid dimensionering av systemen, applicerbara tariffer och avgifter för elektricitet och dess distribution samt tekniska parametrar såsom kapaciteter och verkningsgrader för de olika komponenterna. Ett annorlunda tillvägagångssätt tillämpades vidare för att utöka datamängden genom linjär extrapolation av lastprofilerna, vilket resulterade i tre uppsättningar av 91 syntetiserade lastprofiler. Nettonuvärdet beräknades följaktligen för varje profil och investeringsalternativ för att sedan plottas och analyseras per ursprunglig fastighet. Resultaten visade att båda konfigurationerna kan uppvisa lönsamhet, men endast under särskilda förutsättningar. Den enskilda fasbalanseraren bedömdes som lönsam för fastigheter vars strömtoppar är påtagligt obalanserade och som överstiger 50 A, med största möjliga lönsamhet för profiler som överstiger 63 A då dessa möjliggör ett tariffbyte. Det kombinerade systemets lönsamhet bedömdes vara ännu mer beroende av tariffbytet och därför endast lönsamt för strömtoppar över 63 A. En betydligt större grundinvestering för det kombinerade systemet gör vidare att den enskilda fasbalanseraren i regel är att föredra, såvida inte kalkylräntan är så låg som 2 % eller mindre. Baserat på detta uppmanas potentiella investerare att undersöka balanstillståndet hos deras laster och att utföra en egen kalkyl baserat på deras specifika last, kapitalkostnad och nätföretag.
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Rydberg, Lova. "RTDS modelling of battery energy storage system." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-155960.
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This thesis describes the development of a simplified model of a battery energy storage. The battery energy storage is part of the ABB energy storage system DynaPeaQ®. The model has been built to be run in RTDS, a real time digital simulator. Batteries can be represented by equivalent electric circuits, built up of e.g voltage sources and resistances. The magnitude of the components in an equivalent circuit varies with a number of parameters, e.g. state of charge of the battery and current flow through the battery. In order to get a model of how the resistive behaviour of the batteries is influenced by various parameters, a number of simulations have been run on a Matlab/Simulink model provided by the battery manufacturer. This model is implemented as a black box with certain inputs and outputs, and simulates the battery behaviour. From the simulation results a set of equations have been derived, which approximately give the battery resistance under different operational conditions. The equations have been integrated in the RTDS model, together with a number of controls to calculate e.g. state of charge of the batteries and battery temperature. Results from the RTDS model have been compared with results from the Simulink model. The results coincide reasonably well for the conditions tested. However, further testing is needed to ensure that the RTDS model produces results similar enough to the ones from the Simulink model, over the entire operational range.
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Kromlidis, S. "Battery energy storage for power quality improvement." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556320.
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Larsson, Patrik, and Philip Börjesson. "Cost models for battery energy storage systems." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235914.
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The aim of this study is to identify existing models for estimating costs of battery energy storage systems (BESS) for both behind the meter and in-front of the meter applications. The study will, from available literature, analyse and project future BESS cost development. The study presents mean values on the levelized cost of storage (LCOS) metric based on several existing cost estimations and market data on energy storage regarding three different battery technologies: lithium ion, lead-acid and vanadium flow. These values are intended to serve as benchmarks for BESS costs of today. The results show that for in-front of the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion battery is 30 USDc/kWh and 34 USDc/kWh for avanadium flow battery. For behind the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion batteryis 43 USD/kWh and 41 USD/kWh for a lead-acid battery. A sensitivity analysis is conducted on the LCOS in order to identify key factors to cost development of battery storage. The mean values and the results from the sensitivity analysis, combined with data on future cost development of battery storage, are then used to project a LCOS for year 2030. The results from the sensitivity analysis show that capex, cycles and discount rate have the biggest impacton the LCOS formula. The projection conducted in this study indicates that LCOS will decreases ignificantly by 2030. The results show that for in-front of the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion battery will drop 60 % and 68 % for a vanadium flow battery. For behind the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion battery will drop 60 % and 49 % for a lead-acid battery.Denna studie syftar till att identifiera befintliga modeller för att estimera kostnader för batterilagringssystem för både små och storskaliga applikationer samt att från tillgänglig litteratur, analysera och estimera framtida kostnader för batterilagringsystem. Studien presenterar medelvärden på ”levelized cost of storage (LCOS)” baserat på befintliga kostnadsberäkningar och marknadsdata för tre olika batteriteknologier: litiumjon, bly och vanadin-flödesbatteri. Dessa medelvärden kan ses som riktmärken för kostnader av batterilagringssystem idag. Resultaten visar att LCOS för ett litiumjonbatteri är 30 USDc/kWh och att LCOS för ett vanadin-flödesbatteri i storskaliga applikationer är 34 USDc/kWh. För småskaliga applikationer visar resultaten att LCOS för ett litiumjonbatteri är 43 USD/kWh och 41 USD/kWh för ett blybatteri. Studien genomförde även en känslighetsanalys på LCOS för att identifiera vilka parametrar som har störst påverkan på LCOS. Medelvärdena och resultatet från känslighetsanalysen, kombinerat med marknadsdata om framtidens kostnadsutveckling för batterilagring, användes för att estimera LCOS för år 2030. Resultatet från känslighetsanalysen visar att capex, cykler och diskonteringsräntan har störst inverkan påLCOS-formeln. Estimeringen av LCOS för 2030 indikerar att kostnader för batterilagring kommer minska avsevärt. Resultatet visar att för storskaliga applikationer kommer LCOS för ett system med ett litiumjonbatteri minska med 60 % och 68 % för ett med vanadinflödesbatteri. För småskaliga applikationer minskar LCOS för ett system med litiumjonbatteri med 60 % och 49 % för ett med blybatteri.
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Börjesson, Philip, and Patrik Larsson. "Cost models for battery energy storage systems." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-245187.
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The aim of this study is to identify existing models for estimating costs of battery energy storage systems(BESS) for both behind the meter and in-front of the meter applications. The study will, from available literature, analyse and project future BESS cost development. The study presents mean values on the levelized cost of storage (LCOS) metric based on several existing cost estimations and market data on energy storage regarding three different battery technologies: lithium ion, lead-acid and vanadium flow. These values are intended to serve as benchmarks for BESS costs of today. The results show that for in-front of the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion battery is 30 USDc/kWh and 34 USDc/kWh for a vanadium flow battery. For behind the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion battery is 43 USD/kWh and 41 USD/kWh for a lead-acid battery. A sensitivity analysis is conducted on the LCOS in order to identify key factors to cost development of battery storage. The mean values and the results from the sensitivity analysis, combined with data on future cost development of battery storage, are then used to project a LCOS for year 2030. The results from the sensitivity analysis show that capex, cycles and discount rate have the biggest impact on the LCOS formula. The projection conducted in this study indicates that LCOS will decrease significantly by 2030. The results show that for in-front of the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion battery will drop 60 % and 68 % for a vanadium flow battery. For behind the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion battery will drop 60 % and 49 % for a lead-acid battery.Denna studie syftar till att identifiera befintliga modeller för att estimera kostnader för batterilagringssystem för både små och storskaliga applikationer samt att från tillgänglig litteratur, analysera och estimera framtida kostnader för batterilagringsystem. Studien presenterar medelvärden på ”levelized cost of storage (LCOS)” baserat på befintliga kostnadsberäkningar och marknadsdata för tre olika batteriteknologier: litiumjon, bly och vanadin-flödesbatteri. Dessa medelvärden kan ses som riktmärken för kostnader av batterilagringssystem idag. Resultaten visar att LCOS för ett litiumjonbatteri är 30 USDc/kWh och att LCOS för ett vanadin-flödesbatteri i storskaliga applikationer är 34 USDc/kWh. För småskaliga applikationer visar resultaten att LCOS för ett litiumjonbatteri är 43 USD/kWh och 41 USD/kWh för ett blybatteri. Studien genomförde även en känslighetsanalys på LCOS för att identifiera vilka parametrar som har störst påverkan på LCOS. Medelvärdena och resultatet från känslighetsanalysen, kombinerat med marknadsdata om framtidens kostnadsutveckling för batterilagring, användes för att estimera LCOS för år 2030. Resultatet från känslighetsanalysen visar att capex, cykler och diskonteringsräntan har störst inverkan på LCOS-formeln. Estimeringen av LCOS för 2030 indikerar att kostnader för batterilagring kommer minska avsevärt. Resultatet visar att för storskaliga applikationer kommer LCOS för ett system med ett litiumjonbatteri minska med 60 % och 68 % för ett med vanadin-flödesbatteri. För småskaliga applikationer minskar LCOS för ett system med litiumjonbatteri med 60 % och 49 % för ett med blybatteri.
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Kerr, John C. H. "Polymer battery studies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236224.
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Smith, Ian C. S. M. (Ian Charles) Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Benefits of battery-uItracapacitor hybrid energy storage systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75685.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-88).
This thesis explores the benefits of battery and battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage systems (ESSs) in pulsed-load applications. It investigates and quantifies the benefits of the hybrid ESS over its battery-only counterparts. The metric for quantifying the benefits is charge efficiency - the amount of energy delivered to the load per unit charge supplied by the battery. The efficiency gain is defined as the difference in charge efficiency between the hybrid and the battery-only ESS. A custom experimental apparatus is designed and built to supply the current control for charging and discharging the batteries, as well as the data acquisition for measuring energy and current output. Experiments are performed on both ESSs under four different pulsed load profiles: 1. 436 ms pulse period, 10% duty cycle, 8 A pulse amplitude 2. 436 ms pulse period, 25% duty cycle, 8 A pulse amplitude 3. 436 ms pulse period, 10% duty cycle, 16 A pulse amplitude 4. 436 ms pulse period, 25% duty cycle, 16 A pulse amplitude Circuit models are created to accurately represent the battery and ultracapacitors. These models are used in simulations of the same test cases from the physical experiments, and efficiency gains are compared. The circuit models differed from the experimentation by less than 1%. Both experimental and simulated data demonstrate significantly increased charge efficiencies of hybrid ESSs over battery-only ESSs, with demonstrated gains between 10% and 36%. These benefits were greatest for the 16 A, 10% duty cycle test case because it combined the highest pulse amplitude and the shortest duty cycle. It is concluded that high-amplitude, low duty cycle, and low period pulsedload profiles yield the highest efficiency gains.
by .Ian C. Smith
S.M.
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Rajasekaram, Nirushan, and Vera Costa. "Solar PV in multi-family houses with battery storage." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-178795.
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This thesis investigates the economic viability of a grid connected PV system integrated with battery storage in a multifamily home in Sweden. In addition, a fleet of electric cars is added to the system and its economic feasibility is analyzed. The analysis is further classified based on the roof area available for PV installation, wherein system 1 considers nearly the entire roof area of 908 m2 and system 2 is assumed to have less than half the roof area of 360 m2 for PV installation. To help with the assessment, five scenarios are created; where scenario one represents a baseline Swedish cooperative without PV, scenario two includes a PV system; scenario three incorporates battery storage; four considers an electric vehicle fleet embedded into the system and scenario five has a fleet of gasoline cars. These scenarios are applied to the two systems and their results compared. To address the question of this thesis both scenarios 2 and 3 are simulated in System Advisor Model (SAM) and scenario 4 is modeled in Matlab. The outputs are exported to Excel in order to obtain the Net Present Value (NPV), which is the economic indicator for this assessment. In none of the tested scenarios the NPVs’ are positive and the best result is observed in a PV system installed with battery storage in a roof area of 360 m2, which has a NPV of -82,000 SEK. A sensitivity analysis is done to assess the changes in NPV by varying the input parameters. It is concluded that battery storage is not yet economically viable in a Swedish multifamily house.
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Svensson, Henrik. "Pre-Study for a Battery Storage for a Kinetic Energy Storage System." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-249173.
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This bachelor thesis investigates what kind of battery system that is suitable for an electric driveline equipped with a mechanical fly wheel, focusing on a battery with high specific energy capacity. Basic battery theory such as the principle of an electrochemical cell, limitations and C-rate is explained as well as the different major battery systems that are available. Primary and secondary cells are discussed, including the major secondary chemistries such as lead acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium ion (Li-ion). The different types of Li-ion chemistries are investigated, explained and compared against each other as well as other battery technologies. The need for more complex protection circuitry for Li-ion batteries is included in the comparison. Request for quotations are made to battery system manufacturers and evaluated. The result of the research is that the Li-ion NMC energy cell is the best alternative, even if the cost per cell is the most expensive compared to other major technologies. Due to the budget, the LiFeMnPO4 chemistry is used in the realisation of the final system, which is scaled down with consideration to the power requirement.
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Gonsalves, Valerie Clare. "Studies on the sodium-sulphur battery." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236343.
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Murray-Jones, Peter J. "Aspects of the lead acid battery." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1992. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27055.
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Two aspects of the lead acid battery have been researched in this work. The first investigates some of the complex questions concerning the nature, composition and chemistry of lead sulphate membranes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), impedance spectroscopy (IS) and inorganic chemistry techniques. A review of the literature on lead sulphate and precipitate impregnated membranes together with their role in the lead acid battery is presented.
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Li, Jianwei. "Design and assessment of the superconducting magnetic energy storage and the battery hybrid energy storage system." Thesis, University of Bath, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760945.
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Kojimoto, Nigel (Nigel C. ). "Pneumatic battery : a chemical alternative to pneumatic energy storage." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74269.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2012.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 51).
Pneumatic power is traditionally provided by compressed air contained in a pressurized vessel. This method of energy storage is analogous to an electrical capacitor. This study sought to create an alternative pneumatic device, the pneumatic battery, that would be analogous to an electrical battery. A pneumatic battery allows energy to be stored chemically in a Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) solution and released when the solution decomposes, producing oxygen gas. This decomposition is sped up with the aid of a platinum catalyst. A mechanical negative feedback system regulates the exposure of the catalyst, allowing the battery to generate a user specified pressure at its outlet. The prototype produced was observed to generate an outlet pressure of up to 470 kPa (68 psi) and is theoretically capable of generating up to 689 kPa (100 psi) with a volumetric energy density greater than that of conventional compressed air tanks.
by Nigel Kojimoto.
S.B.
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He, Yiou. "The assessment of battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91088.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2014.55
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 154-157).
Battery-ultracapacitors hybrid energy storage systems (ESS) could combine the high power density and high life cycle of ultracapacitors with the high energy density of batteries, which forms a promising energy storage system. In this thesis, an assessment of the benefits of the hybrid ESS relative to its battery-only counterpart in pulse-load applications is investigated for both Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries and Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, and under different load profiles. Specifically, the hybrid ESS in this assessment is of the simplest type - paralleling the ultracapacitors across the batteries without any power electronics interface between them. To quantify this assessment, Discharge Capacity(0) is defined as the amount of energy one can draw out of an ESS per unit charge supplied by this ESS. The metric for quantifying the benefits is energy efficiency gain, defined as the percentage increase in the discharge capability of the hybrid ESS over its battery-only counterpart. The investigation proves that the hybrid system is more beneficial over the battery-only system in terms of how much energy it can output at a specific state-of-charge level. Among the test cases covered by this thesis, the increase in the output energy of Li-ion battery systems by incorporating ultracapacitors can reach to 17% and that of Ni-MH battery systems can reach to 33%. This thesis also shows that the benefits of paralleling ultracapactors across batteries depended upon the discharge profile of the load, the battery type and the capacitance. The benefits increase quadratically with the pulse amplitude, decreases linearly with the duty cycle and inverse with the pulse period. Moreover, capacitors with higher capacitance and lower ESR yield to larger benefits. And for batteries with a higher ESR, the ultracapacitors will show more benefits than for batteries with low ESR.
by Yiou He.
S.M.
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Moeini, Ali. "Application of battery energy storage in the Québec interconnection." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26903.
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Le Système Stockage de l'Énergie par Batterie ou Batterie de Stockage d’Énergie (BSE) offre de formidables atouts dans les domaines de la production, du transport, de la distribution et de la consommation d’énergie électrique. Cette technologie est notamment considérée par plusieurs opérateurs à travers le monde entier, comme un nouveau dispositif permettant d'injecter d’importantes quantités d’énergie renouvelable d’une part et d’autre part, en tant que composante essentielle aux grands réseaux électriques. De plus, d’énormes avantages peuvent être associés au déploiement de la technologie du BSE aussi bien dans les réseaux intelligents que pour la réduction de l’émission des gaz à effet de serre, la réduction des pertes marginales, l’alimentation de certains consommateurs en source d’énergie d’urgence, l’amélioration de la gestion de l’énergie, et l’accroissement de l’efficacité énergétique dans les réseaux. Cette présente thèse comprend trois étapes à savoir : l’Étape 1 - est relative à l’utilisation de la BSE en guise de réduction des pertes électriques ; l’Étape 2 - utilise la BSE comme élément de réserve tournante en vue de l’atténuation de la vulnérabilité du réseau ; et l’Étape 3 - introduit une nouvelle méthode d’amélioration des oscillations de fréquence par modulation de la puissance réactive, et l’utilisation de la BSE pour satisfaire la réserve primaire de fréquence. La première Étape, relative à l'utilisation de la BSE en vue de la réduction des pertes, est elle-même subdivisée en deux sous-étapes dont la première est consacrée à l’allocation optimale et le seconde, à l’utilisation optimale. Dans la première sous-étape, l’Algorithme génétique NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) a été programmé dans CASIR, le Super-Ordinateur de l’IREQ, en tant qu’algorithme évolutionniste multiobjectifs, permettant d’extraire un ensemble de solutions pour un dimensionnement optimal et un emplacement adéquat des multiple unités de BSE, tout en minimisant les pertes de puissance, et en considérant en même temps la capacité totale des puissances des unités de BSE installées comme des fonctions objectives. La première sous-étape donne une réponse satisfaisante à l’allocation et résout aussi la question de la programmation/scheduling dans l’interconnexion du Québec. Dans le but de réaliser l’objectif de la seconde sous-étape, un certain nombre de solutions ont été retenues et développées/implantées durant un intervalle de temps d’une année, tout en tenant compte des paramètres (heure, capacité, rendement/efficacité, facteur de puissance) associés aux cycles de charge et de décharge de la BSE, alors que la réduction des pertes marginales et l’efficacité énergétique constituent les principaux objectifs. Quant à la seconde Étape, un nouvel indice de vulnérabilité a été introduit, formalisé et étudié ; indice qui est bien adapté aux réseaux modernes équipés de BES. L’algorithme génétique NSGA-II est de nouveau exécuté (ré-exécuté) alors que la minimisation de l’indice de vulnérabilité proposé et l’efficacité énergétique représentent les principaux objectifs. Les résultats obtenus prouvent que l’utilisation de la BSE peut, dans certains cas, éviter des pannes majeures du réseau. La troisième Étape expose un nouveau concept d’ajout d’une inertie virtuelle aux réseaux électriques, par le procédé de modulation de la puissance réactive. Il a ensuite été présenté l’utilisation de la BSE en guise de réserve primaire de fréquence. Un modèle générique de BSE, associé à l’interconnexion du Québec, a enfin été proposé dans un environnement MATLAB. Les résultats de simulations confirment la possibilité de l’utilisation des puissances active et réactive du système de la BSE en vue de la régulation de fréquence.The Battery Energy Storage (BES) offers significant potential benefits at generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption levels of power systems. More specifically, this technology is considered by various operators around the globe, as a component of incorporating high amounts of renewable energy and as a key tool for large-scale power networks. In addition, other highly valued benefits can be captured by deploying BES technologies in smart grid such as facilitating power management, reducing green house gas emissions, reducing marginal losses, providing emergency power source for some users, and increasing energy efficiency in networks. This thesis comprises three phases: phase 1) application of BES for loss reduction, phase 2) application of BES as spinning reserve for vulnerability mitigation, phase 3) introducing a new method for improving frequency oscillation using reactive power modulation and application of BES for primary frequency reserve. The phase 1, application of BES for loss reduction is divided itself in two steps: step one: optimal allocation and step two: optimal utilization. In step one, Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) has been coded on Centre de CAlcul Scientifique de l'IREQ (CASIR), the supercomputer of IREQ, as multi-objective evolutionary algorithm that extracts a set of optimal solution for optimal sizing and siting of multiple BESs while minimization of power losses and the total installed capacity of the BES units are simultaneous objective functions. For the sake of step two, a number of solutions are chosen and developed over one year taking into account the hour/rate/efficiency/power factor of the charge and discharge modes while marginal loss reduction or energy efficiency improvement are set as main goals. Phase 1 provides a complete answer for BES allocation and scheduling problem on Québec interconnection. Concerning the phase 2, a new vulnerability index has been introduced, formulated and studied which is suitable for modern power systems that comprise BESs. The NSGA-II is re-executed while minimization of proposed vulnerability index and total installed capacity are main goals. The results reveal that application of BES may prevent major blackouts in some cases. The phase 3 presents a novel idea for adding virtual inertia to power systems using reactive power modulations. The phase 3 also presents a primary study on application of BESs for primary frequency reserve. Generic battery model is introduced to simple Quebec interconnection model in MATLAB. Simulation results confirm the applicability of both active and reactive powers of BES architecture for frequency regulation.
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Qian, Hao. "A High-Efficiency Grid-Tie Battery Energy Storage System." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29008.
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Lithium-ion based battery energy storage system has become one of the most popular forms of energy storage system for its high charge and discharge efficiency and high energy density. This dissertation proposes a high-efficiency grid-tie lithium-ion battery based energy storage system, which consists of a LiFePO4 battery based energy storage and associated battery management system (BMS), a high-efficiency bidirectional ac-dc converter and the central control unit which controls the operation mode and grid interface of the energy storage system. The BMS estimates the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of each battery cell in the pack and applies active charge equalization to balance the charge of all the cells in the pack. The bidirectional ac-dc converter works as the interface between the battery pack and the ac grid, which needs to meet the requirements of bidirectional power flow capability and to ensure high power factor and low THD as well as to regulate the dc side power regulation.
A highly efficient dual-buck converter based bidirectional ac-dc converter is proposed. The implemented converter efficiency peaks at 97.8% at 50-kHz switching frequency for both rectifier and inverter modes. To better utilize the dc bus voltage and eliminate the two dc bus bulk capacitors in the conventional dual-buck converter, a novel bidirectional ac-dc converter is proposed by replacing the capacitor leg of the dual-buck converter based single-phase bidirectional ac-dc converter with a half-bridge switch leg. Based on the single-phase bidirectional ac-dc converter topology, three novel three-phase bidirectional ac-dc converter topologies are proposed.
In order to control the bidirectional power flow and at the same time stabilize the system in mode transition, an admittance compensator along with a quasi-proportional-resonant (QPR) controller is adopted to allow smooth startup and elimination of the steady-state error over the entire load range. The proposed QPR controller is designed and implemented with a digital controller. The entire system has been simulated in both PSIM and Simulink and verified with hardware experiments. Small transient currents are observed with the power transferred from rectifier mode to inverter mode at peak current point and also from inverter mode to rectifier mode at peak current point.
The designed BMS monitors and reports all battery cells parameters in the pack and estimates the SOC of each battery cell by using the Coulomb counting plus an accurate open-circuit voltage model. The SOC information is then used to control the isolated bidirectional dc-dc converter based active cell balancing circuits to mitigate the mismatch among the series connected cells. Using the proposed SOC balancing technique, the entire battery storage system has demonstrated more capacity than the system without SOC balancing.Ph. D.
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Ooi, Chia Ai. "Balancing control for grid-scale battery energy storage systems." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/93020/.
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Grid-scale battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are becoming increasingly attractive as the connection of a BESS has been shown to improve the dynamic behaviours of the power grid. A key problem with BESSs is the potential for poor utilisation of mismatched cells and reliability issues resulting from the use of a large number of cells in series. This thesis proposes a technique for state-of-charge balancing of many thousands of cells individually (i.e. not in packs) using a tightly integrated power electronic circuit coupled with a new control system design. Cells are organised in a hierarchical structure consisting of modules, sub-banks, banks and phases. The control strategy includes five levels of balancing: balancing of cells within a module, balancing of modules within a sub-bank, sub-banks within a bank, banks in a phase and balancing between phases. The system seeks to maximise the accessible state-of-charge range of each individual cell, thereby enhancing the overall capacity of the system. The system is validated in simulation for a 380 kWh BESS using 2835 lithium-ion cells where charge balancing is demonstrated for mismatched cells. A ‘peak sharing’ concept is implemented to manage voltage constraints so that alternative modules assume a portion of the load when certain modules are not capable of meeting the demand. An experimental validation has been performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the balancing control. This work is intended to address the challenges of eventual scaling towards a 100 MWh+ BESS, which may be composed of hundreds of thousands of individual cells.
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Chatzivasileiadi, Aikaterini. "The choice and architectural implications of battery storage technologies in residential buildings." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/94549/.
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This thesis investigated the implications of the integration of battery storage technologies on the architectural design of buildings, providing design considerations for architects and built environment practitioners. The study focused on the UK residential sector, considering ‘high energy’ battery applications in grid-connected systems, which provide the possibility of ‘island’ mode operation for a period of several hours up to several days. The implications were assessed in different scenarios in 2030, addressing business as usual, the implementation of energy efficiency and demand response measures, electric heating and electrification of transport. The research was split into three phases and was conducted through quantitative and qualitative methods. Phase 1 included the analysis of the energy storage side, which led to a classification of battery storage technologies and their characteristics into a database. The analysis in this phase was conducted through a systematic literature review, contact with battery manufacturers and other stakeholders, exploration of case studies, as well as interviews to battery stakeholders. Phase 2 included the modelling of the energy demand side, which explored the evolution of the peak demand and electricity consumption in various residential building scales in 2030. Phase 3 used the outputs from Phase 1 and Phase 2 to assess the applicability of nine battery technologies in different building scales, their spatial requirements, such as footprint, volume, mass, ventilation, location and their cost. The findings suggest that the implications for building design are of great importance regarding the applicability of battery technologies in different building scales and of minor importance as regards the footprint, volume and mass requirements. The study reveals the most suitable technologies for each residential scale and scenario in 2030 regarding their spatial requirements and cost.
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Liu, Lollo. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Lithium-Ion Battery pack for Energy storage Systems : - the environmental impact of a grid-connected battery energy storage system." Thesis, Uppsala University, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-428627.
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This thesis assessed the life-cycle environmental impact of a lithium-ion battery pack intended for energy storage applications. A model of the battery pack was made in the life-cycle assessment-tool, openLCA. The environmental impact assessment was conducted with the life-cycle impact assessment methods recommended in the Batteries Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules adopted by the European Commission (2016). The findings in this study showed that the most important parameter in the cradle-to-grave assessment was the use-stage losses, which can be reduced by using electricity grids with high sharesof renewable energy or by increase the round-trip efficiency of the battery system. However, for the cradle-to-gate assessment, five impact categories were found to be relevant. These categories were: climate change, acidification, fossil resource use, resource use (minerals and metals) and particulate matter. Furthermore, within these impact categories, four materials contributed to more than 65 % of all impact. These key materials were; nickel, aluminium, cobalt and graphite. Therefore, a recommendation to battery manufacturers is to prioritise sourcing these four key materials from sustainable suppliers to reduce the overall cradle-to-gate environmental impact. Lastly, by integrating recycling of the battery pack in the end-of-life-stage, it was possibleto achieve a net reduction of 9-20 % of the cradle-to-grave climate change, acidification and fossil resource use compared to not including recycling. Therefore, the development of efficient and large-scale recycling will likely play a major role in reducing the environmental impact from lithium-ion batteries in the future.
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Geerdts, Philip Clifford. "Computer simulation of stand-alone photovoltaic systems with battery storage." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22177.
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Bibliography: pages 58-59.This report describes a computer program which has been developed to simulate accurately the performance of stand alone photovoltaic systems with battery storage on an hourly basis for one simulated year. The program incorporates models of the POA irradiance, the photovoltaic cell · temperature and the battery temperature to simulate the environmental conditions of the system. These require hourly weather data as input. Typical meteorological years, which constitute a suitable form of input weather data, have been generated for those weather stations in Southern Africa which contain sufficient data. The energy flows within the system are simulated using models of the following parameters: photovoltaic module current, regulator efficiency and voltage, battery current and voltage, inverter efficiency, load shed voltage and load current. These models incorporate versatility in the level of modelling complexity (determined typically by the availability of the data used to characterise the components). The various models are encapsulated in modular units to facilitate alteration and updating at a later stage. The program is designed to simulate photovoltaic systems without maximum power point trackers, necessitating the use of interactive curve solving to compute the system operating point at any time. A robust and comprehensive algorithm has been implemented to execute this function. Improved battery modelling has been effected using data and experience acquired from a parallel research project. The program facilitates, with the judicious selection of input weather data, the economical sizing of systems in that it incorporates loss of power probability analysis and offers a high level of modelling precision. The simulation performance of the program compared favourably with that of PVFORM. The system performance estimated by PVFORM was marginally better, which is expected because PVFORM assumes that the system operates with a maximum power point tracker. In the development of the program there has been a focus on creating an effective user interface. This is designed to simplify and speed up program operation, and to present output in a form which is useful and illustrative.
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Leijonmarck, Simon. "Preparation and Characterization of Electrochemical Devices for Energy Storage and Debonding." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad elektrokemi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-120199.
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Within the framework of this thesis, three innovative electrochemical devices have been studied. A part of the work is devoted to an already existing device, laminates which are debonded by the application of a voltage. This type of material can potentially be used in a wide range of applications, including adhesive joints in vehicles to both reduce the total weight and to simplify the disassembly after end-of-life, enabling an inexpensive recycling process. Although already a functioning device, the development and tailoring of this process was slowed by a lack of knowledge concerning the actual electrochemical processes responsible for the debonding. The laminate studied consisted of an epoxy adhesive, mixed with an ionic liquid, bonding two aluminium foils. The results showed that the electrochemical reaction taking place at the releasing anode interface caused a very large increase in potential during galvanostatic polarization. Scanning electron microscopy images showed reaction products growing out from the electrode surface into the adhesive. These reaction products were believed to cause the debonding through swelling of the anodic interface so rupturing the adhesive bond. The other part of the work in this thesis was aimed at innovative lithium ion (Li‑ion) battery concepts. Commercial Li-ion batteries are two-dimensional thin film constructions utilized in most often mechanically rigid products. Two routes were followed in this thesis. In the first, the aim was flexible batteries that could be used in applications such as bendable reading devices. For this purpose, nano-fibrillated cellulose was used as binder material to make flexible battery components. This was achieved through a water-based filtration process, creating flexible and strong papers. These paper-based battery components showed good mechanical properties as well as good rate capabilities during cycling. The drawback using this method was relatively low coulombic efficiencies believed to originate from side-reactions caused by water remnants in the cellulose structure. The second Li-ion battery route comprised an electrochemical process to coat carbon fibers, shown to perform well as negative electrode in Li-ion batteries, from a monomer solution. The resulting polymer coatings were ~500 nm thick and contained lithium ions. This process could be controlled by mainly salt content in the monomer solution and polarization time, yielding thin and apparently pin-hole free coatings. By utilizing the carbon fiber/polymer composite as integrated electrode and electrolyte, a variety of battery designs could possibly be created, such as three-dimensional batteries and structural batteries.QC 20130403
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Stienecker, Adam W. "An ultracapacitor - battery energy storage system for hybhrid electric vehicles /." See Full Text at OhioLINK ETD Center (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader for viewing), 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=toledo1121976890.
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Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of Toledo, 2005.Typescript. "A dissertation [submitted] as partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Engineering." Bibliography: leaves 61-63.
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Abdalla, Abdallah Hussin. "Iron-based rechargeable batteries for large-scale battery energy storage." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19953/.
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It is a global challenge to develop green, sustainable power source for modern portable devices, and stationary power generation. Energy storage systems (ESS) can improve the stability and quality of the power grid. Moreover, ESS can be used for peak shaving, integration viable renewable sources to the electricity network. Several ESSs technologies are existing, electrical, thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical storage technologies. This thesis proposes the potential of iron-based electrode batteries such as Nickel-Iron (NiFe) batteries to be implemented for large-scale grid power. This proposal applies to other types of iron-based electrode rechargeable batteries. Iron-based electrode batteries such as Ni-Fe batteries are particularly attractive and compelling to utilise the energy generated from renewable resources. NiFe battery clearly stood out in view of their cost-effective, robust, and eco-friendly materials. Numerous problems have hindered their developments. Those limitations are poor discharge capability and charge efficiency. In fact, the performance of these batteries is drastically reduced by the parasitic evolution of hydrogen. The key is to develop electrode/electrolyte electroactive materials as additives to improve the performance of the battery. This approach has been successful in many rechargeable batteries. In this thesis, investigation of several electrode/electrolyte additives for advanced NiFe batteries is conducted. In this, an effort is made to improve the performance of the NiFe battery by including different electrode and electrolyte additives to suppress the hydrogen evolution (HER) despite the fact that the addition of various percentages of Bi2S3, FeS, K2S, CuSO4 or other sulfide elements to the electrode and electrolyte is a very effective method of suppressing the HER. In this study, paste-type and hot-pressed types electrode samples were used to produce the electrode samples. Galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling, and cyclic voltammetry were used to investigate the electrochemical properties of the electrode samples. The prepared and cycled electrode samples were characterised a variety of physical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It has been found in this study that, the presence of iron sulfide in the electrode has a real incidence on increasing the reversibility and performance of the electrode samples than using copper alone. Therefore, this improves the overall performance of NiFe batteries; however, due to the fact that we have used commercial grade reactants and materials, this technology definitely has the potential to be further developed in the long run and could provide a cost-effective solution to large-scale energy storage.
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Stienecker, Adam W. "An Ultracapacitor - Battery Energy Storage System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1121976890.
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Xiao, Neng. "Probing Potassium–Oxygen Battery Chemistry for Efficient Electrochemical Energy Storage." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu155507996336995.
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Akeyo, Oluwaseun M. "ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS INCORPORATING BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/107.
Full textAbstract:
Solar energy is an abundant renewable source, which is expected to play an increasing role in the grid's future infrastructure for distributed generation. The research described in the thesis focuses on the analysis of integrating multi-megawatt photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery energy storage into the existing grid and on the theory supporting the electrical operation of components and systems. The PV system is divided into several sections, each having its own DC-DC converter for maximum power point tracking and a two-level grid connected inverter with different control strategies. The functions of the battery are explored by connecting it to the system in order to prevent possible voltage fluctuations and as a buffer storage in order to eliminate the power mismatch between PV array generation and load demand. Computer models of the system are developed and implemented using the PSCADTM/EMTDCTM software.
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Ren, Xiaodi Ren. "Rechargeable Potassium-Oxygen Battery for Low-Cost High-Efficiency Energy Storage." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468857236.
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Xie, Jin. "Synthesis and characterization of inorganic nanostructured materials for advanced energy storage." Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104493.
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Thesis advisor: Dunwei WangThe performance of advanced energy storage devices is intimately connected to the designs of electrodes. To enable significant developments in this research field, we need detailed information and knowledge about how the functions and performances of the electrodes depend on their chemical compositions, dimensions, morphologies, and surface properties. This thesis presents my successes in synthesizing and characterizing electrode materials for advanced electrochemical energy storage devices, with much attention given to understanding the operation and fading mechanism of battery electrodes, as well as methods to improve their performances and stabilities. This dissertation is presented within the framework of two energy storage technologies: lithium ion batteries and lithium oxygen batteries. The energy density of lithium ion batteries is determined by the density of electrode materials and their lithium storage capabilities. To improve the overall energy densities of lithium ion batteries, silicon has been proposed to replace lithium intercalation compounds in the battery anodes. However, with a ~400% volume expansion upon fully lithiation, silicon-based anodes face serious capacity degradation in battery operation. To overcome this challenge, heteronanostructure-based Si/TiSi2 were designed and synthesized as anode materials for lithium ion batteries with long cycling life. The performance and morphology relationship was also carefully studied through comparing one-dimensional and two-dimensional heteronanostructure-based silicon anodes. Lithium oxygen batteries, on the other hand, are devices based on lithium conversion chemistries and they offer higher energy densities compared to lithium ion batteries. However, existing carbon based electrodes in lithium oxygen batteries only allow for battery operation with limited capacity, poor stability and low round-trip efficiency. The degradation of electrolytes and carbon electrodes have been found to both contribute to the challenges. The understanding of the synergistic effect between electrolyte decomposition and electrode decomposition, nevertheless, is conspicuously lacking. To better understand the reaction chemistries in lithium oxygen batteries, I designed, synthesized, and studied heteronanostructure-based carbon-free inorganic electrodes, as well as carbon electrodes whose surfaces protected by metal oxide thin films. The new types of electrodes prove to be highly effective in minimizing parasitic reactions, reducing operation overpotentials and boosting battery lifetimes. The improved stability and well-defined electrode morphology also enabled detailed studies on the formation and decomposition of Li2O2. To summarize, this dissertation presented the synthesis and characterization of inorganic nanostructured materials for advanced energy storage. On a practical level, the new types of materials allow for the immediate advancement of the energy storage technology. On a fundamental level, it helped to better understand reaction chemistries and fading mechanisms of battery electrodes
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Chemistry
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Oliveira, E. Silva Guilherme. "Characterisation and optimisation of electrical energy storage in residential buildings." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/253085.
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The consequences of over-reliance on fossil fuels for energy supply, namely climate change and security of supply, are pushing for the use of local, renewable energy sources which are usually variable in nature, prompting the need for energy storage. Today, there is a trend towards distributed energy storage, justified by the distributed nature of renewable energy sources and the important share of energy consumption in buildings. Important information on such small scale energy storage installations, however, is still missing and the results of the existing literature vary widely. To account for these research gaps, a thorough characterisation of energy storage technologies is performed, together with the dimensioning and optimisation of such installations in buildings, as well as some aspects of their impact on the grid.It is found that storage is still far from grid parity and expensive when compared to other solutions, although necessary for a high share of renewables. Also, energy storage is subject to important economies of scale and technical limitations that counter the reasoning for a distributed approach. There is an important lack of practical information on several energy storage technologies, and many studies on distributed storage use downsized values from large-scale installations that do not correctly depict smaller installations, leading to biased results. Nevertheless, today, lithium-ion batteries seem to be the most appropriate electrical energy storage technology for buildings, being well adapted to short term storage. On the other hand, a very high share of renewables will push for long term storage, itself a challenge given the high cost brought by a low utilisation factor. A high share of distributed generation also impacts the grid, a problem which most final consumers have no economic incentive to mitigate. Storage by itself, without a sound control strategy, does not help as it tends to increase the load variability while the peak load remains the same. Specific control algorithms could change that but incentives must be present, namely through the adaptation of current grid tariffs that do not correctly allocate existing costs. These findings are essential in the future planning of energy systems as well as in energy policy.Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Schipper, Florian. "Biomass derived carbon for new energy storage technologies." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7204/.
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The thesis deals with the production and evaluation of porous carbon materials for energy storage technologies, namely super capacitors and lithium sulfur batteries.Die Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit der Produktion und Evaluierung poröser Kohlenstoffmaterialien für die Anwendung in Energiespeichertechnologien, namentlich Superkondensatoren und Lithiumschwefelbatterien.
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Rodrigues, Daniel Lionel. "Battery energy storage design optimisation sizing within a peer-to-peer energy sharing community." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/73324.
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The increase in deployment of microgrids and the mismatch between local energy generation and demand have led to an innovative and versatile peer-to-peer (P2P) energy sharing framework to manage distributed energy resources (DER). P2P energy sharing, described as the energy trade between local prosumers and consumers based on the sharing economy concept, is one effective
solution that allows excess energy from prosumers DER to be traded within their local community. P2P energy sharing exhibits superior advantages in terms of local power self-consumption, self-sufficiency and return on local generation investment compared with the conventional peer-to-grid (P2G) trading. Existing studies have shown the benefits of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) inclusion, but do not consider optimal BESS sizing with P2P energy sharing under
different BESS ownership.
For microgrids of grid-tied solar photovoltaic (PV) prosumers, two different optimal BESS ownership structures under the P2P framework, namely the ESP owned BESS structure and the User owned BESS structure, are investigated in this study which are compared to the traditional User owned BESS
structure under the P2G framework. An optimal BESS sizing model is proposed for a P2P energy sharing network (ESN) consisting of a centralised BESS owned by a third-party energy sharing provider (ESP). A multi-objective optimisation model, considering the ESP energy storage investment net present value and the ESN energy costs, is formulated incorporating the supply and demand ratio for the ESN internal pricing mechanism. It is found that for a university campus network case study that the P2P structures are more economically beneficial as they achieved greater NPVs in comparison to their BESS size. The most desirable BESS ownership structure, with the greatest NPV of $1 397 770.04 and an overall reduction in BESS size of 10%, is the User owned BESS structure with P2P energy sharing. However, that is assuming that all prosumers are willing and financially capable of investing in a BESS. The ESP owned structure was found to be less economically beneficial for the prosumers, but provided the opportunity for prosumers to engage in P2P energy sharing and reduce their energy costs without a BESS investment cost. A simplified BESS operation control is also realised with this structure.
Finally, the simulation results from the case study show an approximate linear interaction between the ESP optimal li-ion battery energy storage sizing with the amount of P2P energy sharing and the energy cost for the ESN under the time-of-use tariff. The larger the li-ion battery, the more P2P energy li-ion battery, decreases the BESS NPV and possibly making its deployment infeasible.Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted
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Zhou, Sa. "Nanonet-Based Materials for Advanced Energy Storage." Thesis, Boston College, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3739.
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Thesis advisor: Dunwei WangWhen their electrodes are made of nanomaterials or materials with nanoscale features, devices for energy conversion and energy storage often exhibit new and improved properties. One of the main challenges in material science, however, is to synthesize these nanomaterials with designed functionality in a predictable way. This thesis presents our successes in synthesizing TiSi₂ nanostructures with various complexities using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Attention has been given to understanding the chemistry guiding the growth. The governing factor was found to be the surface energy differences between various crystal planes of orthorhombic TiSi₂ (C54 and C49). This understanding has allowed us to control the growth morphologies and to obtain one-dimensional (1D) nanowires, two-dimensional (2D) nanonets and three-dimensional (3D) complexes with rational designs by tuning the chemical reactions between precursors. Among all these morphologies, the 2D nanonet, which is micrometers wide and long but only approximately 15 nm thick, has attracted great interest because it is connected by simple nanostructures with single-crystalline junctions. It offers better mechanical strength and superior charge transport while preserving unique properties associated with the small-dimension nanostructure, which opens up the opportunity to use it for various energy related applications. In this thesis we focus on its applications in lithium ion batteries. With a unique heteronanostructure consisting of 2D TiSi₂ nanonets and active material coating, we demonstrate the performances of both anode and cathode of lithium ion batteries can be highly improved. For anode, Si nanoparticles are deposited as the coating and at a charge/discharge rate of 8400 mA/g, we measure specific capacities >1000 mAh/g with only an average of 0.1% decay per cycle over 100 cycles. For cathode, V₂O₅ is employed as an example. The TiSi₂/V₂O₅ nanostructures exhibit a specific capacityof 350 mAh/g, a power rate up to 14.5 kW/kg, and 78.7% capacity retention after 9800 cycles. In addition, TiSi₂ nanonet itself is found to be a good anode material due to the special layer-structure of C49 crystals
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Chemistry
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Braff, William Allan. "Membraneless hydrogen bromine laminar flow battery for large-scale energy storage." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87966.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 147-163).
Electrochemical energy storage systems have been considered for a range of potential large-scale energy storage applications. These applications vary widely, both in the order of magnitude of energy storage that is required and the rate at which energy must be charged and discharged. One such application aids the integration of renewable energy technologies onto the electrical grid by shifting the output from renewable energy resources to periods of high demand, relaxing transmission and distribution requirements and reducing the need for fossil fuel burning plants. Although the market need for such solutions is well known, existing technologies are still too expensive to compete with conventional combustion-based solutions. In this thesis, the hydrogen bromine laminar flow battery (HBLFB) is proposed and examined for its potential to provide low cost energy storage using the rapid reaction kinetics of hydrogen-bromine reaction pairs and a membrane-less laminar flow battery architecture. In this architecture, fluid reactants and electrolyte flow through a small channel at sufficiently low Reynolds number that laminar flow is maintained and the liquid electrolyte acts as a separator between the reactants. Experimental results from a proof of concept cell are presented, and compared with numerical and analytical modeling results to better understand discharging and recharging behavior. General theoretical principles for the design and optimization of laminar flow batteries are also developed. These results indicate that the HBLFB can efficiently store and discharge energy at very high power densities compared to existing battery technologies using low cost reactants and stack materials at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
by William Allan Braff.
Ph. D.
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Ltaief, Mohamed Ali Ben. "Development of a bipolar nickel-iron battery prototype for energy storage." University of Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8227.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDEnergy storage systems represent a viable option to integrate renewable energy sources into the grid network. Multiple energy storage technologies are available such as mechanical, electrical, thermal, and electrochemical storage technologies. Battery Energy Storage Systems are considered as an accepted solution for energy storage with advantages such as, sustained power delivery, geographical independence and, fast response capability. This thesis describes the development of rechargeable bipolar Nickel-Iron batteries as potential candidates for cost effective energy storage solutions. The first objective of this work was to design a bipolar electrode comprising an Iron (Fe)-based anode, a Nickel (Ni)-based cathode and a flexible bipolar plate and to optimise its production process in order to attain high performance in terms of capacity and efficiency. Research questions to be answered included;
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Behnood, Aref. "Optimal Operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems in Radial Distribution Networks." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-397113.
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In recent years, power systems are facing with various challenges arising from the increased share of renewable energy systems. Among all sections of power systems, distribution grids are affected the most since the majority of renewable energy sources are connected to distribution grids. As the penetration of Variable Energy Sources increases in electric grids, energy storage systems have become more influential. In this context, this thesis presents a new algorithm for the optimal operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems in distribution grids. The proposed algorithm aims to define the optimal operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems considering the network topology, the output power of Variable Energy Sources and the electricity prices from the one-day ahead electric market as well as real time control of the batteries through smart appliances. In order to do this, firstly a comprehensive study on the existing Optimal Power Flow methods is carried out. Then, AR-OPF which is a novel Optimal Power Flow method for radial distribution systems is presented and the required mathematical constraints, equations and parameters of Battery Energy Storage Systems for modelling in distribution systems are described. Then, the problem formulation and the proposed algorithm are discussed in detail. Further to energy storage as the main function of Battery Energy Storage Systems, the impact of the proposed method on other functions of Battery Energy Storage Systems such as voltage control, grid support and loss reduction will be investigated. In order to do so, the proposed algorithm is applied to the IEEE 34 node test system as a case study. This will be carried out through defining several different scenarios. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the size of the existing batteries and the electricity price. The thesis will be concluded by the findings and possible future works.
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McCulloch, William David. "Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage through Solar Redox Flow and Superoxide Batteries." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524054086338847.
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Brun, Emeric. "Key Performance Indicators for the monitoring of large-scale battery storage systems." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263899.
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In the context of the fight against climate change, the electricity sector is experiencing a complete renewal. Power grids are undergoing a transformation from centralized and unidirectional systems to multilevel and more integrated networks with, among others, the insertion of intermittent Renewable Energy Sources (RES) on the production side and with the emergence of new consumer behaviors on the demand side. In this context, Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are gaining momentum. Their excellent technical performances combined with a falling price make these storage solutions applicable to multiple scales and applications, ranging from the electrification of rural areas to the reinforcement of modern power grids. Large scale BESSs are complex systems, for which the electrochemical cells are only the elementary building blocks. Such storage systems consist of a hierarchical assembly of these cells, a complex control structure, a precise thermal management and a reversible power conversion apparatus, cooperating to ensure a smooth and safe operation. To deal with this complexity, BESS owners and operators need synthetic indicators to quickly assess the operation of their storage systems. In this work, this question of the monitoring of large scale BESSs is addressed with a selection, implementation and discussion of Key Performance Indicators (KPI). After a presentation of the multiple components constituting a BESS, a review of the main KPIs found in the literature is proposed. This preliminary phase concluded with the definition of four main categories covering the multiple aspects of the operation of a BESS: operation, performance, ageing and safety. Where needed, a choice was made to choose the estimation techniques offering the best tradeoff between accuracy, ease of implementation and computational load. Then, the overall implementation strategy used to take advantage of the large amount of data available was presented. The results were obtained for actual large-scale Li-Ion BESS projects, covering multiple applications and chemistries. Based on these illustrative results, the robustness and the accuracy of the indicators was discussed. More importantly, a special attention was paid to the methodology, meaning and interdependencies of these KPIs to enable battery owners to better understand their system.Inom ramen för kampen mot klimatförändringar upplever elsektorn en fullständig förnyelse. Kraftnät genomgår en omvandling från centraliserade och enkelriktade system till flernivå och mer integrerade nätverk, bland annat införande av intermittenta förnybara energikällor på produktionssidan och med uppkomsten av nya konsumentbeteenden på efterfrågesidan. I detta sammanhang får batterilagringssystem fart. Deras utmärkta tekniska prestanda i kombination med ett fallande pris gör att dessa lagringslösningar är tillämpliga på flera skalor och applikationer, allt från elektrifiering av landsbygden till förstärkning av moderna elnät. Storskaliga batterilagringssystem är komplexa system för vilka de elektrokemiska cellerna endast är de grundläggande byggstenarna. Sådana lagringssystem består av en hierarkisk sammansättning av dessa celler, en komplex kontrollstruktur, en exakt termisk hantering och en reversibel kraftomvandlingsapparat, som samarbetar för att säkerställa en smidig och säker drift. För att hantera denna komplexitet behöver batterilagringssystem-ägare och operatörer syntetiska indikatorer för att snabbt utvärdera driften av deras lagringssystem. I detta arbete behandlas denna fråga om övervakning av storskaliga batterilagringssystem med ett urval, implementering och diskussion av viktiga resultatindikatorer. Efter en presentation av de flera komponenterna som utgör ett batterilagringssystem föreslås en översyn av de viktigaste resultatindikatorer som finns i litteraturen. Denna preliminära fas avslutades med definitionen av fyra huvudkategorier som täcker flera aspekter av driften av en BESS: drift, prestanda, åldrande och säkerhet. Vid behov gjordes ett val för att välja uppskattningstekniker som erbjuder bästa -ivavvägning mellan noggrannhet, enkel implementering och beräkningslast. Sedan presenterades den övergripande implementeringsstrategin som användes för att dra fördel av den stora mängden tillgängliga data. Resultaten erhölls för faktiska storskaliga Li-Ion BESS-projekt, som täcker flera applikationer och kemister. Baserat på dessa illustrativa resultat diskuterades indikatorernas robusthet och noggrannhet. Ännu viktigare var att särskild uppmärksamhet ägnades åt dessa resultatindikatorer metodik, betydelse och beroende av varandra för att möjliggöra för varje batteriägare att bättre förstå sitt system.
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Gurganus, Heath Alan. "Battery Energy Storage Systems to Mitigate the Variability of Photovoltaic Power Generation." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1495.
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Methods of generating renewable energy such as through solar photovoltaic (PV) cells and wind turbines offer great promise in terms of a reduced carbon footprint and overall impact on the environment. However, these methods also share the attribute of being highly stochastic, meaning they are variable in such a way that is difficult to forecast with sufficient accuracy. While solar power currently constitutes a small amount of generating potential in most regions, the cost of photovoltaics continues to decline and a trend has emerged to build larger PV plants than was once feasible. This has brought the matter of increased variability to the forefront of research in the industry. Energy storage has been proposed as a means of mitigating this increased variability -- and thus reducing the need to utilize traditional spinning reserves -- as well as offering auxiliary grid services such as peak-shifting and frequency control. This thesis addresses the feasibility of using electrochemical storage methods (i.e. batteries) to decrease the ramp rates of PV power plants. By building a simulation of a grid-connected PV array and a typical Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in the NetLogo simulation environment, I have created a parameterized tool that can be tailored to describe almost any potential PV setup. This thesis describes the design and function of this model, and makes a case for the accuracy of its measurements by comparing its simulated output to that of well-documented real world sites. Finally, a set of recommendations for the design and operational parameters of such a system are then put forth based on the results of several experiments performed using this model.
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Steen, Evelina, and Malin Torestam. "Compressed air energy storage : Process review and case study of small scale compressed air energy storage aimed at residential buildings." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-228385.
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The potential for electrical energy storage to both provide services to the electrical grid and help to better integrate renewable energies in the electrical system is promising. This report investigates one type of storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES), where energy is stored by compressing air during hours of low electricity demand and later expanding the air to generate electricity during high demand hours. To this day it exists two large plants, but small facilities have yet to be implemented, raising the question whether it could be viable to use CAES on a smaller scale as well. By creating a model of a CAES system based on the principles of thermodynamics and applying it to a hypothetical group of residences, its ability to balance daily fluctuations in electricity demand is explored. The result show that the system is able to cover some of the demand but there is no economic profit to be gained. The results of this report suggest that a CAES system of this size is not a viable option during current price market for electricity in Sweden but during other circumstances it could be relevant.Dagens energisystem kräver vissa tjänster för att kunna behålla stabilitet och tillgodose energibehovet. Energilagring är ett sätt att förse systemet med dessa tjänster samtidigt som det också skapar möjlighet att bättre utnyttja förnyelsebara energiresurser, som vind och sol, som annars kan vara för oförutsägbara för att kunna utnyttjas maximalt. I denna studie undersöks komprimerad luft som energilagring (CAES). Sammanfattningsvis används billig elektricitet under timmar då elförbrukningen är låg för att komprimera luft och lagra denna för att sedan expandera luften igen och på så vis generera elektricitet vid behov eller då det finns ekonomisk vinstmöjlighet. CAES systemet kan vara uppbyggt och dimensionerat på flera olika sätt vilket undersöks samt beskrivs i närmare detalj. Möjligheten att använda CAES i liten skala för att tillgodose ett dagligen varierande energibehov undersöks och det utrönas ifall detta är ekonomiskt gynnsamt eller inte. Detta undersöks genom att skapa en modell över ett CAES-system som appliceras på energibehovet för en grupp bostäder. Resultatet visar att systemet kan täcka en del av energibehovet men ekonomisk vinning är inte möjligt. Utifrån dessa resultat konstateras att CAES i liten skala inte är ett ekonomiskt försvarbart alternativ för att täcka toppar i ett varierande energibehov vid det rådande energipriset i Sverige men under andra omständigheter skulle det kunna vara möjligt.
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Wijewardana, Singappuli M. "Mathematical modelling and control of renewable energy systems and battery storage systems." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/24860.
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Intermittent nature of renewable energy sources like the wind and solar energy poses new challenges to harness and supply uninterrupted power for consumer usage. Though, converting energy from these sources to useful forms of energy like electricity seems to be promising, still, significant innovations are needed in design and construction of wind turbines and PV arrays with BS systems. The main focus of this research project is mathematical modelling and control of wind turbines, solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays and battery storage (BS) systems. After careful literature review on renewable energy systems, new developments and existing modelling and controlling methods have been analysed. Wind turbine (WT) generator speed control, turbine blade pitch angle control (pitching), harnessing maximum power from the wind turbines have been investigated and presented in detail. Mathematical modelling of PV arrays and how to extract maximum power from PV systems have been analysed in detail. Application of model predictive control (MPC) to regulate the output power of the wind turbine and generator speed control with variable wind speeds have been proposed by formulating a linear model from a nonlinear mathematical model of a WT. Battery chemistry and nonlinear behaviour of battery parameters have been analysed to present a new equivalent electrical circuit model. Converting the captured solar energy into useful forms, and storing it for future use when the Sun itself is obscured is implemented by using battery storage systems presenting a new simulation model. Temperature effect on battery cells and dynamic battery pack modelling have been described with an accurate state of charge estimation method. The concise description on power converters is also addressed with special reference to state-space models. Bi-directional AC/DC converter, which could work in either rectifier or inverter modes is described with a cost effective proportional integral derivative (PID/State-feedback) controller.
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Zhang, Tan. "The Economic Benefits of Battery Energy Storage System in Electric Distribution System." Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/298.
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The goal of this study was to determine the economic feasibility of battery energy storage system (BESS). Three major economic benefits derived from BESS using were studied: 1. Energy Purchase Shifting, 2. Distribution Feeder Deferral, 3. Outage Avoidance. The economic analysis was based on theoretical modeling of the BESS and distribution system. Three simulation models were developed to quantify the effects of different parameters, such as: BESS round-trip efficiency, life span, rated power, rated discharge time, marginal cost of electric energy, 24 h feeder load profile, annual load variation, feeder load growth rate and feeder length. An optimal battery charging/discharging method was presented to determine the differential cost of energy (DCE). The annual maximum DCE was calculated using stochastic probability analysis on seasonal load variation. The net present value was evaluated as the present value difference between two investments: first, the distribution feeder upgrade without BESS deferral, and second, with BESS deferral. Furthermore, the BESS’s contributions under different outage strategies were compared. It was determined that feeder length is the most significant parameter. The economics of the studied system becomes favorable when the feeder length exceeds a critical value.
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Leadbetter, Jason. "Residential Battery Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energy Integration and Peak Shaving." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/15352.
Full textAbstract:
Renewable energy integration will become a significant issue as renewable penetration levels increase, and will require new generation support infrastructure; Energy storage provides one solution to this issue. Specifically, battery technologies offer a wide range of energy and power output abilities, making them ideal for a variety of integration applications. Distributed energy storage on distribution grids may be required in many areas of Canada where renewables will be installed. Peak shaving using distributed small (residential) energy storage can provide a reduction in peak loads and help renewable energy integration. To this end, a peak shaving model was developed for typical houses in several regions in Canada which provided sizing and performance results. An experimental battery bank and cycling apparatus was designed and constructed using these sizing results. This battery bank and cycling apparatus was then used to calibrate and validate a lithium iron phosphate battery energy storage system model.
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"A Techno-Commercial Assessment of Residential and Bulk Battery Energy Storage." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.17721.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: Battery energy storage has shown a lot of potential in the recent past to be effective in various grid services due to its near instantaneous ramp rates and modularity. This thesis aims to determine the commercial viability of customer premises and substation sited battery energy storage systems. Five different types of services have been analyzed considering current market pricing of Lithium-ion batteries and power conditioning equipment. Energy Storage Valuation Tool 3.0 (Beta) has been used to exclusively determine the value of energy storage in the services analyzed. The results indicate that on the residential level, Lithium-ion battery energy storage may not be a cost beneficial option for retail tariff management or demand charge management as only 20-30% of the initial investment is recovered at the end of 15 year plant life. SRP's two retail Time-of-Use price plans E-21 and E-26 were analyzed in respect of their ability to increase returns from storage compared to those with flat pricing. It was observed that without a coupled PV component, E-21 was more suitable for customer premises energy storage, however, its revenue stream reduces with addition to PV. On the grid scale, however, with carefully chosen service hierarchy such as distribution investment deferral, spinning or balancing reserve support, the initial investment can be recovered to an extent of about 50-70%. The study done here is specific to Salt River Project inputs and data. Results for all the services analyzed are highly location specific and are only indicative of the overall viability and returns from them.Dissertation/Thesis
M.S. Electrical Engineering 2013