Academic literature on the topic 'Residential areas close to the centre'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Residential areas close to the centre.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Residential areas close to the centre"
1
Ceccato, Vania, Guangquan Li, and Robert Haining. "The ecology of outdoor rape: The case of Stockholm, Sweden." European Journal of Criminology 16, no. 2 (May 19, 2018): 210–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370818770842.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this article is to report the results of an ecological study into the geography of rape in Stockholm, Sweden, using small area data. In order to test the importance of factors indicating opportunity, accessibility and anonymity to the understanding of the geography of rape, a two-stage modelling approach is implemented. First, the overall risk factors associated with the occurrence of rape are identified using a standard Poisson regression, then a local analysis using profile regression is performed. Findings from the whole-map analysis show that accessibility, opportunity and anonymity are all, to different degrees, important in explaining the overall geography of rape - examples of these risk factors are the presence of subway stations or whether a basområde is close to the city centre. The local analysis reveals two groupings of high risk of rape areas associated with a variety of risk factors: city centre areas with a concentration of alcohol outlets, high residential population turnover and high counts of robbery; and poor suburban areas with schools and large female residential populations where subway stations are located and where people express a high fear of crime. The article concludes by reflecting upon the importance of these results for future research as well as indicating the implications of these results for policy.
2
Raslanas, Saulius, Jurgita Alchimovienė, and Nerija Banaitienė. "RESIDENTIAL AREAS WITH APARTMENT HOUSES: ANALYSIS OF THE CONDITION OF BUILDINGS, PLANNING ISSUES, RETROFIT STRATEGIES AND SCENARIOS / DAUGIABUČIŲ NAMŲ GYVENAMUOSIUOSE RAJONUOSE BŪKLĖS, PLANAVIMO PROBLEMŲ IR ATNAUJINIMO STRATEGIJŲ BEI SCENARIJŲ ANALIZĖ." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 15, no. 2 (July 4, 2011): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2011.586531.
Full textAbstract:
Modernisation of apartment houses is a particularly relevant issue both in Lithuania and many other countries. To make it more efficient, the modernisation of apartment houses must be integrated–an entire block or residential area must be renovated and the principles of sustainable development must be followed. This article dwells on the issues related to retrofit planning in residential blocks/areas and analyses the condition of apartment houses and their environment. The article also proposes strategies for retrofit of residential areas with apartment houses. The strategies aim to improve the living standards and the quality of environment, to cut energy consumption and Co2 emissions, to maintain mixed social structure, to integrate new buildings into the existing environment in a sustainable manner, to develop an urban centre of a residential area as a functioning part of the city, to develop democratic planning and to seek close cooperation of modernisation partners. The scenarios based on relevant strategies must define the measures of retrofit, their priority and their potential effect. Santrauka Daugiabučių gyvenamųjų namų modernizavimas šiuo metu yra ypač aktuali problema ne tik Lietuvoje, betir daugelyje kitų šalių. Kad modernizavimas būtų efektyvesnis, daugiabučius reikia atnaujinti kompleksiškai, modernizuojant visą kvartalą, rajoną, vadovaujantis darniosios plėtros principais. Šiame straipsnyje aptariamos gyvenamųjų kvartalų, rajonų atnaujinimo planavimo problemos, analizuojama daugiabučių ir jų aplinkos būklė. Siūlomos daugiabučių rajonų atnaujinimo strategijos, kuriomis siekiama: gerinti gyvenimo standartus ir aplinkos kokybę, mažinti energijos suvartojimą ir CO2 emisiją, išlaikyti mišrią socialinę struktūrą, darnų naujų pastatų integravimą į jau egzistuojančią aplinką, plėtoti miesto centro kaip funkcionalios miesto dalies daugiabučių namų rajone sukūrimą, demokratinį planavimą bei prie modernizavimo prisidedančių partnerių glaudų bendradarbiavimą. Scenarijai, grindžiami atitinkamomis strategijomis, privalo apibrėžti renovacijos darbų priemones, jų įgyvendinimo prioretiškumą ir būsimus poveikius.
3
Heilhecker, Ellen, Richard P. Thiel, and Wayne Hall. "Wolf, Canis lupus, Behavior in Areas of Frequent Human Activity." Canadian Field-Naturalist 121, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v121i3.472.
Full textAbstract:
We report incidental observations of Wolves (Canis lupus) tolerating human activity in central Wisconsin. Three monitored packs raised pups in close proximity to varying levels of human activity. Wolf pups were raised <350m from rearing pens of the endangered Whooping Crane (Grus americana), which saw daily human activity. One pack used cornfields as rendezvous sites within 175 m of a maintenance shed visited regularly by workers. Another pack centered their activities along a well-traveled state highway using both the verge and the road center for activity. Aerial locations of 10 yearling and adult dispersing Wolves were plotted to evalute human densities in natal territories relative to dispersal and post-dispersal territories. Township densities (mean = 9.02 humans/km2, SE = 4.015) and residential densities (mean = 5.59 housing units/km2, SE = 2.12 ) in natal pack territories were significantly greater (P <.01) for dispersal and post-dispersal township densities (mean = 43.98 humans/km2, SE =7.37) and residence densities (mean = 23.12 housing units/km2, SE =3.49). Furthermore, a pup negotiated the densely populated region of northern Illinois and dispersed from central Wisconsin to east-central Indiana, a distance of at least 690 km. As Wolves live in closer proximity to humans, living in areas of higher township and residential densities, they can be expected to be more habituated to people, increasing the probability of human/Wolf conflicts.
4
Rusdi, Muhammad, Muhammad Irham, Sugianto Sugianto, Ruhizal Roosli, Mohd Sanusi S Ahamad, and Yudi Haditiar. "Settlement suitability mapping based on the salinity index in the Banda Aceh City." Depik 10, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/depik.10.1.18413.
Full textAbstract:
The availability of accurate land data is useful in planning, policymaking, regional development, and preserving the environment. Banda Aceh is the center of education and development in Aceh, Indonesia, which is located in the coastal area. The tsunami has had a significant impact on development and settlements in Banda Aceh. Currently, settlements in Banda Aceh rapidly grow also the need for land and water resources. Therefore, mapping the potential for residential land in Banda Aceh is required. This study examines land suitability in Banda Aceh based on the FAO salinity criteria and spatial data analysis by remote sensing methods. Based on the results, it is known that Banda Aceh has land suitable for settlement of around 85% or 2975 hectares. These areas are generally located close to watersheds and receive sufficient freshwater input. Meanwhile, areas far from rivers and close to the coast have brackish salinity. This area is not suitable as a residential area. There are about three sub-districts in Banda Aceh which are not suitable for settlement.Keywords:KrigingRemote sensingSettlementSalinity mappingCoastalBanda Aceh
5
Eldek Güner, Hikmet. "Evaluation of a Modernist Approach through Buildings in Kayseri, Turkey." Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 49, no. 2 (November 27, 2018): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppar.12643.
Full textAbstract:
Kayseri was an important commercial city throughout history, and with the declaration of the Republic, it continued its importance in different areas. The city has many original buildings from the Early Republican Period and was a model of modernisation set on a western ideology. Modernisation of the Republic was started with industrialisation. Consequently, Kayseri became an industrial city in the early 20th century. Investments (both economic and spatial) made by government were later continued by the private sector. Industrialisation was seen as the most important dynamic of development and key to modernisation. This situation resulted in the establishment of a new Kayseri around the industrial area and was viewed as an example for a modern Turkey. These industrial areas were constructed close to the boundary of the city centre. At the same time, the city centre was reconstructed according to modern city planning and the new style (modern style). The ceremonial ground (city square), an urban grid system, wide main transport routes, new public and municipal buildings, which were symbols of international style, were constructed by destroying the historic city centre in the Early Republic Period.The Republic was not only constructing new public buildings in a modern style; it was tried to build a new life with the modern residential areas. Instead of the traditional dwellings, modern houses were constructed to illustrate the new lifestyle together with new functional buildings such as modern education complexes, a community centre, stadium and train station were all constructed to show how to live the modern life.The city gained a new face with the changes starting from 1930. Today, many buildings, belonging to the Early Republican Period, are not being considered in the conservation of cultural heritage and are in danger. Industrial complexes, residential areas, public places are seen as a building stock destined to disappear and be replaced by new buildings. These earlier buildings hold important historical, social, economic and political values. Similarly, construction techniques and materials were also unique for that period.The aim of this study is to draw attention to the 20th century buildings in Kayseri constructed in the Early Republic Period, and classify these buildings under different headings (industry, housing, public space, educational space, open spaces) with the photographs, plans and history, thus defining their values and why they must be conserved.
Republic was not only constructed new public buildings in modern style, it was tried to build a new life with the modern residential areas. Instead of the traditional dwellings, modern houses were constructed for point out of new life style and also new functioned buildings like as modern education complexes, community center, stadium, train station were constructed to show how to live in the modern life.
The city has gained a new face with the changes starting from 1930. Today many buildings, belonging to the Early Republican Period, are not being considered in the conservation of cultural heritage and they are in danger. Industrial complexes, residential areas, public places are seen as a stock of a building and faced to disappear for constructed for the new buildings. They have very important values like as historical, social, economic and politic. Also construction techniques and materials were also unique for that period.
The aim of this study is, to attract attention on 20th century buildings in Kayseri which are constructed in Early Republic Period, to classify these buildings in different headings (industry, housing, public space, educational space, open space …etc) with the photographs, plans and history. In general, meaning the main aim of this study is to define their values and explain why they must be conserved.
6
Gijseghem, Hendrik Van. "Household and Family at Moche, Peru: An Analysis of Building and Residence Patterns in a Prehispanic Urban Center." Latin American Antiquity 12, no. 3 (September 2001): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971632.
Full textAbstract:
The Moche was the last complex society to develop on the Peruvian north coast during the Early Intermediate Period (200 B. C.-700 A. D.). While archaeological research on the Moche has traditionally concentrated on the impressive marks of political and religious power, we know relatively little about Moche household organization and patterns of residence. In this research, conducted at the eponymous site of Moche, I identify three types of architectural organization relating to both residential and nonresidential spaces. An analysis of building materials and architectural superposition suggests a close relationship among construction quality, household size, and occupational continuity, in the case of residential architecture. The observed differences, I argue, reflect strategies of household social reproduction among Moche's urban population that depend largely on socioeconomic status. I also contend that different forms of labor were responsible for the construction of residential compounds and other specialized areas, the function of which may not be primarily residential. This research emphasizes the great potential of studying domesticity in prehistory as well as the dynamics of urban construction and suggests methods effective for the reconstruction of household forms and change in sedentary societies.
7
ANDERSSON, EVA K., MARIANNE ABRAMSSON, and BO MALMBERG. "Patterns of changing residential preferences during late adulthood." Ageing and Society 39, no. 8 (April 17, 2018): 1752–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18000259.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTEarlier research on residential mobility has demonstrated a tendency for the young old of the 55+ population to prefer peripheral locations, whereas older age groups choose central locations. Here, we present survey results indicating that such late-adulthood differences in preferences are supported by age-related shifts corresponding to differences in housing preferences expressed by individuals in peripheral as well as central locations in Sweden. A sample of 2,400 individuals aged 55 years and over was asked to select the seven most important characteristics of a dwelling from a list of 21 alternatives (Survey of Housing Intentions among the ELDerly in Sweden (SHIELD), 2013). The preferences expressed were used as dependent variables in logistic regressions to determine to what extent the housing preferences of older people are linked to age, gender, socio-economic status and type of geographical area. The results demonstrated a close link between neighbourhood characteristics and housing preferences. Owning the dwelling, having a garden and access to nature were stressed as important by individuals living in non-metropolitan middle-class areas and in suburban elite areas. The youngest cohort expressed similar preferences. Older age groups instead stressed the importance of an elevator, single-storey housing and a good design for independent living; preferences that have similarities to those expressed by individuals living in large cities and smaller urban centres where such housing is more readily available.
8
Masztalski, Robert, and Marcin Michalski. "Role of Housing Reconstruction Between Years 2000 - 2014 in Merging of Urban Structure of The North East Wrocław / Rola Zabudowy Mieszkaniowej z Lat 2000-2014 w Scalaniu Struktury Urbanistycznej Północno-Wschodniego Wrocławia." Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2016-0005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The article presents the urban structure of the North-East of Wroclaw, where in the vicinity of the historic buildings and residential buildings from the 70s of the last century, and between, in the last 20 years there were built new buildings, as binding material of the urban structure. The new multifamily housing development of years 2000-2014 of Psie Pole as a housing development in Wroclaw, closes the gap between the historic district residential buildings in the old Psie Pole and the buildings of large slabs of the 70s of the twentieth century. The contemporary residential development uses the existing social infrastructure centre of the old Psie Pole district, and also the social infrastructure of the housing development of 70s of the twentieth century. The authors analyze, in the first part, the spatial development of these areas on the basis of historical materials. In the following, based on an analysis of urban structure created in the last 15 years of development, analyze existing conditions, context and value (in terms of urban planning - the wealth of social infrastructure), the contemporary housing development of Psie Pole.
9
Okuyama, Kenta, Takafumi Abe, Xinjun Li, Yuta Toyama, Kristina Sundquist, and Toru Nabika. "Neighborhood Environmental Factors and Physical Activity Status among Rural Older Adults in Japan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041450.
Full textAbstract:
(1) Background: Although several neighborhood environmental factors have been identified to be associated with older adults’ physical activity, little research has been done in rural areas where the population is aging. This study aimed to investigate neighborhood environmental factors and the longitudinal change of physical activity status among rural older adults in Japan. (2) Methods: The study included 2211 older adults, aged over 60 years, residing in three municipalities in Shimane prefecture and participating at least twice in annual health checkups between 2010 and 2019. Physical activity was identified based on self-report. Hilliness, bus stop density, intersection density, residential density, and distance to a community center were calculated for each subject. Hazard ratios for the incidence of physical inactivity were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. (3) Results: We found that 994 (45%) of the study subjects became physically inactive during the follow-up. Those living far from a community center had a lower risk of becoming physically inactive compared to those living close to a community center. When the analysis was stratified by residential municipality, this association remained in Ohnan town. Those living in hilly areas had a higher risk of becoming physically inactive in Okinoshima town. (4) Conclusions: The impact of neighborhood environmental factors on older adults’ physical activity status might differ by region possibly due to different terrain and local lifestyles.
10
Cisek, Ewa. "IDEA OF ECOSTRUCTURE IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE OF OSLO." Space&FORM 45 (March 30, 2021): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2021.45.b-01.
Full textAbstract:
The revitalization actions carried out in recent years within the urban tissue of Oslo made it possible to generate architectural layouts of a new character known as eco-structures. They are created both in the wharf zones of the city and accompanying natural and artificially formed promontories (Fjordbyen enterprise) as well as in its very centre (Grünerløkke district). These are old closed port and post-industrial areas now transformed into new layouts with residential, service, culture-creating and recreation functions. Frequently shaped on the border of two environments, i.e. urban and water as well as urban and park ones, they create a new quality of architecture making a dialogue with the natural environment and the local ecosystem.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Residential areas close to the centre"
1
Petersson, Jennifer. "Utveckling i parkeringsplaneringen vid bostadsområden i städer kontra mindre orter." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105135.
Full textAbstract:
Parking planning for new residential constructions is intensively discussed between develops, architects, and municipalities. In a big city, the land value is higher and it is more profitable to build apartments instead of parking places, but parking space can increase the value of the apartment. The purpose of this work was to analyse how the planning of a parking space in a big city compared to a smaller town differs today versus 10 years ago. Results of interviews were that the parameters such as municipal parking regulations and access to public transport govern the parking planning. All the municipalities, contractors and architects agreed that in the future more municipalities will work with flexible parking standards. The conclusion is that it is the municipality’s parking norm and access to public transport that affects parking planning. The largest change and development in the last 10 years is an increased investment into mobility solutions in form of charging stations and carpools.
Book chapters on the topic "Residential areas close to the centre"
1
Shakmak, Bubaker, Matthew Watkins, and Amin Al-Habaibeh. "How Clean Is the Air You Breathe? Air Quality During Commuting Using Various Transport Modes in Nottingham." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 247–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_31.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAir quality has developed into a significant global issue and its negative effect on human health, wellbeing and ultimately the effect of shortening of life expectancy is becoming a pressing concern. Such concerns are most acute in cities in the UK. Although many cities, including Nottingham, are taking significant measures to enhance air quality, there was limited work focusing on the individual’s experience during commuting. This paper suggests a novel approach for measuring commuting air quality through quantifying particulate matters PM2.5 and PM10, using the city of Nottingham as a case study. Portable low-cost systems comprising of a GPS sensor and an Aeroqual pollution data logger were used to capture data and develop the sensor fusion via newly developed software. Data was collected from a variety of transport modes comprising bike, bus, car, tram and walking to provide evidence on relative particulate levels and 2D and 3D data maps were produced to communicate the relative pollution levels in a publicly accessible manner. The study found as expected particulate pollution to be higher during peak hours and typically closer to the city. However whilst the lowest particulate concentrations were found on the Tram the highest were for cyclists contrary to the literature. The project encompasses a democratic crowd sourced approach to data collection by enabling the public to gather data via their daily commute, increasing people’s awareness of the air quality in their locality. The acquired data permitted a range of comparisons considering differing times of day and zones such as the city centre and surrounding residential areas in the City council boundary.
2
Fernández-de-Córdova, Graciela, Paola Moschella, and Ana María Fernández-Maldonado. "Changes in Spatial Inequality and Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Lima." In The Urban Book Series, 471–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_24.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSince the 2000s, Lima city shows important changes in its socio-spatial structure, decreasing the long-established opposition between the centre and the periphery, developing a more complex arrangement. Sustained national economic growth has allowed better socio-economic conditions in different areas of the city. However, high inequality still remains in the ways of production of urban space, which affects residential segregation. To identify possible changes in the segregation patterns of Metropolitan Lima, this study focuses on the spatial patterns of occupational groups, examining their causes and relation with income inequality. The analysis is based on the 1993 and 2007 census data, measuring residential segregation by the Dissimilarity Index, comparing with the Diversity Index. The results confirm trends towards increased segregation between occupational groups. Top occupational groups are concentrated in central areas, expanding into adjacent districts. Bottom occupational groups are over-represented in distant neighbourhoods. In-between, a new, more mixed, transitional zone has emerged in upgraded formerly low-income neighbourhoods. Areas of lower occupational diversity coincide with extreme income values, forming spaces of greater segregation. In the metropolitan centre–periphery pattern, the centre has expanded, while the periphery has been shifted to outer peripheral rings.
3
Frisch, Michael. "A Queer Reading of the United States Census." In The Life and Afterlife of Gay Neighborhoods, 61–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66073-4_3.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractLGBTQ neighborhoods face change. Planning for these neighborhoods requires data about LGBTQ residential concentration. Some analysts have used US Census same-sex partner data to make judgments about LGBTQ neighborhoods. Two agency actions make this reliance problematic. The US Census was required to enforce the Defense of Marriage Act and reassigned some LGBTQ responses in a heteronormal way. The Census also assigned sex based upon patterns of names. These US Census actions of gay removal and sex assignment to datasets raise questions about the usefulness of the partner dataset. A queer reading of the census may give a better representation of neighborhood development and decline. Data are developed for four queer neighborhoods: the West Village in New York City, Center City Philadelphia, Midtown Atlanta, and Midtown Kansas City. The results show that queer attributes of these areas grew to about 1990. Some queer attributes may have declined some from their peak. The results raise questions about social surveys, the closet, and the direction of LBGTQ neighborhoods in the twenty-first century. LGBTQ displacement has occurred.
4
Feitosa, Flávia, Joana Barros, Eduardo Marques, and Mariana Giannotti. "Measuring Changes in Residential Segregation in São Paulo in the 2000s." In The Urban Book Series, 507–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_26.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractResidential segregation is known as one of the most prevalent problems of Latin American and Brazilian cities. This chapter looks into the changes in segregation levels in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo between 2000 and 2010. This period was marked by economic growth and decreasing social inequalities in Brazil with consequent improvement to the quality of life of lower income classes. Despite those improvements, general patterns of urban segregation in Brazilian cities showed remarkable stability, albeit with important changes in the details of segregation patterns. This chapter explores the spatial relationship between socio-occupational groups using global and local segregation indices. The analysis confirmed a highly segregated distribution of social groups in the Metropolitan Region and revealed increased levels of segregation, with global indices figures for 2010 higher than for 2000. Analysis demonstrated that peripheral areas of the Metropolitan Region became more fragmented and heterogeneous in that period, and revealed that their increased heterogeneity is mainly composed of classes with close social proximity, rather than polarised ones. Results showed that while middle classes became more integrated amongst themselves and with lower classes, the separation between lower and upper classes was not only maintained but also increased during the period. All these findings suggest a reconfiguration of the concentric pattern of segregation that maintained a spatial structure of strong social isolation during the period, although with greater complexity.
5
Rukmana, Deden, and Dinar Ramadhani. "Income Inequality and Socioeconomic Segregation in Jakarta." In The Urban Book Series, 135–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_7.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSocioeconomic segregation has become a common phenomenon, both in the Global North and Global South, and highly relates to income inequality. The merging of these two notions affects the geography of residential areas which are based on the socio-occupational composition. This chapter focuses on the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA). Not only is Jakarta the largest metropolitan area in Southeast Asia, it is also one of the most dynamic. Batavia, the colonial capital of the former Dutch East Indies in the first half of the twentieth century, was a small urban area of approximately 150,000 residents. In the second half of the century, Batavia became Jakarta, a megacity of 31 million people and the capital of independent Indonesia was beset with most of the same urban problems experienced in twenty-first-century Southeast Asia, including poverty, income inequality, and socioeconomic segregation. This study aims to identify the correlation among income inequality, socioeconomic segregation, and other institutional and contextual factors which caused residential segregation in JMA. The analysis consists of two stages. First, we examine income inequality measured by the Gini Index as well as the occupational structure based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). Second, we investigate residential segregation by using the Dissimilarity Index as a result of socioeconomic intermixing in residential areas. The data in this study comes from multiple sources including Indonesia’s Central Bureau of Statistics, Indonesia’s National Socio-economic Survey (Susenas), Indonesia’s Economic Census, Jakarta’s Regional Bureau of Statistics, and policies related to the housing system and investment in the JMA. This study also produces maps of socioeconomic segregation patterns from several sources including Jakarta’s Geospatial Information Centre, Jakarta’s Spatial Plan Information System, and the Indonesian Poverty Map by the SMERU Research Institute.
6
van Ham, Maarten, Tiit Tammaru, Rūta Ubarevičienė, and Heleen Janssen. "Rising Inequalities and a Changing Social Geography of Cities. An Introduction to the Global Segregation Book." In The Urban Book Series, 3–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe book “Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality: a Global Perspective” investigates the link between income inequality and residential segregation between socio-economic groups in 24 large cities and their urban regions in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. Author teams with in-depth local knowledge provide an extensive analysis of each case study city. Based on their findings, the main results of the book can be summarised as follows. Rising inequalities lead to rising levels of socio-economic segregation almost everywhere in the world. Levels of inequality and segregation are higher in cities in lower income countries, but the growth in inequality and segregation is faster in cities in high-income countries, which leads to a convergence of global trends. In many cities the workforce is professionalising, with an increasing share of the top socio-economic groups. In most cities the high-income workers are moving to the centre or to attractive coastal areas, and low-income workers are moving to the edges of the urban region. In some cities, mainly in lower income countries, high-income workers are also concentrating in out-of-centre enclaves or gated communities. The urban geography of inequality changes faster and is more pronounced than city-wide single-number segregation indices reveal. Taken together, these findings have resulted in the formulation of a Global Segregation Thesis.
7
O'Connell, Lenahan L., Juita-Elena (Wie) Yusuf, Timothy J. Brock, and Benjamin Blandford. "From College to the City." In Building a Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure for Long-Term Economic Growth, 93–112. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7396-8.ch005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter focuses on how investment in the American rail infrastructure has shaped changes in the population and residential patterns. Specifically, the chapter examines the association between commuter rail systems, urban rail transit systems, and the movement of the college-educated young into the inner city. Two hypotheses are proposed about the characteristics of rail systems and the relationship to the growth in the percentage of young college graduates residing in close-in neighborhoods. Using a sample of central cities within the 51 largest metropolitan areas in the U.S., the chapter compares the growth in young college graduates (ages 25 to 34 years) across cities with the different transit configurations. Using correlation analysis, the chapter explores the relationship between the presence of rail transit and the residential location choices of this population group. In the discussion and conclusion, the findings are summarized and implications for policy and sustainability are discussed.
8
Thrall, Grant Ian. "Mixed Use." In Business Geography and New Real Estate Market Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195076363.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
With perhaps the exception of building a new town, mixed-use (MXD) development requires the most complex real estate market analysis. As with the structural organization of the preceding chapters on real estate products in this book, this chapter will begin with a background of the real estate product type. A background of MXDs is necessary to understand those developments that are already in place across the North American landscape. Some MXDs have been successful and others have been dismal failures. A goal of this chapter is to describe and explain the instruments hypothesized to make an MXD successful. Some MXDs are approaching their functional age of obsolescence—25 or 50 years old. They may require new real estate market analysis to guide their redevelopment and that redevelopment must be executed in the context of how they originated. The background coverage, contemporary notions of trade areas, demand, supply, and report, for MXDs are presented. What Is a Mixed-Use Development? To be defined as an MXD, the real estate project must have three components (Schwanke 1987): . . . Three or more significant revenue-producing uses (such as retail, office, residential, hotel, and/or entertainment/cultural/recreation), which in well-planned projects are mutually supporting Significant physical and functional integration of project components (and thus a relatively close-knit and intensive use of land), including uninterrupted pedestrian connections Development in conformance with a coherent plan, which frequently stipulates the type and scale of uses, permitted densities, and related items. . . . Each of the above concepts is discussed below. Three or More Significant Revenue-Producing Uses Many real estate projects have multiple uses. However, MXDs as denned and discussed here must have at least three major revenue-producing uses. These uses should be nontrivial. In other words, if retail space is one of the mixed uses, then that retail space should have a trade area beyond the mere project site. In most contemporary mixed-use projects, retail, office, residential, and/or hotel facilities are the primary revenue-producing uses. Other revenue-producing uses of MXDs might include sports arenas and convention centers, performing arts facilities, and museums.
9
Gallivan, Martin D., and Victor D. Thompson. "The Place of the Antler Wearers." In The Powhatan Landscape. University Press of Florida, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813062860.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 6 addresses Werowocomoco’s archaeological and ethnohistorical records as well as the town’s role in the Virginia Algonquian spatial imaginary. Shortly after its establishment as a town circa A.D. 1200, Werowocomoco’s residents reconfigured the settlement’s spaces, constructing a residential area lining the river and an interior zone marked by a series of trenches. A biography of place and a close reading of colonial-era accounts suggest that Werowocomoco was reconfigured and redefined several times as a ritualized location. By the seventeenth century, Werowocomoco represented the center place of the Powhatan chiefdom and the scene of several consequential encounters with English colonists. The construction of monumental earthworks and chiefly architecture within Werowocomoco made reference to construction episodes dating centuries earlier, suggesting that Werowocomoco’s history of placemaking influenced Powhatan’s decision to move there during the sixteenth century. As a town that marked the transition from horticultural activities to hunting camps during the feasts and sacrifices of autumn, Werowocomoco also anchored the annual cycle.
10
Farinmade, Ademola A., Oluwole A. Soyinka, and Kin Wai Michael Siu. "Urban Safety and Security in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 193–206. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4165-3.ch011.
Full textAbstract:
Urban insecurity, loss of life and property are global challenges that affect the living conditions and the geomorphology of urban centers. This study assesses the use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) inclusive design to promote urban safety and security for sustainable urban development. The objectives are to examine the socioeconomic characteristics of the residents, examine the existing security structure, assess the level of CCTV awareness, and assess its current uses. Mixed method of data collection and analysis were adopted. The findings reveal that both the residential houses and banks have suffered adverse security issues and anti-social menace. CCTV inclusive design is described important for preventing crime in banks, while the same cannot be categorically stated in residential houses. Recommendations for CCTV inclusive design strategies, safety, and security strategies with government policies, public and private participation of stakeholders in urban planning design were proposed for the study area.
Conference papers on the topic "Residential areas close to the centre"
1
Smaqaey, Ayoub, Dara Ridha, and Fatma Aydin. "Analyzing the Effects of Establishing Communication Towers on Real Estate Sale Prices in Residential Areas Case Study of Sulaimaniyah City Center." In 3rd International Conference on Administrative & Financial Sciences. Cihan University - Erbil, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/afs2020/paper.213.
Full textAbstract:
The research aims to analyze and the statement the impact of establishing communication towers on the sale of residential real estate prices in the Sulaimaniyah city center. The goal of government regulation should be including regulations and environmental safety laws to protect citizens from the harmful and adverse effects of secreted by a human through the additions and changes of the environment. One aspect of the protection of the citizen is to be protected from adverse health effects resulting from communication towers. People have the right to choose the nature of the physical environment, as others should not impose it. The problem of communication towers considered as one of the main problems that have imposed on the people in Sulaimaniyah city center, which began to take a severe economic, social and health dimensions, affects the decision-making process in the real estate market. Moreover, consequently, this research analyzes the impact of the establishment of communication towers on the sale prices of residential property in Sulaimaniyah city center, the results of the research have confirmed a clear and adverse effect the communication towers on residential real estate prices in Sulaimaniyah city center. Besides the proof of this an excess of supply of real estate close to communication towers areas and the lack of demand for real estate in areas close to communication towers. Finally, the research commanded a range of important recommendations, such as necessity control the communication towers at the level of governments and companies, either at the companies’ level by choosing towers with low environmental impacts. Moreover, either at the government level to determine the location and conditions of the establishment of the communication towers, through legislation and laws of environmental protection and impose fees and raise awareness.
2
Siddiqui, Zainab, and P. s. Khillare. "Geo-Accumulation and Health Risk of Trace Metals in Road Dust of the Residential Areas Close to Industrial Sites of Delhi." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.2382.
Full text
3
OGRYZEK, Marek, and Krzysztof RZĄSA. "THE SOCIAL ASPECTS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.153.
Full textAbstract:
The rural development policy of the Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury in Poland (APS) is conducted by The Agricultural Property Agency – APA (since 1.09.2017 – The National Centre for Agriculture Support). The property managed by the APA includes agricultural land, forests, farm buildings, residential buildings as well as equipment and devices that are part of the social, technical, production, commercial and service infrastructure. The aim of research was to proof the influence of the gratuitous transfer of land from the APS to local government units, to engage them in social activities. The main methods used for it were: the analyse of legal acts in Poland, the analyse of reports and statistic data from APA and method of cartographic presentation – quantitative, cartogram. This article focuses on the social aspects of the APA’s operations, based on an analysis of the data supplied by the Regional Branch of the Agricultural Property Agency in Olsztyn. The results of the analyses were presented in table format. The rural development policy concerning the performance of public purposes in rural areas was analysed. The obtained information and materials were analysed to identify social investments carried out on agricultural land donated to local authorities from Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury. The results were used to analyse and describe the social aspects of the APA’s operations in rural area in Poland. Rural areas require various types of social assistance services. The Agricultural Property Agency has successfully fostered social development in rural areas, and it has the required resources and experience to continue that mission.
4
Roos, Arne, Marcus Winkler, Georg Wimmer, Jorge F. Dos Santos, and Stefanie Hanke. "New Approach on Solid State Joining of Stainless Steel Tube to Tube Sheet Joints." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65376.
Full textAbstract:
Hybrid friction diffusion bonding (HFDB) is a solid-state bonding process first introduced by Helmholtz-Centre Geesthacht, Germany, to join aluminium tube-to-tube sheet joints of coil-wound heat exchangers (CWHE) for liquefaction of natural gas (LNG). This study describes how HFDB was in a first step successfully transferred to create austenitic S32100 single hole tube-to-tube sheet joints. Process parameters are presented and results from subsequent non-destructive bubble leak testing and destructive tensile pull-out testing are discussed. After pull out testing the bonded areas were further investigated using optical microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy. Leak tight joints were generated due to the formation of a metallic bond close to the planar friction area of the employed tools, and failure in pull-out tests occurred by ductile fracture. The results show that the HFDB approach developed for Al-alloys may well be transferred to steel, and in the future possibly to other high-temperature alloys. It thereby offers an alternative route for joining tube to tube-sheet connections in solid state, with the corresponding advantages, such as no open flames or arc, no spatter and no need for filler material.
5
Neifach, Igor, Gi-Don Na, Frank Kameier, Nils Springer, and Marco Wichers. "Aeroacoustic Optimization of a Pressure-Side Strut Configuration for Subsonic Axial Fans Using Statistical-Empirical Modelling." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76348.
Full textAbstract:
This paper deals with the reduction of aerodynamically generated noise in passenger car Cooling-Fan-Modules (CFM), caused by the interaction between the impeller and the downstream-located strut configuration of the axial fan. Even after the car engine is switched off, the fan remains active, as long as cooling is required for certain vehicle components. Especially after a car has been parked in closed parking areas, in close proximity to residential buildings or public places, the noise emission can be a problem. This issue is addressed by dampening the rotor-stator-interaction through passive construction measures. In order to ensure optimal noise reduction, 8 critical design features of the struts are identified and investigated using statistical design of experiment methods (DoE). Based on the results, dedicated insights about the effects of concrete strut features on significant regions of the acoustic fan spectrum are obtained. Furthermore, an optimized strut configuration is derived and metrologically validated using a polyoptimization method. Compared to a current serial baseline configuration, a reduction of the overall sound pressure level by 2.6 dB(A), as well as a reduction of the blade passage frequency tone by 17.6 dB(A) is achieved.
6
Biliszczuk, Jan, Hanna Onysyk, Marco Teichgraeber, and Robert Toczkiewicz. "Solutions to the problem of safe pedestrian traffic flow in cities." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.2354.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Heavy car traffic on main streets is nowadays a major problem of modern cities. In order to improve safety of pedestrians and cyclists and at the same time maintain fluent car traffic flow, a separation of those two traffic types may be desirable in some cases. This paper presents different possible solutions to this problem implemented in Polish cities.</p><p>Underpasses or footbridges across busy streets in urbanized areas can be an alternative to pedestrian crossings. Footbridges apart from ensuring safe communication, can be attractive architectural elements of urban space. The cable stayed footbridge in Jaworzno will not only facilitate safe pedestrian communication between a large housing estate and a sports hall, but is likely to become a landmark of the city.</p><p>An attractive proposal for pedestrians and cyclists moving along crowded and polluted streets are routes marked out on riverside areas. The footbridges connecting islands on the Odra River in Wrocław not only have enabled efficient communication, but also have changed the islands into easily accessible places of relaxation. Free communication along the river embankments intersected by busy routes can be facilitated by building additional passages under existing bridges. The subject of the competition in Poznań was a footbridge over the Warta River, located close to the historical part of the city. Its implementation, apart from the main function of connecting the university campus with the city centre, will create a great recreational place for students and all citizens.</p><p>An unusual supplement for traditional means of transport in urbanized area can be an aerial tramway line. “Polinka” cable car that connects both parts of the campus of Wrocław University of Science and Technology separated by the Odra River have turned out to be an unconventional and attractive alternative to a typical footbridge.</p>
7
Faertes, Denise, and Joaquim Domingues. "Petrobras Amazonia Gas Pipeline: Repair Logistics Evaluation Study." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31308.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to present the study concerning the evaluation of the repair logistics of gas pipeline Urucu-Coari-Manaus (extension of 600 km), that was constructed to operate in the Amazon Brazilian region. Repair logistics is a challenge, regarding specific operation conditions in the jungle, environment and flood variations, difficulty on accessing pipeline right-of-way, difficulty on transportation, etc. Workshops were held, gathering most experienced company personnel from different PETROBRAS sectors (engineering, operation, repair centre, integrity area, Brazilian Army, offshore sector, etc.), in order to evaluate and establish strategies for each identified failure scenario, considering type of repair, logistics, resources and costs. The first step of the study was to incorporate the experience obtained from the engineering team, responsible for the construction of Urucu-Coari-Manaus gas pipeline as they had to face unexpected and adverse conditions. Based on their experience, different pipeline sections were defined, considering specific features, like isolation, flooded areas, river crossings, access limitations, etc. The second step was brain-storming workshops with the purpose of providing the best PETROBRAS evaluation of pipeline sections repair strategies, logistics and resources. Failure frequencies were raised and addressed, as well as variables like: - time for failure detection, for digging, for repair, for resources arrival, considering different logistics and transportation modes (using specific boats, helicopters with special characteristics, such as suitable for long line operations (load line greater than one rotor diameter in length), capable of transporting heavy equipment, etc.). Innovative ways of repair were conceived and proposed to be used. Supply contract conditions for thermo plants, industrial and residential consumers were considered. Finally, a cost/benefit analysis was performed, considering expenses on logistics and resources and benefits associated with avoided losses for each specific failure scenario, in order to provide support for decision making process.
8
Geçimli, Meryem, and Mehmet Nuhoğlu. "CULTURE – HOUSE RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF CULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY: EVALUATION ON EXAMPLES." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b2/v2/29.
Full textAbstract:
There are close relationships between the cultural structures of societies and residential areas. The place where the society chooses to live and the ways it is organized is an expression of the cultural structure. Traditional houses are accepted as the most obvious indicator of this situation. One of the ways of preserving cultural sustainability today is to read the design principles of these houses correctly. Culture is about what kind of environment people live in and how they live. Human behaviors are based on cultural references. Religion, view of life and perceptions of the environment are both dialectically shaped culture and shaped by culture. Culture is about where and how human meets his needs throughout his life. It can be said that culture is one of the basic factors that direct human behavior and life. Therefore, the cultural embedding of sustainability thought is important in shaping the world in which future generations will live. Regarding various cultures in the literature; the structure of the society, their way of life and how they shape their places of residence, etc. there are many studies. The riches that each culture possesses are considered to be indisputable. These important studies are mostly based on an in-depth analysis of that culture, concentrating on a single specific culture. In this study, it is aimed to make a more holistic analysis by examining more than one culture. Thanks to this holistic perspective, it is thought that it will be possible to make inferences that can be considered as common to all societies. This study, which especially focuses on Asian and African societies, is the tendency of these societies to maintain their cultural structure compared to other societies. The reflections of cultural practices on residential spaces are examined through various examples. The dialectical structure of Berber houses, integration of Chinese houses with natural environmental references, Toroja houses associated with the genealogy in Indonesia, etc. examples will be examined in the context of cultural sustainability in this study. With this holistic approach, where the basic philosophy of cultural sustainability can be obtained, important references can be obtained in the design of today's residences. This paper was produced from an incomplete PhD dissertation named Evaluation of Cultural Sustainability in the Application of House Design at Yildiz Technical University, Social Sciences Institution, Art and Design Program
9
Neal, Alan. "Winfrith: Life After Decommissioning — Nuclear Site to Science and Technology Park." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4639.
Full textAbstract:
UKAEA’s Winfrith site was built in the late 1950’s to undertake research and development into electricity generation from nuclear power. Pioneering scientific and technical work was carried out which resulted in a better understanding of nuclear issues, particularly nuclear safety. At its peak, Winfrith employed 2000 staff and at one time had nine operational nuclear reactors. The most noticeable landmark being the Steam Generating heavy Water Reactor (SGHWR) which, when in operation, provided the National Grid with enough electricity for a small town. In the early 1990’s the UK Government wound down its programme of nuclear R&D, and work started on restoring the environment of the Winfrith site by the progressive removal of the nuclear facilities. Winfrith has always been considered to be one of three key sites in Dorset for development of quality employment, and the site management, with the support of the DTI, decided to undertake a programme of environmental restoration that retained appropriate buildings and infrastructure systems that could be put to alternative long term use. To date, successes have been achieved in both the decommissioning work and also the establishment of tenants. All the fuel has been removed from the nuclear reactors and five reactors have been completely dismantled. Decontamination of other facilities has been completed. A notable example of this work is the return of a fuel fabrication building to a green field site. Another example was the decommissioning of a building that contained gloveboxes, and laboratories equipped with high efficiency filtered ventilation systems. This building was decommissioned, the area of land containing it delicensed, and the building leased to non-nuclear tenants. This thorough, painstaking process involved the use of recently developed industry techniques and required close working with the Nuclear Installations Inspectorate (NII). The tenant base is growing and at the end of 2002 there are 40 different companies resident on site with employee numbers ranging from 1 to several hundreds with a total of ∼ 1000 staff. In addition, the UKAEA programme employs ∼ 500 as staff and contractors. The larger tenants include QinetiQ and DSTL (both from the former Defence Evaluation and Research Agency), the Natural Environment Research Council’s Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, and RWE Nukem. The progressive decommissioning work continues and as UKAEA retreats across the site, from east to west, the non-nuclear research and development businesses move in. The range of work established at Winfrith provides a focus for its further development as a scientific and technical centre of excellence. Facilities have been created in partnership with the local council for small and start-up businesses, while strong links are being encouraged with universities that have an interest in areas such as environmental research. Together they will form a vital part of the commercial community, stimulating growth through technical interaction and innovation.
10
Liu, Zheji, and Mark J. Kuzdzal. "Noise Control of an 11,000 Horsepower Single Stage Pipeline Centrifugal Compressor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27422.
Full textAbstract:
Centrifugal compressors installed for natural gas transmission produce significant noise. Many of these compressors have a single impeller with high power input. Large diameter pipes are typically connected to the inlet and discharge of the compressors. As a result, a single stage pipeline compressor not only has a strong noise source but also has a large structure to radiate noise to the ambient. As pipeline compressors are installed close to residential areas, community noise complaints become a concern to pipeline companies and compressor manufacturers. To make compressors more environmentally friendly, duct resonator acoustic arrays have been developed to lower the acoustic energy emanating to the environment. This paper focuses on acoustic technology applied to a single stage pipeline direct-inlet compressor with a 28-inch diameter impeller. The effectiveness of the duct resonator acoustic array is described in this paper with field noise data from three different tests — one test before the compressor was retrofitted with the resonator arrays and two tests afterwards. A baseline noise test was first conducted in January 2002 to obtain the compressor noise signature and to establish the baseline noise data. Using the baseline noise data, duct resonator arrays were designed, manufactured, and retrofitted into the compressor to reduce noise. A second test was performed in October 2002, just after the upgrade, to check the effectiveness of the resonator arrays. The compressor was tested under six different operating points (two speed lines at three points per speed line) from overload to surge during both the first and the second tests. In February 2004, fifteen months after the second test, a third noise test of the same unit was performed to assess the effectiveness of the resonator array over time. The purpose of this third test was to identify if there was any degradation of noise attenuation due to fouling. A comparison of the data taken on the third noise survey with those measured on the second noise survey indicated there was no change in noise levels. After the third test, the unit was disassembled for an aerodynamic retrofit. At this point, the array was inspected and found to be clean. This indicates that the duct resonator array has been performing well since its installation. Fouling has not been detected and the array performance did not degrade over time. This paper provides acoustic data for all three field tests conducted with a focus on the technology applied to reduce the acoustic energy of this centrifugal compressor.
Reports on the topic "Residential areas close to the centre"
1
Niles, John, and J. M. Pogodzinski. TOD and Park-and-Ride: Which is Appropriate Where? Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1820.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the sharp drop in transit ridership throughout the USA that began in March 2020, two different uses of land near transit stations continue to be implemented in the United States to promote ridership. Since 2010, transit agencies have given priority to multi-family residential construction referred to as transit oriented development (TOD), with an emphasis on housing affordability. In second place for urban planners but popular with suburban commuters is free or inexpensive parking near rail or bus transit centers, known as park-and-ride (PnR). Sometimes, TOD and PnR are combined in the same development. Public policy seeks to gain high community value from both of these land uses, and there is public interest in understanding the circumstances and locations where one of these two uses should be emphasized over the other. Multiple justifications for each are offered in the professional literature and reviewed in this report. Fundamental to the strategic decision making necessary to allocate public resources toward one use or the other is a determination of the degree to which each approach generates transit ridership. In the research reported here, econometric analysis of GIS data for transit stops, PnR locations, and residential density was employed to measure their influence on transit boardings for samples of transit stops at the main transit agencies in Seattle, Los Angeles, and San José. Results from all three cities indicate that adding 100 parking spaces close to a transit stop has a larger marginal impact than adding 100 housing units. Previous academic research estimating the higher ridership generation per floor area of PnR compared to multi-family TOD housing makes this show of strength for parking an expected finding. At the same time, this report reviews several common public policy justifications for TOD as a preferred land development emphasis near transit stations, such as revenue generation for the transit agency and providing a location for below-market affordable housing where occupants do not need to have a car. If increasing ridership is important for a transit agency, then parking for customers who want to drive to a station is an important option. There may also be additional benefits for park-and-ride in responding to the ongoing pandemic.