Dissertations / Theses: 'Resident memory T lymphocytes'

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Gamradt, Pia. "Tissue-resident memory T cells in eczema : contribution and protective regulatory mechanisms." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1306/document.

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Les eczémas [eczéma allergique de contact (EAC) et l'eczéma atopique (EA)] sont des dermatoses inflammatoires fréquentes des pays industrialisés. Elles sont induites suite au recrutement et à l'activation dans la peau de lymphocytes T spécifiques d'allergènes, qui sont présents dans notre environnement, et qui sont habituellement très bien tolérés par la majoritédes individus exposés. Ce travail de thèse porte sur un aspect novateur de la physiopathologie des eczémas, à savoir : la contribution des lymphocytes T mémoires résidants (LTrm) dans la peau à la chronicité et à la sévérité de ces maladies.Capitalisant sur des modèles précliniques pertinents ainsi que sur des échantillons cliniques prélevés chez les patients, ce travail a permis d'acquérir de nouvelles connaissances : (i) de nombreux LTrm CD8+ spécifiques colonisent les lésions d'eczéma (ii) ils s'accumulent avecla persistance de l'allergène dans la peau, (iii) ils jouent un rôle majeur dans les récidives de la maladie, mais (iv) ils expriment à leur surface divers récepteurs inhibiteurs, tels que PD-1 ou TIM-3, qui empêchent la survenue de réponses allergiques excessives.Ces travaux apportent donc des informations majeures sur la nature unique des LTrm CD8+ spécifiques d'allergènes et des mécanismes qui contrôlent leur réactivation, afin de préserver l'intégrité de la peau et la survenue de réactions chroniques sévères. Le développement des nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques ciblant la réactivation des LTrm via leurs récepteursinhibiteurs pourrait permettre de restaurer la tolérance chez les individus allergiques
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and atopic dermatitis (AD), also referred to contact or atopic eczema, are frequent skin inflammatory diseases with increasing prevalence and high socioeconomic impact in Western countries. Eczemas are the prototype of skin delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Skin lesions are induced by the recruitment and activation in the skin of effector/memory T cells specific for environmental antigens that are innocuous to healthy non-allergic individuals.The aim of this work was to better understand the pathophysiology of eczemas by a comprehensive analysis of the contribution of skin resident memory T cells (Trm) to the chronicity and severity of these diseases.Capitalizing on relevant preclinical eczema models and on clinical samples collected from allergic patients, this work showed that: (i) numerous allergen-specific CD8+Trm colonize the eczema lesion, (ii) they accumulate in the epidermis in response to the long-term persistence of the allergen in the skin, (iii) they are instrumental for the recurrence of eczema, but (iv) theyexpress several inhibitory check point receptors (ICRs, such as PD-1, TIM-3) at their surface, which keep them in check to prevent the development of severe immunopathology.Thus, our work provides important information for considering the unique nature of hapteninduced CD8+ Trm and the mechanisms that prevent their unwanted reactivation and subsequent development of chronic or severe skin allergy. The development of therapeutic strategies targeting the reactivation of skin Trm in situ via their ICRs should open new avenues to restore tolerance in allergic individuals

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Malenica, Ines. "Role of Tissue-Resident Memory T (TRM) Cells in CD8+ T Cell Immunity and Response to Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy : Involvement of TGF-β and αV Integrins." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS201.

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La survie des patients atteints de cancer et traités avec des thérapies conventionnelles reste faible dans plusieurs types de tumeurs. Récemment, une nouvelle approche immunothérapeutique a été développée pour cibler le système immunitaire au lieu de la tumeur elle-même, afin de restaurer la fonctionnalité des cellules immunitaires et la destruction des cellules cancéreuses. L’immunothérapie ciblant le récepteur inhibiteur PD-1 occupe une place privilégiée dans les thérapies anticancéreuses en raison de sa haute spécificité et de sa faible toxicité par rapport aux thérapies conventionnelles. Cependant, le taux de réponse reste faible avec seulement 20 à 25% de patients répondant à une immunothérapie anti-PD-1. Il est donc important de comprendre les mécanismes associés à la résistance à ces thérapies et d’identifier des biomarqueurs prédictifs de réponse. L'expression du ligand de PD-1, PD-L1, sur les cellules tumorales, la charge mutationnelle tumorale et l'infiltration tumorale par les lymphocytes ont déjà été décrits, mais de nouveaux biomarqueurs sont nécessaires pour mieux déterminer la sous-population de patients susceptible de bénéficier de ces traitements. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons établi une cohorte de 118 patients atteints d'un cancer du poumon non à petites cellules (CBNPC) traités avec une immunothérapie anti-PD-1/PD-L1, et nous avons étudié l'expression de plusieurs biomarqueurs potentiels, en particulier les cellules T mémoires résidentes dans le tissu (TRM) CD8+CD103+. Ces cellules constituent un candidat potentiel car elles représentent une population privilégiée de lymphocytes T CD8 grâce à l’expression de PD-1 et une forte capacité cytotoxique vis-à-vis des cellules tumorales autologues suite à la neutralisation de l’interaction de PD-1 avec PD-L1. Nous montrons qu’une forte infiltration de tumeurs de CBNPC avec des cellules TRM corrèle à une survie sans progression plus élevée (PFS) et une réponse plus efficace à anti-PD-1 que les tumeurs avec une faible infiltration par des TRM. De plus, les tumeurs qui expriment fortement ICAM-1, un ligand de l’intégrine LFA-1 exprimée sur les lymphocytes T CD8, sont hautement infiltrées par des TRM. Par ailleurs, il est bien connu que le signal TGF-β est crucial pour l’induction de CD103 et la formation de TRM CD8+CD103+. Je me suis donc intéressée à l'activation du TGF-β par les intégrines αV exprimée par les cellules tumorales humaines et murines. À l'aide des modèles in vitro et in vivo, nous montrons que les cellules tumorales exprimant les intégrines αV activent le TGF-β et induisent l'expression de CD103 à la fois par les cellules T CD8+ provenant de cellules mononucléées du sang périphérique (PBMC) et de lymphocytes infiltrant la tumeur (TIL). L’expression plus faible de CD103 par les TIL CD8+ de souris greffées avec des tumeurs déficientes pour l’expression d'αV n'a pas d'effet sur le contrôle de la croissance tumorale. De manière intéressante, nous montrons dans des modèles de tumeurs déficientes pour l’expression d’αV, que le traitement avec des anticorps anti-PD-1 bloquants corrèle avec un meilleur contrôle de la croissance tumorale et une meilleure réponse à l'immunothérapie anti-PD-1 qui sont associés à une infiltration plus forte de TIL et un état d'activation plus élevé des TIL CD8+ exerçant une activité cytotoxique spécifique. De plus, une expression élevée de l'intégrine αV dans les tumeurs corrèle avec une réponse plus faible des patients atteints de CBNPC à une immunothérapie anti-PD-1/PD-L1. Ces données montrent comment trois marqueurs distincts, cellules TRM, ICAM-1 et les intégrines αV, régulent le microenvironnement tumoral et l’immunité T CD8 avec des implications potentielles pour potentialiser les réponses aux immunothérapies
The survival of cancer patients treated with conventional therapies remains low in multiple cancers. Recently, a new immunotherapeutic approach has been developed to target the immune system instead of the tumor itself, in order to restore immune cell functions in cancer destruction. Immunotherapy targeting the T cell inhibitory receptor PD-1 occupies a privileged place in cancer therapy thanks to its high specificity and low toxicity compared to chemotherapies. However, the response rate remains low with only 20-25% of patients responding to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. An important issue is therefore to understand the mechanisms associated with resistance to these therapies and to identify the predictive biomarkers of response. The expression of the PD-1 ligand, PD-L1, on tumor cells, tumor mutational burden (TMB) and tumor infiltration by lymphocytes have been described to predict the response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, new biomarkers are needed to better determine patient subpopulation which could benefit from this treatment. To address this question, we established a cohort of 118 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy and studied the expression of several potential biomarkers. Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are a potential candidate because they represent a distinct population of CD8+ T cells highly expressing integrin αEβ7 (CD103) and PD-1; and showing strong cytotoxic capacity towards autologous tumor cells upon neutralisation of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Results from the present study show that high infiltration of TRM cells in NSCLC tumors correlates with higher progression-free survival (PFS) and a better response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. Moreover, tumors with high expression levels of ICAM-1, the ligand of integrin LFA-1 expressed on T cells, show higher TRM infiltration. TGF-β is a cytokine directly involved in CD103 induction on activated tumor-specific T cells. Therefore, I also investigated the role of αV integrins in activating TGF-β and thereby in controlling TRM differentiation and anti-tumor T cell immunity. Using human and mouse models, we show that tumor cells expressing αV integrins activate TGF-β, which can in turn induce expression of CD103 on CD8+ T cells in vitro on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in vivo on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). However, lower CD103 expression on CD8+ TIL and thus CD103+ TRM cell formation in C57BL/6 mice engrafted with αV-lacking cancer cells had no effect on tumor growth control. Remarkably, αV-deficient tumors responded more effectively to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy than αV-efficient tumors and this response correlates with higher tumor infiltration by activated CD8+ T cells and stronger cytotoxic activity toward autologous cancer cells. Moreover, high expression of αV integrins in NSCLC tumors correlates with worse response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. These data show how three distinct markers, TRM cells, ICAM-1, and αV integrins regulate the tumor microenvironment and CD8+ T cell immunity, with potential implications in improving response to ICB immunotherapies

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Bottois, Hugo. "Acquisition and regulation of effector T cell functions in Crohn’s disease." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC012.

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L’intestin représente un microenvironnement complexe notamment par la présence du microbiote intestinal nécessitant un système immunitaire spécialisé incluant les cellules CD8 T résidente (Trm). Notre but est d’étudier la différentiation et la fonction de ces Trm dans la muqueuse intestinale. Nous souhaitons également identifier l’implication des Trm dans la maladie de Crohn (MC).Des cellules T provenant de sang ont été exposées in vitro dans conditions proches de la muqueuse pour étudier leur différentiation en Trm. L’environnement intestinal est capable de convertir des T CD8 du sang en un phénotype proche de celui de la muqueuse, notamment par l’acquisition de l’intégrine CD103. L'expression mutuellement exclusive de CD103 et KLRG1 sur les CD8 Trm semble définir des sous-populations fonctionnellement distinctes.Les Trm de patients ont été restimulé pour analyser leurs fonctions. Les CD103+ Trm sont plus sensibles à une restimulation TCR, mais les KLRG1+CD8 Trm expriment le Granzyme B sont augmentés dans la muqueuse des patients. Le transcriptome des CD103+ CD8 Trm est considérablement modifié dans la MC et montre une expression de gène associés à des signaux de danger, de réparation tissulaire et de recrutement lymphocytaire comparé aux individus contrôles. En parallèle, Nous avons établi un modèle de coculture d’organoide et de cellules T autologues. Notre but est d'étudier l’interaction et l'effet des ces cellules T sur des cellules épithéliales et de tester l’efficacité des biothérapies ciblant ces interactions comme des anticorps bloquant CD103 ou NKG2D, dont le développement est en cours dans la MC
The intestine is a complex microenvironment that requires an immune system with specific features to maintain homeostasis. Tissue resident memory (Trm) CD8 T cells from the intestinal tissue participate to this regulation. We aimed to study the differentiation and function of human CD8 Trm cells in the intestinal mucosa and their impact on inflammatory disorders such as Crohn’s disease (CD). We tested in vitro the acquisition of a mucosa-associated phenotype, by exposing blood T cells to cytokines mimicking the intestinal microenvironment. This stimulation converted activated blood CD8 T cells to a mucosal-like phenotype, mainly by acquisition of the tissue resident marker, integrin CD103.Blood and mucosal CD8 T cells isolated from CD patients and controls were characterized by flow cytometry to determine the specificities of intestinal Trm cells. Interestingly, the expression of KLRG1 and CD103, both receptor of E-cadherin expressed by epithelial cells, was mutually exclusive. Restimulated Trm cells in vitro showed that CD103 CD8 Trm cells were more responsive to TCR stimulation, while KLRG1 CD8 T cells displayed higher expression of cytotoxic molecules such as granzyme B. These results suggest that these markers define distinct functional Trm subsets.We analysed the transcriptome of sorted Trm subsets from inflammatory or control tissues and showed that CD8 Trm cells expressing CD103 had increase expression of cytokines and chemokines compared to other Trm cells. Additionally, CD103 expressing Trm cells from CD patients showed major transcriptomic differences compared to controls, with increase expression of genes involved in tissue repair and recruitment of immune effector cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Trm cells in the intestine are heterogeneous, as CD103 expressing cells display functions associated with alarm signals and tissue repair, while KLRG1 positive cells exhibit cytotoxic potential. To study the interactions of these T cells with intestinal epithelial cells, we have established intestinal epithelial organoid cultures with mucosal T cells. Our aims are to examine the molecules involved in lympho-epithelial interactions and study their functional consequences. To this end we will test and study the mechanisms of action of blocking antibodies targeting CD103 and NKG2D that are two pathways tested for the treatment of CD

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Blanc, Charlotte. "Lymphocytes T résidents mémoires dans les tumeurs du poumon et ORL : sous-populations et mécanismes de migration Cxcr6-deficiency impairs cancer vaccine efficacy and resident memory CD8+ T cells recruitment in tumor Phénotype et localisation des sous-populations de LT résidents mémoires dans les tumeurs pulmonaires." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCB046.

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De grands bouleversements sont apparus au début du 21ème siècle dans la compréhension de la physiopathologie du cancer avec l'énoncé de la théorie de l'immunoédition complétant le concept de l'immunosurveillance. La communauté scientifique s'accorde désormais sur le fait que le système immunitaire et particulièrement les lymphocytes T (LT) CD8+ tiennent une place essentielle dans le contrôle de la croissance tumorale. Toutefois, par pression de sélection, la cellule tumorale développe des mécanismes de résistance aux attaques du système immunitaire, neutralisant ainsi l'effet cytotoxique des LT. Restaurer leurs fonctions antitumorales est une stratégie thérapeutique qui a fait ses preuves avec l'immunothérapie. Cependant, ces traitements ne sont pas toujours efficaces et peuvent être optimisés par une meilleure compréhension de l'immunité antitumorale. Dans ce but, nous nous sommes intéressés au déroulement de la réponse antitumorale des LT CD8+ en nous attardant sur les LT résidents mémoires (Trm) particulièrement efficaces contre la tumeur et au fort impact pronostic, qui pourrait être une cible thérapeutique pertinente. L'induction d'une réponse antitumorale efficace requière une présentation antigénique optimale conduisant à l'activation du LT CD8+ et à sa migration dans la tumeur via le réseau chimiokine/récepteur. Dans le premier travail, le récepteur de chimiokine CXCR6 a été identifié comme molécule de homing fortement exprimée par les LT CD8+ Trm du poumon. Sa chimiokine CXCL16 peut être sécrétée par les cellules présentatrices d'antigènes, les cellules épithéliales et tumorales mais le rôle de l'axe CXCR6/CXCL16 dans l'immunosurveillance des cancers n'est pas connu à ce jour. Pour en comprendre les mécanismes, des expériences de vaccinations antitumorales par voie intranasale (i.n.) réalisées dans des modèles de souris déficientes en CXCR6 ont permis de mettre en évidence l'impact de CXCR6 dans l'établissement d'une infiltration optimale en LT CD8+ spécifiques et Trm dans le lavage broncho-alvéolaire et au sein des tumeurs des voies aérodigestives supérieures. L'axe CXCR6/CXCL16 pourrait représenter un outil thérapeutique intéressant pour les vaccins anticancéreux ou pour les thérapies de transferts adoptifs de LT modifiés dont l'infiltration intra-tumorale est limitée. Les Trm ont la particularité d'exprimer des intégrines (CD103, CD49a) impliquées dans leur interaction avec le microenvironnement tumoral. Ils présentent un phénotype original microenvironnement-dépendant qui leur confère des avantages en termes d'activités cytotoxiques dans les tumeurs et expliquant leur impact pronostic favorable. Une meilleure connaissance de leur phénotype et de leurs mécanismes d'induction permettrait d'optimiser la réponse antitumorale. Le travail 2 s'est concentré sur l'étude de deux intégrines principales CD103 et CD49a dans les cancers pulmonaires par des techniques multiparamétriques d'immunofluorescence in situ et de cytométrie en flux. Les résultats montrent que leur expression expliquait l'infiltration des LT CD8+ et leur contact avec la cellule tumorale, en lien avec leur forte implication dans la survie des malades. Nos données suggérèrent également la possibilité d'un priming local pulmonaire nécessaire à l'induction du phénotype Trm par des modèles de vaccinations i.n. et d'un lien entre les structures lymphoïdes tertiaires et les Trm. Ces travaux ont montré l'importance de l'analyse de l'immunité locale avec les LT CD8+ Trm pour la compréhension de cette réponse antitumorale. Etudier le phénotype Trm a permis de mettre en lumière leur rôle crucial et leur potentiel comme cible thérapeutique. Une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes sous-jacents à l'induction des Trm permettra à terme de les cibler pharmacologiquement pour optimiser les thérapies et donc la survie des malades
With the immunoediting theory, new concept in the cancer physiopathology has appeared in the beginning of the 21st century. It is now established that the immune system and CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in tumor growth control. However, by selective pressure, the tumor cell develops mechanisms to avoid immune destruction and to inhibit T cells cytotoxicity. Reinvigorating antitumor functions is a well-proven therapeutic strategy with immunotherapy. Nevertheless, patients do not always respond to these treatments which could be optimized. In this context, we had studied antitumor response induction by focusing on CD8+ T cells and especially on resident memory T cells (Trm), new cytotoxic cells correlated with a good prognosis and which could be a relevant therapeutic target. A potent antitumor response requires an optimal antigenic presentation to prime CD8+ T cells and favor their migration into the tumor through chemokine network. In a first study, we identified a chemokine receptor CXCR6, highly expressed by lung CD8+ Trm. Its chemokine CXCL16 is produced by antigen presenting cells, epithelial and tumor cells, but the role of the CXCR6/CXCL16 axis in cancer immunosurveillance is not known yet. To understand its mechanisms, antitumor vaccinations strategies by intranasal (i.n.) route had been set up in CXCR6-deficient mice and had shown the role of CXCR6 in promoting the infiltration of specific CD8+ T cells and Trm in lung tissue and head and neck tumors. The CXCR6/CXCL16 axis could represent an interesting therapeutic tool for antitumor vaccines or adoptive cell transfer in which tumor infiltration is a challenge. Trm have the particularity to express integrins (CD103, CD49a) involved in the interaction with the tumor microenvironment. They exhibit an original and an heterogenous phenotype, microenvironment-dependent. Their phenotype is involved in their cytotoxic activities, highlighting their high prognostic impact and their potential to be a suitable therapeutic target. Better understanding Trm phenotype complexity and their induction mechanisms are crucial to further optimize antitumor response. The second work of this thesis focused on the expression of two main integrins CD103 and CD49a in lung cancer by an in situ multiparametric immunofluorescence technique and by flow cytometry. The results showed that their expression determine their contact with the tumor cells and their involvement in patient survival. Our data obtained by i.n. vaccination models and by tertiary lymphoid structures analysis suggest the possibility of a priming in the lung to induce the Trm phenotype. Our work shows the necessity of analyzing local immunity and CD8+ Trm T cells for a better understanding of antitumor response. Studying Trm phenotype has highlighted their crucial role and their potential to be a relevant therapeutic target. Identifying and targeting their mechanisms of induction might optimize therapies and patient's survival

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Koo, Yoon. "The impact of pertussis toxin on T cell functions." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0077.

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La toxine pertussique (PTX) est une exotoxine produite uniquement par Bordetella pertussis, un pathogène de la coqueluche. Les effets de la toxine au cours d'une infection bactérienne sont bien connus, et sont pour la plupart liés à son activité ADP-ribosyltransférase qui cible les GPCRs. Or, la PTX est un antigène majeur permettant d’établir une réponse immunitaire contre B. pertussis ce qui en fait donc un composant principal de tous les vaccins anti-coqueluche actuels. De nombreux travaux sur la PTX concernent ses mécanismes moléculaires et son rôle durant la phase d'infection. Mais, il y a un manque d'information sur le rôle immunogène de la PTX.En utilisant un modèle d'infection intranasale par B. pertussis, nous avons constaté que la génération de lymphocytes T CD4 mémoires résidant (Trm) dans les poumons dépendait de l'exposition à la PTX. La toxine pertussique est couramment utilisée pour inhiber la réponse aux chimiokines, dans l'étude de la migration des cellules T. Etant donné que la plupart des récepteurs aux chimiokines sont des GPCRs, la mobilité de nombreuses cellules immunitaires, y compris les cellules T, est facilement affectée par la PTX. La migration des cellules T est un phénomène sophistiqué régulé spatio-temporellement. Nos résultats démontrent que la PTX n’affecte pas les étapes de la migration dépendantes des intégrines lorsque les cellules T sont activées.Ce travail s’intéresse à l'impact de la PTX sur la biologie des cellules T en étudiant son rôle dans la réponse immunitaire adaptative in vivo, dans un modèle animal d'infection et son impact sur la migration des lymphocytes T in vitro
Pertussis toxin (PTX) is an exotoxin uniquely produced from Bordetella pertussis, a human respiratory tract pathogen causing pertussis disease, also known as whooping cough. The toxin is well described its virulence effects during bacterial infection. Most of these effects are due to ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of the molecule that targets G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). On the other hand, PTX is an important antigen that provides protection against pertussis disease and a major component of all current pertussis vaccines. There are numerous literatures on PTX about its molecular mechanisms and its role during infection phase. Instead, lack of information on how PTX contributes host’s adaptive immunity has incurred confusion in understanding the immunogenic role of PTX. With intranasal infection model of B. pertussis, we detected the generation of CD4 lung-resident memory T cells (Trm) were depending on PTX exposure. For T cell migration study, PTX is being used to inhibit chemokine response. Because most of chemokine receptors are GPCR, the motility of many immune cells including T cells is easily affected by PTX. T cell migration is a sophisticate phenomenon regulated space-temporally. The results demonstrated, once T cells become activated and effector, are less influenced than inactivated T cells.This thesis reports the impact of PTX on T cells in two parts; 1) Role of PTX in adaptive immune response by in vivo infection system and 2) Influence of PTX on T cell motility by in vitro assays

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Dal, Cin Julian. "Analyse tissulaire des myopathies inflammatoires idiopathiques et induites par immune-checkpoint-inhibitor : apport des nouvelles approches transcriptomiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS151.pdf.

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Les myosites forment un groupe hétérogène de pathologies auto-immunes partageant une atteinte musculaire des patients. Les myosites sont séparées en 5 sous-entités : les dermatomyosites (DM), les syndromes des anti-synthétases (ASyS), les myosites à inclusions (IBM), les myopathies nécrosantes auto-immunes (IMNM) et les myosites induites par inhibiteur de point de contrôle immunitaire (ICI). Les mécanismes physiopathologiques, le phénotype clinique et le pronostic de chaque sous-entité sont différents. Parmi les myosites, ce travail s’est concentré sur les IMNM et les myosites induites par ICI, leur pronostic étant le plus sombre. Des études transcriptomiques à haute résolution, spatiale ainsi qu’en cellule unique ont permis d’étudier le tissu musculaire des patients atteints de ces myosites. Dans les myosites induites par ICI, ces études ont confirmé la cytotoxicité de lymphocytes T CD8 et leur rôle central, principalement celui des populations de lymphocytes T résidents mémoires identifiés dans le muscle ainsi que des macrophages. Nous proposons un modèle pathogénique basé sur la réaction de lymphocytes T résidents mémoires aux traitements ICI. Dans les IMNM, des sous-groupes de macrophages ont été identifiés composés respectivement des macrophages pro-inflammatoires, anti-inflammatoires et de macrophages accompagnés de progéniteurs fibro-adipeux (FAP). Nous proposons que la nécrose stimulerait les macrophages et induirait leur recrutement ce qui permettrait la prolifération des FAP à l’origine de la fibrose exacerbée des patients. La compréhension de ces mécanismes parmi d’autres permet d’envisager de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques et d’améliorer le pronostic des patients
Myositis are a heterogeneous group of autoimmune pathologies characterized by muscle damage in patients. Myositis are separated into 5 subgroups: dermatomyositis (DM), anti-synthetase syndromes (ASyS), inclusion body myositis (IBM), autoimmune necrotizing myopathies (IMNM) and immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced myositis. The pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical phenotype and prognosis of each subgroup are different. Among myositis, this work focused on IMNM and ICI-induced myositis, which have the poorest prognosis. High-resolution, spatial and single-cell transcriptomic studies have made it possible to study the muscle tissue of patients with these myositis. In ICI-induced myositis, these studies have confirmed the cytotoxicity of CD8 T cells and their central role, mainly of a population of resident memory T cells identified in the muscle, as well as macrophages. We propose a pathogenic model based on the reaction of resident memory T cells to ICI treatments. In IMNM, subgroups of macrophages have been identified composed respectively of pro-inflammatory macrophages, anti-inflammatory macrophages, and macrophages close to fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAP). We propose that necrosis can stimulate macrophages and induce their recruitment, which would allow the proliferation of FAPs at the origin of exacerbated fibrosis in patients. Understanding mechanisms among others makes it possible to consider new therapeutic targets and improve patient prognosis

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Bell, James Jeremiah. "T cells from immunological memory to autoimmune disease." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5885.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed December 22, 2006). The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Vita. "May 2006" Includes bibliographical references.

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Woyciechowski, Sandra [Verfasser], and Hanspeter [Akademischer Betreuer] Pircher. "Regulation of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells in salivary glands." Freiburg : Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1196526257/34.

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Cendón, Carla. "Function and compartmentalization of circulating versus tissue resident memory T cells." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19794.

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Verstärkte Anstrengungen zur Förderung der T-Zell-basierten Immunität haben eine zwingende Notwendigkeit für unser Verständnis der menschlichen T-Zell-Funktion und –Erhaltung geschaffen. Das Paradigma, dass Gedächtnis-T-Lymphozyten kontinuierlich durch den Körper zirkulieren wurde vor kurzem durch die Entdeckung der Gedächtnis-T-Zellen, die in einer Vielzahl von Geweben, einschließlich des Knochenmarks angesiedelt sind, herausgefordert. Allerdings bleibt der Unterschied zwischen Funktionsweise von zirkulierenden und gewebeansässigen Gedächtnis-T-Zellen nur unzulänglich verstanden. Die Knochenmark ist die Heimat für eine große Anzahl Gedächtnis-T-Zellen. CD4+ Gedächtnis-T-Zellen aus dem Knochenmark beinhalten ein breites Spektrum an Antigenspezifitäten. Interessanterweise wurden CD4+ Gedächtnis-T-Zellen spezifisch für systemische Kindheitsantigene im Knochenmark von älteren Menschen gefunden, auch wenn sie nicht mehr in der Blutzirkulation nachgewiesen werden konnten. Gedächtnis-T-Zellen aus dem Knochenmark sind sesshaft und ruhend und Langzeitgedächtnis gegen systemische Antigene erhalten. Sowohl der Überlebensmechanismus von Gedächtnis-T-Zellen, als auch die Kapazität von gewebsansässigen Gedächtnis-T-Zellen nach einer systemischen Herausforderung mobilisiert zu werden, sind bisher nur unzureichend geklärt. Ich habe gezeigt, dass Gedächtnis-T-Zellen aus dem peripheren Blut und Knochenmark unterschiedliche Überlebensfähigkeiten haben. Weiterhin habe ich die Rolle von Überleben Faktoren in ihrer Erhaltung identifiziert. Zudem habe ich bestimmt, dass Gedächtnis-T-Zellen aus dem Blut und Knochenmark unterschiedliche Zellpopulationen sind, mit unterschiedliche TCRβ Repertoires. Schließlich konnte ich zeigen, dass sesshafte Gedächtnis-T-Zellen, die spezifisch für systemische Antigene sind, schnell in die Blutzirkulation mobilisiert werden. Zusammenfassend bieten diese Studien ein umfassenderes Verständnis der Funktion und des Erhalts des immunologischen Gedächtnisses.
Intensified efforts to promote protective T cell-based immunity in vaccines and immunotherapies have created a compelling need to expand our understanding of human T cell function and maintenance. The paradigm that memory T lymphocytes are continuously circulating through the body in search of their cognate antigen has been recently challenged by the discovery of memory T cells residing in a variety of tissues, including the bone marrow (BM). However, the division of labor and lifestyle of circulating versus tissue resident memory T cells remains poorly understood. The human BM is home to a great number of memory T cells. BM memory CD4+ T cells contain a wide array of antigen specificities. Interestingly, memory CD4+ T cells specific for systemic childhood antigens have been found in the BM of elderly humans, even when they were no longer detectable in peripheral blood (PB) circulation. BM memory T cells are resident, resting and maintain long-term memory to systemic antigens. The survival mechanisms of circulating and BM resident memory T cells; as well as the capacities of tissue resident memory T cells to be mobilized into blood circulation after systemic antigen re-challenge to confer us with immune protection remains to be elucidated. I have shown that PB and BM memory T cells have different survival capacities, as well as identified the role of survival factors in their maintenance. Moreover, using sequencing analysis of the TCRβ repertoire, I have determined that PB and BM memory T cells are separated cell populations. Finally, by tracking the dynamics of antigen-specific memory CD4+ T cells after systemic MMR re-vaccination I could show that TRM CD4+ T cells specific for systemic antigens can be rapidly mobilized into blood circulation and contribute to the immune response. These studies provide a more comprehensive understanding of the function and maintenance of immunological memory in humans.

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Winter, Samantha. "The role of tissue-resident memory T cells in cutaneous metastatic melanoma." Thesis, Winter, Samantha (2014) The role of tissue-resident memory T cells in cutaneous metastatic melanoma. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2014. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/32067/.

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Metastatic melanoma is a highly aggressive form of cancer, with poor prognosis when diagnosed during late stages. Modern cancer immunotherapies that exploit the immune system were praised as the science ‘breakthrough of the year’ in 2013 and are exhibiting improved outcomes in the treatment of advanced melanoma. Two of these immunotherapies currently approved for clinical use are known as anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1, which respectively target the cell surface markers CTLA-4 and PD-1 on CD8 T cells. CD8 T cell subsets play a superior role in inflammation and have the ability to destroy cancer cells. Following resolution of inflammation, a small number of CD8 T cells contract to form a stable pool of memory T cells. These memory CD8 T cells have the ability to mount a faster and stronger immune response compared to their short-lived predecessors. Due to their superior function and the immunogenicity of melanoma, these memory CD8 T cells play a pivotal role in the development of successful immunotherapeutic treatments. Recently, a subset of non-migratory memory CD8 T cells that reside at peripheral sites has been described, known as tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM). TRM cells are found primarily at barrier sites, such as the epidermis of the skin. Current research surrounding TRM cells has centred primarily on their role in viral infections. This project explores the presence and phenotype of TRM cells at the site of cutaneous murine melanoma. A novel model of melanoma engraftment was utilised that resembles the human disease with increased accuracy due to epidermal/dermal infiltration, which is not seen in traditional murine melanoma models. TRM cells were able to be identified, enumerated and phenotyped at different stages of tumour control, by designing a protocol which employed cutaneous melanoma, traceable tumour-specific gBT.I CD8 T cells and HSV-1 infection. TRM cells were found to be present at the site of tumour at numbers similar to unmanipulated control skin. In contrast, elevated numbers were seen in HSV-1 infected skin. At the site of cutaneous melanoma, TRM cells were found to have a KLRG1lo, CTLA-4hi and PD-1lo phenotype at each time point analysed, identical to TRM cells isolated from control and HSV-1 infected skin. These findings suggest the need for further research into TRM cell function during immunotherapy, as expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 surface markers render TRM cells as potential targets for anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody treatment.

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11

Sun, Joseph C. "The role of CD4 T cell help during the CD8 T cell response /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8334.

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Bull, Naomi. "The role of lung tissue-resident memory T cells in protection against tuberculosis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:45ee10ce-0ca3-4459-9da8-5cf9078f2cbb.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health problem, which is proving extremely difficult to control in the absence of an effective vaccine. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only vaccine currently licensed against TB, demonstrates variable efficacy in humans and cattle. A greater understanding of what constitutes a protective host immune response is required in order to aid the development of improved vaccines. Tissue-resident memory T cells (T_RM) are a recently-identified subset of T cells, which may represent an important aspect of protective immunity to TB. This thesis aims to characterise the role of lung T_RM in BCG-induced protection against TB. In a mouse model, intravascular staining allowed discrimination between lung-vascular and lung-parenchymal T cells. Experiments demonstrated that BCG vaccination induced a population of antigen-specific lung-parenchymal CD4⁺ T cells, a putative tissue-resident population. This lung-parenchymal population was significantly increased in frequency following mucosal BCG vaccination, compared to systemic BCG vaccination. This correlated with enhanced protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection in the lungs of mice receiving mucosal BCG, compared to those receiving systemic BCG. Mucosal BCG induced lung-parenchymal CD4⁺ T cells with enhanced proliferative capacity and a PD1⁺KLRG1^- cell-surface phenotype, a memory-like phenotype associated with improved protection against M.tb infection. These cells may represent a BCG-induced lung T_RM population responsible for the enhanced protection observed following mucosal BCG. Overall, this thesis highlights the potential of mucosal vaccination to elicit lung T_RM and identifies this as a possible immunological mechanism underlying enhanced protection against M.tb infection. These cells may constitute an important target for future vaccination strategies.

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CARLISI, Melania. "EVALUATION AND POTENTIAL ROLE OF BONE MARROW TISSUE-RESIDENT MEMORY T-CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH PLASMA CELL DYSCRASIAS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/400371.

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Sarkander, Jana. "Deciphering the generation of bone marrow resident memory CD4 T cells in the spleen." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/20601.

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Langlebige Gedächtnis-CD4 T Lymphozyten spielen eine entscheidende Rolle für die Bildung, Erhaltung und Reaktivierung anderer Gedächtnislymphozyten. Im Verlauf einer Immunreaktion wandern einige antigen-erfahrene CD4 T Zellen aus den sekundär lymphoiden Organen (SLO) ins Knochenmark (KM), wo sie als professionelle Gedächtnis-CD4 T Zellen ruhen und überdauern. Es ist jedoch weitgehend unverstanden wie die Vorläuferzellen in SLO gebildet werden. Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit identifiziert aktivierte CD49b+T-bet+/CXCR3+ CD4 T Zellen der Milz als Vorläuferzellen von KM-Gedächtnis-CD4 T Zellen. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit zeigt, dass die Vorläuferzellen nach einer verstärkten Zellproliferation und längerer kognitiver Interaktion mit dendritischen Zellen während der späten Aktivierungsphase der primären Immunantwort entstehen. Die Behandlung mit einem Zytostatikum oder die späte Blockade des kostimulatorischen CD28/B7-Signalweges verhindert wiederum deren Generierung. Fluoreszenzfarbstoffmarkierungsexperimente zeigen, dass mit zunehmender Zellteilung die Expression des Chemokinrezeptors CCR7 in den Vorläuferzellen verringert ist und die Expression des Zytokinrezeptors IL-2Rb erhöht ist. CCR7 ist für die Persistenz in der T-Zellzone von SLO entscheidend, sowie IL-2Rb für das langfristige Überleben der Zellen. Der dritte Teil dieser Arbeit untersucht die Rolle von B Zellen für die Etablierung des CD4 T-Zellgedächtnisses im KM. B Zellen wirken sich in der frühen Phase einer Immunantwort negativ auf die Akkumulation von Gedächtnis CD4 T Vorläuferzellen im KM aus, beeinflussen jedoch nicht die Proliferation von aktivierten CD4 T Zellen in der Milz während der Aktivierungsphase. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit liefern neue Einblicke in die Generierung von Gedächtnis CD4 T Zellen des KM, die für neue Ansätze zur therapeutischen Stärkung des Immungedächtnisses im Rahmen von Impfungen oder dessen Ablation bei Autoimmunerkrankungen beitragen können.
Long-lived memory CD4 T lymphocytes play a crucial role in the generation, maintenance and reactivation of other memory lymphocytes. During an immune reaction, some antigen-experienced CD4 T cells relocate from secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) to the bone marrow (BM) and reside and rest there as professional memory CD4 T cells. However, it remains elusive how the precursors of BM memory CD4 T cells are generated in SLOs. The first part of this thesis identifies splenic CD49b+T-bet+/CXCR3+ activated CD4 T cells as the precursors of BM memory CD4 T cells. The second part of this thesis describes that precursors of BM memory CD4 T cells are generated following enhanced cell proliferation and prolonged cognate interactions with dendritic cells (DCs) during the late activation phase of a primary immune response. Treatment with a cytostatic drug or blockage of the CD28/B7 costimulatory pathway in the late activation phase in turn abrogates the generation of precursors of BM memory CD4 T cells. Fluorescent-dye labeling experiments demonstrate that the more CD49b+CXCR3+ activated CD4 T cells divide, the more they lose the expression of CCR7, a chemokine receptor crucial for the persistence in the T cell zone of SLOs, and gain the expression of IL-2Rb, a cytokine receptor crucial for long-term survival. The third part of this thesis investigates the role of B cells for the establishment of resting CD4 T cell memory in the BM. B cells negatively impact the accumulation of memory CD4 T cell precursors in the BM during the early phase of an immune response but do not affect the cell division of activated CD4 T cells in the spleen during the activation phase. In sum, the results obtained in this thesis provide new insight into the generation of BM memory CD4 T cells that may help for the therapeutic strengthening of immune memory in the context of vaccination or its abolishment within the scope of autoimmune diseases.

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Carpenter, Stephen M. "Memory CD8+ T Cell Function during Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2016. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/860.

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T cell vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and other pathogens are based on the principle that memory T cells rapidly generate effector responses upon challenge, leading to pathogen clearance. Despite eliciting a robust memory CD8+ T cell response to the immunodominant Mtb antigen TB10.4 (EsxH), we find the increased frequency of TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells conferred by vaccination to be short-lived after Mtb challenge. To compare memory and naïve CD8+ T cell function during their response to Mtb, we track their expansions using TB10.4-specific retrogenic CD8+ T cells. We find that the primary (naïve) response outnumbers the secondary (memory) response during Mtb challenge, an effect moderated by increased TCR affinity. To determine whether the expansion of polyclonal memory T cells is restrained following Mtb challenge, we used TCRb deep sequencing to track TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells after vaccination and subsequent challenge in intact mice. Successful memory T cells, defined by their clonal expansion after Mtb challenge, express similar CDR3b sequences suggesting TCR selection by antigen. Thus, both TCR-dependent and independent factors affect the fitness of memory CD8+ responses. The impaired expansion of the majority of memory T cell clonotypes may explain why some TB vaccines have not provided better protection.

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Champagne, Patrick. "Characterization of the HIV-specific repertoire of T lymphocytes and insight into CD8 T cell mediated immunologic memory." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19402.

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Characterization of the phyenotypic, functional and proliferative properties of antigen-specific CD8 T cell subsets allowed us to delineate a differentiation pathway based on the expression of CD45 isotype and CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), and undergone by T cells following encounter with cognate antigen. Comparative assessment of HIV- and cytomegalovirus-specific responses exhibited by dually-infected patients evidenced a skewed maturation of HIV-specific memory CD8 T lymphocytes and their altered distribution in blood and lymph nodes. These findings contribute to our understanding of immunologic memory, may be relevant to HIV-1 pathology and are pertinent to the design, as well as evaluation of therapeutic regimens and vaccination strategies.

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Poole, Daniel Heath. "Actions of Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 in the Bovine Corpus Luteum and the Role of Resident T Lymphocytes during Luteolysis." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250361867.

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Prince, Amanda L. "The Role of Inducible T Cell Kinase (Itk) in the Development of Innate T Cells and in the Formation of Protective Memory Responses: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2013. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/660.

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T cell development in the thymus produces multiple lineages of cells, including conventional naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells, and innate T cells. Innate T cells encompass γδ T cells, invariant natural killer (iNKT) cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and H2-M3-restricted cells (Berg, 2007). Although they are a minor subset of all thymocytes, innate T cells develop in the thymus and share characteristics of the innate and adaptive immune systems (Berg, 2007). These lymphocytes undergo antigen receptor rearrangement and are able to exert their effector function immediately upon ex vivo stimulation (Berg, 2007). However, in several strains of mice harboring mutations in T cell signaling proteins or transcriptional regulators, conventional CD8+ T cells develop as innate cells that share characteristics with memory T cells (Atherly et al., 2006b; Broussard et al., 2006; Fukuyama et al., 2009; Gordon et al., 2011; Verykokakis et al., 2010b; Weinreich et al., 2010). One of these signaling proteins, inducible T cell kinase (Itk) is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase that signals downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) (Berg et al., 2005). Upon TCR activation, Itk is activated and recruited to the TCR signaling complex, where Itk interacts with Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa (SLP-76), linker for activation of T cells (LAT), and phospholipase C γ1 (PLCγ1) (Berg et al., 2005). Thus, in Itk-deficient mice, TCR signaling is disrupted, which results in mature CD4- CD8+ (CD8SP) thymocytes that are CD44high, CD62Lhigh, CD122+, and CXCR3+ and that express high levels of the transcription factor, Eomesodermin (Eomes) (Atherly et al., 2006b; Broussard et al., 2006; Weinreich et al., 2010). Recently, it was determined that the development of these innate CD8SP thymocytes in itk-/- mice is dependent on IL-4 produced in the thymic environment by a poorly characterized subset of CD3+ thymocytes expressing the transcriptional regulator, promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) (Gordon et al., 2011; Verykokakis et al., 2010b; Weinreich et al., 2010). Here we show that a sizeable proportion of mature CD4+ CD8- (CD4SP) thymocytes in itk-/- mice also develop as Eomesodermin+ innate T cells. These Eomes+ innate CD4+ T cells are CD44high, CD62Lhigh, CD122+, and CXCR3+ (Atherly et al., 2006b; Broussard et al., 2006; Dubois et al., 2006; Weinreich et al., 2010). Surprisingly, neither CD4SP nor CD8SP innate thymocytes in itk-/- mice are dependent on γδ T cells for their development as was previously hypothesized (Alonzo and Sant'Angelo, 2011). Instead, both subsets of innate itk-/- T cells require the presence of a novel PLZF-expressing, SAP-dependent thymocyte population that is essential for the conversion of conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into Eomesodermin-expressing innate T cells with a memory phenotype. This novel subset of PLZF-expressing SAP-dependent innate T cells preferentially home to the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes and have a restricted TCR repertoire. Thus, we have christened this subset as CD4+ PLZF + MAIT-like cells. We have characterized multiple subsets of innate T cells that expand in the absence of Itk. Therefore, we were interested in how innate T cells respond to infection. Although Itk KO mice have defects in cytolytic function and cytokine production during an acute infection, these mice are able to clear viral infections (Atherly et al., 2006a; Bachmann et al., 1997). Hence, we hypothesized that Itk-deficient memory CD8+ T cells would be able to provide protection upon a challenge infection. Conversely, we found this not to be true although Itk-deficient memory CD8+ T cells were present in similar frequencies and cell numbers as WT memory CD8+ T cells at 42 days post-infection. Furthermore, Itk-deficient memory CD8+ T cells were able to produce IFNγ and exert cytolytic function upon stimulation. Although the function of Itk-deficient memory CD8+ T cells appeared to be intact, we found that these cells were unable to expand in response to a challenge infection. Remarkably, conventional memory CD8+ T cells lacking Itk were able to expand and form protective memory responses upon challenge. Thus, the inability of Eomes+ innate CD8+ T cells to form protective memory responses does not appear to be intrinsic to cells deficient in Itk. This thesis is divided into six major chapters. The first chapter will provide an introduction to T cell development and the role of Itk in T cell development. Additionally, it will introduce a variety of innate T cell subsets that will be discussed throughout this thesis and will provide an overview of CD4+ and CD8 + T cell differentiation during infection. This section will explain the role of Itk in CD4+ helper T cell differentiation and describe how Itk-deficient CD8+ T cells respond to acute infection. The introduction will also discuss the generation of conventional memory CD8+ T cells. The second chapter will provide the details of the experimental procedures used in this thesis. The third chapter will describe the characterization and development of Eomes+ innate CD4+ T cells that develop in the absence of Itk. Additionally, this chapter will address the subset of PLZF+ innate T cells that induce the expression of Eomes in innate T cells. The fourth chapter will further characterize and explore the development of itk-/- CD4+ PLZF+ MAIT-like T cells. The fifth chapter will examine the role of Eomes + innate CD8+ T cells in protective memory responses. Chapters three through five will display work that is in preparation to be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. The sixth chapter will discuss the results of this thesis and their implications.

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Prince, Amanda L. "The Role of Inducible T Cell Kinase (Itk) in the Development of Innate T Cells and in the Formation of Protective Memory Responses: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2002. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/660.

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Abstract:

T cell development in the thymus produces multiple lineages of cells, including conventional naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells, and innate T cells. Innate T cells encompass γδ T cells, invariant natural killer (iNKT) cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and H2-M3-restricted cells (Berg, 2007). Although they are a minor subset of all thymocytes, innate T cells develop in the thymus and share characteristics of the innate and adaptive immune systems (Berg, 2007). These lymphocytes undergo antigen receptor rearrangement and are able to exert their effector function immediately upon ex vivo stimulation (Berg, 2007). However, in several strains of mice harboring mutations in T cell signaling proteins or transcriptional regulators, conventional CD8+ T cells develop as innate cells that share characteristics with memory T cells (Atherly et al., 2006b; Broussard et al., 2006; Fukuyama et al., 2009; Gordon et al., 2011; Verykokakis et al., 2010b; Weinreich et al., 2010). One of these signaling proteins, inducible T cell kinase (Itk) is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase that signals downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) (Berg et al., 2005). Upon TCR activation, Itk is activated and recruited to the TCR signaling complex, where Itk interacts with Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa (SLP-76), linker for activation of T cells (LAT), and phospholipase C γ1 (PLCγ1) (Berg et al., 2005). Thus, in Itk-deficient mice, TCR signaling is disrupted, which results in mature CD4- CD8+ (CD8SP) thymocytes that are CD44high, CD62Lhigh, CD122+, and CXCR3+ and that express high levels of the transcription factor, Eomesodermin (Eomes) (Atherly et al., 2006b; Broussard et al., 2006; Weinreich et al., 2010). Recently, it was determined that the development of these innate CD8SP thymocytes in itk-/- mice is dependent on IL-4 produced in the thymic environment by a poorly characterized subset of CD3+ thymocytes expressing the transcriptional regulator, promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) (Gordon et al., 2011; Verykokakis et al., 2010b; Weinreich et al., 2010). Here we show that a sizeable proportion of mature CD4+ CD8- (CD4SP) thymocytes in itk-/- mice also develop as Eomesodermin+ innate T cells. These Eomes+ innate CD4+ T cells are CD44high, CD62Lhigh, CD122+, and CXCR3+ (Atherly et al., 2006b; Broussard et al., 2006; Dubois et al., 2006; Weinreich et al., 2010). Surprisingly, neither CD4SP nor CD8SP innate thymocytes in itk-/- mice are dependent on γδ T cells for their development as was previously hypothesized (Alonzo and Sant'Angelo, 2011). Instead, both subsets of innate itk-/- T cells require the presence of a novel PLZF-expressing, SAP-dependent thymocyte population that is essential for the conversion of conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into Eomesodermin-expressing innate T cells with a memory phenotype. This novel subset of PLZF-expressing SAP-dependent innate T cells preferentially home to the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes and have a restricted TCR repertoire. Thus, we have christened this subset as CD4+ PLZF + MAIT-like cells. We have characterized multiple subsets of innate T cells that expand in the absence of Itk. Therefore, we were interested in how innate T cells respond to infection. Although Itk KO mice have defects in cytolytic function and cytokine production during an acute infection, these mice are able to clear viral infections (Atherly et al., 2006a; Bachmann et al., 1997). Hence, we hypothesized that Itk-deficient memory CD8+ T cells would be able to provide protection upon a challenge infection. Conversely, we found this not to be true although Itk-deficient memory CD8+ T cells were present in similar frequencies and cell numbers as WT memory CD8+ T cells at 42 days post-infection. Furthermore, Itk-deficient memory CD8+ T cells were able to produce IFNγ and exert cytolytic function upon stimulation. Although the function of Itk-deficient memory CD8+ T cells appeared to be intact, we found that these cells were unable to expand in response to a challenge infection. Remarkably, conventional memory CD8+ T cells lacking Itk were able to expand and form protective memory responses upon challenge. Thus, the inability of Eomes+ innate CD8+ T cells to form protective memory responses does not appear to be intrinsic to cells deficient in Itk. This thesis is divided into six major chapters. The first chapter will provide an introduction to T cell development and the role of Itk in T cell development. Additionally, it will introduce a variety of innate T cell subsets that will be discussed throughout this thesis and will provide an overview of CD4+ and CD8 + T cell differentiation during infection. This section will explain the role of Itk in CD4+ helper T cell differentiation and describe how Itk-deficient CD8+ T cells respond to acute infection. The introduction will also discuss the generation of conventional memory CD8+ T cells. The second chapter will provide the details of the experimental procedures used in this thesis. The third chapter will describe the characterization and development of Eomes+ innate CD4+ T cells that develop in the absence of Itk. Additionally, this chapter will address the subset of PLZF+ innate T cells that induce the expression of Eomes in innate T cells. The fourth chapter will further characterize and explore the development of itk-/- CD4+ PLZF+ MAIT-like T cells. The fifth chapter will examine the role of Eomes + innate CD8+ T cells in protective memory responses. Chapters three through five will display work that is in preparation to be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. The sixth chapter will discuss the results of this thesis and their implications.

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Grau, Morgan. "Identification de nouveaux biomarqueurs permettant la caractérisation des lymphocytes T CD8 mémoires innés." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1023/document.

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Deux grandes classes de cellules composent le pool de lymphocytes T (LT) CD8 mémoires. D'une part, les LT CD8 mémoires conventionnels sont générés via la reconnaissance spécifique d'antigènes dérivés de pathogènes ou de tumeurs. D'autre part, les LT CD8 mémoires innés sont générés via différents mécanismes impliquant de fortes stimulations par des cytokines γc indépendamment de la reconnaissance d'antigènes du non soi. Le phénotype extrêmement similaire de ces deux populations cellulaires ne permet pas de les distinguer in vivo. En conséquence, la population de LT CD8 mémoires innés est relativement peu caractérisée. Mon travail de thèse comportait donc deux objectifs majeurs : 1 / Identifier des marqueurs permettant de distinguer in vivo ces deux classes de LT CD8 mémoires. 2/ Caractériser la population de LT CD8 mémoires innés. Dans cette étude, nous démontrons qu'au sein du pool de LT CD8 mémoires, seules les cellules conventionnelles expriment la chimiokine CCL5 et le récepteur NKG2D. Ces deux biomarqueurs permettent ainsi pour la première fois de distinguer les LT CD8 mémoires innés et conventionnels in vivo, à la fois chez la souris et chez l'homme. Grâce à l'expression de NKG2D, nous démontrons que ces LT CD8 mémoires innés possèdent des caractéristiques typiques de cellules mémoires, notamment une réactivité augmentée ainsi qu'un programme génétique comparable à celui des LT CD8 mémoires conventionnels. Néanmoins, cette population cellulaire conserve certaines caractéristiques de cellules naïves. Ainsi, le répertoire TCR diversifié de cette population cellulaire permet à ces cellules de participer à des réponses immunitaires primaires contre différents pathogènes. Enfin, dans un contexte inflammatoire, les LT CD8 mémoires innés présentent un défaut d'accès au tissu pulmonaire comparé aux LT CD8 mémoires conventionnels. Ceci corrèle avec un déficit d'expression de certaines intégrines par les LT CD8 mémoires innés. L'ensemble de nos résultats démontre que les LT CD8 mémoires innés, caractérisés par l'absence d'expression de CCL5 et NKG2D, constituent une population cellulaire hybride, à la frontière entre cellules naïves et cellules mémoires conventionnelles
The pool of memory CD8 T cells is composed of two major cell classes. On one hand, conventional memory CD8 T cells are generated consequently to the specific recognition of pathogen or tumor derived antigens. On the other hand, innate memory CD8 T cells are generated through several mechanisms involving strong yc cytokine stimulation in the absence of cognate antigen recognition. However, these cell classes harbor a very similar phenotype. As a consequence, innate memory CD8 T cell population remains poorly characterized. This PhD has two main objectives : 1 / Identify new biomarkers that enable the discrimination between memory CD8 T cell classes 2/ Characterize the population of innate memory CD8 T cells in physiological condition Our results show that among the pool of memory CD8 T cells, only the conventional ones express the chemokine CCL5 and the NK receptor NKG2D. These two biomarkers enable for the first time the discrimination of memory CD8 T cell classes in physiological settings, in both mouse and human. Thanks to these new tools, we show that innate memory CD8 T cells hold typical memory features, such as an increased reactivity compared to naïve cells and a genetic program similar to the one of conventional memory cells. Nevertheless, this cell population also retains some features typical of naïve cells. The diversified TCR repertoire of this cell population allows it to participate to primary immune responses against various intracellular pathogens. Moreover, like naïve cells, innate memory CD8 T cells fail to access peripheral tissues upon local inflammation, which correlate with an absence of expression of some integrins. Altogether, these results demonstrate that innate memory CD8 T cells, characterized by the absence of expression of CCL5 and NKG2D, represent a hybrid cell population, at the boundary between naïve cells and conventional memory cells

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Razvi, Enal Shahid. "T Lymphocyte Apoptosis and Memory in Viral Infection: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 1994. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/263.

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Acute viral infections in humans and mice induce T lymphocyte responses which mediate viral clearance and result in the establishment of immunological memory. The course of an immune response to acute viral infection is associated with an immune deficiency in the lymphocyte compartment. This is usually characterized by the inability of lymphocytes to productively respond to mitogen or recall antigen. This thesis examined the acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of the mouse and showed that T lymphocytes isolated from acutely LCMV-infected mice underwent activation-induced apoptosis upon signalling through the T-cell receptor (TcR)-CD3 complex. Kinetic studies demonstrated that this sensitivity to apoptosis directly correlated with the induction of immune deficiency, as measured by impaired proliferation in response to anti-CD3 antibody or to concanavalin A. Cell cycling in interleukin-2 (IL-2) alone stimulated proliferation of LCMV-induced T cells without inducing apoptosis, but preculturing of T cells from acutely-infected mice in IL-2 accelerated apoptosis upon subsequent TcR-CD3 crosslinking. T lymphocytes isolated from mice after the acute infection were less responsive to IL-2, but IL-2 receptor-bearing T cells, presumably memory T cells, responding to IL-2 were primed in each case to die a rapid apoptotic death upon TcR-CD3 crosslinking. These results indicated that virus infection-induced unresponsiveness to T-cell mitogens is in part attributable to apoptosis of the activated lymphocytes and suggest that the sensitization of memory cells by IL-2 and other stimulatory cytokines induced during an acute infection will cause them to die upon antigen recognition, thereby impairing specific responses to nonviral (recall) antigens. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to acute LCMV infection is characterized by a massive (10-20 fold) expansion of CD8+ cell number, which after clearance of virus declines in number and returns to levels present prior to infection. This thesis documents the presence of high levels of apoptotic lymphocytes in situ in the spleens of mice during the silencing of the immune response to acute LCMV infection. Apoptotic cells were detected by an in situ nucleotidyl transferase (ISNT) assay. Both T and B lymphocytes, as revealed by immunohistochemical analysis, are shown to be dying in vivo, the latter in clusters. A biphasic occurrence of apoptosis during the course of the acute infection was found, with an increase in numbers of apoptotic cells above background at day 3 post-infection, and at day 11 post-infection, a second more pronounced peak coincident with the decline of the CTL response to the infection and with the decrease in total spleen leukocyte number. Apoptosis in vivo was detected in lpr mice lacking Fas expression, a molecule involved in lymphocyte apoptosis. Fas expression thus may not be required for lymphocyte apoptosis in the context of an acute viral infection. Apoptosis in situ and the silencing of the CD8+ T lymphocyte response to acute LCMV infection were unaffected by the enforced lymphocyte-directed expression of Bcl-2, a protein blocking IL-2 deprivation-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes. Experiments aimed at addressing the role of Bcl-2-sensitive apoptotic pathways in the development of viral persistence revealed that high-dose infection of Bcl-2-transgenic mice results in death of the animals. Flow cytometric analysis showed an accumulation of Thy1.2+ T cells in the lungs of these animals, and the air spaces in the lungs were occluded with cellular and fluid infiltrates. These results suggest that the pathology seen in the Bcl-2-transgenic mice upon high-dose infection is perhaps immune response-mediated (an immunopathology). This is consistent with a role for Bcl-2-sensitive pathways of lymphocyte apoptosis in the pathogenesis of persistent LCMV infection. The in situ demonstration of apoptosis in spleens during infection provide direct in vivo evidence for the death of lymphocytes during the recovery from an acute viral infection. This indicates that apoptotic elimination of the population en masse is a mechanism for halting an antiviral immune response upon clearance of virus. Furthermore, the data argue that IL-2 deprivation-driven apoptosis, upon clearance of virus, of the expanded T lymphocyte compartment is not the major mechanism involved in the silencing of the T cell response to acute LCMV infection. Resolution of an acute immune response leads into the generation of longterm immunological memory. Since this thesis focussed on T cell responses in viral infection, it was important to characterize the in vivo state of memory CD8+ T cells. During acute LCMV infection, the majority of the LCMV-specific CTL activity tested immediately ex vivo was mediated by CD8+ L-selectin-Mac-1+ CTL. The L-selectin- population of CD8+ cells elicited during acute infection also carried >99% of the restimulatable CD8+ CTLp to LCMV, and these required added IL-2 for development into effectors in vitro. In contrast to the acute infection, most of the virus-specific CTLp in immune mice were L-selectin+. Examination of CD8+ T cells in LCMV-immune mice revealed that a L-selectin+ blast-sized population of cycling CD8+ cells contained CTLp which developed into effector CTL in the absence of added IL-2. These cells also expressed Mac-1 and IL-2R. Flow cytometric sorting for IL-2R+ and IL-2R-CD8+ cells in the immune animal revealed, by limiting dilution analysis, similar frequencies of CTLp in both populations. In bulk restimulation assays, the CD25+ CTLp did not require added IL-2 for their in vitro development into effectors, whereas the CD25- CTLp did. Hence, the different requirements for CTLp to effector development in vitro reflect qualitative differences in the in vivo state of the CTLp in the various subpopulations. LCMV-specific memory CTLp not requiring added IL-2 for differentiation were also found in the small-sized, non-cycling, CD8+L-selectin- cells. In contrast, the small-sized, non-cycling, CD8+L-selectin+, and CD8+IL-2R- populations also carried CTLp, but these required added IL-2 for development into effector CTL. Hence, T cell memory to LCMV is distributed among various lymphocyte subpopulations in immune animals, and the presence of an activated cycling cell component may account for the stability and long-term perpetuation of antiviral immunological memory. In summary, the susceptibility of activated T lymphocytes to apoptosis probably explains an aspect of virus-induced immune deficiency and allows for the establishment of homeostasis subsequent to the resolution of an acute viral infection.

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22

Van, Epps Heather Lin. "Long-Lived Memory T Lymphocyte Responses Following Hantavirus Infection: a Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2001. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/112.

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Hantaviruses are members of the virus family Bunyaviridaethat cause two potentially life-threatening diseases in humans: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (BPS). HFRS is caused by Old World hantaviruses that are endemic in many Asian and European countries. Infections with Old World hantaviruses can range in severity from asymptomatic to moderate or severe, depending primarily on the infecting serotype of virus. HPS is caused by New World hantaviruses in North and South America. New World hantaviruses are rarely asymptomatic and are severe in the majority of cases. These syndromes are distinct from one another in the primary target organ of virus infection (kidney vs. lung), but have important clinical features in common, including fever, thrombocytopenia, and a capillary leak syndrome. These common clinical manifestations suggest that the underlying mechanisms of disease may be similar in the two syndromes. The precise mechanisms of pathogenesis of HFRS and HPS are poorly characterized, but may be mediated in part by immunopathology. Hantaviruses are able to establish infections in many human cell types, including primary human endothelial cells, without having any cytopathic effect on these cells. Human infections with hantavirus result in a robust activation of the humoral and cellular immune response, and we hypothesize that these immune responses contribute to the pathology of disease. Evidence for the activation of T lymphocytes, and their potential involvement in immunopathology, includes increases in the number of circulating, activated CD8+ T cells during HFRS, the presence of lymphocytic infiltrates (predominantly CD8+T cells) in kidney biopsies from patients with acute HFRS, and associations between certain HLA haplotype and disease severity following hantavirus infection. This thesis is the first examination of human T lymphocyte responses that are generated during HFRS. Initially, we studied memory T cell responses in scientists who were sub-clinically infected with Hantaan virus (HTNV), the prototype hantavirus. We later investigated memory T cell responses in healthy Finnish adults who had HFRS caused by Puumala virus (PUUV), a hantavirus endemic primarily in Scandinavia. At the onset of these studies, there was no available information on human T lymphocyte responses to Old World hantaviruses. Virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+human T cell lines had been isolated from patients with acute HPS caused by Sin Nombre virus (SNV) infection. In that study, conducted in our laboratory, several human T cell epitopes on the nucleocapsid (N) protein and G2 envelope glycoprotein of SNV were identified and characterized. We decided to perform similar analyses on PBMC from donors who had been infected with HTNV and PUUV, in order to determine the specificity and diversity of the T cell response to Old World hantaviruses. The initial study of three donors who had sub-clinical infections with HTNV demonstrated that virus-specific T cell responses could be detected in all the donors following in vitro stimulation of PBMC with inactivated virus. In two of the donors, the virus-specific cytolytic T cells (CTL) recognized the HTNV N protein, and in the third donor the virus-specific CTLs recognized the HTNV G1 glycoprotein. Isolation and characterization of virus-specific T cells from two donors resulted in the identification of two CD8+ T cell epitopes on the HTNV N protein, which were restricted by either HLA A1 or B51. These CTL lines included both HTNV-specific (HLA B51-restricted) and serotype-cross reactive (HLA A1 restricted) lines. In one subject, these virus-specific T cell responses were detectable in IFN-γ ELISPOT assays following peptide stimulation, and in bulk cultures after short-term stimulation with inactivated HTNV. These results indicated that the CD8+CTL responses of humans after sub-clinical infection with HTNV were readily detectable and were directed against a limited number of viral proteins and epitopes. In addition, sub-clinical infection resulted in the generation of both virus-specific and cross-reactive CTL responses. We reasoned that hantavirus infections that lead to clinical illness may result in the generation of more robust and/or diverse virus-specific T cell responses than in sub-clinical infections. To address this question, we studied the memory CD8+ T cell responses in a group of healthy adults from Finland who had HFRS caused by PUUV infection between the years 1984 and 1995. We detected virus-specific CTL in the bulk cultures of seven of eleven immune individuals tested following stimulation with infectious virus. The PUUV proteins N, G1 and G2 were recognized by CTLs in six, five, and two donors respectively. Extensive cloning of T cells from two donors resulted in the isolation of sixty-three virus-specific CTL lines, the majority of which (61/63) were specific for the PUUV N protein. Six novel CD8+ CTL epitopes and one CD4+ CTL epitope were identified on the N protein, all of which clustered in the center of the protein between amino acids 173 and 251. The CTL lines specific for these epitopes were restricted by a variety of HLA alleles including A2, A28, B7 and B8, and were primarily serotype specific when tested against target cells expressing HTNV or SNV N protein. IFN-γ ELISPOT analysis using the defined epitopes to stimulated PBMC, revealed high frequencies of circulating N-specific CD8+ T cells in eight of thirteen individuals tested. Finally, T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ analysis of CTL clones specific for one epitope (N204-12) demonstrated that cells in this population expressed up to five different Vβ chains. These results demonstrated that the PUUV N protein may be the dominant target of the CTL response, that the N-specific CD8+ CTL responses are diverse, heterogeneous, and primarily serotype specific, and that virus-specific memory CD8+T cells can persist at high levels for up to 15 years after the primary infection. In order to understand the pathology of HFRS and HPS, we must be able to assess the contribution of various factors that could potentially contribute to disease. The virus burden in the infected individual is likely to be an important factor in the severity of the resulting disease. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of plasma samples from acute HPS patients demonstrated that a higher virus burden (as reflected by viral RNA copy number) is associated with more severe HPS. In order to perform similar analyses in patients with HFRS caused by PUUV, we established a quantitative RT-PCR assay for the detection of PUUV S segment RNA in patient plasma. The design and optimization of the PUUV-specific RT-PCR is described in this report. This assay will allow us to measure the virus burden in patients and compare these data with levels of T cell activation and with parameters of disease severity. In this way, we hope to gain an understanding of the kinetics and magnitude of both the virus burden and virus-specific T cell response during the acute illness. This thesis provides the first description of human virus-specific T cell responses to HTNV and PUUV. These data shed light on the nature of the CD8+ T cell responses that are generated following natural infections with PUUV and sub-clinical infections with HTNV. The studies of memory CD8+ T cell responses to PUUV, and the development of a PUUV-specific quantitative RT-PCR assay, establish the framework for future studies of the immunopathology of acute HFRS. Quantitative analysis of both virus burden and T cell responses during acute illness will provide insight into their relative contributions to the pathology of disease.

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23

Asrir, Assia. "Caractérisation phénotypique et fonctionnelle des différentes populations de Lymphocytes T CD4 Folliculaires Mémoires." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30084/document.

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Les LT CD4 folliculaires (TFH) forment un lignage distinct de LT contrôlant spécifiquement les lymphocytes B (LB) et la mise en place de la mémoire B. Alors que ces cellules étaient considérées comme des cellules effectrices uniquement, récemment il a été identifié, chez l'Homme et la souris, l'existence de TFH mémoires. Les TFH mémoires en tant que LT CD4 mémoires sont nécessaires, en cas de nouvelle rencontre avec l'antigène (Ag), à la mise en place d'une réponse Anticorps (Ac) rapide, efficace et de forte affinité. En effet, leur présence est corrélée à la génération et le maintien à long terme d'Ac de forte affinité lors d'infections virales. De plus, des études récentes montrent que l'analyse des TFH mémoires dans le sang périphérique peut fournir des indices pour comprendre le mode d'action des vaccins ainsi que la pathogenèse de maladies auto-immunes. Par ailleurs, dans le contexte de nombreuses maladies, de récents travaux suggèrent que l'évaluation de la fréquence et du phénotype des TFH mémoires dans le sang périphérique pourrait servir de bio-marqueur à l'établissement de diagnostique. Tout comme les cellules B mémoires qui sont subdivisées en différentes sous-populations en fonction de leur localisation et de la nature de leur Ac, différentes populations de TFH mémoires ont été récemment identifiées. Certaines se situent dans les organes lymphoïdes secondaires (OLS) drainants le site d'immunisation, de vaccination ou d'infection, ou circulantes dans les OLS non-drainants ou à proximité des plasmocytes à longue durée de vie dans la MO. Ces observations soulèvent donc la question majeure de leurs phénotypes, différences fonctionnelles et interactions face aux différentes populations de cellules B mémoires. L'objectif de mes travaux de Thèse a consisté à étudier l'hétérogénéité phénotypique et fonctionnelle présente entre ces différentes populations de TFH mémoires aux localisations diverses. De plus au vu de l'hétérogénéité existante au sein des LB mémoires (nœuds lymphatiques ou rate) et plasmocytes à longue durée de vie (MO), nous avons aussi évalué l'interaction cellulaire et fonctionnelle qui a lieu entre ces populations mémoires. Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé un modèle expérimental unique de vaccination protéique chez la souris sauvage non modifiée
T Helper Follicular (TFH) cells form a distinct lineage of helper T cells and they specifically control B cells and memory B cell generation. While these cells were considered as effector cells, recently it was identified in Human and in mouse, the existence of memory TFH cells. Memory TFH cells, as CD4 memory T cells, are necessary in case of antigen (Ag) rechallenge to establish a fast, efficient and high affinity Antibody (Ab) response. Indeed, their presence is correlated with the generation and the long-term maintenance of high affinity Ac during viral infections. Moreover, recent studies have shown that analysis of memory TFH cells in the blood may provide clues to understanding the mode of action of vaccines and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In addition, in the context of many diseases, recent works have also suggested that the frequency and phenotype of memory TFH cells in the blood could serve as a biomarker for diagnosis. Likewise to memory B cells that are subdivided into different cell populations based on their location and the nature of their Ab, different populations of memory TFH cells have recently been identified. Some are in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) draining the site of immunization, vaccination or infection, or circulating in the non-draining SLO or near the long-lived plasma cells (PC) in bone marrow (BM). These observations raise the question of their phenotypes, functional differences and interactions with the different subsets of memory B cells. The aim of my thesis was to study the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity between the different subsets of memory TFH cells. Due to the heterogeneity of memory B cells (draining lymph nodes or non-draining spleen) and long-lived PCs (BM), we also evaluated the cellular and functional interaction that occurs between these different memories populations. In this context, we have developed a unique experimental model of protein vaccination in unmodified wild-type mice. Specifically, after immunization, we evaluated the development of memory TFH cells and memory B cells specific for the same Ag in the draining SLO and circulating in the spleen and BM. We demonstrated that local memory TFH cells (that reside in the draining SLO) exhibit a more polarized phenotype than their circulating counterparts (present in non-draining SLO)

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24

Dumont, Alain. "Insights into the dynamics of T cell clonal expansion and the functional heterogeneity of memory CD4 T lymphocytes using superantigens." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84235.

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Superantigens trigger the polyclonal activation of human T cells. We exploited this property to gain insight into the mechanisms governing CD4 T cell expansion and to study the functional heterogeneity of naive and memory CD4 T cell subsets. We show that the amount of TCR ligand affects the evolution of a T cell response in two ways: by shaping the diversity of the T cell population recruited in the proliferative pool and by affecting the progression of these precursors into cell cycle. These two processes characterize a hierarchy of recruitment of cells that strongly correlates with the efficiency of TCR engagement but not with the relative precursor frequency in the non-immune repertoire. Remarkably, once established, the distribution of T cell clones within a selected repertoire is maintained by the characteristic of T cells to expand at a rate that is independent of quantitative differences in ligand exposure. Moreover, at optimal ligand concentrations that lead to the simultaneous expansion of all responsive T cell clones, we observed a marked clone-specific heterogeneity in the capacity to secrete cytokines. The functional heterogeneity of different CD4+ T cell subpopulations was also studied using a superantigen model. Based on the expression of CD45RA and CCR7, four distinct subsets of CD4+ T lymphocytes can be identified: naive (CD45RA+ CCR7+), central memory (TCM, CD45RA- CCR7+), effector memory (TEM, CD45RA- CCR7-) and a previously uncharacterized subset (CD45RA+ CCR7-). In CD8 T cells, this subset has been shown to comprise "terminally differentiated" effector memory cells. The four subsets show different functional sensitivities for the superantigens, the TEM population being the most sensitive and the naive cells being the least sensitive, as measured by the upregulation of activation markers. We show that the CD4+ CD45RA+CCR7- subpopulation, which is rarely detectable in healthy individuals, is enriched in T cells having str

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25

Effern, Maike [Verfasser]. "Modelling melanoma control by immunotherapy and tissue-resident memory T cells using CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches / Maike Effern." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1229989064/34.

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26

Shaulov, Angela. "The roles of inflammation and antigen in CD8 T cell expansion and memory differentiation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8328.

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27

Kapoor, Varun N. "Tissue-dependent T Cell Apoptosis and Transcriptional Regulation of Memory CD8+T Cell Differentiation During Viral Infections: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2013. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/691.

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Activation and proliferation of antigen-specific T cells is the hallmark of an anti-viral immune response. Effector T cells generated during an immune response are heterogeneous in regards to their ability to populate the memory pool once the immune response has resolved. Initial T cell activation takes place in the lymphoid organs, after which T cells migrate into the non-lymphoid tissues. The presence of memory T cells at non-lymphoid tissue sites has been shown to be critical for protection against secondary virus challenge. Our lab has previously demonstrated that during and after the resolution of the immune response to Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) CD8+T cells in the nonlymphoid tissues are more resistant to apoptosis than those in the lymphoid organs. This stability of T cells in the non-lymphoid tissues may be critical in ensuring protection against a secondary virus challenge. Mechanisms regulating tissue-dependent differences in CD8+T cell apoptosis were studied in an acute LCMV infection model. Virus-specific CD8+T cells from lymphoid (spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), inguinal lymph nodes (ILN)) and non-lymphoid tissues (peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), fat-pads) were compared for expression of surface antigenic markers known to correlate with a memory phenotype. Non-lymphoid tissues were enriched in IL-7Rhi, KLRG-1lo, CD27hi and CXCR3hi virus-specific CD8+ T cells, and the presence of these antigenic markers correlated with increased memory potential and survival. Transcription factors in addition to cell surface antigens were assessed as correlates of resistance to apoptosis. Virus-specific CD8+T cells in the nonlymphoid tissues were enriched in cells expressing T cell factor-1 (TCF-1), which correlated with increased memory potential and survival. CD8+T cells in the peritoneum of TCF-1-deficient mice had decreased survival during resolution of the immune response to LCMV, suggesting a role for TCF-1 in promoting survival in the non-lymphoid tissues. As an additional mechanism, I investigated whether apoptosis-resistant CD8+T cells migrate to non-lymphoid tissues and contribute to tissue-dependent apoptotic differences. CXCR3+ CD8+T cells resisted apoptosis and accumulated in the lymph nodes of mice treated with FTY720, which blocks the export of lymph node cells into the peripheral tissues. The PECs expressed increased amounts of CXCR3 ligands, CXCL9 and CXCL10, which may have recruited the non-apoptotic cells from the lymph nodes. By adoptively transferring splenic T cells into the spleen or PEC environment I showed that the peritoneal environment through a yet undefined factor promoted survival of CD8+T cells. In this study I have elucidated the mechanisms by which CD8+T cells preferentially survive in the non-lymphoid tissues. I found that non-lymphoid tissues were enriched in memory-phenotype CD8+T cells which were intrinsically resistant to apoptosis irrespective of the tissue environment. Furthermore, apoptosisresistant CD8+T cells may preferentially migrate into the non-lymphoid tissues where the availability of tissue-specific factors may enhance memory cell survival. Few transcription factors have been identified that regulate CD8+T cell effector-memory differentiation during an immune response. In this thesis, I have also studied the mechanism by which the transcription factor Blimp-1 regulates the generation of effector and memory CD8+T cells. Blimp-1 is known to repress a large number of target genes, and ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) sequencing analysis done by Dr. HyunMu Shin in the lab of Dr. Leslie J. Berg identified CD25 (IL-2Rα) and CD27 as potential targets of Blimp-1. I found that Blimp-1-deficient CD8+T cells had sustained expression of CD25 (IL-2Rα) and CD27 during peak and resolution of the immune response to LCMV. By performing adoptive transfers of CD25hi and CD27hi CD8+T cells I showed that CD25 and CD27 expression on CD8+T cells during resolution of the immune response correlates with enhanced survival. Silencing Il2rα and Cd27 expression reduced the Blimp-1-deficient CD8+T cell response, suggesting that sustained expression of CD25 and CD27 was in part responsible for the enhanced CD8+T cell response seen in the Blimp-1-deficient mice. Furthermore, our collaborator Dr. HyunMu Shin showed that CD25 and CD27 are direct targets of Blimp-1, and that Blimp-1 recruits histone modifying enzymes to Il2rα and Cd27 loci to suppress their expression during the peak of the anti-viral immune response. This study identifies one of the mechanisms by which Blimp-1 regulates the balance between generation of effector and memory CD8+T cells. In this thesis work I also studied the function of the transcription factor ROG (Repressor of GATA-3) in regulating in vivo T cell responses during both acute and chronic LCMV infection. ROG-deficient mice had increased CD8+T cell responses during an acute LCMV infection. ROG deficiency also led to the generation of memory T cells with an enhanced recall response compared to WT controls. By using LCMV-specific P14+ TCR transgenic ROG-deficient CD8+T cells these defects were shown to be T cell intrinsic. ROG-deficient mice had enhanced CD8+T cell responses and viral clearance during a persistent high dose LCMV Clone 13 infection. During chronic LCMV infection ROG-deficient mice also had increased lung pathology and mortality. The results indicate that ROG negatively regulates T cell responses and memory generation during both acute and chronic LCMV infection. The studies highlighted in this thesis elucidate the mechanisms promoting CD8+T cell survival in non-lymphoid tissues as well as transcription factormediated regulation of memory CD8+T cell differentiation. Knowledge of this will help us better understand T cell immunity after infections and may eventually help develop better vaccines.

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28

Kapoor, Varun N. "Tissue-dependent T Cell Apoptosis and Transcriptional Regulation of Memory CD8+T Cell Differentiation During Viral Infections: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2012. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/691.

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Abstract:

Activation and proliferation of antigen-specific T cells is the hallmark of an anti-viral immune response. Effector T cells generated during an immune response are heterogeneous in regards to their ability to populate the memory pool once the immune response has resolved. Initial T cell activation takes place in the lymphoid organs, after which T cells migrate into the non-lymphoid tissues. The presence of memory T cells at non-lymphoid tissue sites has been shown to be critical for protection against secondary virus challenge. Our lab has previously demonstrated that during and after the resolution of the immune response to Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) CD8+T cells in the nonlymphoid tissues are more resistant to apoptosis than those in the lymphoid organs. This stability of T cells in the non-lymphoid tissues may be critical in ensuring protection against a secondary virus challenge. Mechanisms regulating tissue-dependent differences in CD8+T cell apoptosis were studied in an acute LCMV infection model. Virus-specific CD8+T cells from lymphoid (spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), inguinal lymph nodes (ILN)) and non-lymphoid tissues (peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), fat-pads) were compared for expression of surface antigenic markers known to correlate with a memory phenotype. Non-lymphoid tissues were enriched in IL-7Rhi, KLRG-1lo, CD27hi and CXCR3hi virus-specific CD8+ T cells, and the presence of these antigenic markers correlated with increased memory potential and survival. Transcription factors in addition to cell surface antigens were assessed as correlates of resistance to apoptosis. Virus-specific CD8+T cells in the nonlymphoid tissues were enriched in cells expressing T cell factor-1 (TCF-1), which correlated with increased memory potential and survival. CD8+T cells in the peritoneum of TCF-1-deficient mice had decreased survival during resolution of the immune response to LCMV, suggesting a role for TCF-1 in promoting survival in the non-lymphoid tissues. As an additional mechanism, I investigated whether apoptosis-resistant CD8+T cells migrate to non-lymphoid tissues and contribute to tissue-dependent apoptotic differences. CXCR3+ CD8+T cells resisted apoptosis and accumulated in the lymph nodes of mice treated with FTY720, which blocks the export of lymph node cells into the peripheral tissues. The PECs expressed increased amounts of CXCR3 ligands, CXCL9 and CXCL10, which may have recruited the non-apoptotic cells from the lymph nodes. By adoptively transferring splenic T cells into the spleen or PEC environment I showed that the peritoneal environment through a yet undefined factor promoted survival of CD8+T cells. In this study I have elucidated the mechanisms by which CD8+T cells preferentially survive in the non-lymphoid tissues. I found that non-lymphoid tissues were enriched in memory-phenotype CD8+T cells which were intrinsically resistant to apoptosis irrespective of the tissue environment. Furthermore, apoptosisresistant CD8+T cells may preferentially migrate into the non-lymphoid tissues where the availability of tissue-specific factors may enhance memory cell survival. Few transcription factors have been identified that regulate CD8+T cell effector-memory differentiation during an immune response. In this thesis, I have also studied the mechanism by which the transcription factor Blimp-1 regulates the generation of effector and memory CD8+T cells. Blimp-1 is known to repress a large number of target genes, and ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) sequencing analysis done by Dr. HyunMu Shin in the lab of Dr. Leslie J. Berg identified CD25 (IL-2Rα) and CD27 as potential targets of Blimp-1. I found that Blimp-1-deficient CD8+T cells had sustained expression of CD25 (IL-2Rα) and CD27 during peak and resolution of the immune response to LCMV. By performing adoptive transfers of CD25hi and CD27hi CD8+T cells I showed that CD25 and CD27 expression on CD8+T cells during resolution of the immune response correlates with enhanced survival. Silencing Il2rα and Cd27 expression reduced the Blimp-1-deficient CD8+T cell response, suggesting that sustained expression of CD25 and CD27 was in part responsible for the enhanced CD8+T cell response seen in the Blimp-1-deficient mice. Furthermore, our collaborator Dr. HyunMu Shin showed that CD25 and CD27 are direct targets of Blimp-1, and that Blimp-1 recruits histone modifying enzymes to Il2rα and Cd27 loci to suppress their expression during the peak of the anti-viral immune response. This study identifies one of the mechanisms by which Blimp-1 regulates the balance between generation of effector and memory CD8+T cells. In this thesis work I also studied the function of the transcription factor ROG (Repressor of GATA-3) in regulating in vivo T cell responses during both acute and chronic LCMV infection. ROG-deficient mice had increased CD8+T cell responses during an acute LCMV infection. ROG deficiency also led to the generation of memory T cells with an enhanced recall response compared to WT controls. By using LCMV-specific P14+ TCR transgenic ROG-deficient CD8+T cells these defects were shown to be T cell intrinsic. ROG-deficient mice had enhanced CD8+T cell responses and viral clearance during a persistent high dose LCMV Clone 13 infection. During chronic LCMV infection ROG-deficient mice also had increased lung pathology and mortality. The results indicate that ROG negatively regulates T cell responses and memory generation during both acute and chronic LCMV infection. The studies highlighted in this thesis elucidate the mechanisms promoting CD8+T cell survival in non-lymphoid tissues as well as transcription factormediated regulation of memory CD8+T cell differentiation. Knowledge of this will help us better understand T cell immunity after infections and may eventually help develop better vaccines.

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29

Goldrath, Ananda W. "T cell homeostasis : a role for specific peptide/MHC ligands in homeostasis driven proliferation of naive CD8⁺ T cells /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8332.

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30

Majri, Sonia. "Regulation of CD4⁺ memory T cell homeostasis by STAT5 during TCR restimulation." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC139.

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Les facteurs de transcriptions Signal Transducer and Activator Transcription (STAT) sont essentiels pour la régulation de gènes impliqués dans plusieurs fonctions biologiques, y compris la réponse immunitaire. Nous avons étudié un patient ayant une nouvelle mutation ponctuelle hétérozygote dans le gène STAT5B. Les symptômes cliniques majeurs observés chez ce patient sont thrombocytopénie immune (TPI), lymphadenopathies, concentration élevée en anticorps IgM dans le sérum et hypergammaglobulinémie. Nous avons observé une accumulation anormale de lymphocytes T mémoires effecteurs (LME). Une analyse du transcriptome du patient a permis d'observer une sous-expression des gènes régulés par STAT5. De plus, nous avons révélé que les LME du patient étaient résistants à la mort induite par la restimulation du TCR. Ces résultats démontrent un rôle important et inattendu de STAT5 dans la régulation de l'homéostasie des lymphocytes T mémoires pendant la restimulation du TCR
Signal transducer and activator transcription (STAT) proteins are essential transcription factors regulating gene expression involved in many biological functions especially immune responses. Here we report a patient with a de novo heterozygous missense mutation in STAT5B gene resulting in altered STAT5 transcriptional function. The patient presented with immune thrombocytopenia, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, an antibody class switching defect and granulocytosis with necrotizing granulomas. We found a specific dysregulation of CD4+ T cell subsets with an abnormal accumulation of effector memory T (TEM) cells. Transcriptome analysis in patient's T cells revealed a selective downregulation of the STAT5-dependent IL-2 signaling pathway. We found that TEM cells from the patient were resistant to in vitro TCR restimulation-induced cell death. These results demonstrate a key role of STAT5 in memory T cell homeostasis by regulating cell death during TCR restimulation

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Siracusa, Francesco. "Maintenance and re-activation of antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ memory T lymphocytes in the bone marrow." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19335.

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Das Knochenmark (BM) beherbergt wesentliche Komponenten des adaptiven Immunsystems, die einen langfristigen Schutz gegen wiederkehrende Pathogene vermitteln können, sodass es sich als Reservoir für ein immunologisches Gedächtnis qualifiziert. Neben langlebiger Antikörper-produzierender Plasmazellen bleiben auch Antigen (Ag)-spezifische CD8+ und CD4+ T-Gedächtniszellen dauerhaft im Knochenmark erhalten, auch wenn sie in den sekundären lymphoiden Organen (SLOs) und im Blut abwesend sind. Es wird angenommen, dass diese T-Gedächtniszellen bei erneutem Kontakt mit den gleichen systemischen Pathogenen schnell reagieren können. Allerdings sind die biologischen Mechanismen für ihre langfristige Aufrechterhaltung immer noch umstritten und demnach ungeklärt. Unklar ist auch, wie die T-Gedächtniszellen des Knochenmarks bei erneuter Konfrontation mit demselben Antigen reagieren. Hier wird dieser Frage begegnet, indem durch klassiche Immunisierung mit definieren Antigenen eine stabile Population Ag-spezifischer CD8+ und CD4+ T-Gedächtniszellen im Knochenmark erzeugt wird.
The bone marrow (BM) harbors critical components of the adaptive immune system being able to provide long-lasting protection against previously encountered pathogens, thus qualifying as a reservoir of immunological memory. In addition to long-lived antibody producing plasma cells, antigen (Ag)-specific CD8+ and CD4+ memory T lymphocytes are maintained long-term in the BM even when they are absent from secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) and blood. Those memory T cells are thought to respond fast upon re-encounter of systemic pathogens. However, the biological mechanisms behind their long-term maintenance in the BM are still a matter of debate and thus remain unclear. Similarly, it is also unclear how the memory T cells of the BM react to antigenic re-challenge. Here we address these issues by generating a stable pool of Ag-specific CD8+ and CD4+ memory T lymphocytes in the BM by classical immunizations with defined antigens.

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Hernandez, Maria Genevieve H. "The Role of CD40 in Naïve and Memory CD8+ T Cell Responses: a Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2007. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/346.

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Stimulation of CD40 on APCs through CD40L expressed on helper CD4+ T cells activates and “licenses” the APCs to prime CD8+ T cell responses. While other stimuli, such as TLR agonists, can also activate APCs, it is unclear to what extent they can replace the signals provided by CD40-CD40L interactions. In this study, we used an adoptive transfer system to re-examine the role of CD40 in the priming of naïve CD8+ T cells. We find an approximately 50% reduction in expansion and cytokine production of TCR-transgenic T cells in the absence of CD40 on all APCs, and on dendritic cells in particular. Moreover, CD40-deficient and CD40L-deficient mice fail to develop endogenous CTL responses after immunization and are not protected from a tumor challenge. Surprisingly, the role for CD40 and CD40L are observed even in the absence of CD4+ T cells; in this situation, the CD8+T cell itself provides CD40L. Furthermore, we show that although TLR stimulation improves T cell responses, it cannot fully substitute for CD40. We also investigated whether CD40-CD40L interactions are involved in the generation, maintenance, and function of memory CD8+ T cells. Using a virus infection system as well as a dendritic cell immunization system, we show that the presence of CD40 on DCs and other host APCs influences the survival of activated effector cells and directly affects the number of memory CD8+ T cells that are formed. In addition, memory CD8+ T cell persistence is slightly impaired in the absence of CD40. However, CD40 is not required for reactivation of memory CD8+ T cells. It seems that CD40 signals during priming also contribute to memory CD8+ T cell programming but this function can be independent of CD4+T cells, similar to what we showed for primary responses. Altogether, these results reveal a direct and unique role for CD40L on CD8+ T cells interacting with CD40 on APCs that affects the magnitude and quality of primary as well as memory CD8+ T cell responses.

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Malmberg, Karl-Johan. "Mechanisms of immune escape : implications for immunotherapy against cancer /." Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-436-4/.

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Audemard-Verger, Alexandra. "Caractérisation des lymphocytes T résidents des organes lymphoïdes secondaires à l’état basal." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB260/document.

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Une résidence à long terme de lymphocytes T (LTs) au sein de la plupart des tissus non lymphoïdes a été récemment décrite, notamment à la suite d’infections. Ces cellules confèreraient à l’hôte une meilleure protection en cas de réinfection. À l'aide de deux approches expérimentales différentes, l'injection d'anticorps bloquant l’entrée des LTs dans les ganglions lymphatiques (LNs) et la génération de parabioses par chirurgie, nous avons pu mettre en évidence, à l’état basal, la résidence d’une proportion significative des LTs αβ mémoires CD4+, des LTs αβ régulateurs CD4+ et d’une sous-population des LTs γδ dans les organes lymphoïdes secondaires. Les LTs CD4+ régulateurs et mémoires résidents ont en commun de nombreuses caractéristiques phénotypiques et fonctionnelles, et partagent avec leurs homologues issus de tissus non lymphoïdes une signature transcriptionnelle commune de résidence. Les LTs γδ résidents, quant à eux, arborent des caractéristiques phénotypiques et fonctionnelles proches de celles des cellules du système immunitaire inné. Si le microbiote semble jouer un rôle important dans la résidence des LTs αβ CD4+ des plaques de Peyer (PPs), son rôle ne semble pas être prépondérant dans la résidence de ces cellules au sein des LNs. Comme dans de nombreux tissus non lymphoïdes, la sous-expression de S1PR1 pourrait en partie expliquer la résidence des LTs αβ CD4+. Par contre, les LTs γδ seraient, eux, retenus dans les tissus lymphoïdes de par des interactions étroites avec les macrophages. Enfin, la résidence des LTs αβ augmente avec l'âge au point que la majorité des LTs CD4+ régulateurs et mémoires des LNs et des PPs sont en fait résidents chez des souris âgées. Nos résultats montrent que la résidence des cellules T n'est pas seulement une caractéristique des tissus non lymphoïdes mais qu’elle peut être étendue aux organes lymphoïdes secondaires. Le rôle respectif de ces différentes populations de LTs devra être exploré
In the last decade, numerous data have demonstrated the existence of T cells residing in non-lymphoid tissues, mostly after infectious diseases. These resident memory T cells may represent a first line of defense against pathogens at front-line sites of microbial exposure upon reinfection. Using two different experimental approaches such as the injection of integrin-neutralizing antibodies that inhibits the entry of circulating lymphocytes into lymph nodes and long-term parabiosis experiments, we have highlighted the long-term residence of a substantial proportion of regulatory and memory CD4 αβ T cells and γδ T cells within the secondary lymphoid organs of specific pathogen free mice. Resident γδ T cells display innate-like characteristics. Lymph node-resident regulatory and memory CD4 αβ T cells share many phenotypic and functional characteristics, including a core transcriptional profile, with their cell-counterparts from non-lymphoid tissues. Microbiota plays an important role in αβ T-cell residence in Peyer’s patches but only a small one if any in lymph nodes. Like in many non-lymphoid tissues, S1PR1 down-regulation may account forαβ T-cell residency within secondary lymphoid organs although other mechanisms may account for this especially in the case of lymph node memory CD4 T cells. Specific in vivo cell-depletion strategies have allowed us to demonstrate that macrophages are the main actors involved in the long-term retention of γδ T cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Strikingly, T-cell residence increases with age to the point that the majority of regulatory and memory CD4 αβ T cells from LNs and Peyer’s patches are in fact resident T cells in old mice. Altogether, our results show that T-cell residence is not only a hallmark of non-lymphoid tissues but can be extended to secondary lymphoid organs

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Stubbe, Muriel. "Lymphocytes T CD4 et réponses vaccinales: du processus de différenciation à la mémoire immunologique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210593.

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Les lymphocytes T CD4 (LT CD4) jouent un rôle central dans la régulation des réponses immunitaires vis-à-vis des agents infectieux et des vaccins. Cependant, leur différenciation in vivo est encore mal comprise et les caractéristiques des LT CD4 capables de persister à long terme tout en assurant une réponse immunitaire protectrice sont mal définies. L’approfondissement de ces connaissances est indispensable pour le développement de nouveaux vaccins.

Pour approcher cette question, nous avons utilisé deux approches expérimentales. La première est un suivi de la différenciation des LT CD4 au cours de la réponse immune primaire chez des sujets vaccinés contre l’hépatite B ;la deuxième est la caractérisation phénotypique et fonctionnelle des LT CD4 mémoires antigène(Ag)-spécifiques pendant la phase d’état. Cette analyse a été réalisée au sein des LT CD4 spécifiques d’Ag vaccinaux, l’Ag de surface du virus de l’hépatite B (HBs) et la toxine tétanique (TT), ainsi que ceux spécifiques des Ag du cytomégalovirus (CMV). Les LT CD4 Ag-spécifiques ont été mis en évidence par cytométrie de flux après marquage intracytoplasmique du ligand du CD40 (CD40L) exprimé en réponse à une stimulation de courte durée par l’Ag. Des expériences basées sur la stimulation par la toxine du syndrome du choc toxique et le marquage du segment Vbeta2 du récepteur des LT ont démontré la bonne sensibilité et spécificité de cette méthode.

Le suivi de la réponse primaire chez 11 donneurs jusqu’à plus d’un an après immunisation par le vaccin anti-hépatite B a permis d’établir un modèle de différenciation des LT CD4 Ag-spécifiques in vivo chez l’homme. Nous avons mis en évidence des LT CD4 spécifiques d’un nombre limité de peptides immunodominants de la protéine HBs suggérant une réponse de type oligoclonale. Grâce à l’utilisation d’un cytomètre neuf couleurs, nous avons mené une analyse détaillée de l’hétérogénéité de la population mémoire HBs-spécifique. L’expression du CCR7 permet de distinguer des cellules de type mémoire centrale (LTCM, CCR7+) et effectrice (LTEM, CCR7-) se distinguant notamment par leur capacité à migrer vers les ganglions lymphatiques ainsi que par leurs propriétés fonctionnelles. Nous avons montré l’existence de ces deux sous-populations au sein des cellules HBs-spécifiques mais par opposition à leur définition initiale, ces LTCM sont capables de produire des cytokines effectrices. La proportion importante de LTCM exprimant le Ki67 témoigne d’une activité proliférative persistante in vivo et suggère la capacité de ces cellules à s’auto-renouveler et éventuellement à alimenter le pool des LTEM. La proportion importante de LTCM exprimant la chaîne alpha du récepteur à l’IL-7 (CD127) suggère que ces cellules sont sensibles aux signaux émanant de l’IL-7, une cytokine dont le rôle dans le maintien de la mémoire lymphocytaire T est connu. Compte tenu de la relevance potentielle de ces caractéristiques uniques pour le développement de vaccins et de l’accumulation de travaux montrant l’avantage sélectif des LTCM à conférer une immunité protectrice, nous avons focalisé la dernière partie de ces recherches sur cette sous-population. Une étude transversale des LTCM spécifiques de plusieurs types d’Ag (éliminés (HBs et TT) ou persistants (CMV)) a été menée. Nos résultats montrent une hétérogénéité, variable selon l’Ag, de la capacité de ces cellules à produire des cytokines effectrices et de leur phénotype de différenciation. Cette donnée nouvelle soulève la possibilité que les LTCM soient hétérogènes dans leur capacité à conférer une immunité protectrice. L’acquisition du marqueur KLRG1 par une fraction des LTCM s’associe à une capacité accrue à produire des cytokines effectrices et à une expression élevée du CD127. La possibilité que ces cellules soient particulièrement aptes à conférer une immunité protectrice et durable est discutée, tout comme les mécanismes menant à leur génération et l’intérêt de ces connaissances pour la conception de nouveaux vaccins.

Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Cendón, Carla [Verfasser], Andreas [Gutachter] Radbruch, Andreas [Gutachter] Thiel, and Hans [Gutachter] Dieter-Volk. "Function and compartmentalization of circulating versus tissue resident memory T cells / Carla Cendón ; Gutachter: Andreas Radbruch, Andreas Thiel, Hans Dieter-Volk." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1182998720/34.

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Ventre, Erwann. "Modulation des fonctions des lymphocytes T CD8 par l'Interleukine-4 et les cytokines de la famille γc." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00678496.

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Les Lymphocytes T CD8 (LT CD8) sont des cellules du système immunitaire capables de reconnaître et de détruire des cellules infectées ou tumorales. De plus, les LT CD8 mémoires générés suite à une première rencontre avec un agent pathogène confèrent à l'organisme une protection efficace contre une réinfection. Cela a pour origine une modification des capacités effectrices et migratoires des LT CD8 mémoires par rapport aux LT CD8 naïfs. Ces fonctions améliorées des LT CD8 mémoires peuvent être régulées : des travaux préalables réalisés au sein de l'équipe ont montré que l'Interleukine-4 (IL-4), une cytokine sécrétée lors des réponses allergiques ou contre des pathogènes extracellulaires, inhibe certaines propriétés des cellules mémoires comme la sécrétion rapide de CCL5. Les effets de l'IL-4 sur les fonctions des LT CD8 mémoires sont cependant mal caractérisés : l'objectif de cette thèse a été de les identifier plus précisément. En utilisant une approche par micro-array, nous avons identifié une signature de gènes régulés par l'IL-4 dans les LT CD8 mémoires et montré que cette cytokine modifie l'expression de gènes impliqués dans la prolifération, la migration, et les fonctions effectrices des LT CD8 mémoires. Nous avons montré que l'IL-4 inhibe l'expression du récepteur de costimulation NKG2D à la surface des LT CD8 mémoires in vivo, s'accompagnant d'une diminution du signal costimulateur délivré par l'engagement de NKG2D. Nous avons également montré que la présence de certaines cytokines γc telles que l'IL-4 ou l'IL-21 lors de l'activation cellulaire affecte fortement les fonctions des LT CD8 effecteurs générés ainsi que leur différenciation en cellules mémoires.

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Daniel, Lauren. "Les lymphocytes T CD8 innés, une nouvelle population T non conventionnelle (re)programmée en transplantation rénale." Thesis, Poitiers, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021POIT1403.

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Les lymphocytes T (LT) CD8 innés sont une population de LT non conventionnels récemment décrits dans le laboratoire. On les qualifie de « non conventionnels » car ils possèdent des caractéristiques de l’immunité acquise (facteur de transcription Eomesodermine et phénotype T mémoire) mais aussi de l’immunité innée (récepteurs des cellules NK, réponse à une stimulation cytokinique de type inné). Les fonctions de ces cellules sont encore peu connues, même s’il existe un faisceau d’argument en faveur de leur implication dans l’immunité anti-infectieuse et anti-tumorale.Il a été décrit que l’immuno-sénescence et/ou la stimulation antigénique chronique (induite par exemple par les infections virales chroniques au cytomégalovirus ou CMV) entraîne(nt) l’expression de marqueurs NK par les LT. Ce phénotype se rapproche donc de celui de nos cellules d’intérêt. Pour étudier l’effet de la stimulation antigénique chronique sur le compartiment LT CD8, et spécialement sa composante innée, nous avons choisi comme modèle la transplantation d’organe. Dans ce domaine, la recherche s’intéresse aux populations immunitaires susceptibles de jouer un rôle dans la tolérance ou le rejet du greffon. Parmi elles, les LT CD8 innés méritent une attention spéciale, ceci du fait de leurs fonctions innées effectrices/cytotoxiques. Nous avons présumé leur (re)programmation par la stimulation antigénique chronique (du greffon et/ou virale) pendant la transplantation. Cette hypothèse a été testée à partir d’une cohorte de patients transplantés rénaux depuis plus de dix ans, sous traitement immunosuppresseur minimisé (ciclosporine A (CsA) en monothérapie), en l’absence de signe clinico-biologique de rejet. Notre travail a d’abord permis de révéler dans les LT CD8 innés issus des donneurs sains (DS) un phénotype sénescent accentué (fréquence de cellules CD27(-)CD28(-) augmentée) que les LT CD8 conventionnels. En outre, la fréquence de cette population T innée, contrairement aux LT CD8 conventionnels, ne corrélait pas avec l’âge. Dans la cohorte de patients transplantés, nous avons observé une augmentation de la fréquence des LT CD8 innés, accompagnée d’un phénotype sénescent et effecteur terminal (CD45RA(+)CCR7(-)) exacerbé, comparativement aux cellules des DS. Les patients présentant une sérologie positive pour le CMV avaient un phénotype sénescent accru par rapport aux patients présentant une sérologie négative.En altérant la signalisation du TCR, le traitement immunosuppresseur CsA pourrait faciliter la (re)programmation des LT CD8 en faveur de leur versant inné. En accord avec cette hypothèse, une modélisation in vitro des effets de la CsA sur les LT CD8 provenant de DS en présence d’une stimulation du TCR et d’IL-15 a permis de documenter une augmentation du pool de LT CD8 innés au détriment du pool de LT naïfs, laquelle est accompagnée d’une valorisation de leurs fonctions (production innée d’IFN-γ). A l’inverse, chez les patients, les LT CD8 innés étaient dysfonctionnels, avec une production innée d’IFN-γ diminuée qui pourrait résulter de leur expression membranaire diminuée du récepteur de l’IL-15, cytokine indispensable aux LT CD8 innés. Ce dysfonctionnement, qui ne peut être attribué à un programme d’exhaustion ni être relié à un antécédent de cancer, pose la question du rôle de la stimulation allo-spécifique chronique. De façon générale, ce travail suggère que le contexte d’allogreffe rénale entraîne une reprogrammation et un phénotype de type « vieillissement » des LT CD8 innés, liés au moins en partie au traitement immunosuppresseur. Cette hypothèse devra être confortée par une analyse fine de l’allo-spécificité des LT CD8 innés dirigée contre le greffon
Innate CD8 T-cells are a non-conventional αβ-T-cell population recently described in our laboratory. We call them “non-conventional” because of their expression of markers from both adaptive immunity (transcription factor Eomesodermin and memory T-cell phenotype) and innate immunity (Natural Killer cell receptors, response to innate-like cytokine stimulation). The functions of innate CD8 T-cells are not well-known, although there are strong arguments for their involvement in anti-infectious and anti-tumor immunity.It has been reported that immunosenescence and/or chronic antigenic stimulation (induced, for example, by chronic viral cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections) result(s) in NK marker expression by T-cells. This phenotype is therefore similar to that of our cells of interest. To study the influence of chronic antigen stimulation on CD8 T-cells, and especially their innate component, we chose organ transplantation as a model. In this domain, research has been focused on immune cell populations that may play a role in graft tolerance or rejection. Among them, innate CD8 T-cells deserve special attention due to their effector/cytotoxic innate functions. We presumed their being reprogrammed by graft and/or viral chronic stimulation during organ transplantation. This hypothesis was tested in a cohort of patients with kidney-transplants for more than ten years, under minimized immunosuppressive treatment (ciclosporin A (CsA) monotherapy), without any clinical and biological sign of rejection. First, our work revealed a more accentuated senescent phenotype (increased frequency of CD27(-)CD28(-) cells) in innate CD8 T-cells from healthy donors (HD) than in their conventional counterpart. Moreover, the frequency of the innate T-cell population, unlike that of conventional CD8 T-cells, did not correlate with age.In the cohort of transplant patients, we observed an increased frequency of innate CD8 T-cells, accompanied by an exacerbated senescent and terminal effector (CD45RA(+)CCR7(-)) phenotype, compared to HD cells. Patients with positive CMV serology had an increased senescent phenotype compared to patients with negative serology.By altering TCR signaling, CsA immunosuppressive therapy could also facilitate the (re)programming of CD8 T-cells in favor of their innate counterpart. In agreement with this hypothesis, in vitro modeling of CsA effects on CD8 T-cells from HD in the presence of IL-15 and TCR stimulation enabled us to document an increased innate CD8 T-cell pool to the detriment of the naive CD8 T-cell pool, accompanied by an enhancement of their functions (innate production of IFN-γ).Conversely, in transplant patients, innate CD8 T-cells were dysfunctional, with decreased innate IFN-γ production, which may result from their decreased membrane expression of the IL-15 receptor, a cytokine essential for innate CD8 T-cells. This dysfunction, which cannot be attributed to cellular exhaustion or cancer history, raises the question of the role of chronic allo-specific stimulation.All in all, this work suggests that the context of renal allogenic transplantation leads to reprogramming and aging-like phenotype of innate CD8 T-cells, linked (at least partially) to immunosuppressive treatment. This hypothesis requires confirmation by a precise analysis of the direct allo-specificity of innate CD8 T-cells against the graft

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Che, Jenny Wun-Yue. "Heterologous Immunity and T Cell Stability During Viral Infections: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2014. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/697.

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The immune response to an infection is determined by a number of factors, which also affect the generation of memory T cells afterwards. The immune response can also affect the stability of the pre-existing memory populations. The memory developed after an infection can influence the response to subsequent infections with unrelated pathogens. This heterologous immunity may deviate the course of disease and alter the disease outcome. The generation and stability of memory CD8 T cells and the influence of the history of infections on subsequent heterologous infections are studied in this thesis using different viral infection sequences. Previous studies using mice lacking individual immunoproteasome catalytic subunits showed only modest alterations in the CD8 T cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). In this study, I found that the CD8 T cell response to LCMV was severely impaired in mice lacking all three catalytic subunits of the immunoproteasome, altering the immunodominance hierarchy of the CD8 T cell response and CD8 T cell memory. Adoptive transfer experiments suggested that both inefficient antigen presentation and altered T cell repertoire contribute to the reduction of the CD8 T cell response in the immunoproteasome knockout mice. Immune responses generated during infections can reduce pre-existing memory T cell populations. Memory CD8 T cells have been shown to be reduced by subsequent heterologous infections. In this study, I re-examined the phenomenon using immune mice infected with LCMV, murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and vaccinia virus (VACV) in different infection sequences. I confirmed that memory CD8 T cells were reduced by heterologous infections, and showed that LCMV-specific memory CD4 T cells were also reduced by heterologous infections. Reduction of the memory CD8 T cells is thought to be the result of apoptosis of memory CD8 T cells associated with the peak of type I interferon early during infection. I showed that memory CD4 T cells were similarly driven to apoptosis early during infection; however, Foxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells were relatively resistant to virus infection-induced apoptosis, and were stably maintained during LCMV infection. The stability of Treg cells during viral infections may explain the relatively low incidence of autoimmunity associated with infections. The history of infections can deviate the course of disease and affect the disease outcome, but this heterologous immunity is not necessarily reciprocal. Previous studies have shown the effects of heterologous immunity during acute infections. In this thesis, I showed that the history of LCMV infection led to higher viral titers during persistent MCMV infection, caused more severe immunopathology at the beginning of infection, and reduced the number of MCMV-specific inflationary memory CD8 T cells after the period of memory inflation. In a different context of infection, the history of LCMV infection can be beneficial. LCMV-immune mice have been shown to have lower viral titers after VACV infection, but VACV-immune mice are not protected during LCMV infection. I found that memory CD8 T cells generated from LCMV and VACV infections were phenotypically different, but the differences could not explain the nonreciprocity of heterologous immunoprotection. By increasing the number of crossreactive VACV A11R198-205-specific memory CD8 T cells, however, I showed that some VACV-immune mice displayed reduced viral titers upon LCMV challenge, suggesting that the low number of potentially cross-reactive CD8 T cells in VACV-immune mice may be part of the reasons for the non-reciprocity of immunoprotection between LCMV and VACV. Further analysis deduced that both number of potentially cross-reactive memory CD8 T cells and the private specificity of memory CD8 T cell repertoire played a part in determining the outcome of heterologous infections.

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Che, Jenny Wun-Yue. "Heterologous Immunity and T Cell Stability During Viral Infections: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2002. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/697.

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The immune response to an infection is determined by a number of factors, which also affect the generation of memory T cells afterwards. The immune response can also affect the stability of the pre-existing memory populations. The memory developed after an infection can influence the response to subsequent infections with unrelated pathogens. This heterologous immunity may deviate the course of disease and alter the disease outcome. The generation and stability of memory CD8 T cells and the influence of the history of infections on subsequent heterologous infections are studied in this thesis using different viral infection sequences. Previous studies using mice lacking individual immunoproteasome catalytic subunits showed only modest alterations in the CD8 T cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). In this study, I found that the CD8 T cell response to LCMV was severely impaired in mice lacking all three catalytic subunits of the immunoproteasome, altering the immunodominance hierarchy of the CD8 T cell response and CD8 T cell memory. Adoptive transfer experiments suggested that both inefficient antigen presentation and altered T cell repertoire contribute to the reduction of the CD8 T cell response in the immunoproteasome knockout mice. Immune responses generated during infections can reduce pre-existing memory T cell populations. Memory CD8 T cells have been shown to be reduced by subsequent heterologous infections. In this study, I re-examined the phenomenon using immune mice infected with LCMV, murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and vaccinia virus (VACV) in different infection sequences. I confirmed that memory CD8 T cells were reduced by heterologous infections, and showed that LCMV-specific memory CD4 T cells were also reduced by heterologous infections. Reduction of the memory CD8 T cells is thought to be the result of apoptosis of memory CD8 T cells associated with the peak of type I interferon early during infection. I showed that memory CD4 T cells were similarly driven to apoptosis early during infection; however, Foxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells were relatively resistant to virus infection-induced apoptosis, and were stably maintained during LCMV infection. The stability of Treg cells during viral infections may explain the relatively low incidence of autoimmunity associated with infections. The history of infections can deviate the course of disease and affect the disease outcome, but this heterologous immunity is not necessarily reciprocal. Previous studies have shown the effects of heterologous immunity during acute infections. In this thesis, I showed that the history of LCMV infection led to higher viral titers during persistent MCMV infection, caused more severe immunopathology at the beginning of infection, and reduced the number of MCMV-specific inflationary memory CD8 T cells after the period of memory inflation. In a different context of infection, the history of LCMV infection can be beneficial. LCMV-immune mice have been shown to have lower viral titers after VACV infection, but VACV-immune mice are not protected during LCMV infection. I found that memory CD8 T cells generated from LCMV and VACV infections were phenotypically different, but the differences could not explain the nonreciprocity of heterologous immunoprotection. By increasing the number of crossreactive VACV A11R198-205-specific memory CD8 T cells, however, I showed that some VACV-immune mice displayed reduced viral titers upon LCMV challenge, suggesting that the low number of potentially cross-reactive CD8 T cells in VACV-immune mice may be part of the reasons for the non-reciprocity of immunoprotection between LCMV and VACV. Further analysis deduced that both number of potentially cross-reactive memory CD8 T cells and the private specificity of memory CD8 T cell repertoire played a part in determining the outcome of heterologous infections.

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Ostrout, Nicholas D. "Vaccinia and Dengue Viruses: Exploring Current Fundamental Issues of Memory T Cells and Utilizing Comparative Quantitative Immunology to Compare Correlates of Protection Following Smallpox Immunization." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=case1205938117.

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Sarkander, Jana [Verfasser], Andreas [Gutachter] Radbruch, Andreas [Gutachter] Thiel, and Arturo [Gutachter] Zychlinsky. "Deciphering the generation of bone marrow resident memory CD4 T cells in the spleen / Jana Sarkander ; Gutachter: Andreas Radbruch, Andreas Thiel, Arturo Zychlinsky." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1197611177/34.

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Sarkander, Jana [Verfasser], Andreas Gutachter] Radbruch, Andreas [Gutachter] Thiel, and Arturo [Gutachter] [Zychlinsky. "Deciphering the generation of bone marrow resident memory CD4 T cells in the spleen / Jana Sarkander ; Gutachter: Andreas Radbruch, Andreas Thiel, Arturo Zychlinsky." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1197611177/34.

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Nahill, Sharon R. "Cytotoxic T lymphocyte specificities during the acute and memory responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection : ‡b a dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 1993. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/270.

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The focus of experiments presented in this dissertation is to determine how signals created by exposure to environmental stimuli are integrated at the level of transcription, resulting in the generation of specific patterns of gene expression. The model system used was expression of the neurotensinl neuromedin N (NT/N) neuropeptide gene in the neuroendocrine PC12 cell line. This gene is synergistically activated in PC12 cells in response to nerve growth factor, lithium, glucocorticoids, and activators of adenylate cyclase. Several cis-regulatory elements were identified within a 200 bp regulatory region, including AP-1, CRE, and GRE-like elements. Mutational analysis confirmed the importance of these elements for responses to inducer combinations. The primary objective was to identify proteins that interact with NT/N promoter sequences and determine if they are important in mediating responses to inducer combinations. The first set of experiments was designed to investigate changes in AP-1 binding activity. Previous analysis had shown that mutation of the AP-1 site severely curtails responses to all inducer combinations indicating that AP-1 plays a pivotal role in NT/N gene activation. DNA binding studies using in vitro synthesized AP-1 proteins revealed that all heterodimeric combinations could bind both the AP-1 and JARE sites; however, these complexes displayed a higher affinity for the AP-1 site. c-Jun homodimers were also found to bind both these sites albeit with a lower affinity and with a preference for the JARE site. These studies revealed that specificity is probably not at the level of DNA binding. Therefore, it was possible that only a subset of AP-1 proteins were activated upon stimulation. DNase I footprint analysis using nuclear extracts from PC12 cells showed changes in protection at the consensus AP-1 site upon treatment with inducers suggesting changes in AP-1 binding activity. It was found that AP-1 binding activity was increased upon stimulation, with the major component being Jun B. However, substantial levels of c-Fos and c-Jun were also detected at some time points. These results coupled with transfection data demonstrating that forced expression of c-Jun and c-Fos result in potent synergistic activation of the NT/N promoter support the hypothesis that c-Jun and c-Fos are also involved in NT/N gene activation. DNase I footprinting studies using PC12 nuclear extracts also revealed substantial areas of protection surrounding the CRE element. This result, along with the high degree of conservation of these sequences between human and rat, suggested they play a role in the regulation of the NT/N gene in PC12 cells. Mutational analysis of this region showed that sequences upstream of the CRE were important for full activation of the NT/N promoter. Specific mutation of the CRE resulted in a 75% decrease in activity upon induction, a level similar to that observed previously with less precise linker scanner mutations. This site had also been shown to be critical for c-Jun mediated NT/N activation, even though c-Jun homodimers do not bind this site in vitro. Therefore, nuclear extracts from PC12 cells were tested for the presence of proteins which could bind this site. Complexes composed of both c-Jun and ATF-2 were found in extracts from both uninduced and induced PC12 cells. ATF-2 could mediate both the recruitment of c-Jun to this site as well as mediate the effect of activators of adenylate cyclase, since ATF-2 has been shown to be a target for protein kinase A in vitro. Expression of ATF-2 in PC12 cells resulted in a modest increase in NT/N promoter activation. The significant levels of endogenous ATF-2 protein in PC12 cells most likely accounts for the relatively small magnitude of this effect. Experiments with the closely related protein, ATF-a2, revealed that it potently antagonizes c-Jun activation while forced expression of ATF-2 did not affect c-Jun activation under the conditions analyzed. Therefore, ATF proteins could be involved in both activation and repression of the NT/N gene. Both c-Jun and ATF-2 have been shown to be activated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in response to environmental stress or cytokine activation. Therefore, the ability of inducers to activate the previously described N-terminal ATF-2 activation domain was investigated using a GAL4-ATF-2 (1-109) chimer construct. This construct was not significantly activated by inducer combinations that result in high level NT/N gene expression, indicating that activation of ATF-2 through this pathway is not involved in NT/N gene activation. Also activation of JNK, a MAPK which activates both c-Jun and ATF-2, only partially substituted for NGF indicating that NGF activates an additional pathway. The data presented here support a model involving synergistic transcriptional activation of the NT/N promoter by c-Jun/c-Fos, ATF-2, ATF-2/c-Jun and the GR. ATF-2 was found to enhance NT/N promoter activation while a splice variant (ATF-2 195) lacking a central portion of ATF-2 that is rich in Ser/Thr residues had no effect suggesting that this region could be important for ATF-2 activation in PC12 cells. The identification of the signaling pathways that mediate the effects of inducer combinations on NT/N gene activation will be an important future goal and should provide insights into the control of neuronal gene expression.

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Bautista, Bianca L. "The Role of Late Antigen in CD4 Memory T Cell Formation during Influena [i.e. Influenza] Infection: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2016. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/858.

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While memory CD4 T cells are critical for effective immunity to pathogens, the mechanisms underlying their generation are poorly defined. Although extensive work has been done to examine the role of antigen (Ag) in shaping memory formation, most studies focus on the requirements during the first few days of the response known as the priming phase. Little is known about whether or not Ag re-encounter by effector T cells (late Ag) alters CD4 memory T cell formation. Since influenza infection produces a large, heterogeneous, protective CD4 memory T cell population, I used this model to examine the role of late Ag in promoting CD4 memory T cell formation. In the experiments presented in this thesis, I demonstrate that late Ag is required to rescue responding CD4 T cells from default apoptosis and to program the transition to long-lived memory. Responding cells that failed to re-encounter Ag had decreased memory marker expression and failed to produce multiple cytokines upon re-stimulation. Ag recognition is required at a defined stage, as short-term Ag presentation provided 6 days after infection is able to restore canonical memory formation even in the absence of viral infection. Finally, I find that memory CD4 T cell formation following cold-adapted influenza vaccination is boosted when Ag is administered at this stage. These findings imply that persistence of viral Ag presentation into the effector phase is the key factor that determines the efficiency of memory generation. They also suggest that administering Ag during the effector stage may improve vaccine efficacy.

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Jacomet, Florence. "Étude d'une nouvelle population de lymphocytes T « innate-memory » : implication dans l'immunité anti-leucémique au cours de la leucémie myéloïde chronique." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT1406/document.

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La leucémie myéloïde chronique (LMC) est une hémopathie maligne caractérisée par un syndrome myéloprolifératif. Elle est secondaire à la formation d’un gène chimérique BCR-ABL dont le produit de ce gène de fusion est une protéine possédant une activité tyrosine kinase dérégulée, nécessaire et suffisante à la leucémogénèse. Plusieurs arguments suggèrent l’implication des cellules du système immunitaire dans le contrôle de la LMC.Nous avons montré que les lymphocytes Natural Killer T invariant (iNKT), une population minoritaire de lymphocytes T non conventionnels impliqués dans l’immunosurveillance, sont anergiques chez les patients en phase chronique (LMC-PC). Ce défaut est corrigé chez les patients en rémission cytogénétique complète après traitement par Imatinib Mesylate (LMC-IM) ou IFN-α.Les lymphocytes iNKT sont impliqués chez la Souris dans la génération de cellules T CD8+ « innate-memory », une autre population de lymphocytes T innés découverte récemment chez la Souris. Nous avons mis en évidence chez l’Homme, l’existence d’une population de cellules T ayant un phénotype inné et mémoire, exprimant fortement le facteur de transcription Eomesodermine et capable de produire rapidement de l’IFN-γ en réponse à une stimulation innée par les interleukines (IL)-12 et IL-18.Cette population de cellules est déficiente sur le plan numérique et fonctionnel chez les patients LMC-PC. Ces défauts sont partiellement corrigés chez les patients LMC-IM.L’ensemble de ces résultats souligne le rôle des lymphocytes T innés dans l’immunité anti-leucémique et pourrait permettre le développement de stratégies d’immunothérapies ciblées contre la LMC
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder that results from dysregulated tyrosine kinase activity of the fusion oncoprotein BCR-ABL, which is sufficient to induce malignant transformation. A critical role of the immune system in the control of CML is supported by several reports. Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) lymphocytes are a population of non-conventional T cells that are believed to play a key role in cancer immunosurveillance. Here, we showed that CML in chronic phase is associated with anergy of iNKT cells that is restored upon complete cytogenetic remission (CCyR) following Imatinib Mesylate (IM) or IFN-α therapy. In mouse, iNKT cells are involved in the generation of a recently characterized subset of innate CD8 T cells. Importantly, we provided definitive evidence of the existence of an equivalent of these innate CD8 T cells in humans, harboring innate and memory phenotype with high Eomesodermin expression. These cells also exhibited innate functions such as prompt IFN-γ expression in response to innate stimulation by interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 and cytolytic activity in a TCR independent manner.Size and functions of this innate-like CD8 T cell subset were severely impaired in CML patients at chronic phase. These defects were partially reversed in patients who achieved CCyR following IM treatment.Altogether, these results reveal a possible contribution of innate CD8 T lymphocytes in anti-leukemic immunity and should contribute to development of immunotherapeutic strategies against CML

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Jaafoura, Salma. "Mémoire lymphocytaire T et persistance virale." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA114847.

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Au cours d’une réponse immunitaire primaire, les lymphocytes T CD8 mémoires émergent à partir d'un environnement de forte activation immunitaire. Les cellules régulatrices T CD4 FoxP3+ (LTregs) jouent un rôle clé de suppression de la réponse immunitaire. Nous montrons que les LTregs sont nécessaires pour la génération d’une réponse mémoire T CD8 fonctionnelle. En absence de LTregs lors du priming, les LT CD8 mémoires générées prolifèrent faiblement et ne parviennent pas à se différencier après une réactivation antigénique en effecteurs cytotoxiques secondaires fonctionnelles. Nous suggérons que les LTregs agissent tôt, lors de la phase d'expansion des LT CD8, en réduisant l’exposition des précurseurs mémoires T CD8 à l'interleukine-2. Ce nouveau rôle crucial des LTregs a des implications pour le développement optimal de vaccin.Chez les patients sous traitement antirétroviral efficace et prolongée (ART), le VIH peut persister dans un petit pool de cellules T CD4 mémoires quiescentes de longue durée de vie infectées par du virus latent intégré. Ce réservoir latent comprend différentes sous-populations mémoires. Nos résultats suggèrent une contraction progressive de la taille du réservoir latent autour d'un noyau formé de sous-populations T CD4 mémoires moins différenciées (centrales mémoires TCM et souches mémoires TSCM). Ce processus très lent semble dépendre de la taille initiale et du taux de décroissance qui diffère entre les sous-populations mémoires infectées de manière latente. Nos résultats suggèrent également une extrême stabilité du sous-réservoir TSCM, dont la taille est directement liée à l'exposition cumulée au virus plasmatique avant le début du traitement ART, soulignant l'importance d'une initiation précoce du traitement antirétroviral efficace. La présence de cette dynamique intrinsèque dans le réservoir latent peut avoir des implications pour la conception de stratégies optimales de purge thérapeutique contre le VIH
During the primary immune response, CD8 memory emerges from an environment of strong immune activation. The FoxP3 regulatory CD4 T-cell subset (Treg) is known as a key suppressive component of the immune system. We report that Tregs are required for the generation of functional CD8 memory. In the absence of Tregs during priming, the resulting memory cells proliferate poorly and fail to differentiate into functional cytotoxic secondary effectors following antigen reactivation. We find that the Tregs act early, during the expansion phase of primary CD8 effectors, by fine tuning interleukin-2 exposure of CD8 memory precursors. This crucial new role of Tregs has implications for optimal vaccine development. In patients who are receiving prolonged antiretroviral treatment (ART), HIV can persist within a small pool of long-lived resting memory CD4 T cells infected with integrated latent virus. This latent reservoir involves distinct memory subsets. We provide results that suggest a progressive reduction of the size of the blood latent reservoir around a core of less-differentiated memory subsets (central memory and stem cell-like memory).This process appears to be driven by the differences in initial sizes and decay rates between latently infected memory subsets. Our results also suggest an extreme stability of the TSCM sub-reservoir, the size of which is directly related to cumulative plasma virus exposure before the onset of ART, stressing the importance of early initiation of effective ART. The presence of these intrinsic dynamics within the latent reservoir may have implications for the design of optimal HIV therapeutic purging strategies

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Calvez, Mathilde. "Rôle de la protéine Pleckstrin dans la génération de lymphocytes T CD8 mémoires et la mise en place d'une immunité tissulaire." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN013/document.

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Les lymphocytes T CD8 sont des acteurs clés de l'immunité adaptative, impliqués dans la lutte contre les pathogènes intracellulaires et les cellules tumorales. En outre, les lymphocytes T CD8 sont capables, lors d’une réponse primaire, de se différencier en cellules mémoires capables de se maintenir dans l’organisme et de le protéger efficacement contre une nouvelle rencontre avec ces dangers. Ceci est permis grâce à leurs fonctions effectrices améliorées, leur plus grand potentiel prolifératif et leur capacité à migrer dans les tissus non-lymphoïdes, des propriétés toutes trois régulées au niveau moléculaire par le cytosquelette d'actine. Récemment, notre équipe a montré que pleckstrin, un gène impliqué dans la régulation du cytosquelette d'actine, était fortement exprimé dans les lymphocytes T CD8 mémoires (générés suite à une infection virale), par comparaison avec des cellules T CD8 naïves. Grâce à des expériences d'infection par le virus de la Vaccine in vivo, nous avons pu mettre en évidence que l'absence de pleckstrin n'altère pas les fonctions effectrices des lymphocytes T CD8 (i. e. cytotoxicité et production de cytokines). En revanche, pleckstrin semble nécessaire à la génération des lymphocytes T CD8 mémoires et à leur localisation au sein des tissus infectés. Ces travaux de recherche apportent ainsi un regard nouveau sur les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires impliqués dans la mise en place d'un compartiment T CD8 mémoire au sein des tissus non-lymphoïdes
CD8 T cells are key players of adaptive immunity, and are involved in the elimination of intracellular pathogens and cancer cells. During a primary immune response, memory CD8 T cells are generated, and are able to maintain long-term and protect efficiently the organism against a secondary encounter with these threats. Indeed, memory CD8 T cells mediate durable protection through enhanced effector functions, increased proliferative capacity and distinct migratory behaviors, three processes that are tightly regulated by actin cytoskeleton. Recently, the laboratory has shown that pleckstrin, a gene involved in actin cytoskeleton, is highly up-regulated in pathogen-induced memory CD8 T cells compared to naïve cells. Using pleckstrin deficient CD8 T cells, we show in an in vivo model of Vaccinia virus infection that pleckstrin deficiency does not affect global CD8 functions, in terms of cytokine production and cytotoxicity. However, pleckstrin is required for the optimal generation and localization of memory CD8 T cells within infected tissues. As a whole, this work gives new insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms that allow the establishment of a memory CD8 T cell compartment within non-lymphoid tissues

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Varga, Steven Michael. "The Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cell Response During Acute Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection and into Long Term Memory: a Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 1999. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/116.

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CD4+ T cells play a central role in immunity. During virus infections, CD4+ T cells provide the necessary help for B cells to secrete anti-viral antibody and may act as effector cells themselves through the secretion of anti-viral cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. Recent studies in the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) system have shown that CD4+ T cells are required to maintain the clearance of persistent viral infections as well as maintain virus-specific memory CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Despite these important functions, surprisingly little information exists concerning the longevity, magnitude, and stability of the CD4+ T cell response following a virus infection. This thesis takes advantage of the well-studied LCMV system to address the above issues as well as to examine the role CD4+ T cells play during heterologous virus infections and to determine the fate of CD4+T cells following a high-dose LCMV infection. The cell surface phenotype of the CD4+ T cells was first examined in C57BL/6 mice acutely infected with LCMV. FACS analysis revealed the modulation of several activation markers on CD4+ T cells during an acute infection with LCMV, consistent with an activated cell phenotype. In addition, 25% of the CD4+ T cells were blast-sized by day 7 post-infection (p.i.) even though the total number of CD4+ T cells did not increase in the spleen during the acute infection. Additional studies were performed using CZ-1, a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) previously generated in our laboratory that defines a sialic acid-dependent CD45RB-associated epitope. Examination of the expression of the CZ-1 antigen on CD4+ T cells following LCMV infection revealed that the blast-sized CD4+ T cells at day 6 p.i. were CZ-1 +. Further cell surface phenotyping showed that those blast cells activated at day 6 p.i. were CD45RB1oCD44hiCD62L-. This contrasts with the CZ-1-CD45RBhiCD441oCD62L+ resting cell population prior to infection. To determine if memory CD4+ T cells continued to express the CZ-1 epitope long after resolution of the LCMV infection, CD4+CZ-1+ and CD4+CZ-1- populations were purified by cell sorting and placed into an in vitro proliferation assay with LCMV-infected antigen-presenting cells (APC). It was found that the CD4+CZ-1+ population contained virtually all of the virus-specific memory. Thus, these studies indicate that the CZ-1 epitope defines a novel activation and memory marker for murine CD4+T cells. Examination of virus-specific cytokine production using ELISPOT assays showed a significant increase in the number of IFN-γ-secreting cells in the spleen during an acute LCMV-infection. CD8+ T cells made up the majority of the IFN-γ-producing cells, but analysis of the cell culture supernatants by ELISA revealed that the CD4+T cells produced more IFN-γ on a per cell basis. No significant increase in IL-4 levels was detected under these experimental conditions. These data suggest that LCMV infection induces primarily a virus-specific Th1 response that is characterized by increased IFN-γ production. No quantitative information was known about the frequency and longevity of the LCMV-specific CD4+ T cell response. Using limiting dilution assays (LDA), I examined the CD4+ T cell precursor (Thp) frequency in C57BL/6 mice infected with LCMV. The virus-specific CD4+ Thp frequency increased from <1/100,000 in uninfected mice to a peak of approximately 1/600 in FACS-purified splenic CD4+ T cell populations by 10 days p.i. with LCMV. After the peak of the response, the CD4+ Thp frequency decreased only about 2-fold per CD4+ T cell to approximately 1/1200 and remained stable into long-term memory. The CD4+ Thp frequency to each of the two known LCMV major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted peptides dropped only 2- to 7-fold from the peak of the acute LCMV response into long-term memory. Thus, the CD4+T cell frequencies remain elevated after the acute infection subsides and remain extremely stable throughout long-term immunity. The above results show that LDA can account for +T cells as being virus-specific following LCMV infection. However, using newer, more sensitive assays based on intracellular cytokine production, >20% of the CD4+ T cells secreted IFN-γ after stimulation with phorbol myristic acid and ionomycin during the peak of the acute CD4+ T cell response. In addition, >10% of the CD4+ T cells secreted IFN-γ after stimulation with the LCMV MHC class II-restricted CD4 peptides. Thus, these new sensitive assays reveal a heretofore unappreciated, yet profound antigen-specific CD4+T cell response during LCMV infection. Infection of mice with a series of unrelated viruses, termed heterologous viruses, causes the reduction of memory CD8+ T cells specific to earlier infections. In order to examine the fate of CD4+ T cells under these conditions, I examined cytokine production and followed the CD4+ Thp frequency following heterologous virus infections. Challenge of LCMV-immune mice with vaccinia virus (VV) resulted in a significant increase in both the amount of IFN-γ protein and the frequency of IFN-γ-producing cells in the peritoneal cavity 3 days after infection as compared to control non-immune mice acutely infected with VV or to LCMV-immune mice alone. Intracellular IFN-γ staining revealed that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells contributed to this increased IFN-γ production. LDA analysis of the LCMV-specific CD4+ Thp frequency following multiple heterologous virus infections or protein antigen immunizations, revealed that the CD4+ Thp frequency remains stable even under conditions that reduce the LCMV-specific CD8+ CTLp frequency. Additional studies using high-dose LCMV Clone 13 demonstrated that, like CD8+ T cells, there is a decline in detectable LCMV-specific CD4+Thp during overwhelming virus infections. The data presented in this thesis help provide a better understanding of the CD4+ T cell response during virus infections. I make several novel observations, including the demonstration that mAb CZ-1 defines a novel activation and memory marker for CD4+ T cells, that the LCMV-specific memory CD4+ Thp frequency remains extremely stable into long-term immunity, and that heterologous virus infections do not disturb the stable memory CD4+ T cell pool following a virus infection. I also provide data using new sensitive assays based on intracellular cytokine production that there is a much more profound antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response during viral infections than has previously been realized. Finally, I provide evidence that the virus-specific CD4+ T cells become unresponsive following a high-dose LCMV Clone 13 infection. Thus, the data presented in this thesis highlight some important similarities and differences between the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses during acute viral infections.

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Cheng, Laurence Eng-Chee. "The contribution of IL-2R signals to the generation and maintenance of CD8⁺ T cell responses to antigen /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8355.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Resident memory T lymphocytes'

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