Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Resettlement in New Zealand'
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1
Joudi, Kadri Rose. "Resettling the Unsettled: The Refugee Journey of Arab Muslims to New Zealand." AUT University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/988.
Abstract:
Since the 1980s, nearly 5000 Arab and Muslim refugees have been resettled in New Zealand (RefNZ, 2007) as a result of political instability and wars that have riddled the Arabic-speaking region. Upon arrival in a resettlement country, refugees face many challenges in adjusting to their new environment (Simich et al., 2006; Valtonen, 1998). Arab Muslim refugees have specific concerns that are different to other refugee groups due to the major role Islam plays in the way Muslim people go about their lives, and due to the controversial image of Muslims in Western countries since the September 11th (USA) and July 7th (London) bombings. To date, relatively little attention has been paid to the various ongoing resettlement issues that these refugees deal with. This research attempts to fill in some of these gaps by addressing the resettlement experiences of Arab Muslim refugees in New Zealand. It is expected that this research will assist the policy making and migrant services sector (a) to understand the refugees' lived realities; (b) to confront the stereotypes associated with refugees in general, and the stereotypes associated with Arab Muslim refugees in particular; and (c) to address the issues and challenges faced by Arab Muslim refugees. The significance of this research is located in its potential to influence policy and practice in the fields of refugee resettlement, immigration, and counselling. In addition, this study will contribute to knowledge about Arab Muslim refugees, especially those living in New Zealand. Recently, studies in the fields of sociology, anthropology, and psychology on refugees and refugee resettlement have found that non-Western refugees experience a variety of resettlement and adjustment challenges when settling in Western societies. However, intensive research is needed on refugees' perspectives on their refugee journey, their resilience during resettlement, and the experiences that accompany the refugee journey. A deepened understanding of the phenomenon of the refugee journey may contribute to the development of appropriate support for refugees and foster welcoming host societies. It is therefore anticipated that this study of the refugee experiences of Arab Muslims will add to existing research on refugee resettlement and in particular Arab Muslim refugees in Western societies. Semi-structured, face to face interviews were conducted with 31 male and female Arabic-speaking Muslim refugees from Iraq, Sudan, Somalia, Kuwait, and Tunisia. The participants had been "resettled" in New Zealand for at least six months and up to eleven years. Most of the interviews were conducted in Arabic and then translated to English. The interviews were analysed using an eclectic approach including thematic analysis with elements of life story narratives. The findings that emerged from this research suggest that whatever the national and ethnic background of the refugee, there are common key issues and themes relating to the refugee journey and the challenges experienced by refugees during their resettlement. The interviews revealed participants' experiences of their lives as refugees, which were described in three separate stages that I have termed the "three legs of the refugee journey." The first leg of the refugee journey included the refugees' pre-migration experience: reasons for fleeing their homelands, becoming a refugee, and the impact of the refugee label on their lives in their resettlement country. The second leg of the refugee journey involved their experiences in adjusting to their 'new' lives after leaving Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre (MRRC): their experiences with several resettlement agencies in NZ, their unforeseen resettlement challenges such as language barriers, unemployment, and their concern over raising their children in a non-Muslim society. The third leg uncovered the experiences participants went through after one year of their initial resettlement, and also explored methods of coping and resilience that participants used to overcome their ongoing resettlement challenges and mental health concerns, and their perspective on New Zealand as a resettlement country. This leg also included the participants' future aspirations and their long-term resettlement plans. Overall, participants were unprepared for the situation that faced them when they arrived in New Zealand. Their experience in the six weeks at the resettlement centre was disappointing for all of them and traumatic for some. Participants did not feel that they were equipped with "survival skills" for dealing with life outside the centre. All participants expressed that they had difficulties adjusting to their new life in New Zealand. In general, women found adjustment more difficult than men. Some participants expressed gratitude to New Zealand for accepting them as refugees. A minority were happy to remain in New Zealand, the majority were reluctant about staying, and a small number intended to return to their homeland or other Arab Muslim countries as soon as they could. It is significant that for the participants in this study, their identity as a refugee had an overwhelming impact on the way they talked about their lives. Participants had the perception that being labelled as refugees was a factor that alienated them from New Zealand society. Also, being Arab and Muslim as well as a refugee was seen as an additional disadvantage for resettlement opportunities in New Zealand and other Western countries. While Arab Muslim refugees share many of the concerns of other refugees, there are particular issues, including the challenge of maintaining their religious and cultural traditions, which they experienced as being in conflict with resettling in a Western country. Despite the fact that New Zealand has a long history in assisting in the resettlement of refugees, this research reinforces previous research in New Zealand which points to the inadequacies of the resettlement experience for refugees during all three legs of the refugee journey. The thesis therefore concludes with recommendations for improving refugee policies and services.
2
Najib, Hedayatullah. "Accounting for the business start-up experiences of Afghan refugees in Christchurch, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Management, Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10336.
Abstract:
New Zealand is rapidly becoming a strongly multicultural society with nearly one in four of its citizens born overseas (Statistics New Zealand, 2006). Immigrants enter New Zealand under many different classifications, such as skilled migrants, entrepreneurs, investors, and refugees. Finding employment and a means of survival in their new society is an undeniable challenge for most, if not all, of these immigrants and people from refugee backgrounds. Some of them find employment in established Kiwi organisations while others establish their own businesses and become entrepreneurs.
A review of the literature revealed that there has been considerable research on entrepreneurial behaviours of immigrants and refugees in general, but little is known about the experiences of entrepreneurs from refugee backgrounds in New Zealand, specifically Afghan entrepreneurs and how their experiences differ from their counterparts who came to New Zealand from other countries.
This qualitative research project studies Afghans (N=23) from Christchurch who established their own businesses and the sense they have made of their experiences, both as refugees and as business owners. It also briefly compares the major findings with those of their refugee counterparts from other countries (N=6) to see if there are any major differences between the two groups’ start-up experiences in New Zealand.
Participants were selected from those in the Afghan community in Christchurch who are from a refugee background, using a snowballing technique. The comparison group consisted of six refugees from Zimbabwe, Somalia, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Sri Lanka.
The findings of this study have been categorised into two parts. The first part discusses the initial experiences of the participants in New Zealand society, how they settled into New Zealand, what strategies they used to integrate into their new society, how they financed their lives in New Zealand, and eventually how they became economically independent. The second part of the findings discusses the motivators behind the participants’ business start-ups, the types of businesses that they established and how these businesses assisted them as a gateway to other business ventures or activities. This section further investigates the challenges the refugees faced during their business start-up stage and the strategies they adopted to address these challenges. The data indicated that, while the Afghan refugees faced many challenges in establishing their own businesses, three were of particular importance to them. These were (1) financial challenges (2) licensing requirements and (3) English language ability for obtaining business licenses. These were different from the comparison group because of the different industries the two groups of business owners chose to start.
This research presents a very important finding. When participants’ experiences were examined to see how they account for personal and business success it was clear it is the social fabric of a collectivist and religious way of life and the associated sense of obligation to support each other that are the most significant factors shaping Afghan refugees’ business start-up behaviour. These factors led them to guide and mentor each other towards economic security and a lifestyle that fitted well with their family and religious obligations and self-identity.
In addition to showing how Christchurch Afghan refugees’ business start-ups were used as a means to meet their social objectives, this research and the model that emerged from it offer unique insights into three key drivers: economic security, lifestyle–enterprise fit, and self-identity. These factors, together with age and family circumstances, shaped the decisions associated with starting businesses in New Zealand to determine the pathway chosen.
The findings of this research are important as New Zealand is opening its doors to more refugees and very little is known about more recent refugee groups like those from Afghanistan. The findings provide a rich and unique contribution to refugee entrepreneurship and enterprise development literature in New Zealand and a model that could be used as a framework for further studies on the subject by those agencies that support refugees and their business start-up ventures as well as government agencies dealing with refugee resettlement and employment.
3
Marete, Julius Muriungi. "Resettlement or resentment? Expectations and experiences of resettlement of Somali and Sudanese refugees living in New Zealand who have come from refugee camps in Kenya." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Social and Political Sciences, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7264.
Abstract:
Today the world has over 42 million refugees and displaced people. Of these, Africa has approximately 7.5 million refugees, most from the Horn of Africa, and 21 million internally displaced people. Historical injustices stemming from colonialism, as well as other political and socio-economic factors, have contributed to continuous conflict between communities in Africa. In particular, political turmoil in Somalia and the civil wars in Sudan have led to a refugee influx into refugee camps in Kenya. The Kakuma and Dadaab refugee camps host about 360,000 refugees mainly from these two countries. Kenya, like many other countries to which refugees flee, lacks adequate resources to cater for such a large number of refugees. For this reason, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) has embarked on a resettlement program to relocate some refugees into western countries, including New Zealand. New Zealand is a signatory to the 1951 United Nations Convention and 1967 protocol relating to the status of refugee protection and hosts 750 refugees annually; some from refugee camps in Kenya.
This study focuses on Sudanese and Somali refugee migrants in New Zealand who have been resettled from refugee camps from Kenya. It examines the expectations and experiences of these refugees in the camps in Kenya, how these impact their resettlement in New Zealand, and the policies which the two countries have in place to address their issues. Somali and Sudanese refugees in the process of being resettled in New Zealand, as well as agencies working in the Dadaab Camps in Kenya, were interviewed in eight in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions. Data were also gathered in New Zealand in eight semi-structured in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions.
The findings indicate that refugees are persecuted and tortured during their flights to the camps. In the camps they face insecurity, rape, and structural oppression. They lack basic necessities such as food, clean water, and sanitation, and live in overcrowded makeshift homes with no educational or health services. In contrast to what is actually presented, refugees generally have very high expectations of a successful life in resettlement contexts. Upon resettlement in New Zealand, Somali and Sudanese refugees report feeling secure and enjoying access to better education, health and social services. They also, however, face
challenges ranging from culture shock, different climatic conditions, language barriers, discrimination and racism.
The findings further show that pre-arrival expectations and experiences of Somali and Sudanese refugees affect their subsequent behaviour, well-being, and health, which in turn impacts positively or negatively their efforts to integrate into their new communities in New Zealand. Appropriate human-services responses that could help to resolve some of the resettlement challenges faced by refugees are identified. Substantive policies, both in Kenya and in New Zealand, to address inequalities between refugees and host populations are recommended, and refugee issues that require further research are suggested.
4
Lawrence, Jody. "Placing the lived experience(s) of TB in a refugee community in Auckland, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/3151.
Abstract:
Although rates of tuberculosis (TB) in much of the western world have steadily declined since the Second World War, this infectious disease remains a leading cause of death among those living in impoverished circumstances. Social science perspectives have argued that TB is as much a reflection of socio-economic inequality and the uneven distribution of power and resources as it is about biological processes. In this thesis I explore the lived experience of TB within the Somali refugee community in Auckland, New Zealand. While migrants and refugees are frequently blamed for the resurgence in TB in Western countries, very little is known about the determinants that underlie this manifestation of the disease. The present research addresses this gap in the literature by employing a transdisciplinary social science approach that considers the determinants of health and illness that range across the social, cultural economic and political domains of human experience. The geographical underpinnings of the work are borne out in the fundamental goal: to (literally and metaphorically) place the lived experience of health, disease (and particularly TB) within the Somali refugee community in the wider context of migration and resettlement. Employing qualitative methods I draw upon participants’ narratives to highlight the different ways in which Somali health beliefs and experiences have been shaped by wider structural forces. I demonstrate that within Auckland, Somalis encounter multiple and overlapping layers of disadvantage. The combined impacts of this disadvantage have a profound influence on their health and illness experience, particularly in terms of the development and ongoing occurrence of TB. Respondents with TB recounted widespread stigma that exacerbated the harm incurred by the illness itself. Although Somalis are highly marginalised, the thesis acknowledges the agency and creativity exerted by people in fashioning the course of their life within the context of considerable structural constraints.
5
Griffin, Rosemary Holly. "Refugee Resettlement: Social Capital, Civil Society, and the Integration Processes of Former Refugees." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Social and Political Sciences, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7392.
Abstract:
This thesis explores the process of identity renegotiation and the role social capital plays in civil society participation by the former refugee communities of Eritrean and Bhutanese living in Christchurch, New Zealand. This is undertaken through examination of three hypotheses pertaining to ethnic identity maintenance and national identity creation, community mobilisation and social capital, and the motivations behind such mobilisation. In comparing the processes of identity negotiation and social capital between the members of the Eritrean and Bhutanese communities, this study of 27 participants illustrates the importance of members’ ethnic community connection in the development of a national identity, and the dissimilar levels of social capital and subsequent participation in civil society by the two communities. This work analyses the role social capital within such migrant communities plays in members participation in their settlement society as well as in group’s ethnic identity maintenance. The theoretical framework of this work is influenced by the research of Berry (1997), Lucken (2010), Ager and Strang (2008) and Valtonen (1998; 2004).
This study found there are much higher levels of social capital in the Bhutanese community compared to the Eritrean community. These disparate levels can be attributed to the differing demographics of the communities; the high levels of stress suffered by Eritrean members involved in the family reunification process; and the differences between the communities refugee experience prior to arrival in New Zealand.
My findings also suggest that the process of national identification by migrants relies on strong connections between members’ and their ethnic community, not, as commonly assumed, participation in wider society. Importantly this work illustrates that social capital is necessary in the mobilisation of migrant communities. Grievances associated with settlement are not attended to on a community level unless there is a high degree of social capital within the community. This enables participation in civil society through the establishment of a representative community organisation, and members to cooperate with other sectors of wider society.
6
Green, Valerie Joyce. "Tupulaga Tokelau in New Zealand (the Tokelau younger generation in New Zealand)." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9928380.
Abstract:
Tokelauans initiated a contemporary migration from their relatively remote Pacific atolls to New Zealand around 1960 and this population movement was assisted by government resettlement schemes. The broad objectives of the ethnographic research contributing to this thesis were to study the historical context of this small-scale voluntary migration, the establishment and social organisation of culturally distinguished urban communities in North Island centres, and post-resettlement outcomes experienced by migrant and descent populations. Each of the two studies incorporated in the thesis is primarily concerned with tūpulaga ‘the younger generation’ in the New Zealand Tokelau population. One is community-based and focused on the social interactions of generation cohorts of tūpulaga and tupuna ‘elders’, the formal community associations and the national association of affiliated tūpulaga groups. The other is concerned with bunches of “detached” tūpulaga geographically scattered throughout the country, the people without voices when research includes only the migrants in urban enclaves. Background considerations include overviews of theoretical approaches to studying the population phenomenon of migration; relevant aspects of Tokelau history and the movement of Pacific peoples; New Zealand as the receiving country and continuously changing social context for Tokelau communities, and a conceptual framework derived from features of complex adaptive systems theories that was helpful in considering aspects of the contemporary migration and its outcomes. Tūpulaga leaders, through the association of affiliated groups known as the Mafutaga, revived the pre-eminent cultural principle maopoopo ‘gathered together and unified’, promoted a vision of ‘Tokelau ways in New Zealand’ and supported tūpulaga “becoming Tokelau in New Zealand” as residents of urban communities. Over a number of years, Mafutaga officials led the expansion of tūpulaga inter-community sports meetings into a four-day national gathering of Tokelauans now celebrated as an unequivocal expression of Tokelau culture in New Zealand, and guided the established urban communities through a transition from migrant to cultural communities without usurping the political roles of esteemed elders. The second study shows that intergenerational issues were pivotal or contributory in most tūpulaga decisions to “detach” from community networks and activities. “Detachment” is categorised as transient (a provisional, not necessarily long-term status), tacit (a restorative withdrawal, with subsequent reattachment) or diuternal (a considered choice and enduring status).Subscription resource available via Digital Dissertations only.
7
Nicholson, Heather Halcrow. "The New Zealand Greywackes: A study of geological concepts in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/90.
Abstract:
This thesis traces changes in geological concepts associated with the New Zealand greywackes. Since mineralogists adopted the German mining term 'grauwacke' in the 1780s to refer to a type of old, hard, grey, muddy sandstone, both the name and the rock have caused confusion and controversy. English geologists in the 1830s used the term 'grauwacke' as a rock name and a formation name for their most ancient rocks. The English abandoned the name, but 'greywacke' remained useful in Scotland and began to be used in New Zealand in the 1890s. New Zealanders still refer to the association of semi-metamorphosed greywacke sandstones, argillites, minor lavas, cherts and limestone constituting the North Island ranges and the Southern Alps as 'the greywackes'. With the South Island schists, the greywackes make up 27% of the surface of the New Zealand landmass. They supply much of our road metal, but otherwise have little economic importance. Work on these basement rocks has rarely exceeded 10% of geological research in New Zealand.Leading geologists of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries competed to construct stratigraphical models for New Zealand where the greywackes were usually classified as of Paleozoic age. Controversy was generated by insufficient data, field mistakes, wrong fossil identifications, attachment to ruling theories and the inability of European-based conventional stratigraphical methodologies to deal with these Carboniferous to Jurassic rocks formed in a very different and unsuspected geological environment. After 1945, growth of the universities, increased Geological Survey activity, and the acquisition of more reliable data led to fresh explanatory ideas about geosynclines, turbidity currents, depositional facies, low-grade metamorphism, and structural geology. New interest in the greywackes resulted in the accumulation of additional knowledge about their paleontology, petrography, sedimentology and structure. Much of this geological data is stored in visual materials including maps, photographs, and diagrams and these are essential today for the interpretation and transfer of information.The development of plate tectonic theory and the accompanying terrane concept in the seventies and eighties permitted real progress in understanding the oceanic origin of greywackes within submarine accretionary prisms and their transport to the New Zealand region. In the last half century comparatively little geological controversy about the greywackes has taken place because of the acquisition of quantities of data, technological improvements, and the use of a dependable theory of the Earth's crust. Scientific controversy takes place when data and/or background theory is inadequate.
8
Murray, Georgina. "New Zealand corporate capitalism." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2038.
Abstract:
This thesis describes the process of concentration and centralisation of the top New Zealand corporate class fraction at three levels - the corporate agent, the corporate agency and the corporate structure. These three different perspectives are seen, first, at the level of the empirical evidence of concentration and centralisation over time, and second, at the level of theoretical explanation and lastly, at the level of the sociology of knowledge, that is, how the theories themselves locate within economic cycles. The two empirical bases of this study are the survey of the top thirty companies directors and the top thirty companies networks of.1966, 1976 and 1986. A centrality analysis used on the latter three data sources, found that at the peak of the longwave (1966) when accumulation was high within the protected New Zealand economy, there were few corporate interlocks, suggesting that centralisation (the destruction of already formed capitals) was not a problem. But by the economic downturn (1986) corporate interlocks had proliferated reflecting the insecure nature of the corporate economy in crisis. The main conclusions drawn from the survey and the centralisation data sources positively corroborate the Marxist thesis that the corporate class fraction (as agents of capitalism) are in a free market economy as much directive as reactive to the state, that banks operate at direct and indirect levels of intervention on this class fraction and that there is some evidence of corporate class cohesion.
9
Shaw, Kirstyn E. L. "Beyond gentrification : a new phase of inner city resettlement? /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18629.pdf.
10
Denhart, Loretta Kuliawat. "Helping new neighbors Resettlement workers' construction of refugee identity /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
11
Anderson, Vivienne, and n/a. "The experiences of international and New Zealand women in New Zealand higher education." University of Otago. Faculty of Education, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090812.101334.
Abstract:
This thesis reports on an ethnographic research project that explored the experiences and perspectives of a group of women in New Zealand higher education, including international and New Zealand students and partners of international students. The study had two aims. The first was to disrupt the inattention to gender and to students' partners and families in New Zealand international education research and policy. The second was to problematise Eurocentric assumptions of (predominantly Asian) international students' 'cultural difference', and of New Zealanders' homogenised sameness.
The theoretical framework for the study was informed by a range of conceptual tools, including feminist, critical theory, post-structural, and postcolonial perspectives. In drawing on feminist perspectives, the study was driven by a concern with acknowledging the importance and value of women's lives, looking for women where they are absent from policy and analysis, and attending to the mechanisms through which some women's lives are rendered invisible in internationalised higher education. In considering these mechanisms and women's lives in relation to them the study also drew on post-structural notions of discourse, power, and agency. It explored how dominant discourses in internationalised higher education reveal and reproduce historically-grounded relations of power that are intentionally or unintentionally performed, subverted and/or resisted by women and those they encounter. Using Young's (1990, 2000) approach to critical theory, the study also considered alternative ways of constructing internationalised higher education that were suggested in women's accounts.
As a critical feminist ethnography the study was shaped by my theoretical framework (above), critical literature on heterogeneous social groups, and feminist concerns with relationship, reciprocity and power in the research process. Fieldwork took place during 2005 and 2006 and involved two aspects: the establishment and maintenance of an intercultural group for women associated with a higher education institution, and 28 interviews with 20 women over two years. Interviewees were recruited through the group and included eight international students, nine New Zealand students and three women partners of international students.
Study findings challenged the assumption that international and local students are distinct and oppositional groups. They also highlighted the importance of recognising the legitimate presence of international students' partners and accompanying family members at all levels in higher education. International and New Zealand women alike found the intercultural group a useful source of social and practical support and information, and a point of access to other sources of support and information. Women reflected on moving between many different kinds of living and learning contexts, highlighting the importance of: clear processes and pathways for accessing information and practical support when experiencing transition; teaching that is engaging, effective, and responsive; and opportunities to develop connections with other people both on and off campus. Rather than revealing clear patterns of difference or sameness across women, the study highlighted the importance of policy, research, teaching and support practices that are open and responsive to women's actual viewpoints and needs, and that neither re-entrench difference nor assume sameness.
12
Qu, Wen, and 屈雯. "Living in flux : new model for dam resettlement in China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207140.
Abstract:
Because of dam construction, currently there are 25,000,000 migrants in China, and until 2020, Chinese government will be built as much as 9 Three Gorges dams, but the resettlement compensation was never satisfied migrants benefit over the past 50 years.
My thesis is looks at this particular phenomenon and proposed new resettlement model for the future that is to take advantages of water level change in the specific area and create new resettlement policy as an opportunity to change people’s life.
Through Chinese resettlement history and case study to understand the resettlement situation in China. Choice a future dam location, to solve the problems, at first, I try to redesign dam but it maybe not the best way, then I focus on the drawdown zone which is one of the most important issues of dam construction, I want to take advantage of water level change to think new resettlement model. The strategy was considered about the effect in social, cultural, economic and ecological ways. Respect the original environment and creates a new resettlement model.
My project goal is to contribute to reduce settlement, minimize erosion, make a productive drawdown zone but still keep the reservoir capacity, the method is to balance cut and fill land. To achieve this, I analyze the typology in the site, the first type is rural area and another is city area, I take different strategy for different category, the design method is use the water level change and land available time to utilize the land in range. he main strategy is: built a road following the high water level as a structure to reorganize resettlement around road, then manipulate topography to reserved villages and vegetation in range, also plant with fluctuation add new activities make a more productive drawdown zone, create wetland system for water treatment.published_or_final_version
Architecture
Master
Master of Landscape Architecture
13
Lindsey, David 1969. "Conscience voting In New Zealand." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/6835.
Abstract:
In New Zealand, political colleagues agreeing to disagree during legislative voting is called conscience voting. It is applied to some of the most contentious issues to come before parliament, and the legislation that results often has far-reaching implications on all citizens. This combination of contention and disagreement within a party has, over time, resulted in a parliamentary voting procedure with identifiable causes, patterns and protocols. Although conscience voting is rooted in the Westminster style of parliament and also exists in other countries, New Zealand has developed its own style that reflects the uniqueness of its culture and the hybrid nature of its political system. This thesis unpacks the concept of conscience voting by investigating its role in New Zealand's parliamentary democracy: how and why it developed, the reasons it is used, the procedural framework within which it exists in New Zealand, and the specific issues faced by both parties and politicians when confronted with conscience matters. In a departure from most previous studies on this subject that have analysed the patterns of conscience votes themselves, this thesis is an exploration of conscience voting as a parliamentary concept. In particular, it does not view conscience voting as a series of unrelated events but as the result of a mechanism that has become institutionalised - formally and informally - after long practice. Conscience voting became increasingly common after World War Two, and the expectations of MPs that intra-party dissent would be handled with a conscience vote grew along with it. Despite constituting just 5% of all bills, by the 1980s the expectations surrounding the practice had grown sufficiently powerful that, as a concept, conscience voting had taken on a life of its own. Parties no longer solely determined whether a conscience vote would be held. Remarkably, the conventions and protocols that govern conscience voting are largely unwritten, with their understanding being passed from one set of parliamentarians to the next through a process of enculturation. Untangling this process and its implications is the purpose of this thesis.
14
Heesch, Svenja, and n/a. "Endophytic phaeophyceae from New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Botany, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20060901.141241.
Abstract:
The aims of this study were to find endophytic brown algae in marine macroalgae from New Zealand, isolate them into culture and identify them using morphological as well as molecular markers, to study the prevalence of pigmented endophytes in a representative host-endophyte relationship, and to reveal the ultrastructure of the interface between the obligate parasite Herpodiscus durvillaeae (LINDAUER) SOUTH and its host Durvillaea antarctica (CHAMISSO) HARRIOT.
Three species of pigmented endophytic Phaeophyceae were isolated from New Zealand macrophytes. They were distinguished based on morphological characters in culture, in combination with their distribution among different host species and symptoms associated with the infection of hosts. ITS1 nrDNA sequences confirmed the identity of two of the species as Laminariocolax macrocystis (PETERS) PETERS in BURKHARDT & PETERS and Microspongium tenuissimum (HAUCK) PETERS. A new genus and species, Xiphophorocolax aotearoae gen. et sp. ined., is suggested for the third group of endophytic Phaeophyceae. Three genetic varieties of L. macrocystis as well as two varieties each of M. tenuissimum and X. aotearoae were present among the isolates. L. macrocystis and X. aotearoae constitute new records for the marine flora of the New Zealand archipelago, on genus and species level. The red algal endophyte Mikrosyphar pachymeniae LINDAUER previously described from New Zealand is possibly synonymous with Microspongium tenuissimum.
The prevalence of infection by Laminariocolax macrocystis was investigated in three populations of Macrocystis pyrifera along the Otago coast. Two of the populations situated inside and at the entrance of Otago Harbour showed high infection rates (average between 95 and 100%), while an offshore population was less infected (average of 35%).
The phylogenetic affinities of the parasitic brown alga Herpodiscus durvillaeae, an obligate endophyte of Durvillaea antarctica (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) in New Zealand, were investigated. Analyses combined nuclear encoded ribosomal and plastid encoded RuBisCO genes. Results from parsimony, distance and likelihood methods suggest a placement of this species within the order Sphacelariales. Even though H. durvillaeae shows a reduced morphology, molecular data were supported by two morphological features characteristic for the Sphacelariales: the putative presence of apical cells and the transistory blackening of the cell wall with 'Eau de Javelle'.
Ultrastructural sections showed evidence for a symplastic contact between the cells of the parasite H. durvillaeae and its host D. antarctica. Within the host cortex, parasite cells attack the fields of plasmodesmata connecting host cells. In these areas, parasite cells squeeze between the host cells and form secondary plasmodesmata connecting the primary plasmodesmata of the host cells with the cytoplasma of the parasite cell.
Moreover, despite being described as lacking pigments, H. durvillaeae possesses a rbcL gene, and its plastids show red autofluorescence in UV light, suggesting the presence of a possibly reduced, but functional photosynthetic apparatus. Vestigial walls between developing spores in the 'secondary unilocular sporangia' of H. durvillaeae confirm the identity of these sporangia as plurilocular gametangia, derived from reduced gametophytes which were entirely transformed into gametangia.
15
Parnell, Winsome R., and n/a. "Food security in New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Human Nutrition, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070426.162526.
Abstract:
There was growing concern in New Zealand in the 1990�s that Food Security: access by all people at all times to enough food for an active healthy life, was not being achieved, despite an abundant food supply. A study of a convenience sample of 40 families with children (58 adults and 92 children) whose sole income was a government welfare benefit was undertaken. Two-thirds of these households regularly relied on a limited variety of food; one-half did not have a sufficient amount of food because of lack of money and outstanding debts. Over the previous year two-thirds had sourced food from a food bank and one-third had been gifted food from friends or relatives. Women�s intakes were compromised regularly but not children�s. All of the women experienced worry about feeding their household. One-fifth were overweight and over 40% obese despite low reported daily energy intakes (median (SE) 5.7 (0.5) MJ) compared to national data. Six repeated 24-hour diet recalls collected randomly over a two-week period enabled calculation of usual daily intake and the prevalence of inadequate intake for eight micronutrients which were disturbingly high. The children�s growth patterns compared favourably with US population percentiles.
The National Nutrition Survey (NNS97) allowed the adaption of eight questions--developed by Reid using qualitative methods--to eight indicator statements about food security to be addressed by each participant on behalf of them or their household. Prevalence was significantly higher (p<0.05) for females compared to males for the majority of indicator statements among New Zealand European and Others (NZEO) and Maori. NZEO reported the most food security; Pacific people reported the least and Maori fell between the two. There was a significant increasing linear trend of food security with age (p<0.001) after adjusting for gender.
Rasch analysis was performed on 1868 households where participants reported some food insecurity. The responses were ranked according to the proportion and ordering of their positive responses to eight indices of food security, achieving reliability (Cronbach�s Alpha) close to the conventionally accepted level of 0.7. The eight indices were ranked on the same scale; the minimum score -1.66 was achieved by the index �use special food grants/banks� (the index least reported and most severe) and the maximum score 1.86 was achieved by the index �variety of foods eaten limited� (the index most reported and least severe).
Categories of food security were assigned using scale cut points: �fully/almost fully food secure�; �moderate food security�; �low food security�. Category status was associated with consumption of recommended number of daily serves of fruit, vegetables, fruits and vegetables, consumption of leaner meats, fatty meats and daily serves of bread. By ANOVA and controlling for sex, ethnicity, Index of Deprivation, urban/rural location, age, level of education, income, and household size, category of household food security was associated with the level of daily intake of total fat, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat, cholesterol, glucose, fructose, lactose, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and vitamin C. Dietary data were from the primary 24-hour diet recall of respondents. Participants in the fully/almost fully food secure category of households had a mean BMI of 28.7 compared to those moderately secure (29.2) and of low food security (29.5) (p=0.015 for difference among categories).
In the Children�s Nutrition Survey 2002 (CNS02) data set, the same eight indices were used and food insecurity was experienced significantly more often by children in the largest households, those in the most deprived areas of residence (NZDep01 Quintile) and those of Pacific and Maori ethnicity compared to NZEO children. Rasch analysis was performed on responses for 1561 households with children which reported some food insecurity. Subject reliability was close to 0.7 (the conventionally acceptable level). The distribution of the eight indices on the Rasch scale was similar to that observed among the NNS97 households and almost identical to the sub-set of households with children, from that dataset. Categories of food security status were assigned as in the NN5S97 and they predicted daily nutrient intake levels of children: total sugars, lactose, vitamm A, β-carotene, vitamin B12 and calcium. A more rigorous assigning of categories at the low/moderate scale cut-off, resulted in a further association with level of intake of glucose, fructose and folate. Mean BMI across categories of food security did not differ.
Collectively these data provide unequivocal evidence that food insecurity exists in New Zealand, that it can be quantified and associated with nutrition outcomes. It has a negative impact on the nutrient intakes of both adults and children and a negative impact on the body weight status of adults.
These data have implications for nutrition and health professionals and policy makers in New Zealand. They also add to the world-wide body of knowledge of the experience of, and the measurement and predictive potential of food security in populations where the food supply appears plentiful.
16
Asaad, Eman. "Housing and health (New Zealand)." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061791.
Abstract:
A belief based on a personal experience that asthma incidence in New Zealand is interrelated with the indoor environment, led the author to establish the study between asthma and housing. A considerable period of time was spent first on studying the roots of the two issues, asthma and New Zealand housing. The historical experience showed that health and housing problems at the national level in the 19 th century in England were solved by state interference. The architectural background of this study created a need to cover some medical knowledge to understand the causes, symptoms and cure of asthma, if any. This knowledge was crucial while monitoring houses, designing the questionnaire, and analysing results. Two stages of monitoring were achieved in 2000 and 2001. In addition to the monitoring, there was an attempt to find out as much information as possible about any issues related to the health conditions, especially the respiratory disorders, and the houses. The study of housing included building construction, house dust mite allergen levels in the carpet, building drawings, and other issues in preparation for the next stage of analysis. The overwhelming quantity of information gathered about the 30 houses investigated in 2000 was so confusing that no statistical software package was seen as a perfect way for analysing it. It was decided then to establish comparisons between each factor investigated and asthma presence. Also, in most of the cases, the correlation between more than one factor with asthma rates was examined. The investigation of the relations between many issues and asthma showed that there were links between asthma incidence and some indoor conditions of houses. Raised timber floors, which were found in most of the houses to be un-insulated, and in all the cases to be on unprotected ground, were found to have a strong relation with asthma incidence. In these houses, it was found that high asthma incidence was related to a higher level of moisture indoors. Asthma incidence in houses having old carpet, moulds, pets, or smokers indoors was higher than asthma incidence in houses without these. Old houses were found to have more asthma incidence than new houses. All the allergen levels in the carpets were extremely high and they were all above the allergen levels induced by house dust mites that can provoke asthma in susceptible individuals. Based on the knowledge gained about the defective factors in housing affecting asthma, upgrading of the houses was designed. A house was chosen to be upgraded in three stages, each stage providing a different level of insulation. The upgrading costs were compared with the current national costs of health and heating to see what level of upgrading would be logical and cost-effective. National costs and savings were estimated in four cases each with different level of insulation. It was decided at the final stage of the study that insulating ceilings and floors in addition to other basic upgrading factors would provide savings in health and heating costs and would result in less CO2 emissions to the atmosphere of New Zealand.Subscription resource available via Digital Dissertations only.
17
Pearce, Geof. "Where is New Zealand going?" Thesis, University of Canterbury. Sociology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1024.
Abstract:
Marxism is often criticised for its 'outdated economics' which wrongly downplays the state's role in modern social life. This study uses readily available official statistics to test the validity of this critique. Although simple accounting principles are used, factory production data for 1923-70 is rigorously and systematically re-aggregated to approximate constant (fixed and circulating) and variable capital, manufacturers' surplus-value, capital composition, and rates of accumulation, exploitation and profit. A separate volume details all statistical operations and tabulates results. Capital accumulation is used to fix the curve of capitalist development and the interrelations between valueratios are used to explain the curve's shape. Conventional theories are also called on to explain trends in national income and factory production input/output series. Main conclusions drawn are that (1) marxism is empirically well-corroborated and (2) no consistent correlation holds between state intervention and economic growth. Marxian hypotheses concerning proletarianisation, economic concentration, class struggle, etc. are also tested systematically against New Zealand data and confirmed. In this light, and as rival theories of superior verisimilitude are absent, the criticism mentioned is rejected as unwarranted. Most NZ marxian analyses focus on superstructures, lacking objective bases for problem-formulation and solution, this study offers such a basis.
18
Chow, Yuen Kong. "Corporate divestment in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Accounting and Information Systems, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2716.
Abstract:
The propensity of corporate executives and strategists to restructure their companies has
intensified in recent years. Although a substantial literature, mainly overseas, has
addressed the motives and economic consequences of mergers and acquisitions,
comparatively little research has been directed towards corporate divestment activity,
particularly in the Australasian region. This research investigates the motives for
divestment, and some major factors influencing divestment decision-making of New
Zealand listed companies. It highlights the importance of divestment as an integral aspect
of corporate restructuring processes.
An inter-disciplinary model of divestment has been developed and explored in this study.
Three different but inter-related perspectives - industrial organisation economics;
corporate strategy; and finance - capture the various dimensions of divestment activity
hitherto unexplored in a single study.
This study relied on mail survey questionnaire as a data collection method. The senior
executives of leading companies listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange were asked to
indicate the relative importance of the divestment motives and factors affecting their
companies I divestment activities for the past five financial years. Non-parametric
statistical methods were employed to test the research hypotheses.
The research results offer strong support for the conceptual model of divestment. This
confirms the notion that selected environmental, organisational, and performance factors
have significant influences on a firm I s motives for divestment, which in turn determines
the corresponding divestment strategy formulation and implementation adopted by firms.
19
McManus, Sonia Therese. "Organisational resilience in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1574.
Abstract:
Organisations maintain our economy; they provide jobs, goods, services and a sense of community. The
increasingly globalised nature of the modern world has lead to organisations facing threats that often are not
recognise until the threat becomes a crisis. It is impossible for organisations, regardless of size, location or financial
strength, to identify all possible hazards and their consequences; let alone plan for them. Therefore, the concept of
increasing organisational resilience is gaining momentum.
However, the term resilience has been used with abandon across a wide range of academic disciplines and in a great
many situations. There is little consensus regarding what resilience is, what it means for organisations and, more
importantly, how they may achieve greater resilience in the face of increasing threats.
This study investigates 10 organisations from a range of industry sectors, sizes, localities and types within the New
Zealand context to discover what are the common issues that foster or create barriers to increased resilience.
Organisational resilience is defined in this study as a function of the overall situation awareness, keystone
vulnerabilities and adaptive capacity of an organisation in a complex, dynamic and interrelated environment. A
multiple case-study method has been used, and a facilitated 5-Step process for assessing and increasing resilience
has been developed in conjunction with these organisations. Data was collected in the form of interviews, survey
and participant observations in workshop environments. A set of 15 resilience indicators have been identified, and
the organisations have been ranked according to their overall resilience relative to the other organisations in this
study.
Future work is likely to include further quantification of the methodology and the resilience indicators, resilience
maturity models and work on understanding resilient leadership, communication of resilience concepts and
international case studies to further determine the range of resilience for organisations.
20
Harding, Jon S. "Lotic ecoregions of New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4754.
Abstract:
A lotic ecoregion classification for New Zealand was developed based on six macro-environmental variables; vegetative cover, bedrock geology, soils, relief, rainfall normals, and Meteorological Service Climatic Regions. South Island maps of these variables were merged, and a new composite ecoregion map generated using a GIS. Twenty-five ecoregions are proposed, 13 in the North Island and 12 in the South Island. The water chemistry and benthic invertebrate assemblages of 100 small headwater streams within 10 of the South Island ecoregions were investigated to test the validity of my proposed ecoregions. Most ecoregions could be recognised by characteristic assemblages of invertebrates. The "pristine" forested ecoregions of Westland, North-west Nelson, North-east Nelson, and the South-east Forest had high taxonomic diversity, numerous endemic species, and faunas dominated by mayflies and stoneflies. In contrast, the anthropogenically modified pastoral ecoregions of the East Coast Plains, Central Otago, and the Southland Plains had streams with very similar invertebrate assemblages, low taxonomic diversities and a predominance of molluscs, oligochaetes and dipterans. Streams in these ecoregions could only be distinguished on the basis of differences in the abundances of several common taxa. Water chemistry distinguished between ecoregions less successfully, however, South-east Forest and North-east Nelson streams in particular, were distinctive. Differences in the geology of catchments, in particular the presence or absence of alluvia, mudstone, soft sedimentary rocks and volcanic rocks have important influences on the water chemistry of South Island streams. An investigation undertaken in one ecoregion indicated the need for an ecoregion classification to take account of variations in land use. Thus, both invertebrate assemblages and water chemistry differed in streams draining catchments with four kinds of land use. Native forested streams had the highest taxonomic richness and faunas dominated by mayflies and stoneflies. Streams in exotic forest and scrubland catchments had progressively fewer taxa, particularly mayflies and stoneflies; streams in pastoral land had even fewer taxa, mayflies and stoneflies were rare, and molluscs and oligochaetes predominated. In summary, my ecoregion and land use investigations indicate that three macro-environmental factors; biogeographical events, climatic conditions, and vegetative cover/land use, are of primary importance in determining invertebrate assemblage structure and regional differences in the biotas of small, South Island streams.
21
Stewart, Michael. "Biotoxins from New Zealand shellfish." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemistry, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8607.
Abstract:
New Zealand experienced its first recognised outbreak of shellfish poisoning around Northland in early 1993. The poisoning symdrome was characterised as neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) from the observed symptoms. The major causative toxins were isolated and characterised by the Japanese research groups of Professor Ishida (University of Shizuoka) and Professor Yasumoto (Tohoku University). The toxins were identified as brevetoxin B derivatives.
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) was suspected as responsible for further poisoning around this area. Yessotoxin (YTX), a suspect DSP toxin, was isolated as part of this research and is the first reported instance of YTX in New Zealand.
A stereochemical study was carried out on a desulfated YTX derivative. The results suggested anomalies in the reported conformation of YTX. Attempted synthesis of haptens of YTX for development of an ELISA is outlined in this thesis.
Another incident of shellfish contamination occurred around Foveaux Strait in early 1994. The toxicity was characterised by NSP symptoms in mice. The causative toxin, gymnodimine, was first reported by a Japanese research group, although independent parallel structure elucidation was carried out as part of this research.
The absolute stereochemistry of gymnodimine was solved by X-ray analysis of a synthetically modified derivative. Gymnodimine haptens were prepared for development of an ELISA. A chromatography based assay has been developed for the specific detection of gymnodimine in shellfish and alga. This work was modified from the extremely efficient isolation procedure for gymnodimine developed as part of this research.
22
Ryan, Greg. ""The Originals" : the 1888-89 New Zealand native football team in Britain, Australia and New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of History, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4666.
Abstract:
This thesis operates on two levels. Firstly, it is an account
of the ongInS, composition and experiences of the
predominantly Maori New Zealand Native football team in
Britain, Australia and New Zealand during 1888-89. Secondly,
it uses the main themes and incidents of the tour as a basis to
examine some aspects of the interaction between race, class,
imperialism and sport during the late nineteenth century -
both within Britain and in her colonies. Patterns emerge which
question existing interpretations as to the diffusion and
strength of an elite British ethos which linked sport to higher
social and political ideals and to the maintenance of imperial
objectives.
The thesis IS divided into SIX chapters. The first two trace
the composition of the team, motives for the tour and initial
responses to it in New Zealand. The wider focus is on a set of
colonial aspirations which saw the tour as having an important
bearing, positive or otherwise, on British perception of the
fledgling New Zealand colony. Points are also raised
concermng the relationship between Maori and European in this
process. Chapters three, four and five, covering the tour of
Britain, are primarily based around a dichotomy between elite
and working class interests which is revealed in contrasting responses to a predominantly Maori team and to its behaviour
both on and off the sports field. An assessment is made of the
suspect motives of those who controlled and financed the tour,
and comparisons are also made with the 1868 Aboriginal
cricket team to Britain. The final chapter and Conclusion
challenge standard interpretations of the Native team and
consider its wider value as an indicator of new perspectives
on the study of sports history.
Research is based very largely on newspaper sources. More
than seventy publications, both metropolitan and provincial,
have been consulted in Britain, Australia and New Zealand.
23
Biju, Cletus Anila. "Drying characteristics of New Zealand Chestnuts." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2268.
Abstract:
Chestnut is a relatively new nut crop to New Zealand and they do grow well in New Zealand conditions. Research to date in New Zealand indicated that New Zealand chestnuts present some unique features compared to chestnuts world wide. The two main unique problems with New Zealand chestnuts are the susceptibility to fungal disease Phomopsis (accounting for 40% loss of nuts at the wholesale markets) and the difficulty in the removal of the inner skin called the pellicle. No systematic drying trials had been performed on New Zealand chestnuts and therefore this research investigated the drying characteristics of New Zealand chestnuts to establish optimum drying conditions. The study also investigated the influence of the shell and pellicle on the drying process and the efficacy of shell and pellicle removal of New Zealand chestnuts under a range of moisture contents since the moisture content is a key factor which determines this efficiency. The drying trials were carried out at a temperature of 30 C because preliminary studies indicated that higher temperatures resulted in extensive surface deterioration. Experimental drying curves are considered the only adequate preliminary step for determination of drying characteristics of a food material and the curves clearly indicated that there are two distinct falling rate periods. It was concluded that the first falling rate period corresponded to the period during which the surface of the nut reaches equilibrium moisture content and the second falling rate period occurred as the moisture movement from interior of the nut to the surface was the rate limiting factor. Hence a diffusion based model was used to estimate the apparent moisture diffusivity in chestnuts. The average apparent moisture diffusivity in chestnuts obtained at 30 C was 6.21x 10-11m2s-1. The study revealed that the pellicle is the most significant barrier to mass transfer; considerably more so than the shell. The shelling and peeling efficiency of New Zealand chestnuts were carried out at various moisture contents using a custom-made mechanical shelling machine. The mechanical shell removal of New Zealand chestnuts was accomplished with an efficiency of 94% at the desired storage moisture content of 40%. However mechanical pellicle removal of New Zealand chestnuts proved practically impossible although American varieties (Carolina and Revival) exhibited 100% peeling efficiency.
24
Till, Marisa. "Studies of New Zealand Marine Organisms." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2498.
Abstract:
The chemical study of three New Zealand marine organisms is described, along with a survey of the chemistry and biological activity of eighty-five marine organisms collected from New Zealand waters. The study of the New Zealand marine bryozoan Pterocella vesiculosa has resulted in the isolation of three new compounds; pterocellin H, pterocellin I and 1-methyl-5-bromo-8-methoxy-β-carboline. These compounds were characterised using high resolution mass spectrometry, one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The biological activity of these compounds was investigated and a discussion of the results including a comparison with the activity of closely related compounds is also presented. The crude extracts of eighty-five marine organisms were surveyed to establish their biological activity and chemical constituents. The results of this study indicated which species had interesting biological activity. The chemical survey allowed geographical and intra-species comparisons of chemical constituents between samples, as well as potentially indicating the presence of known secondary metabolites. For the Pterocella vesiculosa samples the survey methodology clearly illustrated the presence of pterocellins A and B. Two marine organisms were chosen for further investigation based on their biological activity and chemical survey results. Bioactivity directed isolation procedures yielded no new compounds from the organisms. The sterol composition of these species is also presented.
25
Ayers, Kathryn M. S., and n/a. "The dental workforce in New Zealand." University of Otago. School of Dentistry, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090626.142511.
Abstract:
Each of the seven investigations described in this thesis relate to the dental workforce in New Zealand (NZ). A variety of approaches were used to identify key trends in the NZ dental workforce, with a particular emphasis on comparing dental therapists, dental hygienists and dentists, and determining differences among dentists according to gender and immigrant status.
Nation-wide postal surveys of dentists, dental therapists, and dental hygienists were undertaken to determine the working practices and career satisfaction of each type of oral health professional. A longitudinal analysis of the dentist workforce was then undertaken to describe changes in the NZ dentist workforce over time. An investigation of the job stressors and coping strategies of New Zealand dentists followed. This led to a qualitative study of the experiences of immigrant dentists in NZ, which sought further detail regarding the concerns raised by the Stress Study. The final investigation was a survey of the self-reported occupational health of NZ dentists, which built on from the results of the preceding studies.
There were substantial differences in the working practices of male and female dentists. A greater proportion of female dentists had taken a career break of six weeks or more, usually to care for children. Larger proportions of women worked as employees or practice associates, and worked part-time. Women also planned to retire earlier than male respondents. Men were more active in continuing professional education and had higher career satisfaction.
The career satisfaction of dental therapists and dental hygienists was similar, but dental therapists were much less satisfied with their income, and few felt a valued part of the dental community. Although many dental hygienists had taken substantial career breaks for childrearing, they were shorter than those taken by dental therapists. More therapists than hygienists planed to retire within the next 10 years.
Over the nine-year period from 1997 to 2005, there was a significant increase in the number of women and overseas-trained dentists in the workforce. The proportion of dentists working in small towns decreased, and the percentage working part-time increased. The involvement of dentists in continuing professional development increased during that time.
There was considerable variation in the number of stressors experienced by dentists, with overseas-qualified practitioners reported experiencing more stressors more frequently than did those trained in NZ. There were differences in the strategies used by male and female dentists to manage stress.
Most immigrant dentists had found the dental registration examination process to be difficult and stressful. Uncertainty about the content of the examination and the high costs involved were key factors. Contact with practicing dentists during this time was found to be helpful.
Overall, most dentists had good general health, but physical fitness levels were not ideal. The prevalence of hand dermatoses and musculoskeletal problems was high, with around 60% of dentists experiencing pain or discomfort. Workplace bullying was reported by 20% of dentists, and over 25% had experienced a violent or abusive incident.
There is a need for ongoing monitoring of the workforce, particularly as the gender distribution (and societal trends and expectations) continues to change. Further support systems for immigrant dentists would be beneficial. Female and rural dentists also have unique circumstances and increased risk of professional isolation. Researchers and the professions will watch with interest the changes over the next decade as dual-qualified auxiliaries enter the dental workforce and public dental services are redeveloped.
26
Huang, Li Ting. "Teaching Buddhism in New Zealand universities." Click here to access this resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/779.
Abstract:
This thesis is an investigation into the university-level teaching of Buddhism in New Zealand, which has developed as part of the international spread of education about Buddhism for both Buddhists and non-Buddhists. The study was based on Interpretivism and accordingly sought to understand and interpret university teachers’ perceptions and experiences about their teaching of Buddhism; as they engage with the students' learning in this field. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were employed as the primary research method. All seven university teachers who teach Buddhism in New Zealand were invited to be the participants. Six university teachers participated in this research-study. Five of them were academic teachers, respectively teaching at Religious Studies of Massey, Victoria and Otago. Another one was a New Zealand-born Zen teacher who had been teaching a Zen meditation workshop at Auckland University of Technology for several years, and taught two Buddhism-related courses at the University of Auckland. These participants were chosen according to the information provided on official websites of New Zealand universities. The findings from the study showed that the university-level teaching of Buddhism in New Zealand, though growing, had been limited by the number of teachers and students. As fewer students were primarily interested in Buddhism, outward funding support appeared to be a very important factor for its future development. In terms of teachers’ role, objective-outsider remained the main position for scholars and scholar-practitioners in teaching Buddhism in university classroom. In addition to the pursuit of knowledge, there were also alternative educational opportunities, such as Zen workshop, for university staffs and students to learn Buddhism, outside university classroom. This thesis is significant in that it provided a bibliography and a set of data for the university-level teaching of Buddhism in the West, particularly New Zealand It established a space for future educational research into for the university-level teaching of Buddhism in the West, as part of the field of’ Buddhism and Education.’ In future studies, the limited approaches to teaching Buddhism in universities could be investigated on the basis of the literatures and findings of this study.
27
Miller, Forrest. "Intent in New Zealand competition policy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29450.pdf.
28
Najib, Roya. "Women on New Zealand corporate boards." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Accountancy, Finance and Information Systems, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/877.
Abstract:
Replicating and extending Singh and Vinnicombe (2006), the primary problems addressed in this research are: What factors influence women's attainment of corporate directorships? And what are the proportions of female executive and non-executive directors and CEOs in New Zealand? Executive directors are company employees who attain board directorships via progressing through CEO and other top management roles; therefore, this study included an investigation of the proportion of women in executive and non-executive director and CEO roles in New Zealand companies. To understand women's non-progression to corporate boards, 11 male and female directors were interviewed. Contrary to international research findings, the majority of interviewees in this study emphasised the importance of networks in attaining corporate directorships in New Zealand. Explanations for women's under-representation on corporate boards included lack of networks, family commitments, pipeline theory, lack of aspiration for power, career choices, risk adversity, male organisational culture, discrimination and women's unsuitability for director roles. Archival analysis indicated that of a total of 1366 corporate directors, women constituted 88 (6.44%) directorships. Women held 64 non-executive (4.69% of total directorships), 23 executive (1.68% of total directorships) and one alternate directorship. The findings indicated that there were only five women CEOs and only five out of a total of 240 New Zealand corporate boards achieved gender equality. Social identity theory was used to provide insight into this change resistant phenomenon.
29
Berg, Jo Naerde. "International alliances involving New Zealand companies." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Management, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5872.
Abstract:
This thesis is concerned with international strategic alliances involving New Zealand companies. By Western standards, even the largest New Zealand company is relatively small. New Zealand is also of interest because of its Western culture and close trading relationships with Asia. The research investigates the affect on alliance performance of each of three influences: partner asymmetry; formation of shared objectives; and the role of contracts in alliance management. The methodology involved both a postal survey of 300 major businesses and multi-case study design covering a range of industries. Contrary to other studies, findings here indicate that firms can have positive experiences of partner asymmetries and seek partners on this basis. The process by which alliance objectives are set and the role of management contracts geared to these objectives are also shown to have an influence of alliance performance.
30
Ngu, Chu Kang. "Ignition Properties of New Zealand Timber." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8283.
Abstract:
This project investigated the ignition properties of New Zealand Timbers and timber products. The ignition test on the wood was according to the British Standard BS 476: Part 13, 1987 using ISO ignitability apparatus. The ignition time for each sample was recorded and correlated by seven correlations. These seven correlations are:
1) Mikkola and Wichman
2) Tewarson
3) Quintiere and Harkleroad
4) Janssens
5) Toal, Silcock and Shields
6) Delichatsios, Panagiotou and Kiley
7) Spearpoint and Quintiere
Six types of wood, Macrocarpa, Beech, Rimu, Radiata Pine, Plywood and medium density fiberboard (mdf) were tested at constant heat flux lower than 40 kW/m² until ignition did not occur within 20 minutes. Each type of wood was tested at two different thicknesses, 20 mm and 40 mm. The repeatability and reproducibility were also determined.
It was found that the results such as critical heat flux, thermal inertia, ignition temperature, Thermal Response Parameter (TRP), Flux Time Product (FTP) and so on were different from one correlation to another. It is hard to say which one is the best technique in estimating the ignition properties ofNew Zealand wood, but one can get an idea of which methods will give higher or lower results. Another words: the tendency of each method to under-predict or over-predict the results. Both the 20-mm and 40-mm wood behaved as thermally thick (some thermally intermediate) solids and they have very close values of minimum heat flux and critical heat flux.
31
Irwin, K. D. J. "Domestic Fire Hazard in New Zealand." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8341.
Abstract:
This report presents features of domestic fires within New Zealand over the period 1986 to 1994 inclusive.
It consists of an analysis of the New Zealand Fire Incident Reporting System (FIRS) that the Fire Service completes for every incident it responds to. Areas investigated are the area of fire origin, equipment involved in ignition, form of heat of ignition, type of material first ignited, form of material first ignited, and the ignition factor or cause.
Features of the casualties such as their location at the time of injury, activity at time of injury, day of week injured, time of day injured, and age of those injured have been investigated.
A literature search of socio-economic features that affect the incidence of domestic fires and the effectiveness of smoke alarms is included.
32
Nicholas, Gillian M. "Studies in New Zealand natural products." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biochemistry, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6092.
Abstract:
Two terrestrial organisms were explored for biologically active and/or novel components.
The genus Paeonia has long been know to contain numerous components that display a vast array of biological activities. The extract of P. lutea showed significant antiviral activity. Using bioassay-guided separation techniques three previously known compounds, paeonol (11), paeoniflorigenone (10) and methyl gallate (16), were identified using mass spectrometry and NMR techniques. These components showed varying biological activities and constituted the majority of the bioactivity in P. lutea.
The chemistry of the New Zealand fungus Favolaschia calocera had not previously been investigated. A crude extract showed significant cytotoxicity against the P388 cell line and through bioassay-directed chromatography, 9-methoxystrobilurin L (33) was isolated as a novel cytotoxic compound. The structure was determined by MS and NMR techniques including HMBC, HMQC, COSY and nOe enhancements.
Two closely related novel compounds were also characterised from the F. calocera extract. These were methyl-4,6-(E,E)-3-benzoyl-7-phenylheptadienoate (35) and the corresponding free carboxylic acid (36). Neither were found to have significant biological activity in the assays screened.
A mixture of triglycerides (34) was also isolated and was analysed using NMR techniques followed by transesterification and GCMS analysis of the corresponding methyl esters.
33
Toner, Julia Rose. "Marketing Plan for Cardno New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Engineering Management, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7450.
Abstract:
This document provides an overview of a marketing project for Cardno Christchurch carried out by Julia Toner, a student of The Master of Engineering Management Course at the University of Canterbury. This project involved initial company research; a review of national releases, research papers, and journal articles to establish current market trends and opportunities; and interviews with clients and industry representatives to ascertain Cardno’s current position. The purpose of this project is to provide Cardno Christchurch with a concise and relevant market needs analysis and marketing plan. These documents will direct Cardno management in marketing activities that will achieve brand recognition and strategic growth.
34
Hindle, Benjamin D. "Studies in New Zealand natural products." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemistry, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7073.
Abstract:
The roots of a species of New Zealand native flax, Phonnium tenax and a commercial herbal preparation of the root were examined for novel or biologically active compounds.
The species Phormium tenax has been examined chemically in the past and has yielded a number of novel and biologically active compounds. Missing from this body of work was an investigation into an aqueous extract of the roots of the plant. The commercial herbal preparation, "Fluid of Flax, Manaaki Huia" was such an extract and from this three novel aromatic glycosides were isolated.
The herbal preparation was found to contain one biologically active compound, 1- 0-[β- glucopyranosyl-(16)-O-β-xylopyranosyl]-4-hydroxymusizin. The structure was identified by mass spectrometry and NMR techniques which included HMBC, HSQC, ID TOCSY and nOe enhancements.
Two related glycosides, 1- 0-[β- glucopyranosyl-(16)-O-6-deoxy-β-mannopyranosyl]-4-hydroxymusizin and 1- 0-[β- glucopyranosyl-(16)-O-6-deoxy-β-mannopyranosyl]-musizin were isolated from a methanol extract directly from the roots of Phormium tenax. Both of these compounds were present as minor components in the herbal preparation. Neither of these glycosides showed any significant bioactivity in the in-house bioassays available.
35
Barnes, Felicity. "New Zealand's London : the metropolis and New Zealand's culture, 1890-1940 /." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/3344.
Abstract:
The role of London in forming New Zealand’s culture and identity is a significant feature of New Zealand’s cultural history that has, until now, been overlooked. Ties with London and with ‘Home’ generally, have received little study, and ‘Britishness’ in New Zealand is largely considered a legacy of demography to be eventually outgrown. This thesis suggests something different. During the period 1890-1940, technology changed cultural perceptions of time and space, and it changed the relationship between metropole and former colony too. These technologies drew New Zealand and London closer together. London was constructed as an active part of the New Zealand cultural landscape, rather than as a nostalgic remnant of a predominantly British-born settler population. London was New Zealand’s metropolis too, with consequences for the way New Zealand culture was shaped. This thesis considers the cultural impact of London using four tropes linked to those changing perceptions of time and space. ‘Greater New Zealand’ is concerned with space, whilst ‘“New” New Zealand’ is concerned with time. ‘London’s Farm’ and the ‘Imaginative Hinterland’ consider propinquity and simultaneity respectively. Each theme draws from different bases of evidence in order to suggest London’s broad impact. Collectively, they argue for a shift away from a core and periphery relationship, towards one better described as a city and hinterland relationship. This approach draws upon existing national, imperial, and cultural historiography, whilst at the same time questioning some of their conventions and conceptions. New Zealand as hinterland challenges the conceptual borders of ‘national history’, exploring the transnational nature of cultural formations that otherwise have been considered as autochthonous New Zealand (or for that matter, British) developments. At the same time, whilst hinterlands may exist as part of empire, they are not necessarily products of it. Nor are they necessarily formed in opposition to the metropole, even though alterity is often used to explain colonial relationships. ‘New Zealand’s London’ is, instead a reciprocal creation. Its shared cultural landscape is specific, but at the same time, it offers an alternative means for understanding other white settler colonies. Like New Zealand, their cultural histories may be more complex cultural constructions than national or imperial stories allow.Whole document restricted, but available by request, use the feedback form to request access.
36
Patrick, Rachel, and r. patrick@rmit edu au. "New teachers, professional knowledge and educational reform in New Zealand." Deakin University. School of Education, 2007. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20081022.073150.
Abstract:
This thesis examines the professional knowledge of new secondary school teachers in New Zealand, their negotiation of multiple discourses encountered in policy and practice, and their processes of professional identity formation. It is also a study of policy reform. In New Zealand, as elsewhere, recent educational and social reforms have brought about major changes to the way education is managed and implemented. These reforms emphasise market ideologies promoting consumer choice and responsibility, while measuring and monitoring quality and effectiveness. At the same time, the reforms attempt to alleviate social inequality. Teachers' negotiation of an accountability culture and the dominant equity policies is a major focus of this study.
The study draws upon group interviews held with nine new teachers during the first two years of their teaching careers. The group interviews were designed to elicit extended narratives from individual teachers, as well as promote more interactive dialogue and reflections within the groups. Because the interviews were conducted at different points in their early careers, the study also has a longitudinal element, allowing insight into how teachers' views are formed or changed during an intense period of professional learning. Analysis of the teachers' narratives is informed by poststructural and feminist understandings of identity and knowledge and by a methodological orientation to writing as a method of enquiry.
The thesis develops three main types of discussion and sets of arguments. The first examines new teachers' negotiation of the 'macro' context of teacher knowledge formation that is, their negotiation of an educational policy environment that juxtaposes an equity agenda with accountability controls. In order to historically situate these dilemmas, the particular political, social and educational context of New Zealand is examined. It is argued that teachers negotiate competing political and conceptual debates about social justice, equity and difference, and that this negotiation is central to the formation of professional knowledge. The analysis illustrates ways in which teachers make sense of equity discourses in educational policy and practice, and the apparent contradictions that arise from placing tight accountability standards on schools and teachers to achieve associated equity goals.
The second type of discussion focuses on teachers' negotiation of the 'micro' dimension of professional knowledge, looking closely at the processes and practices that form professional identity. Against stage or developmental models of teacher identity, it is argued that professional identity is formed in an ongoing, uneven and fluid manner and is socially and discursively situated/embedded. It is further argued that professional knowledge and identity are entwined and that this relationship is most usefully understood through analysis of the discursive practices that frame teachers' working lives and through which teachers work out who they are or should become and what and how they (should) think. This analysis contributes new perspectives to debates in teacher education about teacher preparation and the knowledge required of teachers in current 'new times'.
The final cluster of arguments brings together these macro and micro aspects of professional knowledge and identity with a case study of how new teachers negotiated a recent educational reform of senior secondary school qualifications in New Zealand. This reform has had a significant impact on secondary schools and on the way teachers, and New Zealanders in general, think about education, achievement and
success. It was found that this reform significantly challenged new teachers to question their beliefs about assessment and justice in education, and what counts as success. This case study draws attention to the tensions between equity, academic excellence and standards-based assessment, and contributes to understanding how teacher professional knowledge forms both in the context of a specific educational policy reform and in relation to educational reform in general.
This study contributes new knowledge to the formation of teacher professional knowledge and identity in an educational climate of change in New Zealand. The findings offer new insights for teacher educators, policymakers and schools into how teachers build, shape and sustain professional knowledge; how they juggle contradictions between a desire for justice, policy imperatives and teacher education rhetoric; the self-constructed, but contingent nature of professional knowledge and identity; and the urgency to address identity formation as part of teacher education and to take account of the dynamic ways in which identities form. These matters need to be articulated in teacher education both pre-service and in-service in order to address teacher retention and satisfaction, and teachers' commitment to equity reform in education.
37
Lymburn, Janet Marie. "Gastronomic tourism : a valuable new niche in New Zealand tourism? /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09arml986.pdf.
38
Harris, Nancy May. "Making it new: "Modernism" in B.E. Baughan's New Zealand poetry." Thesis, University of Canterbury. English, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4919.
Abstract:
This thesis examines one woman's attempt at revolution in New Zealand poetry. It will suggest that we may need to re-assess our perception of Blanche Edith Baughan - as a nascent "modern", rather than a "colonial" poet. The generally accepted view is that significant modern poetry emerged in New Zealand in the nineteen-twenties, and came to full flowering in the nineteen-thirties, and that Blanche Baughan was a "forerunner". She has achieved a modest reputation as an innovator in New Zealand poetry, perhaps as our first "true colonial voice ". This thesis proposes that Baughan was more than simply a "forerunner", that she had in fact, by 1908, introduced many of the changes currently credited to New Zealand poets of the succeeding generation. The title "Making it New" alludes to the catch-cry of Modernist poetry ("Make it New!") as expressed by Ezra Pound. Although Baughan is in no way connected to the Modernist movement, her directive to creative colonials, "Be thou new!" (from "Maui's Fish") has obvious
Parallels.
Two major factors account for the difference between Baughan and her New Zealand literary contemporaries - her mysticism and her freedom from the prevailing "Anglophilia". Baughan was reluctantly English at a time when pro-English sentiment was pervasive in both the life and the literature of the colony. This significant pre-condition of her "modernism" has been barely touched on, and the reasons behind it unrecorded, by literary historians and critics. A short biographical background will account for her attitude and reveal some hitherto unpublished facts.
Baughan considered herself a mystic. Her mysticism, her classical education, her interest in philosophy and in social reform, together gave her a close empathy with the writings of the American Transcendentalists and of Thomas Carlyle. Their influence, which may be traced both in the message, and (occasionally), in the style of her texts, is supported by her possession of personal copies of Carlyle's Sartor Resartus, his On Heroes, Emerson's Essays and Representative Men, and Walt Whitman's Democratic Vistas and Other Papers. The significance of Baughan's transcendentalism - indeed its very existence - has been over-looked by critical comment to date. This thesis views it as a key factor in her empathy with the American Transcendentalists, and flowing from that, it sees in Whitman's "New Worldism" as defined in his "Democratic Vistas", Baughan's main stepping-stone to "modernism".
Accounting for Baughan's markedly different outlook and its effect on the matter and method of her poems required the inclusion in this thesis of four inter-related themes: her biographical past; her mysticism; her education (in the broadest sense, including the influences, particularly of the American Transcendentalists, on her poetic thought); and, finally, her conversion of transcendentalist concepts and precepts to the "modern" elements in her work.
The thesis is organized in two related halves. Part A (chapters one to three), deals with the influences on her work. It includes, as well, an examination, from hindsight, of Baughan's "modernism" in relation to that of the main New Zealand poets of the nineteen-twenties and thirties. Part B (chapters four to eight), consists of an exploratory study of her major poetic texts, the five very long works I have termed "colonial allegories": "ShingleShort",
"A Bush Section", "Maui's Fish", "Burnt Bush" and "The Paddock". In Part B, I will seek out the poems' transcendentalist underpinning, their debunking of "Anglophilia" - and of conservative attitudes in general - and the practical spinoffs of Baughan's emphasis on change and newness at the level of the text. This study is confined to the allegories. Baughan's other works, whether in poetry or prose, are mentioned only where necessary either to illustrate her development or to clarify some point in the thesis.
39
Hudson, Paul. "English emigration to New Zealand, 1839 to 1850 : an analysis of the work of the New Zealand Company." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360644.
40
Smith, Amanda Jane, and n/a. "Making cultural heritage policy in New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Political Studies, 1996. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070530.152110.
Abstract:
This thesis examines how cultural heritage policies are developed in New Zealand. Cultural heritage symbolises the development of a society, illustrating past events and changing customs and values. Because of its significance, the government has accepted responsibility for protecting cultural heritage, and has developed a number of institutions and a variety of policies to address this responsibility. It is important to understand how the goverment uses these mechanisms to protect cultural heritage, and the subsequent relationships that have developed between actors in the cultural heritage area. These will have an impact on the effectiveness of the policy which is developed.
Cultural heritage is treasured by society for a number of reasons, but as social attitudes change, so does the treatment of cultural heritage. It is re-defined, re-interpreted and used to promote a sense of pride in the commmunity. This manipulation extends to policy making. Since the 1980s, the government has influenced, and been influenced by, two major social changes. There has been an introduction of free market principles such as rationalisation, competition and fiscal responsibility into the New Zealand economy and political structure. These principles have been applied to cultural heritage and consequently cultural heritage is treated as a commodity. As the result of changing attitudes towards the treatment of the Maori and Maori resources, there has been a movement towards implementing biculturalism. This has meant a re-evaluation of how Maori taonga is treated, particularly of the ways Maori cultural heritage has been used to promote a sense of New Zealandness.
There are several major actors involved in cultural heritage policy making - government, policy units, cultural heritage organisations and local authorities. Central government is the dominant force in the political process, with control over the distribution of resources and the responsibilities assigned to other actors. Because the use of market principles and movement towards biculturalism have been embraced at the central government level, other actors in the policy making process are also expected to adopt them. Policy units develop options to fit with the government�s general economic and political agenda. The structures adopted for the public service are designed to encompass market principles, particularly the efficient use of resources and competitiveness. While cultural heritage organisations may influence the government�s agenda through lobbying and information-sharing, they are limited by issues such as funding and statutory requirements. Government has shifted many responsibilities to the regions, but while territorial authorities are influenced by the concerns of their communities, they are also subject to directions from the government.
The process and structures which have been outlined do not contribute to an effective policy making system. The use of market principles to direct cultural heritage protection tends to encourage uneven and inconsistent policies, both at national and local levels. The range of cultural heritage definitions used by government agencies also promotes inconsistency. Cultural heritage is encompassed in a large number of government departments and ministries, which makes the co-ordination funding by meeting required �outputs� and the government�s requirement of fiscal responsibility. This is not appropriate language for cultural heritage, which should not have to be rationalised as an economic good. Although the government has devolved a number of responsibilities and territorial authorities have a variety of mechanisms available to protect cultural heritage, there is no nation-wide criteria for territorial involvement. Because of regional differences there is an uneven treatment of cultural heritage. Those policies developed by territorial authorities will also be influenced by the government�s economic direction. Organisations supported by the Dunedin City Council, for example, must also provide budgets and strategic plans which fit with Council�s fiscal objectives.
41
Roberts, Helen, and n/a. "Executive compensation in New Zealand : 1997-2002." University of Otago. Department of Finance and Quantitative Analysis, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070803.113949.
Abstract:
This study investigates the relationship between CEO pay and firm performance, the asymmetric nature of pay-performance sensitivity, and the effect of CEO participation on the pay-setting process, for publicly-listed New Zealand firms during 1997 to 2002. The research is conducted using a unique hand-collected panel data set containing information about executive compensation, firm performance, ownership, firm governance and CEO participation in the pay-setting process. The sample covers the six-year period following the introduction of mandatory disclosure requirements that were imposed on executive and director compensation in 1997.
An initial descriptive analysis of the data reveals a large pay difference between worker and CEO pay. In addition, pay-performance indexes for the highest and lowest paid CEOs document differences between the change in pay relative to real shareholder returns. An examination of the sensitivity between growth in CEO pay, and contemporaneous and lagged firm performance using a firm fixed-effects model, shows that not only is pay significantly related to firm size and performance but also board size, compensation risk and director share ownership.
Models of the relationship between growth in CEO compensation and firm performance indicate the pay-performance sensitivity generated by cash and the change in the value of stock option holdings is reported to be three-times the magnitude of the sensitivity due to salary and bonus payments alone. In addition, growth in CEO compensation is asymmetrically related to changes in firm performance. CEO cash compensation is positively related to increases in firm value only. Total compensation is related to contemporaneous returns and positive lagged returns. Change in CEO wealth is positively related to contemporaneous returns but is more sensitive to losses. However, change in wealth also increases when lagged returns are positive and negative, implying that CEOs are able to extract pay in excess of that which is optimal under the contracting view of executive compensation.
Furthermore, firms in which CEOs demonstrate a low level of participation in the pay-setting process earn higher levels of pay, which also grows at significantly greater rates than their high-participation counterparts. In particular, growth in low-participation wealth is more sensitive to positive and negative contemporaneous returns as well as being negatively related to negative lagged excess returns. This finding is opposite to theoretical predictions and can be explained by the tightly held nature of the high-participation firms which typically have fewer directors, are exposed to higher return volatility and have greater director and CEO beneficial share ownership.
Consistent with the trickle-down effect, there is a positive relationship between growth in the non-performance related cash compensation awarded to CEOs and the growth in pay earned by their executive directors and employees. In addition, growth in non-CEO executive pay is not related to firm performance when there is an overpayment effect and CEOs exercise a high level of participation in the pay-setting process. Consistent with the contracting view, growth in non-CEO executive pay is positively related to firm performance with no benefits from CEO overpayments when stock option awards are included in the CEO pay contract.
42
Wanninayake, Seetha Podimenike. "Response of a New Zealand tree fern." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3274.
Abstract:
Lead (Pb) pollution is a serious environmental problem. Phytoremediation is emerging as a promising technology for removal of Pb and other heavy metals from soils and waterways. In this study, the phytoremediation potential of a popular landscape plant, in New Zealand, Cyathea medullaris (the black tree fern), was investigated. Pb uptake by the gametophytes and different parts (roots, shoots and leaves) of 3-month-old black tree fern plants in hydroponic experiments were studied using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Morphological and ultrastructural changes in the Pb-treated materials were also investigated. Generally, the levels of Pb in the various black tree fern tissues increased with the external Pb concentration and exposure time. Transmission electron microscopy observation showed that the cell wall was the major subcellular site for Pb accumulation. Evidence obtained here suggests that the black tree fern gametophytes and the sporophyte can accumulate levels of Pb exceeding 1% of their dry weights. This resembles the capacity of a hyperaccumulating plant.
43
Murray, Nicky. "A history of apprenticeship in New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1599.
Abstract:
This Master's thesis is a history of apprenticeship in New Zealand. Apprenticeship has traditionally been the main route for entry into the skilled trades. At one level apprenticeship is a way of training people to do a particular job. The apprentice acquires, in a variety of formal and informal ways, the skills necessary to carry out their trade. The skills involved with each trade, tied inextricably to the technology that is used, are seen as the 'property' of the tradesperson. Learning the technical aspects of the job, however, is only a part of what goes on during an apprenticeship. The apprentice is also socialised into the customs and practices of the trade, learning implicitly and explicitly the hierarchies within the workplace, and gaining an appreciation of the status of his or her trade. Apprenticeship must also be viewed in the wider context of the relationship between labour and capital. The use of apprenticeship as an exclusionary device has implications for both worker and employer. Definitions of skill, and the ways in which technological advances are negotiated, are both dependent on the social setting of the workplace, which is mediated by social arrangements such as apprenticeship. This thesis thus traces the development of apprenticeship policies over the years, and examines within a theoretical context the debate surrounding those policies. Several themes emerge including the inadequacy of the market to deliver sustained training, the tension between educators and employers, and the importance of a tripartite accord to support efficient and equitable training. Apprenticeship has proved to be a remarkably resilient system in New Zealand. This thesis identifies factors that have challenged this resilience, such as changes in work practices and technology, and the historically small wage differentials between skilled and unskilled work. It also identifies the characteristics that have encouraged the retention of apprenticeship, such as the small-scale nature of industry in New Zealand, and the latter's distinctive industrial relations system. It is argued that benefits to both employer and worker, and the strength of the socialisation process embodied in apprenticeship, will ensure that some form of apprenticeship remains a favoured means of training young people for many of the skilled trades.
44
Baines, Carey. "Tectonic modelling, East Coast Basin, New Zealand /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ASB/09asbb162.pdf.
Abstract:
Thesis (B. App. Sc. (Hons.))--University of Adelaide, National Centre for Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, 1998?One folded col. chart & one folded col. map in pockets complete Appendix A. Includes bibliographical references (4 leaves ).
45
Myers, Linda Mary. "Women's independent travel experiences in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2010. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/3308/.
Abstract:
An ever-increasing number of women worldwide are making the most of their independence and becoming increasingly motivated to travel more than ever before. Women are grasping the opportunity to be tourists in their own right; for their own pleasure and satisfaction, breaking away from their hybrid identities of, ‘the wife’, ‘mother’, ‘girlfriend’ or the ‘housewife’. Women of all ages are beginning to become empowered and to travel together in close female friendship groups, in two’s or alone. They are gaining confidence and are able to independently self-organise their trips. Educational opportunity and financial self sufficiency through improvement in earning capacities has greatly increased women’s access to a much wider range of leisure and travel choices. Personal life spans involve significant chronological transitions, such as from university to work, marriage to divorce, work to retirement where identity has to be renegotiated; new autobiographies reconstructed, and new trajectories have to be set. Often, it seems women are motivated to travel during such transitional circumstances. Despite the tendency to assume that male appeals are universal, research suggests that female and male perceptions and experiences of space differ substantially. In tourism, gender relationships have been examined from a number of perspectives; women as the employee's of the tourism industry; women as hosts in the tourism destination; and more recently women as tourists. Women are slowly being recognised as a market segment, facilities and different services in luxury hotels, women only tours and cruises are evolving to meet demand. The gendered perceptions and ideologies of New Zealand; being 100% pure nature and the adventure capital of the world which is open to all, ages, and abilities, attracts statistically more women backpacker travellers than men. A major objective of this thesis is to redress the bias in tourism research; to represent women including lesbian women in the tourism arena. In both cases giving women a ‘voice’ to represent their touristic experiences, desires and link these to the notion of identity construction through tourism. Little remains known on the wider variables and influences that motivate the travel choices of lesbian consumers in particular. It has been argued that female tourism experiences, like their leisure behaviours, are constrained by male dominated cultural values and attitudes at destinations and by social constraints and restrictions in their home society. However, on the other hand it has also been argued that some women’s tourism experiences - such as backpacking and independent travelling- can also be potentially liberating for some women as they gain the freedom to express their often hybrid identities in new ways. The focus in this study is towards the positive gains and benefits to the individual through travel experiences, but this cannot be done in isolation without considering some of the constraints and challenges. It is multidisciplinary in approach, grounded in theoretical frameworks offered by gender studies, tourism studies, social science, leisure studies, women’s studies, queer theory, cultural geography and sports studies. It is a qualitative study which sets out to explore tourism experiences and the personal growth and identity development through tourism experiences in New Zealand. Sixty in-depth interviews were held with international women travellers, backpackers and tourism providers in New Zealand. Adopting an interpretive paradigm with a limited feminist influenced, the important focus was to allow the women to speak of their experiences and lives in their own voices. In line with qualitative methodologies, it is the words and photographs of the women that form the data set for this study. It critically examines how a performative understanding of the playing out of gender can be linked to notions of serious leisure, the reflective production of biographies and accumulation of cultural capital. The results reveal that personal development, self identity and social identity can be influenced by travel experiences in varying degrees. Four interlinking categories of importance were identified; embodied experiences, psychological development, socio-spatial interactions and visual consumption. Each category evolved and was sometimes dependent upon age and sexuality. The results of this study show that there are real benefits to personal growth and identity development to women through their travel experiences. Through travel women make the time or find the time to self-reflect on their lives. They escape from the social constraints at home and can achieve a sense of freedom. Through the act of travelling itself and through participating in physical adventure activities travel can present a means of empowerment and a record of achievement. The confidence gained through travel experiences can enhance self-esteem and help construct a new dimension to their identities.
46
Hong, Shangqin. "Innovation and the New Zealand Manufacturing Sector." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Economics, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1869.
Abstract:
This thesis investigates the determinants of innovation in the New Zealand manufacturing sector by addressing the issue in three main parts. First, an extensive literature review is undertaken to identify definitions of innovation. A number of hypotheses are then proposed based on the international literature. Secondly, supported by the New Zealand Manufactures and Exporters Association (NZMEA), a unique dataset was collected via an Internet-based instrument, the Innovation Survey of the Manufacturing Sector. A series of regression models were then used to test the proposed hypotheses. The final part of the research involved a number of in-depth company interviews that approached the topic from a different perspective and complemented the qualitative analyses by further investigating issues that were unresolved from the survey. The research results suggest that “micro” (i.e. very small) firms may not be very innovative, and identified that practical skills and co-operation are crucial factors influencing innovation in the New Zealand manufacturing sector.
47
Parker, George. "Actor Alone: Solo Performance in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Theatre and Film Studies, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1035.
Abstract:
This thesis explores solo performance in New Zealand. That solo performance has been widely used in New Zealand's relatively brief theatre history is usually ascribed to the economy, manoeuvrability and adaptability of the form - common reasons for the popularity of solo performance elsewhere as well. But this thesis considers solo performance as a kind of theatre that has been suited to New Zealand in a distinctive way. In particular, I argue that solo performance has emerged on the margins of mainstream theatre in New Zealand as a means of actively engaging with a sense of isolation that typifies the post-colonial New Zealand experience. The ability of the solo performance to move between remote rural settlements and urban centres has connected these New Zealand communities in a way that is unusual for theatre in New Zealand. Furthermore, a solo performer speaking directly to an audience about the experience of living in New Zealand allows for an intimate interaction with a traditionally stoic and laconic masculine society. In this thesis, I make a case for three solo performances where it is possible to see, in the representation of a search for what it means to be a New Zealander, a theatrical contribution to nation-building: The End of the Golden Weather (1959), Coaltown Blues (1984) and Michael James Manaia (1991). However, in a subsequent chapter, I look at solo performances in New Zealand that might better be understood within global movements such as feminism and multiculturalism. I argue that this shift has depleted the power that the form once held to comment upon New Zealand identity and to assist in the search for national identity. I conclude the thesis by considering how ongoing theatre practice may be informed by the experience of solo performance in New Zealand.
48
Fox, Mark A. "Studies of corporate governance in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Business Administration, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4347.
Abstract:
This thesis investigates several issues relating to corporate governance. These issues include the relationships between corporate governance and each of: strategy, failure, and financial performance.
We find that major reductions in the level of diversity of companies are preceded by changes in the identity of the major shareholder. Also, companies which had a majority of outside (non-executive) directors on their board, and did not have a divisional structure, were more likely to fail. With regards corporate governance and financial performance, we find that board structure is not a consistent determinant of performance.
The studies herein also provide insights into board structure, corporate control and interlocks in New Zealand public companies. Board size has declined by approximately one director since the mid-1980s, as has the number of outside directors. We find no support for any
49
Chaudron, Gerald. "New Zealand and the League of Nations." Thesis, University of Canterbury. History, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4581.
Abstract:
This thesis discusses New Zealand's relations with the League of Nations from its inception in 1920 to its dissolution in 1946. Beginning with the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, which created the League, the study traces the development of New Zealand's relationship with the Geneva body from an indifferent, sometimes hostile, Massey Government in the early 1920s, to the detached acceptance of the Coates and Forbes Governments in the late 1920s and early 1930s, through to the passionate support of the Savage Government in the late 1930s. The final chapter is devoted to New Zealand's sometimes prickly association with the Permanent Mandates Commission, the League body which supervised New Zealand's administration of the mandate of Western Samoa.
The importance of this study lies in its extensive use for the first time of government department files covering the whole period of New Zealand's involvement with the League. This has revealed that because New Zealand's external affairs were handled by Britain in the main, this relationship with Geneva was trilateral rather than bilateral. Even under Labour, which pursued from 1935 a more independent line in League affairs than previous governments, the policies of Britain and the Commonwealth continued to exert a powerful influence over New Zealand's policy.
Yet this did not mean that New Zealand governments of the 1920s and early 1930s accepted British League policy without question, especially where imperial security was concerned. Indeed, one of the main conclusions of this thesis is that while Labour was more outspoken at Geneva, it was not the first New Zealand government to take an active interest in League affairs.
Another point to emerge is that Labour's strong support for the League and collective security was not simply an idealistic policy based on international morality. Rather it was seen as a practical alternative to appeasing the Fascist powers. But the Savage Government also recognised that there were limitations and thus New Zealand confined its views to disputes before the League and it never directly opposed Britain in a League vote.
Yet if policy was determined in Wellington, New Zealand's image at Geneva was dictated by the personalities of its representatives to the League; the High Commissioners in London. Their activities in the Assembly and the Council, and their relations with New Zealand and British ministers and officials, are at the heart of the story of New Zealand's involvement with the League. They made a vital contribution to the development of an independent international identity for New Zealand through the League. This was despite the fact that most New Zealanders were uninterested in the League and that New Zealand governments did not deliberately seek a status separate from the British Empire. Thus the real importance of the League was its role as a catalyst for New Zealand to begin developing its own foreign policy.
50
Maidment, Jane M. "Social work field education in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Social Work, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4633.
Abstract:
The focus of this research dissertation is social work field education in New Zealand. The purpose of conducting the study was to ascertain how both students and field educators experienced teaching and learning in the field. Results indicate that while teaching and learning thinking and theory have evolved in recent years to include a critical reflective dimension, the practice of field education is still largely based on an apprenticeship model. Practice experience and theoretical input relating to areas of societal inequality as well as the political context in which field education is delivered explain the continued use of the apprenticeship model.
Students and field educators do, however, share a vision for how field education should be delivered. They agree on the attributes of an effective field educator, and on the methods needed to enhance practice teaching and learning. The research has, nevertheless, identified a discrepancy between this shared vision for field education and the reality that students experience in the field.
Field educators are clearly marginalised in their role. Their work as educators is not sanctioned or recognised by employing agencies, and workload pressure frequently militates against social workers being able to accommodate students on placement. In this climate a minimalist approach to field education is adopted, resulting in unqualified social work staff and people who are not social workers acting as field educators. Without radical shifts in the recognition, resourcing and organisation of field education, student learning in the field will continue to be compromised.
The theoretical framework used in this research was derived from existing learning theory, which was then reconceptualised and developed in light of the research outcomes to formulate a contemporary theory for practicum learning.