Journal articles on the topic 'Reservoirs Victoria Evaporation control'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Reservoirs Victoria Evaporation control.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 30 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Reservoirs Victoria Evaporation control.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Luo, Shun She, Qi Qi Lv, and Guang Ming Hu. "The Lithofacies Palaeogeography and Control of the Reservoirs in Middle Ordovician Ma541 Submember in Western Jingbian Tableland." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.193.
Full textAbstract:
The major rock types of Ordovician Majiagou Formation Ma541 Submember in western Jingbian Tableland include muddy dolomite, gypsum-bearing dolomite, gypsum dolomite, limy dolomite, and muddy powder crystal dolomite. This paper is based on the theory of sedimentary petrology and with the methodology of comprehensive mapping by using single factors to analyze multiple factors.Using stratum thickness, the content of gypsum and penecontemporaneous dolomite as single factors, we studied the lithofacies palaeogeography in Ma541 Submember.The results show that Ma541 is generally a set of sedimentation from supratidal limited evaporation environment and in the period of sea level decline with shallow water. The sedimentary microfacies are mainly composed of gypsum-bearing dolomitic flat and gypsum dolomitic flat ,dolomitic gypsum flat comes second. We combined the areas regional geological background with lithofacies palaeogeography to construct the limited evaporation tidal flat sedimentation maps of Ma541 Submember. Meanwhile,the control of reservoirs was studied. We thought that gypsum-bearing dolomitic flats and dolomitic flats provide a foundation for the development of large-area reservoirs.
2
Wang, Xiao Ju, Hai Tao Mao, Hua Xiang He, and Dong Guo Shao. "Study on Seepage Control Measures of Plain Reservoirs Based on Soil Salinization after Dam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 511-512 (February 2014): 805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.511-512.805.
Full textAbstract:
Agricultural ecosystem is fragile exceedingly in northwest arid area, the areas of land salinization and desertification account for more than one-third of the country, which is further increasing.However, reservoirs in mountain areas are further from farmland, whats more, high cost of conveyance and great loss need to build considerable the type of plain in injection reservoirs to meet the development of industry and agriculture, such is the case that the number of constructing many plain reservoirs has gone up to 578 so far in Xinjiang. But plain reservoirs shallow water depth, length of spur, high permeable depth of foundation, evaporation and leakage are both high.Plain reservoir leakage lifted the underground water level of the dam after large area of land, salt with water, the land salinization dam after ecological problems, such as more and more serious. As the An Jihai set reservoir as an example, for more than 50 years of operation, the down stream of the dam over 50kilometers of land are white the salinization of sights, many cultivated lands have been deserted.Therefore, we need to improve and solve the problems existing in the plain reservoir from the source to solve the leakage caused groundwater problems is necessary.
3
Garrido, M. Carmen, José M. Cadenas, Andrés Bueno-Crespo, Raquel Martínez-España, José G. Giménez, and José M. Cecilia. "Evaporation Forecasting through Interpretable Data Analysis Techniques." Electronics 11, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11040536.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change is increasing temperatures and causing periods of water scarcity in arid and semi-arid climates. The agricultural sector is one of the most affected by these changes, having to optimise scarce water resources. An important phenomenon within the water cycle is the evaporation from water reservoirs, which implies a considerable amount of water lost during warmer periods of the year. Indeed, evaporation rate forecasting can help farmers grow crops more sustainably by managing water resources more efficiently in the context of precision agriculture. In this work, we expose an interpretable machine learning approach, based on a multivariate decision tree, to forecast the evaporation rate on a daily basis using data from an Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure, which is deployed on a real irrigated plot located in Murcia (southeastern Spain). The climate data collected feed the models that provide a forecast of evaporation and a summary of the parameters involved in this process. Finally, the results of the interpretable presented model are validated with the best literature models for evaporation rate prediction, i.e., Artificial Neural Networks, obtaining results very similar to those obtained for them, reaching up to 0.85R2 and 0.6MAE. Therefore, in this work, a double objective is faced: to maintain the performance obtained by the models most frequently used in the problem while maintaining the interpretability of the knowledge captured in it, which allows better understanding the problem and carrying out appropriate actions.
4
Batishcheva, KSENIA A., and ATLANT E. Nurpeiis. "WATER DROPLET EVAPORATION IN A CHAMBER ISOLATED FROM THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT." Tyumen State University Herald. Physical and Mathematical Modeling. Oil, Gas, Energy 6, no. 3 (2020): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7978-2020-6-3-8-22.
Full textAbstract:
With an increase in the productivity of power equipment and the miniaturization of its components, the use of traditional thermal management systems becomes insufficient. There is a need to develop drip heat removal systems, based on phase transition effects. Cooling with small volumes of liquids is a promising technology for microfluidic devices or evaporation chambers, which are self-regulating systems isolated from the external environment. However, the heat removal during evaporation of droplets into a limited volume is a difficult task due to the temperature difference in the cooling device and the concentration of water vapor that is unsteady in time depending on the mass of the evaporated liquid. This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the distilled water microdrops’ (5-25 μl) evaporation on an aluminum alloy AMg6 with the temperatures of 298-353 K in an isolated chamber (70 × 70 × 30 mm3) in the presence of heat supply to its lower part. Based on the analysis of shadow images, the changes in the geometric dimensions of evaporating drops were established. They included the increase in the contact diameter, engagement of the contact line due to nano roughening and chemical composition inhomogeneous on the surface (90-95% of the total evaporation time) of the alloy and a decrease in the contact diameter. The surface temperature and droplet volume did not affect the sequence of changes in the geometric dimensions of the droplets. It was found that the droplet volume has a significant effect on the evaporation time at relatively low substrate temperatures. The results of the analysis of droplet evaporation rates and hygrometer readings have shown that reservoirs with salt solutions can be used in isolated chambers to control the concentration of water vapor. The water droplets evaporation time was determined. The analysis of the time dependences of the evaporation rate has revealed that upon the evaporation of droplets in an isolated chamber under the conditions of the present experiment, the air was not saturated with water vapor. The latter did not affect the evaporation rate.
5
Santos, Fernando Roberto dos, Giovana Katie Wiecheteck, Jorim Sousa das Virgens Filho, Gabriel Alfredo Carranza, Terrence Lynn Chambers, and Afef Fekih. "Effects of a Floating Photovoltaic System on the Water Evaporation Rate in the Passaúna Reservoir, Brazil." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 28, 2022): 6274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176274.
Full textAbstract:
Freshwater scarcity is a significant concern due to climate change in some regions of Brazil; likewise, evaporation rates have increased over the years. Floating photovoltaic systems can reduce water evaporation from reservoirs by suppressing the evaporating area on the water surface. This work evaluated the effects of floating photovoltaic systems on water evaporation rates in the Passaúna Reservoir, southeastern Brazil. Meteorological data such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation were used to estimate the rate of water evaporation using FAO Penman–Monteith, Linacre, Hargreaves–Samani, Rohwer, and Valiantzas methods. The methods were tested with the Kruskal–Wallis test, including measured evaporation from the nearest meteorological station to determine whether there were significant differences between the medians of the methods considering a 95% confidence level for hypothesis testing. All methods differed from the standard method recommended by the FAO Penman–Monteith. Simulations with more extensive coverage areas of the floating photovoltaic system were carried out to verify the relationship between the surface water coverage area and the evaporation reduction efficiency provided by the system and to obtain the avoided water evaporation volume. For the floating photovoltaic system with a coverage area of 1265.14 m2, an efficiency of 60.20% was obtained in reducing water evaporation; future expansions of the FPS were simulated with coverage areas corresponding to energy production capacities of 1 MWp, 2.5 MWp, and 5 MWp. The results indicated that for a floating photovoltaic system coverage area corresponding to 5 MWp of energy production capacity, the saved water volume would be enough to supply over 196 people for a year. More significant areas, such as covering up the entire available surface area of the Passaúna reservoir with a floating photovoltaic system, could save up to 2.69 hm3 of water volume annually, representing a more significant value for the public management of water resources.
6
Mohamed-Ahmed, M. M. "Olfactory responses of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) to the monitor lizard Varanus niloticus niloticus." Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, no. 3 (June 1998): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748530002592x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractVisual and olfactory responses of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead to the monitor lizard, Varanus niloticus niloticus Laurenti were studied using various catching devices near Lake Victoria, Kenya. Electric nets baited with visible lizards caught more males (×2.1) and significantly more females (×2.0) than unbaited nets. Lizards concealed in electrified black PVC pipe models, simulating the shape and size of a monitor lizard, increased significantly the catches of tsetse by 2.1 times. Fresh lizard urine dispensed at an evaporation rate of 500 to 1000 mg/h also increased significantly the catches of flies at biconical traps, electrified models and electric nets. Identification of chemical constituents of the odour could improve monitoring and control strategies for G. f. fuscipes, and possibly for other palpalis tsetse species.
7
HANELT, B., I. N. MWANGI, J. M. KINUTHIA, G. M. MAINA, L. E. AGOLA, M. W. MUTUKU, M. L. STEINAUER, et al. "Schistosomes of small mammals from the Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya: new species, familiar species, and implications for schistosomiasis control." Parasitology 137, no. 7 (April 12, 2010): 1109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182010000041.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYRecent schistosomiasis control efforts in sub-Saharan Africa have focused nearly exclusively on treatment of humans with praziquantel. However, the extent to which wild mammals act as reservoirs forSchistosoma mansoniand therefore as sources of renewed transmission following control efforts is poorly understood. With the objective to study the role of small mammals as reservoir hosts, 480 animals belonging to 9 rodent and 1 insectivore species were examined for infection with schistosomes in Kisumu, in the Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya. Animals were collected from 2 sites: near the lakeshore and from Nyabera Marsh draining into the lake. A total of 6·0% of the animals captured, including 5 murid rodent species and 1 species of shrew (Crocidura olivieri) were infected with schistosomes. Four schistosome species were recovered and identified usingcox1 DNA barcoding:S. mansoni,S. bovis,S. rodhainiandS. kisumuensis, the latter of which was recently described from Nyabera Marsh.Schistosoma mansoniandS. rodhainiwere found infecting the same host individual (Lophuromys flavopunctatus), suggesting that this host species could be responsible for the production of hybrid schistosomes found in the area. Although the prevalence ofS. mansoniinfection in these reservoir populations was low (1·5%), given their potentially vast population size, their impact on transmission needs further study. Reservoir hosts could perpetuate snail infections and favour renewed transmission to humans once control programmes have ceased.
8
Norman, CP. "Effect of groundwater pump management on reclaiming salinised land in the Goulburn Valley, Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 2 (1995): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950215.
Full textAbstract:
In 1985, groundwater pumping from shallow aquifers, with off-farm disposal, began near Girgarre in the Goulburn Valley, Victoria, to provide salinity control to about 1000 ha of farming land. Two groundwater pumps (TI02 and T103) ran continuously for the first 5 years of the project before reverting to intermittent pumping. The operation of a third pump (T103) was based on the capacity for disposal into an evaporation basin. Following 3 years of groundwater pumping, significant reductions in root-zone (0-0.6 m) soil salinity levels were recorded in both annual and perennial pasture paddocks within 350 m of a pump. Yields of perennial pasture on all monitored paddocks showed a significant increase after commencement of the project. In a paddock 300 m from a groundwater pump, average dry matter production increased from 6.3 to 17.2 t/ha. year within 4 years of pumping. Reclamation was reduced by more than a year on paddocks not subjected to irrigation, or those located >800 m from a groundwater pump. Once reclamation was achieved from continuous pumping, the introduction of intermittent pumping continued to maintain optimum soil salinity and pasture production levels on the irrigated paddocks. However, on a dryland paddock and those located >800 m from a pump, increasing fluctuations in soil salinity and soil sodicity levels were measured under this management regime.
9
Zahedi, Rafi, Parisa Ranjbaran, Gevork B. Gharehpetian, Fazel Mohammadi, and Roya Ahmadiahangar. "Cleaning of Floating Photovoltaic Systems: A Critical Review on Approaches from Technical and Economic Perspectives." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14072018.
Full textAbstract:
There are some environmental factors, such as ambient temperature, dust, etc., which cause a reduction in the efficiency of Photovoltaic (PV) systems. Installation of PV panels on the water surface, commonly known as Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) systems, is one solution to employ PV panels in a cooler environment, achieve higher efficiency, and reduce water evaporation. FPV systems open up new opportunities for scaling up solar generating capacity, especially in countries with high population density and valuable lands, as well as countries with high evaporation rates and water resources deficiency. Since the FPV system is an almost new concept, its cleaning techniques have not been comprehensively studied. While FPV systems are located on the surface of water resources and reservoirs, the water quality can limit the application of different cleaning techniques. Therefore, this paper investigates different techniques of FPV systems cleaning and categorizes them into water-based and water-free approaches. In addition, their cleaning frequencies, as well as economic aspects, are presented and discussed to determine their merits and demerits for using them in FPV systems.
10
Radovenchyk, Yaroslav, Tamara Krysenko, and Maksym Poberezhnyi. "Evaporation of liquids at low temperatures." Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248947.
Full textAbstract:
Ukrainian enterprises annually generate millions cubic meters of mineralized water, which is discharged into surface reservoirs, and millions cubic meters of highly concentrated solutions and suspensions, which are accumulated and stored in special sludge storages. This waste water causes irreparable damage to the environment. A new method for the evaporation of industrial concentrates by fibrous materials with capillary properties was proposed not so long ago. The use of such materials allows an effective, autonomous, cheap, and extremely simple system to be created for the evaporation for various liquids and concentrates.
The research methodology was as follows. Two graduated cylinders of the same diameter were used in our research. One cylinder was filled with the liquid phase to a certain level and used to control evaporation from the surface of the aqueous medium. In the other, experimental cylinder, a vertical cotton strip was additionally placed (from 1 to 21 layers of fabric). The width of the strip was 5 cm. The length of the strip was 50 cm. The density of cotton was 100 g/m2. The research method was to determine the height of liquid phase capillary rise along the strip of fabric and to evaluate reduction in the volume of liquid that evaporates in both cylinders at set temperatures.
It was found that in the absence of wind and the distance between the vertically placed strips of 7–15 mm were sufficient to ensure the maximum evaporation intensity. Our long-term experiments in natural conditions confirmed the high efficiency of the proposed method. At an average daily air temperature of 2.3 °C, there was a significant evaporation from the surface of the fabric during the day. In this case, evaporation from the water surface was not observed. It should be noted that the intensity of evaporation under natural conditions depends on a significant number of factors (temperature, wind speed, luminosity, humidity, etc.), so it is difficult to detect a direct relationship between some of them.
With increase only in the liquid phase temperature, the evaporation efficiency decreased. At a temperature of 20 °C, the laboratory installation (15 layers of cotton strip) increased the evaporation intensity by more than 2 times, at 46 °C by more than 5 times, at 57 °C by almost 3 times, but at 75 °C only by about 67 %. It is obvious that heating of the liquid phase alone less influences the evaporation process from the surface of the fabric strip, which was cooled rapidly in the atmosphere at a much lower temperature. Therefore, to increase the evaporation intensity, it is necessary to increase temperature for all components of the liquid–fabric system.
A fabric with suitable properties, stretched between two metal racks and immersed into the liquid phase with the lower end, can be used as a simple evaporator.
Our research has shown that the use of materials with capillary properties in the treatment of liquid solutions allows simple, cheap, and efficient devices to be created for evaporating water and converting liquid waste into a solid phase.
11
van den Hurk, Bart, Martin Hirschi, Christoph Schär, Geert Lenderink, Erik van Meijgaard, Aad van Ulden, Burkhardt Rockel, et al. "Soil Control on Runoff Response to Climate Change in Regional Climate Model Simulations." Journal of Climate 18, no. 17 (September 1, 2005): 3536–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3471.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Simulations with seven regional climate models driven by a common control climate simulation of a GCM carried out for Europe in the context of the (European Union) EU-funded Prediction of Regional scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining European Climate change risks and Effects (PRUDENCE) project were analyzed with respect to land surface hydrology in the Rhine basin. In particular, the annual cycle of the terrestrial water storage was compared to analyses based on the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) atmospheric convergence and observed Rhine discharge data. In addition, an analysis was made of the partitioning of convergence anomalies over anomalies in runoff and storage. This analysis revealed that most models underestimate the size of the water storage and consequently overestimated the response of runoff to anomalies in net convergence. The partitioning of these anomalies over runoff and storage was indicative for the response of the simulated runoff to a projected climate change consistent with the greenhouse gas A2 Synthesis Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES). In particular, the annual cycle of runoff is affected largely by the terrestrial storage reservoir. Larger storage capacity leads to smaller changes in both wintertime and summertime monthly mean runoff. The sustained summertime evaporation resulting from larger storage reservoirs may have a noticeable impact on the summertime surface temperature projections.
12
O'Brien, Geoffrey, Chris Boreham, Hywel Thomas, and Peter Tingate. "Understanding the critical success factors determining prospectivity—Otway Basin, Victoria." APPEA Journal 49, no. 1 (2009): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08009.
Full textAbstract:
The critical success factors that control hydrocarbon prospectivity in the Otway Basin have been investigated using petroleum systems approaches. It have revealed that greater than 99% of the discovered hydrocarbons in the Victorian Otway Basin have been sourced from Austral 2 (Albian-Aptian) source rocks and that these Austral 2-sourced hydrocarbon accumulations either directly overlieâor are located within 3,000 mâof actively generating Austral 2 source rock kitchens. Importantly, the zones of greatest prospectivity are located where these source rocks have been actively generating and expelling hydrocarbons throughout the Late Paleogene, primarily as a result of sediment loading associated with progradation of the Heytesbury shelfal carbonates. This peak generation window occurs at an average depth of approximately 2,500â3,500 m sub-mud across much of the basin, which has allowed prospective hydrocarbon fairways to be mapped out, thereby highlighting areas of greatest prospectivity. The close spatial proximity of the actively generating source rocks to the accumulations is due to several factors, which include overall poor fault seal in the basin (success cases occur where charge rate exceeds leakage rate) and relatively complex and tortuous migration fairways (which means that large volumes of hydrocarbons are only focussed and migrate for relatively short distances). In areas within which the Austral 2 system comprises the sole hydrocarbon chargeâsuch as across the inner Mussel Platformâthe reservoired gas compositions are typically very dry. In contrast, the gas compositions in accumulations sited along or immediately inboard of the Mussel-Tartwaup Fault Zone (La Bella, Geographe and Thylacine) are significantly wetter and also have higher CO2 contents. Throughout this area, the wetter components of the reservoired hydrocarbon inventory may have a source contribution from within the basal (Turonian) part of the younger Austral 3 system, in sequences that have been confirmed by δTLogR analysis to be significantly enriched in total organic carbon content. This observation has significantly upgraded the potential of the upper shelf areas, where a relatively more liquids-rich hydrocarbon inventory might be expected. The CO2 in accumulations located along the Mussel-Tartwaup Fault Zone is interpreted, based upon new helium isotope data, to be of mixed deep crustal-magmatic origin. This CO2 is believed to have migrated from great depth up the crustal-scale fault arrays into the shallower Late Cretaceous reservoirs. Here, the CO2 mixed with crustal gases, typified by helium with a mixed magmatic-crustal isotopic signature. Throughout this area, the traps tend to be large and henceâeven though their CO2 contents are only 8â12%âthe total CO2 volumes contained in these accumulations are much greater than those in the very CO2-richâbut volumetrically small trapsâlocated onshore (e.g. Boggy Creek). Hydrocarbon accumulations located on the inner shelf, such as Minerva and Casino, have distinctly lower CO2 contents, perhaps because large displacement, through-going faults are lacking in this area. These observations collectively provide a predictive regional framework for understanding the likely distribution of commercial hydrocarbon accumulations in the offshore Otway Basin, as well as for forecasting the gas wetnesses and CO2 contents of undrilled exploration targets in both well-explored and frontier parts of the basin.
13
Zhang, Xuemei, Qing Li, Xuelian You, Lichi Ma, Anyu Jing, Wen Tian, and Lang Wen. "Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of the Lower Paleozoic Dolomite Reservoirs in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 2155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062155.
Full textAbstract:
The Lower Paleozoic carbonate strata experience multi-stage tectonic activity and post-depositional volcanic activity in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay basin. These tectonic and magmatic activities have caused the reservoir to undergo severe diagenesis, resulting in strong reservoir heterogeneity. This study aims to identify the characteristics of dolomite, various reservoir spaces’ characteristics, the origin of different types of dolomite, and the porosity evolution. According to crystal size and morphology, dolomites can be divided into three kinds of matrix dolomites and four kinds of dolomite cements. The petrology and geochemistry of the dolomite suggests that matrix dolomite is formed from seawater. The medium-to-coarse-crystalline dolomite cement (D3) has a higher 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7119 to 0.7129) and a higher homogenization temperature (>125 °C), suggesting that the fluid for the precipitation of D3 is a mixed fluid formed by hydrothermal fluid eroding the 87Sr-rich feldspar sandstone. The strikingly negative δ18O values (−23.7 to −25.7‰ VPDB) of saddle dolomite (D4) indicate that D4 precipitated from hydrothermal fluids and the Mg2+ source may be due to dissolution of the host dolomite that formed in the evaporation environment. The reservoir spaces of the target strata in the study area mainly include fractures, dissolution vugs, intercrystalline pores, and moldic pores. Dissolution is the basis for forming high-quality dolomite reservoirs. The faults and fractures provided favorable conditions for dissolution. Hydrothermal fluid and organic acid were the main dissolution fluids for the dolomite reservoir, which were beneficial to the development of secondary pores. In the study area, organic acid dissolution was shown to contribute more than hydrothermal dissolution in the study area.
14
Lennon, R. G., R. J. Suttill, D. A. Guthrie, and A. R. Waldron. "THE RENEWED SEARCH FOR OIL AND GAS IN THE BASS BASIN: RESULTS OF YOLLA-2 AND WHITE IBIS-I." APPEA Journal 39, no. 1 (1999): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj98015.
Full textAbstract:
Boral Energy Resources Ltd and its Joint Venture partners drilled two weUs in the offshore Bass Basin during 1998. Both wells targetted reservoirs in the Upper Cretaceous to Eocene Eastern View Coal Measures (EVCM).Yolla–2, located in Petroleum Licence T/RL1, appraised sandstones within the EVCM, first established gas bearing in the Yolla structure by the 1985 exploration well Yolla–1, drilled by Amoco. The exploration well White Ibis–1, located in adjacent permit T/18P, was a crestal test on a large basement high updip of the 1967 well Bass-3, drilled by Esso.Both wells of the 1998 drilling program encountered gas columns in the objective Paleocene to Lower Eocene section of the EVCM (Intra-EVCM). Liquids-rich gas was recovered from these reservoirs in wireline tests. Formation pressure data suggest a thin oil rim is developed in White Ibis–1. Neither well was tested in cased hole though White Ibis–1 was suspended for potential re-entry. Yolla–1 also encountered a gas and oil accumulation at the top of the Eastern View Coal Measures, but this level was not an objective in Yolla–2.Based on well results and 3D seismic control, a gas resource of between 450–600 BCF OGIP is currently estimated in the Yolla Field. The gas accumulation encountered in White Ibis–1 is estimated at 85 BCF OGIP.The 1998 drilling campaign has provided encour-agement to the T/RL1 and T/18P Joint Ventures to continue the search for both oil and gas in the Bass Basin. Markets for gas are being pursued in both Tasmania and Victoria and engineering studies are being undertaken in parallel to refine parameters for a potential Yolla Field development. The White Ibis Field may provide a candidate as a satellite to such a development. Depending on the outcomes of these studies, further drilling may occur in 1999 to increase confidence in the reserves base in the Yolla Field, and to further evaluate the exploration potential of T/18P.
15
Santos, Max Henrique Vieira dos, Ênio Farias de França e. Silva, Tales Miler Soares, Geber Barbosa de Albuquerque Moura, and Alexsandro Oliveira da Silva. "REDUÇÃO NA EVAPORAÇÃO DE ÁGUAS SUPERFICIAIS VISANDO INCREMENTO DA DISPONIBILIDADE HÍDRICA NO SEMIÁRIDO PERNAMBUCANO." IRRIGA 22, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2017v22n4p789-799.
Full textAbstract:
REDUÇÃO NA EVAPORAÇÃO DE ÁGUAS SUPERFICIAIS VISANDO INCREMENTO DA DISPONIBILIDADE HÍDRICA NO SEMIÁRIDO PERNAMBUCANO MAX HENRIQUE VIEIRA DOS SANTOS¹; ÊNIO FARIAS DE FRANÇA E SILVA1; TALES MILER SOARES2; GEBER BARBOSA DE ALBUQUERQUE MOURA3 E ALEXSANDRO OLIVEIRA DA SILVA4 1 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros. s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife-PE. E-mail: maxhvs@gmail.com, enio.fsilva@ufrpe.br2 Núcleo de Engenharia de Água e Solo, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo Baiano, Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Cruz das Almas-BA. E-mail: talesmiler@gmail.com3Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros. s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife-PE. E-mail: geber.moura@ufrpe.br4 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, 2977, Fortaleza-CE. E-mail: alexsandro@ufc.br 1 RESUMO A evaporação é um dos fatores que contribui para a redução da disponibilidade hídrica de reservatórios nas regiões semiáridas. Diante disto, objetivou-se avaliar diferentes tipos de telas de sombreamento sobre a redução da evaporação de água de superfícies livres na região semiárida. A estrutura foi composta por 20 tanques dispostos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com telas de polietileno com 50% de sombreamento nas cores vermelha, azul, branca, preta e prata e telas na cor preta com porcentagens de sombreamento 50, 70 e 80%; como testemunha, foram adicionadas parcelas sem cobertura, ambos com quatro repetições. A estrutura experimental foi localizada na Estação da Agricultura Irrigada de Ibimirim - PE, Brasil. Após 30 dias observou-se que a tela na cor branca foi a mais eficiente na redução da evaporação a qual foi 64,6% inferior à evaporação do tanque Classe A. Enquanto isso, a percentagem de sombreamento da tela preta de 80% reduziu a evaporação em 66% quando comparada com o tanque Classe A. Em termos de volume, a economia pode atingir, quando estimada para o reservatório Engenheiro Francisco Sabóia, em média 7.038.939,3m3 quando se utiliza telas de sombreamento na cor branca e tela preta com percentagem de sombreamento de 80%. Palavras-chave: tanques evaporímetros, telas de sombreamento, variáveis climáticas. SANTOS, M. H. V.; SILVA, Ê. F. F.; SOARES, T. M.; MOURA, G. B. A.; SILVA, A. O.REDUCTION IN SURFACE WATER EVAPORATION AIMING AT INCREASING WATER AVAILABILITY IN THE SEMIARID REGION OF THE STATE OF PERNAMBUCO 2 ABSTRACT Evaporation is one of the factors that contributes to the reduction of water availability in reservoirs in the semiarid region of the state of Pernambuco. Given this, the objective of this study was to evaluate different types of shading screens in the reduction of the water evaporation in tropical semiarid region. The structure was composed of 20 tanks in a completely randomized design; covered by polyethylene screens with 50% shading in red, blue, white, black and silver; and black screens with shading percentages of 50%, 70% and 80%, as a control, uncovered plots (SC) were added, both with four replications. The experimental structure was located in the Irrigated Agriculture Station of Ibimirim, PE, Brazil. The white screen was efficient in the most efficient in reducing evaporation, 64.6% below the evaporation of class A tank. The black screen with the 80% shading percentage reduced by 66% the evaporation in ratio compared to Class A tank. In terms of volume, savings may reach, when estimated for the Engenheiro Francisco Savoy reservoir, an average of 7,038,939.3 m3 using shading screens with white and black screens, with an 80% shading percentage. Keywords: evaporimeter tanks, shading screens, climatic variables.
16
Blaikie, SJ, FM Martin, WK Mason, and DJ Connor. "Effects of soil water supply and temperature on the photosynthesis of white clover and paspalum in irrigated pastures." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 3 (1988): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880321.
Full textAbstract:
Field canopy chambers were used to measure the effect of a range of soil water contents from surface ponding to very dry soil and the effect of high summer temperatures on the photosynthesis of irrigated white clover and paspalum pastures. Water was ponded for 5-12 days on swards of white clover and paspalum at full cover and on others that had been defoliated to a height of 50 mm. Photosynthetic rate was monitored each day and compared with a non-ponded control. In all cases there was little response in photosynthetic rate to ponding either with or without supplemental nitrogen fertiliser. Photosynthesis of full swards of white clover and paspalum was monitored during a drying cycle following irrigation and compared with the photosynthesis of a well-watered control. Soil water deficit was expressed in terms of cumulative evaporation minus rainfall (mm E - R) after irrigation. Water deficit stress reduced the maximum photosynthetic rate of white clover by 50% (from 0.8 mg CO2/m2.s at 25 mm E - R to 0.4 mg CO2/m2.s at 75 mm E - R), but the photosynthetic rate of paspalum did not decline until 70 mm E - R. At high irradiance, temperatures between 24 and 33�C had little effect on the photosynthetic rate of well-watered white clover, whereas the rate in paspalum was higher at temperatures between 29 and 38�C than at temperatures of 24-29�C. The slow surface drainage and subsequent rapid drying of the root-zone of flood irrigated soils, combined with the high temperatures experienced in northern Victoria during summer, favour paspalum and severely limit the productivity of white clover.
17
Worden, Richard H. "Controls on halogen concentrations in sedimentary formation waters." Mineralogical Magazine 60, no. 399 (April 1996): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.399.02.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractChlorine is the most abundant halogen in sedimentary formation waters with concentrations from <100 to >250000 mg/l. Bromine is the second most abundant halogen at <1 mg/l to >6000 mg/l with iodine from <0.1 mg/l to >100 mg/l and fluorine from <0.1 mg/l to 30 mg/l. Chlorine and bromine show a strong systematic covariation suggesting that they are subject to the same controlling mechanisms. Fluorine only shows relatively high concentrations at elevated chlorine and bromine concentrations showing that fluorine, chlorine and bromine are possibly controlled by the same processes. Iodine does not correlate with any of the other halogens indicating that unique processes control iodine.Key geological parameters that influence chlorine and bromine (and possibly fluorine) concentrations are the presence of salt in a basin, the age of the reservoir unit and the kerogen-type within the main hydrocarbon source rock in a basin. The presence of salt in a basin shows that sea water was evaporated to halite saturation producing connate waters with high concentrations of chlorine and bromine. The presence of salt also leads to high salinity waters through water-salt interaction during burial and diagenesis. Tertiary reservoirs typically have much lower chlorine and bromine concentrations than Mesozoic or Palaeozoic reservoirs. The age of the reservoir unit may simply reflect the different amounts of time available for formation water to interact with salt. The dominance of type II marine kerogen in a basin leads to higher bromine concentrations. This may reflect the dominance of a marine influence in a basin which is more likely to lead to salt deposition than terrestrial depositional environments. Iodine concentrations are independent of all these parameters. Other geological parameters such as depth of burial, temperature, basin forming mechanism and reservoir lithology have no influence upon halogen concentrations.Key processes that affect halogen concentrations are sea water evaporation and dilution, water—salt interaction and input from organic sources. Chlorine and bromine data lie close to the experimentally-derived sea water evaporation trend showing that sea water evaporation may be an important general control on halogens. Sea water dilution is probably responsible for most low salinity formation water chlorine and bromine concentrations for the same reason. Sea water dilution can occur either by meteoric invasion during burial, or following uplift and erosion, or by diagenetic dehydration reactions. Water can interact with salt in a variety of ways: halite dissolution by congruent processes, halite recrystallization by incongruent processes, sylvite dissolution or recrystallization and halite fluid inclusion rupture. Halite dissolution will lead to high chlorine and relatively low bromine waters because halite contains little bromine. In contrast, halite recrystallization will lead to bromine-enhanced waters because NaBr dissolves preferentially to NaCl. The occurrence of dissolution or recrystallization will depend on the water rock ratio, greater volumes of water will lead to more dissolution and waters with higher Cl/Br ratios. Sylvite is usually rich in bromine so dissolution will lead to bromine-enhanced waters. Primary aqueous inclusions in halite contain high bromine concentrations so that rupture, during deformation or recrystallization, will lead to bromine-enhanced formation water. A combination of these processes are responsible for the very limited range of Cl/Br ratios although congruent halite dissolution must have a limited role due to the absence of waters with high Cl/Br ratios.Iodine is strongly concentrated in organic materials in the marine environment; oils and organic rich-source rocks have high I/Cl and I/Br ratios relative to sea water or evaporated sea water. All formation waters are enriched in iodine relative to sea water implying that there has been input from organic matter or interaction with oil. However, hydrocarbon source rock type in a basin has no discernible effect upon iodine concentrations.
18
Buultjens, Andrew H., Koen Vandelannoote, Conor J. Meehan, Miriam Eddyani, Bouke C. de Jong, Janet A. M. Fyfe, Maria Globan, et al. "Comparative Genomics Shows ThatMycobacterium ulceransMigration and Expansion Preceded the Rise of Buruli Ulcer in Southeastern Australia." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 84, no. 8 (February 9, 2018): e02612-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02612-17.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTSince 2000, cases of the neglected tropical disease Buruli ulcer, caused by infection withMycobacterium ulcerans, have increased 100-fold around Melbourne (population 4.4 million), the capital of Victoria, in temperate southeastern Australia. The reasons for this increase are unclear. Here, we used whole-genome sequence comparisons of 178M. ulceransisolates obtained primarily from human clinical specimens, spanning 70 years, to model the population dynamics of this pathogen from this region. Using phylogeographic and advanced Bayesian phylogenetic approaches, we found that there has been a migration of the pathogen from the east end of the state, beginning in the 1980s, 300 km west to the major human population center around Melbourne. This move was then followed by a significant increase inM. ulceranspopulation size. These analyses inform our thinking around Buruli ulcer transmission and control, indicating thatM. ulceransis introduced to a new environment and then expands, rather than it being from the awakening of a quiescent pathogen reservoir.IMPORTANCEBuruli ulcer is a destructive skin and soft tissue infection caused byMycobacterium ulceransand is characterized by progressive skin ulceration, which can lead to permanent disfigurement and long-term disability. Despite the majority of disease burden occurring in regions of West and central Africa, Buruli ulcer is also becoming increasingly common in southeastern Australia. Major impediments to controlling disease spread are incomplete understandings of the environmental reservoirs and modes of transmission ofM. ulcerans. The significance of our research is that we used genomics to assess the population structure of this pathogen at the Australian continental scale. We have then reconstructed a historical bacterial spread and modeled demographic dynamics to reveal bacterial population expansion across southeastern Australia. These findings provide explanations for the observed epidemiological trends with Buruli ulcer and suggest possible management to control disease spread.
19
Evans, P. M., and G. A. Kearney. "Melilotus albus (Medik.) is productive and regenerates well on saline soils of neutral to alkaline reaction in the high rainfall zone of south-western Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 4 (2003): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02079.
Full textAbstract:
Dryland salinity is a serious problem in Australia. While some introduced perennial grasses such as tall wheat grass (TWG) Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp. Z.W. Liu & R.R.C. Wang) are adapted to saline soils, there are few pasture legumes that are productive and persistent under saline conditions. Melilotus albus (Medik.) has the potential to be 1 such legume in southern Australia. To test the potential of this species, we conducted 2 experiments over a 3-year period on saline soils at Woorndoo and Glenthompson in south-western Victoria. The soil electrical conductivities (1 : 5 water) of the sites, in autumn before sowing, were 1–3 dS/m at Woorndoo and 3–5 dS/m at Glenthompson (0–10 cm depth).At both sites the herbage yields of 2 Melilotus lines were greater than 10 t/ha of dry matter for the whole season between autumn and late summer. The best commercial control species at Woorndoo, white clover cv. Haifa, produced less than 1/6 of the yield of the best Melilotus line during the summer months. At Glenthompson, during the whole second season the herbage yield of the best Melilotus was 40% greater than that of the best commercial control, Persian clover cv. Nitro plus. In the second season, regeneration of Melilotus at both sites was excellent, averaging 3500 seedlings/m2 at Woorndoo, and 1100 and 3400 seedlings/m2 in mixtures with TWG and in monoculture, respectively at Glenthompson. In the third season, however, regeneration averaged only 400 plants/m2 at Woorndoo and 640 plants/m2 at Glenthompson, both with and without grass. It appears that, when there is limited competition, Melilotus albus dominates in the first 2 years. However, as fertility and water use increase, other pasture species, which initially have a low rate of survival and are unproductive, begin to increase their presence in the sward at the expense of M. albus. These annual species germinate after the autumn rains dilute the salt on the surface of the soil and senesce in early summer as soil water deficits and/or evaporation increase the electrical conductivity again. We suggest that Melilotus albus is an excellent pasture legume to revegetate saline soils in southern Australia and represents an opportunity to obtain high levels of out-of-season pasture production from areas that are currently unproductive.
20
Ma, Miaomiao, Juan Lv, Zhicheng Su, Jamie Hannaford, Hongquan Sun, Yanping Qu, Zikang Xing, Lucy Barker, and Yaxu Wang. "Linking drought indices to impacts in the Liaoning Province of China." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 383 (September 16, 2020): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-383-267-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Drought is an inherent meteorological characteristic of any given region, but is particularly important in China due to its monsoon climate and the “three ladder” landform system. The Chinese government has constructed large-scale water conservation projects since 1949, and developed drought and water scarcity relief frameworks. However, drought still causes huge impacts on water supply, environment and agriculture. China has, therefore, created specialized agencies for drought management called Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters, which include four different levels: state, provincial, municipal and county. The impact datasets they collect provide an effective resource for drought vulnerability assessment, and provide validation options for hydro-meteorological indices used in risk assessment and drought monitoring. In this study, we use the statistical drought impact data collected by the Liaoning province Drought Relief Headquarter and meteorological drought indices (Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI and Standard Precipitation Evaporation Index, SPEI) to explore a potential relationship between drought impacts and these indices. The results show that SPI-24 and SPEI-24 are highly correlated to the populations that have difficulties in obtaining drinking water in four out of the six cities studied. Three impacts related to reservoirs and the availability of drinking water for humans and livestock exhibit strong correlations with SPI and SPEI of different accumulated periods. Results reveal that meteorological indices used for drought monitoring and early warning in China can be effectively linked to drought impacts. Further work is exploring how this information can be used to optimize drought monitoring and risk assessment in the whole Liaoning province and elsewhere in China.
21
Hu, Xinling, Jian Wang, Liang Zhang, Hongli Xiong, Zengding Wang, Huazheng Duan, Jun Yao, et al. "Direct Visualization of Nanoscale Salt Precipitation and Dissolution Dynamics during CO2 Injection." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 9567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249567.
Full textAbstract:
CO2 injection to enhance shale oil recovery provides a win-win solution to meet the global fuel shortage and realize ultimate carbon neutrality. When shale reservoirs contain high salinity water, CO2 injection can result in salt precipitation to block the nanometer pores in the shale, causing undesirable formation damage. Understanding salt precipitation and dissolution dynamics at the nanoscale are fundamental to solving this practical challenge. In this work, we developed a shale micromodel to characterize salt precipitation and dissolution based on nanofluidic technology. By directly distinguishing different phases from 50 nm to 5 μm, we identified the salt precipitation sites and precipitation dynamics during the CO2 injection. For the salt precipitation in the nanometer network, we identified two precipitation stages. The ratio of the precipitation rates for the two stages is ~7.9 times that measured in microporous media, because of the slow water evaporation at the nanoscale. For the salt precipitation in the interconnected micrometer pores, we found that the CO2 displacement front serves as the salt particle accumulating site. The accumulated salt particles will in turn impede the CO2 flow. In addition, we also studied the salt dissolution process in the shale micromodel during water injection and found the classical dissolution theory overestimates the dissolution rate by approximately twofold. This work provides valuable pore-scale experimental insight into the salt precipitation and dissolution dynamics involved in shale formation, with the aim to promote the application of CO2 injection for shale oil recovery.
22
Hunt, J. R., C. Browne, T. M. McBeath, K. Verburg, S. Craig, and A. M. Whitbread. "Summer fallow weed control and residue management impacts on winter crop yield though soil water and N accumulation in a winter-dominant, low rainfall region of southern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 9 (2013): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13237.
Full textAbstract:
The majority of rain used by winter grain crops in the Mallee region of Victoria, Australia, falls during the cooler months of the year (April–October). However, rain falling during the summer fallow period (November–March) and stored as soil moisture contributes to grain yield. Strategies to better capture and store summer fallow rain include (i) retention of crop residues on the soil surface to improve water infiltration and evaporation; and (ii) chemical or mechanical control of summer fallow weeds to reduce transpiration. Despite the widespread adoption of no-till farming systems in the region, few published studies have considered the benefits of residue management during the summer fallow relative to weed control, and none quantify the impacts or identify the mechanisms by which summer fallow weeds influence subsequent crop yield. Over 3 years (2009–11), identical experiments on adjacent sand and clay soil types at Hopetoun in the southern Mallee were conducted to quantify the effect of residue management (standing, removed, or slashed) and summer fallow weed control (± chemical control) compared with cultivation on soil water and nitrogen (N) accumulation and subsequent crop yield. The presence of residue (2.4–5.8 t/ha) had no effect on soil water accumulation and a small negative effect on grain yield on the clay soil in 2011. Controlling summer weeds (Heliotropium europaeum and volunteer crop species) increased soil water accumulation (mean 45 mm) and mineral N (mean 45 kg/ha) before sowing on both soil types in 2 years of the experiment with significant amounts of summer fallow rain (2010 and 2011). Control of summer weeds increased grain yield of canola by 0.6 t/ha in 2010 and wheat by 1.4 t/ha in 2011. Using the data from these experiments to parameterise the APSIM model, simulation of selected treatments using historical climate data (1958–2011) showed that an extra 40 mm of stored soil water resulted in an average additional 0.4 t/ha yield, most of which was achieved in dry growing seasons. An additional 40 kg/ha N increased yield only in wetter growing seasons (mean 0.4 t/ha on both soil types). The combination of extra water and N that was found experimentally to result from control of summer fallow weeds increased subsequent crop yield in all season types (mean 0.7 t/ha on sand, 0.9 t/ha on clay). The co-limitation of yield by water and N in the Mallee environment means that yield increases due to summer weed control (and thus returns on investment) are very reliable.
23
Meng, W., J. H. Zeng, Z. Cao, G. Q. Song, Y. S. Wang, J. L. Teng, and Z. Guo. "Material Exchange and Migration between Pore Fluids and Sandstones during Diagenetic Processes in Rift Basins: A Case Study Based on Analysis of Diagenetic Products in Dongying Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, East China." Geofluids 2018 (2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1653632.
Full textAbstract:
The exchange and migration of basin materials that are carried by pore fluids are the essence of diagenesis, which can alter physical properties of clastic rocks as well as control formation and distribution of favorable reservoirs of petroliferous basins. Diagenetic products and pore fluids, resulting from migration and exchange of basin materials, can be used to deduce those processes. In this study, 300 core samples from 46 wells were collected for preparation of casting thin sections, SEM, BSE, EDS, inclusion analysis, and isotope analysis in Dongying Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, East China. Combined with geochemical characteristics of pore fluids and geological background of the study area, the source and exchange mechanisms of materials in the pore fluids of rift basins were discussed. It was revealed that the material exchange of pore fluids could be divided into five stages. The first stage was the evaporation concentration stage during which mainly Ca2+, Mg2+, and CO32- precipitated as high-Mg calcites. Then came the shale compaction stage, when mainly Ca2+ and CO32- from shale compaction water precipitated as calcites. The third stage was the carboxylic acid dissolution stage featured by predominant dissolution of plagioclases, during which Ca2+ and Na+ entered pore fluids, and Si and Al also entered pore fluids and then migrated as clathrates, ultimately precipitating as kaolinites. The fourth stage was the organic CO2 stage, mainly characterized by the kaolinization of K-feldspar as well as dissolution of metamorphic lithic fragments and carbon cements. During this stage, K+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, HCO3-, and CO32- entered pore fluids. The fifth stage was the alkaline fluid stage, during which the cementation of ferro-carbonates and ankerites as well as illitization or chloritization of kaolinites prevailed, leading to the precipitation of K+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and CO32- from pore fluids.
24
Mundy, G. N., K. L. Greenwood, K. B. Kelly, S. M. Austin, and K. E. Dellow. "Improved soil and irrigation management for forage production 3. Plant - soil - water relationships." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 3 (2006): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04097.
Full textAbstract:
A field experiment was conducted from January 2000 for 2.5 years, at the Department of Primary Industries, Kyabram, in northern Victoria. The experiment determined the effect of soil modification, with and without subsurface drainage, on the yield and water use of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), lucerne (Medicago sativa), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) under 2 irrigation frequencies. The soil was a red-brown earth. The forages were spray irrigated from August to May when evaporation minus rainfall (E – R) reached 45–50 mm (frequent) or 90–100 mm (infrequent). The depth of irrigation water applied was equal to the soil water deficit (SWD) of each treatment, measured before each irrigation. Soil modification did not change the plant available water content of the soil (about 115 mm). The apparent depth of water extraction was initially different between soil management treatments but, over time, these differences disappeared. There were consistent differences between the forage species in the apparent depth of soil water extraction. Lucerne extracted water from deeper in the soil than phalaris followed by tall fescue and then perennial ryegrass. In general, the infrequently irrigated forages extracted water from deeper in the soil than did the frequently irrigated forages. The frequently irrigated treatments received slightly more water than did the infrequent treatments. The depth of water applied to the control and modified soil was similar, whereas the drained soils received more water than did the undrained treatments. There were differences between the forages in the depth of water applied, with lucerne receiving up to about 1500 mm/year and the grasses about 1100 to 1300 mm/year. Water use efficiency [kg dry matter (DM)/ha.mm] of the forages ranged from 14 to 18 kg DM/ha.mm in 2000–01 and up to 24 kg DM/ha.mm in 2001–02. The relatively high water use efficiencies were largely due to the high yields achieved, as water use was similar to that of district farms.
25
Bloch, David. "Waste Desalination Streams, Pre - Salt and Energy Genesis, Replenishing Oil, Gas Salt Diapirs in “Salt Mirror Petroleum Formations" - 40 Years in Retrospect, and Ancient Qanat Karez Mineral Salt Leaching Technology." Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 2, no. 4 (2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000131.
Full textAbstract:
The Geology Of “Salt Mirrors” a s t he Responsible Hydraulic Mechanisms Enabling t he Disappearance o f Heavy Saline Waste Fluids, a nd Other Waste Toxic Sediments i nto Deep Land a nd Ocean Aquifers. A hydraulic mechanism which dissolves salt to form so - called “ salt mirrors” results in exceptionally flat geological expanses of wetland, for example, suitable for solar evaporation pans. Whether initially in the form of evaporates, eutectic deposits, domes or other rock salt diapirs, the mechanism is proposed to be responsible for transporting most waste organic and inorganic debris into very deep aquifers in the water table: Specifically the interface of fresh water and heavy saturated brines in the water table initiates powerful horizontal and vertical liquid strea ms which are capable of collecting most sediment waste material and concentrating it into heavy gradient saline pools. Based on observations made in 1953 and presented to the 4th Salt Symposium Ohio USA by M.R.Bloch, it is also proposed that this mechanism is responsible for the slurry concentrating function of huge quantities of decomposed biodiversity waste and transporting it to such subterranean reservoirs where it subsequently is transformed into crude petroleum. Historically this mechanism became natu re's process of recycling waste to very great depths in the Earth's aquifers. It could also become the obvious destination for toxic RO reject brine. During mankind’s short industrial timeline, raw chemical and even nuclear waste has been added to the equa tion and it is estimated that as this very deep interface of water and saturated brine rises together with the water table, and that it may percolate up through these same aquifers. This will be particularly true in the event that the water table raises du e to predicted increased eustatic sea levels. Salt - driven wetlands and other historical saline concentrations and salt deposits are an integral part of the process in this mechanism and therefore careful control of these saline streams at their point of ev olution must become a priority to sustaining such wetland sub oceanic ecosystems.
26
"A Multidecadal Analysis of Reservoir Storage Change in Developing Regions." Journal of Hydrometeorology 23, no. 1 (January 2022): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-21-0053.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The limited amount of shared reservoir monitoring data around the world is insufficient to quantify the dynamic nature of reservoir operation with conventional ground-based methods. With the emergence of the Reservoir Assessment Tool (RAT) driven by a multitude of Earth-observing satellites and models, historical observation of reservoir operation spanning 35 years was made using open-source techniques. Trends in reservoir storage change were compared with trends of four critical hydrologic variables (precipitation, runoff, evaporation, and Palmer drought severity index) to understand the potential role of natural drivers in altering reservoir operating pattern. It was found that the reservoirs in Africa were losing active storage at a rate of more than 1% per year of total storage capacity. Smaller reservoirs (with a capacity of less than 0.5 km3) in Southeast Asia were found to experience a sharp gain in storage of 0.5%–1% per year of total storage capacity. Storage change trends of large reservoirs with multiple years of residence time that are designed for strategic water supply needs and drought control were found to be less affected by precipitation trends and influenced more by drought and evaporation trends. Over Africa, most reservoir storage change trends were dictated by evaporation trends, while South Asian reservoirs appear to have their storage change influenced by drought and evaporation trends. Finally, findings suggest that operation of newer reservoirs is more sensitive to long-term hydrological trends and the regulated surface water variability that is controlled by older dams in the upstream.
27
Alves, José do Patrocinio Hora, Maria Hortência Rodrigues Lima, Josefa Raimunda Dória, Igor Santos Silva, and Adnivia Santos Costa Monteiro. "Hydrogeochemical characterization of reservoir waters undergoing salinization processes in Northeastern Brazil." RBRH 26 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.262120210043.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The geochemical processes that potentially control the chemical characteristics of the waters of three reservoirs located in the state of Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil, were evaluated using the Gibbs diagram, correlation analysis, ionic ratios and geochemical modeling. The results of the reverse geochemical modeling applied between two water samples from each reservoir were in agreement with the observations of the correlation analysis and ionic ratios, which indicated sea salt dissolution, silicate weathering and, to a lesser extent, carbonate dissolution, as the main geochemical processes responsible for the chemical characteristics of the waters of the three reservoirs, also confirming the importance of ion exchange for the Macela and Ribeirópolis reservoirs. These findings therefore suggest that the growing salinization process of the reservoirs is mainly controlled by water-rock interactions and may also be influenced by contributions from evaporation and anthropogenic inputs.
28
Gu, Dazhao, Yong Zhang, and Zhiguo Cao. "Research progress on the protection and utilization technology of water resources for coal mining in China." Natural Resources Conservation and Research 4, no. 2 (September 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/nrcr.v4i2.1559.
Full textAbstract:
Water shortage is a global problem, and China is one of the most water-scarce countries in the world. The reverse distribution of coal resources and water resources has made the protection and utilization of water resources for coal mining in China a major technical problem for the green development of coal. Western China has become the main coal-producing area, but the ecological environment in the region is fragile, the evaporation of water resources is large, and the evaporation loss after mine water discharge is the main reason for the current annual loss of 6 billion tons of mine water in coal mining in China. The technical progress and engineering application characteristics of the protection and utilization of water resources in coal mining are systematically analyzed. After nearly 20 years of technical exploration and engineering practice, Shenhua Group broke through the traditional concept, put forward the technical concept of mine water storage in the goaf for the first time, overcome the technical problems such as water source prediction, reservoir site selection, reservoir capacity calculation, dam construction, safety control and water quality assurance, and built a technical system for underground coal mine reservoirs. This technology has been fully implemented in the Shendong mining area, and will be promoted and applied in other mining areas in the western region, opening up an effective technical way for the protection and utilization of coal mining water resources.
29
Ren, Guanxiong, Qirong Qin, Zhangjin Qin, Yanbo Guo, and Zhaoyang Ye. "Effects of diagenesis on quality of deep dolomite reservoirs: A case study of the Upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin, China." Frontiers in Earth Science 10 (August 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.984463.
Full textAbstract:
With the Upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin as the target, this study investigates various diagenetic events during different diagenetic stages in deep dolomite reservoirs, accompanied by evaluations of their effects on the formation and evolution of the reservoir rock. A series of experiments are implemented on core and outcrop samples, including petrologic analysis, fluid inclusion analysis, rare earth and minor element investigation, and carbon and oxygen isotope test. During the syngenetic (syndepositional and penecontemporaneous) diagenesis stage, dolomitization is closely related to evaporation concentration and seepage reflux of high-salinity seawater, which facilitates the reservoir rock development by greatly enhancing the permeability of the reservoir. Meanwhile, a small number of secondary pores are generated in the sediments subjected to episodic atmospheric exposure and thus affected by meteoric water. During the early diagenesis stage, recrystallization transforms part of the granular dolomite into the crystalline dolomite with or without the phantom of the grain texture. It also alters the original rock’s pore structure and improves the effective primary porosity. Thus, recrystallization is key in forming the crystalline dolomite reservoir rock. However, compaction, cementation, and filling lead to the loss of massive early-formed primary pores and some secondary pores. During the mesodiagenesis-late diagenesis stage, the burial karstification, related to organic matter maturation, is the most direct control factor of the effective reservoirs space formation, and its alteration effect on the reservoir rock is related to the early process. This research helps to better identify the impact of various diagenetic processes during different diagenetic stages upon the formation and evolution of the deep dolomite reservoir rock, and it also helps analyze the relationships among these diagenetic processes. The findings of this research provide valuable references for investigating the formation mechanism of the deep dolomite reservoir rock in the Sichuan Basin.
30
"Ecological assessment of surface water quality in a rainless period under the conditions of urban water collection." Visnyk of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, series Geology. Geography. Ecology, no. 54 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2410-7360-2021-54-22.
Full textAbstract:
Problem formulation. The global climate warming influences the balance of water reservoirs by lower precipitation, higher evaporation, erosion of soils and other changes. On the territory of Ukraine, the periods without rains, low snow level, warm winters and dry summers, strong winds and dust storms became frequent during the last decades. This led to a change in many hydrological parameters in comparison with the hydrological regimes usual in temperate climates. Therefore, the determination of the ecological assessment of the state of water reservoirs in the conditions of the urban drainage basin in the rainless period is an insufficiently studied and urgent issue. The aim of the article is estimation of quality of the river water in the system of rivers Lopan-Kharkov-Udy on the urban landscale of Kgarkov region. Materials and methods. Field sampling of water and bottom sediments to provide an environmental assessment of the water reservoir; comparison of the results obtained with similar ones obtained for rainy periods and periods of snow melting in different hydrological regimes, and statistical analysis of the measured data. Results. Analysis of the open source data revealed that Kharkov region is among the top three in terms of drinking and technical water needs for various purposes. The region has a maximum possible drought risk index (0.8-1) and high values of water stress indices (2-3) and coastal flood risk (2-3). Water samples taken from different sections of the Lopan and Udy rivers in different seasons showed that some of the parameters exceed the corresponding control values, especially in rainless periods, but in general water quality indices correspond to 1-2 quality classes (depending on the season) for the river Lopan and the 1st class of quality - for the river Udy. Numerical calculations on a mathematical model using the measurement data showed that global warming at 0.5-1° C by 2030 will lead to a significant deterioration in water quality and its availability as the required amount of drinking and industrial water for the region. Scientific novelty. Novel mathematical model is proposed for simple estimations of the water pollution over time at different groth rate of the average temperature accounting for known number of pollutants. Practical significance. The obtained results are useful for further development of the system of water management on urgan territories, testing different hypothesis and scenarios.